Cas Cap

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KNOWITALLHERE:DIFFERENCEBETWEENESPANDCAS
DIFFERENCEBETWEENESPANDCAS
1. DifferencebetweenESPandCAS
2. Whyashiprequiredtoberegistered?inwhichconventiondoesitcome
3. whatisdevelopmentincharterparty
liens: Lienisaclaimorchargeuponpropertysecuringthepaymentofsome
debtorthesatisfactionofsomeobligationorduty
.Theliencanbeenforcedbyarrestandsaleoftheproperty
Maritimelienswillcomebeforemortgagesandanystatutoryrightsinrem(i.e.
againsttheshiporcargo,etc.)andpossessoryliens
4. compensationregime
5. superstructuredefinitionisbridgeasuperstructure
6. thirdpartyliabilitydefinitionandexample
7. reliabilitybasedonmaintenance
8.developmentsinturbochargernozzleringsflow
9.Differentiatebetweenmaritimeliensandmortgage
10.ConflictbetweenIndiaandIMO,whatwillbetheeffect.
11.Equipmentfailure.
12.whataretheC/EresponsibilitiesasperISM
13.Whatisathirdparty?
14.whydourequireregistryofship.
Whatshipboardhealthandsafetydocumentplan
Whataretheessentialfeaturesofqualitymanagementsystem?
15.whatisamarinecasualty?
16.Reliabilitybarredindexmaintenance
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Firingpressureinfluence.Reducingthefiringpressureviainjectionretardationwilllower
thepeaktemperatureandthusreduceNOx,butitalsoinevitablyleadstohigherfuel
consumption.
Airqualitycontrol.
Thepartialpressureofthereagentsoxygenandnitrogencanonlybeinfluencedby
changingthespecificamountofairenteringtheengine,orbychangingtheratiobetween
oxygenandnitrogen.Theratiocanbechangedbyexhaustgasrecirculation(EGR).If15
percentoftheexhaustgasisrecirculated,theresultingoxygenconcentrationinthe
intakeairwillbereducedfromabout21percent(atmospheric)toaround18percent,and
theimpactonNOx formationwillbesignificant
Wateremulsification.Itwasverifiedyearsagothatwateremulsificationleadstoa
significantreductionoftheNOx Theinfluenceofwateremulsificationvarieswiththe
enginetype,butgenerallyonepercentofwaterreducesNOx byonepercent.
Waterinjectionorhumidification.Watercanalsobeaddedtothecombustionchamber
throughseparatenozzlesorbymeansofstratifiedinjectionofwaterandfuelfromthe
samefuelnozzle.Theresultsaresimilartotheresultsofwateremulsification,butwater
emulsificationissimplertoapplyandminimiseswaterconsumption.
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Anotherwaytointroducewaterintothecombustionzoneisbyhumidifyingthescavenge
air.However,knowingthattoomuchwaterinthescavengeairmaybeharmfultothe
cylindercondition,andthatwethereforeusewatermistcatchersasstandardafterthe
scavengeaircooler,thismethodisnotappealing.
IMO
IMOspurposesarestatedinArticle1oftheConventionontheInternationalMaritime
Organization.Thechiefpurposescanbesummarisedas:
tofacilitateintergovernmentalcooperationonStateregulationandpracticesrelating
tomaritimetechnicalmattersand
toencourageandfacilitatetheadoptionofthehighestpracticablestandardsof
maritimesafety,efficiencyofnavigationandpreventionandcontrolofmarinepollution
fromships.
IMOorgans
*IMOsmainorgansareitsAssembly,Council,MaritimeSafety
Committee(MSC),MarineEnvironmentProtectionCommittee(MEPC),Legal
Committee,andTechnicalCooperationCommittee.ThereisalsoaFacilitation
Committeeandanumberofsubcommitteesofthemaintechnicalcommittees.
Assembly
isthehighestgoverningbodyofIMO.ItconsistsofallMemberStatesandmeets
onceevery2yearsinregularsessions,andinextraordinarysessionsifnecessary.The
AssemblyisresponsibleforapprovingIMOsworkprogramme,forvotingIMOsbudget
andfordeterminingIMOsfinancialarrangements.ItelectsIMOsCouncil.Plenary
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sessionsoftheAssemblyareopentothepressandpublic,butthemajorityofitsworkis
doneinCommittee.
Council
iscomposedof40MemberStateselectedbytheAssemblyfor2yeartermsbeginning
aftereachregularsession.10CouncilmembersareMemberStateswiththelargest
interestinprovidinginternationalshippingservices,e.g.GreeceandNorway.10are
otherStateswiththelargestinterestininternationalseabornetrade.20areotherStates
withspecialinterestsinmaritimetransportornavigationandwhoseelectiontothe
Councilwillensuretherepresentationofallmajorgeographicareasoftheworld2.
*CouncilistheexecutiveorganofIMO,responsibleundertheAssemblyfor
supervisingIMOswork.ItperformsthefunctionsofAssemblybetweensessions,
exceptformakingrecommendationstogovernmentsonmaritimesafetyandpollution.
Protocols
areimportanttreatyinstrumentsmadewhenmajoramendmentsarerequiredtobe
madetoaconventionwhich,althoughalreadyadopted,hasnotyetenteredintoforce.
Conventions
aremultilateraltreatydocuments.(FornotesontreatiesseeA01a.3.)
arethechiefinstrumentsofIMO,beingbindinglegalinstrumentsregulatingsome
aspectofmaritimeaffairsofmajorconcerntoIMO,e.g.safetyoflifeatseaormarine
pollution.
RecommendationsarenotformaltreatydocumentslikeConventionsandProtocolsand
arenotsubjectto
ratification.Theyprovidemorespecificguidelinesthantreatydocuments.Although
Recommendationsarenotlegallybindingongovernments,theyprovideguidancein
framingnationalregulationsandrequirements..Recommendationsaregenerallyintended
tosupplementorassisttheimplementationoftherelevantprovisionsofconventionsand,
insomecases,theprincipalcodes,guidelines,etc.
Codesarenamed,e.g.theInternationalCodeofSignals(1969)andtheISMCode.
ManyCodes,suchastheTimberDeckCargoesCode,arenonmandatorybutmaybe
usedbyGovernmentsasthebasisfornationalregulations.Othercodes,suchasthe
ISMCode,theIBCCodeandtheIGCCode,aremandatoryunderaregulationofa
parentConvention.
Resolutions
arethefinaldocumentsresultingfromtheagreementbytheIMOAssemblyoramain
committee(e.g.MSCorMEPC)ofsomemattersuchasanAmendmentor
Recommendation.
AmendmentsaremadebyadoptionofaResolution,
ConventiononLimitationofLiabilityforMaritimeClaims,
1976LLMC1976LLMCProtocol1996
Specifieslimitsofliabilityforclaimsforlossoflifeorpersonalinjury,andpropertyclaims
(suchasdamagetootherships,propertyorharbourworks).Limitationamountsare
expressed
intermsofunitsofaccount,eachunitbeingequivalentinvaluetotheSpecialDrawing
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Right(SDR)asdefinedbytheInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF).Forpersonalclaims,
liabilityforshipsnotexceeding500tonsislimitedto330,000SDR(equivalenttoaround
US$422,000).Forlargerships,additionalamountsarebasedonatonnagescale.
Providesfor
avirtuallyunbreakablesystemoflimitingliability.Declaresthatapersonwillnotbeable
to
limitliabilityonlyif"itisprovedthatthelossresultedfromhispersonalactoromission,
committedwiththeintenttocausesuchaloss,orrecklesslyandwithknowledgethat
such
losswouldprobablyresult".
ILO
ILOsmainpurposeistoraiseworldlabourstandardsbybuildingupacodeof
internationallawandpractice.Itformspoliciesandprogrammestohelpimprove
workingandlivingconditions,enhanceemploymentopportunitiesandpromote
basichumanrights.
TheILOConferenceconvenesannually.EachMemberStateisrepresentedbytwo
governmentdelegatesplusanemployerdelegateandaworkerdelegate.
*Conferencesmainjobistoexaminesocialproblemsandadoptinternationallabour
standardsintheformofILOconventionsandrecommendations.
ILOConventionNo.147
MinimumStandardsConvention.
requiresratifyingStatestohaveregulationslayingdownforshipsregisteredintheir
territory:
safetystandards,includingstandardsofcompetency,hoursofworkandmanning
appropriatesocialsecuritymeasures
shipboardconditionsofemploymentandlivingarrangementswherethesearenot
alreadyprovidedforby
collectiveagreementsorcourts
requiresratifyingStatestoagree:
toholdanofficialinquiryintoanyseriousmarinecasualtyinvolvingitsflagships,
particularlythoseinvolvinginjuryand/orlossoflife,thefinalreportoftheinquirynormally
tobemadepublic(Article2)
toensurethatadequateproceduresexistfortheengagementofseafarersonitsships
andforinvestigationof
complaintsinthisconnectionandthatadequateproceduresexistfortheinvestigation
ofcomplaintsabout
engagementofitsownseafarersonforeignships,orforeignseafarersonforeignshipsin
itsterritory
toensurethatseafarersemployedonitsownflagshipsareproperlyqualifiedor
trained
toverifybyinspection,etc.thatitsflagshipscomplywithapplicableinternational
labourConventionswhichithasratified
1920MinimumAge(Sea)Convention
PlacingofSeamenConvention
1926SeamensArticlesofAgreementConvention
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SeafarersHoursofWorkandManningofShipsConvention,1996
Workingtimeisrestrictedtoamaximumof14hoursinany24hourperiod,andto72
hoursinany7dayperiod.Theremustbeaminimumof10hoursofrestinany24hour
period,or77hoursinany7dayperiod.
Flagsofconvenience(FOCs)
flagsofnecessity,openregistersandfreeflags.
aredesignatedbytheITFFairPracticesCommittee,whichdecideswhichflagsare
FOCsandwhicharenot.
Thecriteriainclude:
whetherthecountryallowsnoncitizenstoownandcontrolvessels
whetheraccesstoandtransferfromtheregistryiseasy
whethertaxesonshippingincomearelowornonexistent
whetherthecountryofregistrationdoesnotneedtheshippingtonnageforitsown
purposesbutiskeentoearnthetonnagefees
whethermanningbynonnationalsisfreelypermitted
whetherthecountrylacksthepower(orthewillingness)toimposenationalor
internationalregulationsontheshipownersusingitsflag.
StatusofISMCode
*TheInternationalManagementCodefortheSafeOperationofShipsandfor
PollutionPrevention(theISMCode)
cameintoforceon1July1998for:
passengershipsofanytonnage,includinghighspeedpassengerships,on
internationalvoyages
gascarriersof500gtoroveroninternationalvoyages
oiltankersof500gtoroveroninternationalvoyages
chemicaltankersof500gtoroveroninternationalvoyages
bulkcarriersof500gtoroveroninternationalvoyagesand
highspeedcargoshipsof500gtoroveroninternationalvoyages.
cameintoforceon1July2002for:
othercargoshipsof500gtoroveroninternationalvoyagesand
mobileoffshoredrillingunits(MODUs)of500gtoroveroninternationalvoyages.
wasamendedinDecember2000byresolutionMSC.104(73)andcameintoforcein
itsrevisedformon1July2002.
*NationalregulationsgaveearliereffectinsomecountriestotheISMCodes
requirements2.
HullandmachineryinsurancestowhichtheInternationalHullClauses(01/11/02)
applyareconditionalonavalidISMDocumentofComplianceandSafety
ManagementCertificatebeingheldbytheOwnersorpartyassumingresponsibilityfor
operationofthevessel(seeG04a.2i)
Nonconformity:Anobservedsituationwhereobjectiveevidenceindicatesthenon
fulfilmentofa
specifiedrequirement.
Majornonconformity:Anidentifiabledeviationthatposesaseriousthreattothesafety
ofpersonnelortheshiporaseriousrisktotheenvironmentthatrequiresimmediate
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correctiveactionandincludesthelackofeffectiveandsystematicimplementationofa
requirementofthisCode.
Objectiveevidence:quantitativeorqualitativeinformation,recordsorstatementsoffact
pertaining
tosafetyortotheexistenceandimplementationofansafetymanagementsystem
element,whichis
basedonobservation,measurementortestandwhichcanbeverified.
Observation:Astatementoffactmadeduringasafetymanagementauditand
substantiatedby
objectiveevidence.
DeclaresobjectivesofCodeasbeingtoensuresafetyatsea,preventionofhuman
injuryorlossof
life,andavoidanceofdamagetotheenvironment,inparticular,tothemarine
environment,andto
property(1.2.1).
SafetymanagementobjectivesofCoshould,interalia:
1.provideforsafepracticesinshipoperationandasafeworkingenvironment
2.establishsafeguardsagainstallidentifiedrisksand
3.continuouslyimprovesafetymanagementskillsofpersonnelashoreandaboardships,
including
preparingforemergenciesrelatedbothtosafetyandenvironmentalprotection(1.2.2).
SMSshouldensure:
compliancewithmandatoryrulesandregulationsand
thatapplicablecodes,guidelinesandstandardsrecommendedbyIMO,
Administrations,
classificationsocietiesandmaritimeindustryorganisationsaretakenintoaccount
(1.2.3).
Interimcertification
IDOCmaybeissuedtofacilitateinitialimplementationofCodewhen:
1.aCoisnewlyestablishedor
2.newshiptypeswillbeaddedtoanexistingDOC,
followingverificationthatCohasanSMSmeetingCodesobjectives,provided,Co
demonstrates
planstoimplementaSMSmeetingfullrequirementsofCodewithinIDOCsperiodof
validity.
IDOCshouldbeissuedfornotmorethan12monthsbyFSA,anROor,attherequestof
FSA,by
anotherCG.CopyIDOCshouldbeplacedonboardsothatmaster,ifrequested,can
produceitfor
verificationbytheFSAororganisationrecognisedbyFSA,orforpurposesofportState
controlon
operationalprocedures.CopyDOCisnotrequiredtobeauthenticatedorcertified(14.1).
ISMCmaybeissued:
1.tonewshipsondelivery
2.whenaCompanytakesonresponsibilityfortheoperationofashipwhichisnewto
theCompanyor
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3.whenashipchangesflag.
ISMCshouldbeissuedfornotmorethan6monthsbyFSA,anROor,attherequestof
FSA,byanotherCG(14.2).
ISMCsvaliditymaybeextendedinspecialcasesfornotmorethan6monthsfrom
expirydateby
FSAor,atrequestofFSA,anotherCG(14.3).
ISMCmaybeissuedafterverificationthat:
1.DOCorIDOCisrelevanttotheship
2. SMS provided by Co for the ship includes key elements of ISM Code and has been
assessedduringtheauditforissuanceofDOCordemonstratedforissuanceofIDOC
3.Cohasplannedashipauditwithin3months
4.masterandofficersarefamiliarwithSMSandplannedarrangementsforits
implementation
5.essentialpresailinginstructionsareprovidedand
6.relevantinformationonSMShasbeengiveninworkinglanguage(s)understoodby
ships
personnel(14.4)
TheInternationalTransportWorkersFederation(ITF)isaLondonbaseddemocratic
federationofworldwidetransportworkerstradeunions,andincludesNUMASTandRMT
amongstitsmembers.
FOCshipownersmaysigntheITFSpecialAgreement.Thisrequiresownerstoemploy
seafarersonthetermsandconditionsoftheITFStandardCollectiveAgreement,andto
enterintoindividualcontractsofemploymentwhichincorporatethetermsofthat
Agreement.OwnerswhohavesignedtheITFSpecialAgreementwillbeissuedwitha
BlueCertificate.
SOLASregulationXI1/3(Shipidentificationnumber)10appliestoallpassengershipsof
100gtandupwardsandallcargoshipsof300gtandupwards.Everyshipmustbe
providedwithanidentificationnumberwhichconformstotheIMOShipIdentification
NumberSchemeadoptedbyIMO(regulation3.1).Theshipsidentificationnumber(the
IMONumber)mustbeinsertedonthecertificatesandcertifiedcopiesthereofissued
underregulationI/12orregulationI/13(i.e.theSOLASsafetycertificates)
TheIMOShipIdentificationNumberScheme
wasintroducedasavoluntaryscheme,recommendedinIMOResolutionA.600(15)
andintendedtoenhancemaritimesafetyandmarinepollutionpreventionandto
facilitatethepreventionofmaritimefraud.
ItshouldbeinsertedontheCertificateofRegistryandonallcertificatesissued
underIMOConventions.IMOrecommendthatitisalsoinsertedonother
certificatessuchasSuezandPanamaCanalTonnageCertificates.
CONTINUOUSSYNOPSISRECORD
*SOLASregulationXI1/5providesthat,witheffectfrom1July2004,shipsmustbe
issuedwithaContinuous
SynopsisRecord(CSR)whichisintendedtoprovideanonboardrecordofthehistory
oftheship.
*TheCSRwillbeissuedbytheflagStateadministrationandwillcontaininformation
suchasthenameoftheshipandoftheStatewhoseflagtheshipisentitledtofly(the
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flagState),thedateonwhichtheshipwasregisteredwiththatState,theships
identificationnumber(i.e.itsIMOnumber),theportatwhichtheshipisregisteredand
thenameoftheregisteredowner(s)andtheirregisteredaddress.
*AnychangesmustberecordedintheCSRsoastoprovideupdatedandcurrent
informationtogetherwiththehistoryofthechanges.
SHIPCLASSIFICATION
*Shipclassificationentailsinspectionofashipanditscomponentsatallstagesof
constructionfromdesigntoseatrials,andregularinspectionthroughoutitslifetoensure
thatitismaintainedtotherequiredstandardsoftheclassificationsociety.Itisvaluable
toinsurers,shipbrokers,bankers,shippersandotherpartiesneedingreliableinformation
aboutavesselscondition.
Classificationisnotmandatoryforanyparticularclassortypeofship.Thereis,
however,asoutlinedinastatutoryrequirementSOLASPartyStateshipsto
bedesigned,constructedandmaintainedincompliancewiththestructural,
mechanicalandelectricalrequirementsofaclassificationsocietywhichis
recognisedbytheflagStateAdministrationinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofSOLAS
regulationXI1/1,
Classificationisinmanycasesacontractualrequirementof:
hullandmachineryunderwriters14
cargounderwriters15and
P&Iclubs,
breachofwhichmayrendertheinsurancecovervoid.
FullMembersofIACShave,asaminimum,30yearsexperienceasaclassification
societywiththeirown
ClassificationRules,aclassedfleetofnotlessthan1500oceangoingvesselsofover
100gtwithanaggregatetotalofnotlessthan8milliongrosstonnage,andaprofessional
staffofatleast150exclusivesurveyorsand100technicalspecialists,allofwhommust
bequalifiedandtrainedinaccordancewithIACSProcedures.
*AssociateMembersofIACShave,asaminimum,15yearsexperienceasa
classificationsocietywiththeirownClassificationRules,aclassedfleetofnotlessthan
750oceangoingvesselsofover100gtwithanaggregatetotalofnotlessthan2million
grosstonnage,andaprofessionalstaffofatleast75exclusivesurveyorsand50
technicalspecialists,allofwhommustbequalifiedandtrainedinaccordancewithIACS
Procedures.
Periodicalsurveysofexistingships
Maintenanceofclassdependsontheprogrammeofperiodicalhullandmachinery
surveysbeingcarriedoutwithinstipulatedperiods.Surveyprogrammesconsistchiefly
ofspecial,annualandintermediatesurveys.
*Specialsurveysofthehullarecarriedoutat5yearlyintervalsinordertoestablishthe
conditionofthehullstructuretoconfirmthatthestructuralintegrityissatisfactoryin
accordancewiththeclassificationrequirements,andwillremainfitforitsintended
purposeuntilthenextspecialsurvey,subjecttopropermaintenanceandoperation.
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Specialsurveysarealsointendedtodetectpossibledamagesandtoestablishtheextent
ofanydeterioration.Specialsurveysofmachineryarecarriedoutatthesameintervals
andhavecorrespondingaims.Followingsatisfactorycompletion
ofspecialsurveys(asreportedbyLRsurveyors),anewCertificateofClassisissuedby
thesociety.
*Annualsurveysmustbecarriedoutwithin3monthsbeforeoraftereachanniversary
dateofthecompletioncommissioningorspecialsurveyinordertoconfirmthatthe
generalconditionofthevesselismaintainedatasatisfactorylevel.Following
satisfactorycompletionofanannualsurvey,theCertificateofClassisendorsedbythe
LRsurveyor.
*Intermediatesurveysarecarriedoutonallshipsinsteadofeitherthesecondorthird
AnnualSurvey.Followingsatisfactorycompletionofanintermediatesurvey,the
CertificateofClassisendorsedbytheLRsurveyor.
*Dockingsurveysarecarriedoutbyarrangementwiththeowner.Shipsunder15years
oldmustbeexaminedindrydocktwiceinany5yearperiodnotmorethan3yearsmay
elapsebetweendockings.Ships15ormoreyearsoldmustbeexaminedindrydockat2
yearlyintervalswithextensionto2.5yearswhenasuitablehighresistancepaintis
appliedtotheunderwaterportionofthehull.
*Continuoussurveysofthehullarepermittedonallshipsotherthanbulkcarriers,
combinationcarriersandoiltankers,whicharenowsubjecttoenhancedsurveys.Allhull
compartmentsaretobeopenedupforsurveyandtestinginrotationwitha5yearinterval
betweenexaminationsofeachpart.
*Completesurveysofmachinery(CSM)arecarriedoutevery5years,withparallel
arrangementsasforthehull.
Chiefengineersexaminationsofmachinerymaybemadewherethesocietyagrees
tosomeitemsofthemachinerybeingexaminedbytheshipschiefengineeratports
wherethesocietyisnotrepresented,or,wherepracticable,atsea.Alimited
confirmatorysurveyiscarriedoutatthenextportwhereasocietysurveyorisavailable.
Whereanapprovedplannedmaintenancesystemoperates,confirmatorysurveysmaybe
heldatannualintervals.
*InwaterSurveysmaybeacceptedinlieuofanyoneofthetwoDockingSurveys
requiredevery5yearsonshipslessthan15yearsoldandaretoprovidetheinformation
normallyobtainedfromDockingSurveys,sofaraspracticable.Thebeammustbe
greaterthan30m(orasagreed),andasuitablehighresistancepaintmusthavebeen
appliedtotheunderwaterportionofthehull.(Fornotesonstatutoryprovisionsrelating
toinwatersurveys,
*Inertgassystemsmustbesurveyedannually.Inaddition,onshipstowhichanIGS
notationhasbeenassigned,aspecialsurveyoftheIGplantmustbecarriedoutevery5
years.
CertificatesofClass
*ACertificateofClassisadocumentissuedbyaclassificationsocietycertifyingthe
structuralandmechanicalfitnessofashipforaparticularuseorserviceinaccordance
withtherulesandregulationslaiddownandmadepublicbythatsociety.
*AvalidCertificateofClassmaybearequirementof:
aHullandMachineryinsurer,forashipbeinginsured
aP&Iclub,foranenteredship
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acargoinsurer,forthecarryingship
theflagStateAdministration,forshipregistrationpurposes
aportauthorityorcustomsadministration,forportclearancepurposes.
WhereaCertificateofClassisrequiredbuttheshipisnotclassed,orisbelowacertain
tonnage(e.g.500gt),aCertificateofSeaworthinessmaybeacceptable.
ConditionsofClass
*Whereaclasssurveyorconsidersthatcontinuanceofashipinclassshoulddependon
certainrequirementsbeingfulfilledbytheshipowner,e.g.therepairatthenextdry
dockingofcertainspecifieddamage,ortheinspectionortestingofcertainspecified
equipment,orthewitnessingofthefirstloadingofacargoonanewship,hewilllist
theseontheInterimCertificateofClassasConditionsofClassNowImposed.
Ifconditionsofclassarenotcompliedwith,classisliabletobesuspendedorwithdrawn
bythesociety.
Suspensionorwithdrawalofclass
*Whenthesocietysregulationsasregardssurveysonhull,equipmentormachinery
arenotcompliedwith,theshipisnotentitledtoretainclass.Classwill
besuspendedorwithdrawn,andacorrespondingnotationwillbeassigned.
*Whenitisfound,fromreporteddefectsinthehull,equipmentormachinery,thataship
isnotentitledtoretainclassintheRegisterBook,andtheownerfailstorepairsuch
defectsinaccordancewiththesocietysrequirements,classwillbesuspendedor
withdrawn.
ThreesecuritylevelsaredefinedinISPSCode,partA,section2.1,asfollows:
Securitylevel1meansthelevelforwhichminimumappropriateprotectivesecurity
measuresmustbe
maintainedatalltimes.
Securitylevel2meansthelevelforwhichappropriateadditionalprotectivesecurity
measuresmustbe
maintainedforaperiodoftimeasaresultofheightenedriskofasecurityincident.
Securitylevel3meansthelevelforwhichfurtherspecificprotectivesecurity
measuresmustbemaintainedforalimitedperiodoftimewhenasecurityincidentis
probableorimminent,althoughitmaynotbepossibletoidentifythespecifictarget
Everychemicaltankerandeverygascarrier,ofanytonnage,mustcarryanappropriate
Certificateof
Fitnessforthecarriageoftheparticularcargoonboard.Thesecertificatesarerequired
bytheprovisionsofthevariousIMOCodesforgascarriers(seeD03d.1)andfor
chemicaltankers(seeD03e.1).
Grosstonnage
isexpressedasawholenumber,withoutanyunit,e.g.Grosstonnage:8756.
isarealisticindicationoftheshipssizebasedonthemouldedvolumeoftheentire
ship(hullpluserectionsandallenclosedspaces)withoutdeductions,exemptionsor
specialallowances.
isusedmainlyinthecompilationofstatistics.
*Nettonnage
isexpressedasawholenumber,withoutanyunit,e.g.Nettonnage:3367.
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isageneralindicationoftheshipsearningcapacity,derivedfromaformulabasedon
themouldedvolumeof
thecargospaces,thenumberofpassengerscarried,themouldeddepthoftheshipand
thesummerdraught.
isusedbymanyauthoritiesasthebasisforchargingdues,e.g.lightdues,port
chargesandcanaldues.
GMDSS
communicationssystemsforuseintheglobalsystem
searchandrescueradartransponder(SART)
equipmentcarriagerequirementsSOLASdistresscommunicationsandfalsealerts
extractsfromthe
ITURadioRegulations1998themanagementofVHFVHFDSC,listofcoast
stationsforSeaAreasA1MFDSC,listofcoaststationsforSeaAreasA2and
limitsofseaareasdiagramsHFDSC,listofcoaststationsforSeaAreasA3and
A4InmarsatCOSPASSARSATMaritimeSafetyInformation(MSI)underthe
GMDSSSafetyNETNAVTEXdistress,searchandrescueAppendix1GMDSS
RadioLogindexofstationsandservicesnumericallistofshorebasedMMSI
numbersPhoneticAlphabetandFigureCodeInternationalCodeofSignals.
ThedailytestsandchecksreferredtoinSchedule3areasfollows:
TheproperfunctioningoftheDSCfacilitiesmustbetestedatleastonceeachday,
withoutradiationofsignals,byuseofthemeansprovidedontheequipment.
Batteriesprovidingasourceofenergyforanypartoftheradioinstallationsmustbe
testeddailyand,wherenecessary,broughtuptothefullychargedcondition.
*TheweeklytestsandchecksreferredtoinSchedule3areasfollows:
TheproperoperationoftheDSCfacilitiesmustbetestedatleastonceaweekby
meansofatestcall,whenwithincommunicationrangeofacoaststationfittedwith
DSCequipment.
WhereashiphasbeenoutofcommunicationrangeofacoaststationfittedwithDSC
equipmentforaperiodoflongerthanoneweek,atestcallmustbemadeonthefirst
opportunitythattheshipiswithincommunicationrangeofsuchacoaststation.
Wherethereservesourceofenergyisnotabattery(forexample,amotorgenerator),
thereservesourceofenergymustbetestedweekly.
*ThemonthlytestsandchecksreferredtoinSchedule3areasfollows:
EachEPIRBandsatelliteEPIRBmustbeexaminedatleastonceamonthto
determineitscapabilitytooperateproperly,particularlyitsabilitytofloatfree(where
requiredtodoso)intheeventoftheshipsinking,itssecurityandforsignsofdamage.
Eachsearchandrescueradartranspondermustbecheckedatleastonceamonthfor
securityandsignsof
damage.
EachsurvivalcrafttwowayVHFequipmentmustbetestedatleastonceamonthon
afrequencyotherthan156.8MHz(VHFChannel16).
PartAoftheSTCWCodeismandatoryandcontains,forexample,tablesof
minimumstandardsrequiredofseafarers.PartBisonlyrecommendedand
containsguidanceandadviceintendedtohelpwithimplementationoftherevised
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Convention.
TheWhiteList
*Underregulation7ofchapter1(GeneralProvisions)ofSTCW95,Partiesmustprovide
detailedinformationtoIMOconcerningadministrativeprocedurestakentoensure
compliancewiththeConvention,educationandtrainingcourses,certificationprocedures
andotherfactorsrelevanttoimplementation.ThisinformationisusedbyIMOsMaritime
SafetyCommitteetoidentifycomplyingParties.OtherPartieswillthenbeabletoaccept
certificatesissuedbytheseParties.(NoproofofcompliancewasrequiredunderSTCW
78.)CountriesassessedbyIMOtobeproperlyimplementingSTCW95areplacedona
socalledWhiteList
Drybulkcarriermarketcategories
*Forchartermarketingpurposes,drybulkcarriersarecategorisedbyowners,charterers
andbrokers,andinmarketreports,asoutlinedbelow.
Handysizebulkcarriersarevesselsintherange10,00029,999dwt.
Handymaxbulkcarriersarevesselsintherange30,00049,999dwt.
Panamaxbulkcarriersarevesselsintherange50,00079,999dwt.
Capesizebulkcarriersarevesselsof80,000dwtormore.
Tankermarketcategories
*Forchartermarketingpurposes,tankersarecategorised(byowners,charterersand
brokers,andinmarketreports)asoutlinedbelow.
Handysizetankersarevesselsintherange27,00036,999dwt.
Handymaxtankersarevesselsintherange37,00049,999dwt.
Panamaxtankersarevesselsintherange50,00074,999dwt.
TheLondonTankerBrokersPaneldeterminemarketratesunderafreight
billingsystemcalledAverageFreightRateAssessmentorAFRA.This
allowsanassessmenttobemadeofafreightscalefortankersofvarious
sizes,
Laydays
referstoaperiodofspecifieddays(e.g.Jan8/15)duringwhichownersmustpresent
thevesselforloading.
laytime,
shouldnotbeconfusedwithwhichistheperiodallowedtothecharterersforloading
and/or
dischargingwithoutpaymentadditionaltothefreight
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Together,laydays/cancellingor,asitisoftencalled,thelaycanistheperiodwithin
whichthevesselmustbepresentedattheagreedportorplace.Ifthevesselarrives
beforethefirstdayoftheperiod,thecharterersdonothavetoacceptheruntil
commencementoftheagreedlaydays.Ifshearrivesafterthefinallayday,thecharterers
areentitledtorejectthevesselandcancelthecharter
Noticeofreadiness
isanoticetothecharterer,shipper,receiverorotherpersonasrequiredbythecharter
partythatthevesselhasarrivedattheportorberth,asthecasemaybe,andisready
toloadordischarge.
Demurrage
*Ifcargooperationsarecompletedafterexpiryofthelaytime,thereisabreachof
contractforwhichthecharterers
wouldbetechnicallyliablefordamages.Ownersandchartererswilloftenfind
themselvesinthissituation,andtoavoidtheexpenseandunpleasantnessoflegal
proceedings,liquidateddamages,termeddemurrage,normallybecomepayablebythe
chartererstotheownersforeachday,orpartofaday,thattheshipisdetainedbeyond
thetimeofexpiryoflaytime.
Despatch
*Ifcargooperationsarecompletedbeforeexpiryofthelaytime,amonetaryreward,
termeddespatchordespatchmoney,isnormallypayablebytheownerstothe
charterer.
*Despatchmoneyordespatchisdefinedasanagreedamountpayablebytheowners
ifthevesselcompletesloadingordischargingbeforethelaytimehasexpired.
Wherethecharterersarenottheownersofthegoodsbutisactingonlyasanagentor
brokerfortheloadingofanotherpartysgoods,hewillprobablybeanxioustoensurethat
hisliabilityforthecargoceasesonceitisloaded.ThisisusuallyexpressedinaCesser
Clause.
LienClausewillalsobeincludedgivingtheownerstherighttoretainpossessionofthe
goodsatthedischargeportuntiloutstandingdebtsarepaid.
ThetwoclausesareoftencombinedinaCesserandLienClause
NoticeofReadiness(NOR)shallmeanthenoticetocharterer,shipper,receiveror
otherpersonasrequiredbythecharterpartythatthevesselhasarrivedattheportor
berth,asthecasemaybe,andisreadytoloadordischarge.
Preamble
Identityofpartiesidentityandtechnicalspecificationsofvesselpresentpositionof
vessel.
SuspensionofHireClausewillprovideforhirepaymentstobesuspendedifthevessel
isoutofserviceformorethanaspecifiedminimumperiodduetodrydocking,
maintenance,machinerybreakdown,lackofcrew,damage,etc.
Whencargoisshipped,theshippermaybegivenamatesreceipt(orequivalent
document)asacknowledgement.
Theinformationinamatesreceiptformsthebasisofabilloflading,whichinmanynon
linertradesispreparedby
theshipper.
*Thebillofladingfunctionsasareceipt,asadocumentoftitle(ifappropriately
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worded)andasevidenceofacontractofcarriage.Althoughatimechartererisa
disponentowner,thecontractofcarriageevidencedbyabilloflading,ifabillisissued
toashipper,isbetweentherealshipownerandtheshipper.Iftheshipfailstodeliverthe
goodsdescribedinthebilloflading,theowners(andnotthecharterer)willthereforebe
liabletotheownersofthegoods.
ADrydockClausemayprovideforthevesseltobemadeavailabletotheowners,free
ofcargo,afterastatedperiodofnoticeforcleaning,painting,survey,routinerepairsand
maintenance.Duringthisperiodshewillbeoffhire.
Abilloflading
isareceiptforgoodseitherreceived(beforeshipment)orshippedonboard
isgoodevidenceoftheexistenceandtermsofacontractbetweentheshipperand
carrier
(Acontractofcarriagemayexistwithoutissueofabilloflading,however.)Abillof
ladingisnotatruecontract,sinceitisusuallysignedbyonlyoneoftheparties.
isadocumentoftitle,signifyingthattheholderhasthelegalrighttopossessionof
thegoodsitdescribes(Therighttopossessionshouldnotbeconfusedwiththeright
toownership,whichwillusuallybedeterminedbythetermsofthesalescontract.)
Acleanbillofladingisabillofladingbearingnosuperimposedclausesstatinga
defectiveconditionorshortageofthegoods.Itstatesthatthegoodshavebeenreceived
inapparentgoodorderandcondition...,withoutfurtherremarksastotheircondition.
*Adirtybilloflading,alsoknownasaclausedorfoulbill,isoneclausedwith
remarkssuchastornbags,rustydrums,three(3)morec/sindisputeifonboardto
bedelivered,etc.
Amatesreceipt
isareceipt,issuedandsignedbythecarryingshipschiefmate(ortheshipsagenton
hisbehalf),forgoodsreceivedonboard.
isthedocumentonwhichthedetailsenteredonthebillofladingarebasedthe
informationonbothmatesreceiptandbillofladingshouldthereforebeidentical.
Internationalconventionsapplicabletocontractsofcarriage
Thesesetsofrulesare:
theHagueRules,whichhavebeenadoptedbythemajorityoftradingcountries
theHagueVisbyRules,adoptedbytheUKandnearly30othercountriesand
theHamburgRules,adoptedbyrelativelyfewcountries(andnotfavouredby
shipownerssincetheyarelesstotheiradvantagethantheotherrules).
HagueVisbyRules
ArticleIIprovidesthat,subjecttotheprovisionsofArticleVI,undereverycontractof
carriageofgoodsbysea,thecarrier,inrelationtotheloading,handling,stowage,
carriage,custody,careanddischargeofsuchgoods,willbesubjectto
theresponsibilitiesandliabilities,andentitledtotherightsandimmunities,setoutin
theRules.
Thecarrierhasthreebasicobligations:
toensurethevesselsseaworthiness
tocareforthecargoand
toissueabillofladingwheretheshipperrequestsone.
Thecourtsdonotexpectperfectionfromthecarrier,butithasbeenheldthatstowage
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wasimproperwherecontaminationofothergoodsoccurred
therewasinadequateornoventilation
drycargowasdamagedbyliquidgoodsand
vehiclesweresecuredonlybytheirownbrakes.
ArticleIIIparagraph3providesthatafterreceivingthegoodsintohischarge,thecarrier,
themasterorthecarriersagentmust,iftheshipperdemands,issueabillofladingto
theshipper
piracyasanactofboardinganyvesselwiththeintenttocommittheftoranyother
crime,and
withtheintentorcapabilitytouseforcetofurtherthatact.
Piracydeterrence
Prepareanantiattackplanandensureeachpersonknowswhattodoiftheshipis
attacked.
Keeponebridgedoorlocked(andbothlockedifpiratesboardthevessel).
Securealldoorstoaccommodationspaces,engineroom,steeringflatandfunnel.
Lockallstoreroomsondeck.
Setextrawatches,e.g.twolookoutsonthebridge,onelookingafttodetectsmall
craftnotdetectedbyradars.
Assigncrewmemberstomansearchlights.
Havefirepumpsrunningfromsunsettosunrise,withfirehosesriggedonrailsaround
thepoopdeck.
Ensurethepoopdeckiswellilluminated.(Atanchororinport,keepalldecks
brightlylit.)
Ensureasfaraspracticablethatpiratesareawarethattheshipisalertand
prepared.
Essentialelementsinasalvageservice
thesalvageservicemustbevoluntary
thesalvageservicemustberenderedtoarecognisedsubjectofsalvage
thesubjectofsalvagemustbeindangerand
thesalvageservicemustbesuccessful.
Specialcompensation
*Ifthesalvorhascarriedoutsalvageoperationsinrespectofavesselwhichbyitselfor
itscargothreateneddamagetotheenvironment,havefailedtoearnarewardatleast
equivalenttothespecialcompensationassessableundertheConvention(because,for
example,ofthelowvaluesofthevesseland/orcargosalved),thesalvorwillbeentitled
tospecialcompensationfromthevesselsownerequivalenttohisexpenses,i.e.his
outofpocketexpensesreasonablyincurredinthesalvageoperationandafairratefor
equipmentandpersonnelactuallyandreasonablyused
LloydsStandardFormofSalvageAgreement,commonlyknownasLloydsOpen
FormorLOF
Initsearlyeditions(uptoLOF1970),LOFwasastraightnocure,nopaycontract.
TheScopicClausecameintoeffectinAugust1999.Animprovededition,Scopic2000,
wasintroducedin
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September2000andmaybeusedinLOF2000
LloydsOpenForm2000(LOF2000)
shouldbeusedwheretheshipormarineenvironmentareatriskandthemaster
hasinsufficienttimeto
requesttheownertoarrangesalvageservicesonathebasisofapreagreedrateor
sum.
isasinglesheet(2page)document(whereasLOF95consistsof6pages)ina
simplifiedformat.
hasaboxedfrontpagelayoutwithnumberedboxesforinformationtobeenteredas
follows:1.Nameofthe
salvagecontractors2.Propertytobesalved(vesselsnametobeinserted)he
propertyasnamedincludesher
cargo,freight,bunkers,storesandanyotherpropertythereonbutexcludesthepersonal
effectsorbaggageof
passengers,masterorcrew)3.Agreedplaceofsafety4.Agreedcurrencyofany
arbitralawardandsecurity(if
otherthanUSdollars)5.Dateofagreement6.Placeofagreement7.IstheScopic
Clauseincorporatedinto
thisagreement?Yes/No8.Nameandsignatureofpersonsigningforandonbehalfof
theContractors9.
NameandsignatureofCaptainorotherpersonsigningforandonbehalfoftheproperty,
withsignature
contains12clauses,AtoL,
SCOPICClause
TheSpecialCompensationP&IClause,knownastheScopicClause
issupplementarytoanyLloydsOpenFormSalvageAgreementNoCureNoPay
whichincorporatesthe
provisionsofArticle14oftheInternationalConventiononSalvage1989.
wasintroducedintoLOFagreements
asusedwithLOF2000isknownasScopic2000.
maybeinvokedattheoptionofthesalvagecontractorbywrittennoticeontheowners
ofthevesselbeing
salvaged.
determinesthemethodofassessingspecialcompensation
allowsthevesselowners,oncetheClausehasbeeninvoked,toappointattheirsole
optionaShipowners
CasualtyRepresentative(SCR)toattendthesalvageoperation
allowstheHullandMachineryunderwriter(or,ifmorethanone,theleadunderwriter)
andoneowneror
underwriterofallorpartofanycargoonboardtoeachappointonespecial
representative,called,respectively,
theSpecialHullRepresentativeandtheSpecialCargoRepresentative,toattendthe
casualtytoobserveand
reportonthesalvageoperationinaccordancewiththetermsinAppendixCofthe
Clause.
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AMVER
isaunique,computerbased,voluntaryglobalshipreportingsystemusedworldwide
bysearchandrescue
authoritiestoarrangeforassistancetopersonsindistressatsea.ThroughAMVER,
rescuecoordinatorscan
identifyparticipatingshipsintheareaofdistressanddivertthebestsuitedshiporships
torespond.
issponsoredbytheUSCoastGuard.
Shipsincurnoadditionalobligationtorespondtoadistressbeyondthatalreadyexisting
underinternationallaw.
SinceAMVERidentifiesthebestshiporshipstorespondtoadistresscall,itreleases
othervesselstocontinuetheirvoyage,savingfuel,timeandpayrollcosts.
MercantileMarineDepartmentswereestablishedin1929toadministerthevarious
merchantshippinglawsandrulesrelatingtoregistration,tonnagemeasurement,
crewaccommodation,loadlineconstructionandsafetyofship,etc.Theirother
functionsincludemultifariousactivitiessuchasinquiriesintoshippingcasualties
holdingofexaminationsforCertificatesofCompetencyprescribedunderSection
78oftheAct,inspectionandapprovalofstatutoryequipment,includinglifesaving
appliances,radioandothernavigationalaids,detectionofoverloadedandunsafe
vessels,surveyofvesselsonbehalfofStateGovernmentetc.
1. CargoshipSafetyConstructionCertificate.
2. InternationalLoadLineCertificate.
3. CargoshipSafetyEquipmentCertificate.
4. CargoshipSafetyRadioCertificate.
5. IOPPCertificate
6. SafeManningCertificate
7. certificateoffitness
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