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Chemistry
NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
INTRODUCTION
In
ordinary
chemical
In
fact,
the
only
phenomena
NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY :
Thephenomenonofspontaneousemissionofcertainkindsofradiations
bysomeelementsiscalledThephenomenonofspontaneousemission
ofcertainkindsofradiationsbysomeelementsis calledradioactivityor
naturalradioactivity.
ARTIFICIAL OR INDUCED RADIOACTIVITY :
Thephenomenoniswhichtheartificialdisintegrationofastable
nucleus leads to the formation of a radioactive isotope is called artificial
radioactivity.
radioactivityornaturalradioactivity.
ARTIFICIAL OR INDUCED RADIOACTIVITY :
Thephenomenoniswhichtheartificialdisintegrationofastable
nucleus leads to the formation of a radioactive isotope is called artificial
radioactivity.
Cause of Radioactivity
Ithasbeenfoundthatthenucleiofthoseatomsarestablewhose
ratiooftheneutronstoprotons(n/pratio)liesintherange1to1.5.Ifnumberof
neutronsisplottedagainstthenumberofprotons,thetablenucleuslieinawell
definedbelt,calledstabilitybeltasshowninFig.thenucleiwithatomicnumber
upto20haven/pratiocloseto1. Thenucleiwithn/prationlyingaboveor
belowthestabilityparticlessothattheirn/prationfallswithinthestabilitybelt.
Lossofparticle(2pand2n)increasesthen/prationwhereaslossofparticles
increasesthenumberofprotonsandhencedecreasesthen/pratio.
PROPERTIES OF
a RAYS :
(i)Thedirectionofdeflectionofthe raysintheelectricandmagneticfield
showthattheycarrypositivecharge.Itisfoundthateachparticlecarries
two units of positive charges and has mass nearly four times that of
hydrogenatom.
(ii)Thevelocityofraysisfoundtobenearly1/10the1/20theofthatoflight,
dependinguponthenatureofsource.
(iii) raysionizethegasthroughwhichtheypass.
(iv) rayshavelowpenetratingpower.Theycanpenetratethroughaironlyto
adistanceofabout7cm.
(v) raysaffectaphotographicplateandproduceluminescencewhenthey
strikealinesulphidescreen.
PROPERTIES OF
b RAYS
PROPERTIES OF
g RAYS
(i)Theyarenotdeflectedintheelectricandmagneticfieldsshowingtheseby
thattheydonotcarryanycharge.
(ii)Theytravelwiththesamevelocityasthatoflight.
(iii)Astheydonothaveanymass,theirionizingpowerisverypoor.
(iv)Theirpenetratingpowerisabout100timesmorethanthatof rays.Thus
theycanpenetratethroughleadsheetsasthickas150mm.
(v) rayshaveverylittleeffectonthephotographicplatesorzinc.sulphide
screen.
RATE OF RADIOACTIVE
Nuclear fusions is
definedasaprocessinwhichlighternucleifusetogethertoform aheavier
nucleus.
H11+H11>H12+e10
DeuteriumPosition
Thesplittingofaheavieratomlikethatofuranium235intoa
numberoffragmentsofmuchsmallermassbysuitablebombardmentofhuge
amountofenergyiscalledNUCLEARFISSION.
e.g.Hugeamountofenergy.
Thehalflifeperiodofradioactiveelementisthetimeinwhichhalfof
theoriginalsubstancedisintegrate.
where isdisintegrationconstant.
andNisthenumberofatomspresentatanyinstantoftime.
Theequationisalsowrittenas:
Whereaistheamountoftheradioactivesubstanceinitiallytakenandaxisthe
amountpresentattimet.
radioactiveelementandtheradioactivedisintegrationfollowsfirstorderkinetics
andhencetheexpressionfortherateconstant( ).
WhereNoisthenumberoftheatomstakeninitially.
DISINTEGRATION OR DECAY
The rate of disintegration depends only upon the nature of the
radioactiveelementandtheradioactivedisintegrationfollowsfirstorderkinetics
andhencetheexpressionfortherateconstant( ).
WhereNoisthenumberoftheatomstakeninitially.
andNisthenumberofatomspresentatanyinstantoftime.
Theequationisalsowrittenas:
Whereaistheamountoftheradioactivesubstanceinitiallytakenandaxisthe
amountpresentattimet.
HALF LIFE PERIOD :
Thehalflifeperiodofradioactiveelementisthetimeinwhichhalfof
theoriginalsubstancedisintegrate.
where isdisintegrationconstant.
NUCLEAR FISSION
Thesplittingofaheavieratomlikethatofuranium235intoa
numberoffragmentsofmuchsmallermassbysuitablebombardmentofhuge
amountofenergyiscalledNUCLEARFISSION.
e.g.Hugeamountofenergy.
Nuclear Fusions
Nuclearfusionsisdefinedasaprocessinwhichlighternucleifuse
togethertoformaheaviernucleus.
H11+H11>H12+e10
DeuteriumPosition