Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy - study of structure and shape of body and relationship to one another
Physiology - Study of nature of body
7 LEVEL OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
A - Atom
M - Molecule
C - Cell
T - Tissue
O - Organs
S - Organ System
O - Organism
11 ORGAN SYSTEM
N - Nervous System
I - Integumentary System
C - Circulatory System
E - Endocrine System
R - Respiratory System
L. - Lymphatic System
D - Digestive System
R - Reproductive System
U - Urinary System
M - Muscular System
S - Skelatal System
HOMEOSTASIS - BALANCE OF BODY
3 HOMEOSTASIS CONTROL MECHANISM
R - Receptor - Sensor
C - Control Center - Response
E - Effector - Final Effect

> Fire Alarm

2 Type of Body Homeostatic Feedback Mechanism done - Body Response for Balance
(+) Positive - Increase ex. Increase plate count for blood clotting
(-) Negative - Shutoff ex. shutoff hypothalamus - thermostat of body
ANATOMICAL POSITIONS
BODY LANDMARK
FRONTAL VIEW
C - Cephalic
F - Frontal (forehead)
O - Orbital (eye)
N - Nasal (nose)
B - Bucal (cheek)
O - Oral (mouth)
C - Cervical (neck)

A - Abdominal
U - Umbilical (pusod)
T - Thoracic
S - Sternal (sternum)
A - Axillary (armpit)
P - Pelvic
I - Inguinal (puson)
P - Pubic
G - Genital (ari)
DORSAL VIEW
C - Cephalic
O -Occipital (backhead)
C - Cervical
D - Dorsal
S - Scapular (scapula)
V - Vertebral (spinal cord)
L - Lumbar (side of spinal cord)
S- Sacral (sacrum)
G - Gluteal (butt)
BODY PLANE
F - Frontal or Coronal Plane (6/9)
T - Transverse Plane (U/L)
M - Median Plane ( Gitna)
BODY ORIENTATION
S - Superior (forehead superior nose)
I - Inferior (nose inferior forehead)
V - Ventral (anterior) (sternum anterior spine)
D - Dorsal (posterior) (spine posterior sternum)
M - Medial (eyes(medial)-(toward) ears) (ears-eyes-tow(head)ard-eyes-ears)
L - Lateral (arms (lateral)-(away) chest) (arms-aw(chest)ay-arms)
P- Proximal (elbow proximal arms)
D - Distal (elbow distal wrist)
S - Superficial (external) (skin superficial skeleton)
D - Deep (internal) (skeleton deep skin)
BODY CAVITY (LUANG SA AWAK)
DORSAL BODY CAVITY
C - Cranial
S - Spinal
VENTRAL BODY CAVITY
T - Thoracic
---diaphragm-A - Abdominal
P - Pelvic
BODY QUADRANT
RU/LU
--------RL/LL

BODY REGION
RHR/ER/LHR
------------------RLR/UR/LLR
------------------RIR/HR/LIR
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ATOMS
Matter - anything that occupies space and has weight
S
L
G

>
>
>

Physically/Chemically change

ENERGY
C - Chemical
R - Radiant
E - Electrical
M - Mechanical
ENERGY FORM CONVERSATION
ATP - (adenosine triphosphate) - energy food of body
ELEMENT COMPOSITION BODY
C - Carbon
H - Hydrogen
O - Oxygen
N - Nitrogen
COMPOSITION OF MATTER
-e

-e
p+
+pNp+
p+

-e

-e

ATOMIC NUMBER = #P
ATOMIC MASS = #P + #N
ATOMIC WEIGHT ---> ISOTOPES = SAME # OF P<&>E
------------------------BUT------------------------------DIFF. # N
when HEAVY ISOTOPES decrease weight or decay = Radiation
RADISOTOPES
A+ A= M
M+M=C

- Isotopes that radiates =Radioactivity

CHEMICAL BONDS - energy relationship bituin e- of ATOMS

TYPES OFCHEMICAL BOND
C - Covalent - A'-e2 = A'-e2 / balance electron transfer
H -Hydrogen - weak ATOM binder (GLUE)
I - Ionic - Atom'-e > Atom
if many -e transfer to another ATOM = anion (-charged)
Cation
----> Anion
transfering ATOM now has many remaining p+ = cation (+charged)
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MOLECULES
BIOCHEMISTRY - study of chemical biology of matter
TWO MAJOR CLASSES OF BODY MOLECULES
O - Organic compound - (large covalently bonded molecules) (with carbon)
I - InOrganic compound - (small covalently bonded molecules) (lack carbon)
INORGANIC COMPOUND: (produce electrical current in body)
S- SALT / ELECTROLYTES
WATER(-e) -----pull-----> (+)cation(SALT)anion)- <------llup----WATER(+p) = DISASSOCIATION - pulling of ions in salt by water ( electrolytes imbalance nothing
in body works)
W-WATER (most abundant IOC body)
PROPERTIES:
HHC - High Heat Capacity - absorbs and release high temp. of body
(SHOCK ABSORBER of temp)
P/S- Polarity or Solvent Properties (DISSOLVER) of chemicals
SOLVENT(h20) + SOLUTES(substance) = SOLUTION(mixture
particles is less) / SUSPENSION(mixture particles is many)
COLLOIDS (translucent mixtures with SOLUTE particles --->
Intermediate size) ex. (orange juice w/ intermediate size tundag)
CR - Chemical Reactivity - spliter(KNIFE) of body chemicals ---->
(HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS)
C - Cushioning - cushion (SOFA) of body cavity
A- ACIDS (sour taste) (H+,- hydrogen ion) / (p+ donors)
ACID + WATER .........release ------> anion(-e)(unimportant) & cation(p+)
(important) - because #p+ will determine the acidity
2 TYPES OF ACIDS
S - Strong Acid - (p+) ionize/release completly ex. HCl
W - Weak Acid - (p+) ionize/release incompletely ex. acetic acid, carbonic acid
B - BASE (bitter taste) (p+ acceptors) (OH-, hydroxyl ion) -----> lye
HCl + NaOH ---> H2O + NaCl ------> Neutral Reaction / ACID + BASE =
WATER
(acid) (base)

(water) (salt)

pH level - concentration of hydrogen ion and hydroxyl ion is

measured on this unit

pH scaleruns 0-14
pH1---------------------------pH7----------------------------pH14
Acid
Neutral
Base
LIVING CELLS SENSITIVE TO pH CHANGE
pH Regulator:
buffers - body fluids, lungs, kidneys
Ex. Blood ph (decrease) ------>Hemoglobin (decrease)
-------->O2 (decrease)
ORGANIC COMPOUND (carbon containing compounds) (contains CHO)
C-CARBOHYDRATES
M - Monosaccharides
1 Simple Sugar - Single Chain Structures
ex. Glucose - bloodsugar - cell fuel
Fructose, Galactose, Ribose, & Deoxyribose
P - Polysaccharides ( stored glucose)
Many Simple Sugar - lack sweetness
1.) Starch - plant sugar (grain, root vegetable - carrot, potato)
2.) Glycogen - animal sugar (largely in animal muscle & liver)
D - Disaccharides
1 Simple Sugar + 1 Simple Sugar = Double Sugar ----> Dehydration
Synthesis - process joining of 2 simple sugar
ex. sucrose - sugar cane, lactose - milk, maltose -malt sugar
Dissacharide to large to pass ------>(CELL MEMBRANE) =must
be broken down - monosaccharides ------------------>
(HYDROLYSIS) ----> h20 + sugar bonds = broke
process

L- LIPIDS (contains CHO but CH far outnumber O) ( TABA ) (MOST abundant and
concentrated source of usable energy)
T - TRIGLYCERIDES (TABA SA BODY) also known as NEUTRAL FATS --->
BUILDING BLOCKS (3fatty acid+ 1glycerol = TRIGLYCERIDES)
GLYCEROL - derived from plants (usually soybeans or palm) or
animals (usually tallow)
FATTY ACID - important sources of fuel because, when
metabolized, they yield large quantities of ATP
SATURATED FATS ( saturated fatty acid) higher melting point, solid at room temperature. ex - animal fats
UNSATURATED FATS (unsaturated fatty acid) lower melting point, liquid at room temperature. ex - vegetable oil
TRANS FATS - (solidified oil) - ex. margarine,
baked products -------> Increase heart disease risk
In Contrast Omega-3 fatty acids - TUNA - Decrease heart disease risk
P - PHOSPOLIPIDS ( 1phosphorous (+charge------>h20) + (neutral charge)
2fatty acid + 1glycerol = PHOSPOLIPIDS) ex. egg yolk
BECAUSE OF PHOSPHOROUS POSITIVE CHARGE
ITS HIGHLY ABSORBABLE BY CELL THAT CONTAINS H2O"
In H2O, phospholipids organize into clusters and carry fat-containing
molecules such as vitamins, hormones and lipoproteins throughout body.
QUALITY OF PHOSPOLIPIDS
good entrapment
efficiency

stability profile
promising option for
transdermal delivery with potential for topical application in fungal infections
S - STEROIDS (present in body in small quantities, VITAL TO
HOMEOSTASIS)
CHOLESTEROL - MOST IMPORTANT STEROID MOLECULE
ex. meat, eggs, cheese
STEROIDOGENESIS - biological process by which steroids
are generated from cholesterol and transformed into other steroids
LIST OF STEROID HORMONES:
Progesterone, -which regulates the cyclical
changes of the endometrium of the uterus, and the maintenance of pregnancy
Corticosteroids (Corticoids):
Aldosterone
(mineralocorticoids), which contributes to the regulation of blood pressure
Cortisol
(glucocorticoids), whose functions include acting as an immunosuppressant
Androgens:
- Testosterone, which contributes to
the development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics
Estrogens:
- Estrogen, which contributes to the
development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics
P- PROTEINS (50% of organic matter in body) - building block of cell ------->
building block of protein (AMINO ACIDS)
CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS: (G.F.)
GLOBULAR PROTEIN (FUNCTIONAL
PROTEINS - (MOBILE PROTEIN)
Functions: CRUCIAL role in all body
biological process.
FIBROUS PROTEIN (STRUCTURAL
PROTEINS) - (STABLE PROTEIN) BODY MOST ABUNDANT PROTEIN
Functions: Body structure binder.
Provide strength on some body tissue.
ex. of structural protein:
Collagen - bones, cartilage, tendons
Keratin
- protein of hair and nails. - Material that make the skin tough
REPRESENTATIVE GROUP OF FUNCTIONAL
PROTEIN (C.H.A.T)
ex. of functional protein:
C - Catalyst - (Body
Biochemical controler) - increase rate of chemical body reaction w/o becoming part of product
or being
change itself
ex of catalyst:
Enzymes - BODY MOST IMPORTANT FUNCTIONAL PROTEIN (Biological catalyst)

w/o enzymes biochemical reactions in body would occur to far to slow to sustain life
FUNCTIONS:
1. Increase speed of chemical reactions
2. Chemical reactions specific determiner
ex. of enzymes:
Hydrolase - enzymes that add water
Oxidase - enzymes that add oxygen
(enzymes are those w/ suffix - ase)
H - Hormones - regulate
growth and development. (G.I.N)
ex.G - Growth
hormone - Growth
I - Insulin Blood sugar regulator
N - NGF Nerve growth factor - Nervous system growth guide
A - Antibodies - Highly
specialized protein. Protector against foreign body invaders. (Body Soldier)
T - Transport Proteins blood protein
(Hemoglobin)
----> compose of protein globin and attached heme groups (Globin is a functional protein)
----------->(
Body Oxygen Transporter)
N- NUCLEIC ACIDS ( BLUE PRINT OF LIFE) - building block of genes.
Building block of Nucleic Acids (NUCLEOTIDES) BODY LARGEST BIOLOGICAL
MOLECULE
-----------> composed of C.H.O.N. P.
2 MAJOR KINDS OF NUCLEIC ACID:
DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid (double-stranded
nucleotides)
RNA - Ribonucleic acid (single stranded nucleotides)
NUCLEOTIDE - Compose of: nitrogen
adenine base + ribose sugar + phosphate groups
(RNA <-------------------------------(DNA
---------------------------------> RNA)
(DNA SLAVE)
(CELL CONTOL
CENTER) (CELL CONTOL CENTER)
(DNA SLAVE)
(CELL NUCLEUS)

DNA)

DNA 2 FUNDAMENTAL ROLES:

1. replicates cells - ensuring genetic cell
information is identical
2. provide instructions for building protein in

body
RNA 1 FUNDAMENTAL ROLES:
1. carries dna order such as protein synthesis biological process wherein cell generate new protein.
3 RNA VARIETIES: M.R.T.
M - Messenger RNA - carries
information for building protein from DNA genes to the ribosomes - protein synthesis site.
R - 2. Ribosomal RNA - forms
part of ribosomes, sense the translation of message & binding together of amino acids to form
proteins
T - 3. Transfer RNA - ferries
amino acids to the ribosomes.
A- ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP) - (BODY CELL FUEL). Modified
Nucleotide.
Glucose -----Catabolize----->------Captured---->-----Stored------->------ATP packets--as---> = small packet of energy ----> use by cell
ATP Composition:
(adenine base + ribose sugar +
3 phosphate groups)
During Body Emergency:
ATP Phosphate group----attached by highenergy phospate bonds--->when ruptured by hydrolysis--->produce immediate enegy
----->use synthesizing protein; transporting
substance across cell membrane,muscle cell contraction
"Compared to a TIGHTLY COILED
SPRING when release can uncoil tremendous energy"
ADP - Adenosine Diphosphate - By-product
of ATP, that is replenish by oxidation to form again ATP.
"ADP can be converted, or powered back to ATP through the process of releasing the
chemical energy available in food; in humans, this is constantly performed via aerobic respiration in
the mitochondria"

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CELLS