Proceedings of the Fifth North American Conference on the Design and Use of Self-Consolidating Concrete, Chicago, Illinois, USA,

May 12
15, 2013 Aslani, Nejadi, and Samali

Energy dissipation in self-compacting concrete with or without fibers in compression

Farhad Aslani1, Shami Nejadi1, and Bijan Samali1
1

Centre for Built Infrastructure Research, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of
Technology Sydney, Australia
Email: Farhad.Aslani@uts.edu.au

ABSTRACT:
Fiber-reinforced self-compacting concrete (FRSCC) is an advanced high-performance construction material that
combines features of fresh properties of the self-compacting concrete (SCC) with improved characteristics of hardened
concrete as a result of fiber addition. Consequently, FRSCC covers both FRSCC and SCC applications. An extensive
experimental program is carried out to monitor and record the damage energy dissipation of SCC and FRSCC cylinder
specimens under the uniaxial compression. For this purpose, four different SCC mixes including plain SCC, steel,
polypropylene, and hybrid FRSCC mixes are considered in the test program. The energy absorption per unit volume
under compression is determined as the area under the stress-strain curve. The compressive stress-strain curve is
plotted at 3, 7, 14, 28, 56, and 91 days. The experimental results indicate that the damage energy dissipation depends
uniquely upon the strain range that undergo by the specimen. Moreover, new relationships are proposed to predict the
energy dissipation of the specimens according to their age. The proposed models provide reasonable agreement with
the measured experimental values.
Keywords: Limestone powder, modeling, rheology, self-consolidating concrete

Proceedings of the Fifth North American Conference on the Design and Use of Self-Consolidating Concrete, Chicago, Illinois, USA, May 12
15, 2013 Aslani, Nejadi, and Samali

INTRODUCTION
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) can be placed and compacted under its own weight with little or no vibration and
without segregation or bleeding. SCC is used to facilitate and ensure proper filling and good structural performance
of restricted areas and heavily reinforced structural members. It has gained significant importance in recent years
because of its advantages. Recently, this concrete has gained wider use in many countries for different applications
and structural configurations. SCC can also provide a better working environment by eliminating the vibration noise
and less labor efforts. Such concrete requires a high slump that can easily be achieved by addition of super-plasticizer
to a concrete mix and special attention to the mix proportions. SCC often contains a large quantity of powder materials
that are required to maintain sufficient yield value and viscosity of the fresh mix, thus reducing bleeding, segregation,
and settlement. As use of a large quantity of cement increases costs and results in higher temperatures, use of additions
such as fly ash, blast furnace slag, or limestone filler could increase the slump of the concrete mix without increasing
its cost1.
Incorporation of the fibers improves mechanical and engineering performance of structural and non-structural
concrete. Use of fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) is also of special interest for retrofit proposes and seismic design.
Incorporation of metallic fibers can be problematic on some conditions, especially when the fiber volume is high and
FRC is cast in the sections with moderate to high degree of reinforcement. The fiber content, length, aspect ratio, and
shape play an important role in controlling workability of FRC. Such concrete presents greater difficulty in handling
and requires more deliberate planning and workmanship than established concrete construction procedures. Additional
compaction efforts require for such a concrete which adds to the construction cost. To provide sufficient compaction,
improve fiber dispersion and consequently reduce the risk of entrapping voids, FRC is often proportioned such that
the past to be fluid enough to facilitate placement by reducing vibration requirements. This approach can be extended
to the use of SCC to eliminate, or greatly reduce, the need for vibration requirements and facilitate placement. A fiberreinforced self-compacting concrete (FRSCC) should truly spread into mold under its own weight and achieve
consolidation without internal or external vibration, ensure proper dispersion of fibers, and undergo minimum
entrapment of air voids and loss of homogeneity until hardening. Lack of proper self-compaction or intentional
vibration and compaction can result in macro- and micro-structural defects that can affect mechanical performance
and durability2.
FRSCC is a relatively recent composite construction material that combines the benefits of the SCC technology with
advantages of the fiber addition to a brittle cementitious matrix. It is a ductile material that in its fresh state flows into
the interior of the formwork, filling it in a natural manner, passing through the obstacles by flowing and consolidating
under the action of its own weight. FRSCC can mitigate two opposing weaknesses: poor workability in fiberreinforced concrete (FRC) and cracking resistance in plain concrete. In engineering terms, the greatest disadvantage
of cementitious material is its vulnerability to cracking, which generally occurs at an early age in concrete structures.
Cracking may potentially reduce the lifetime of concrete structures and cause serious durability and serviceability
problems. A few studies have been carried out on optimization of the mix proportion for the addition of steel or
polypropylene fibers in SCC. Addition of fibers into SCC mixtures has been studied by a number of researchers214
.However, still there is insufficient research on the mechanical properties of FRSCC.
The most beneficial properties of the fiber addition to the concrete in the hardened state are the impact strength,
toughness, and energy absorption capacity. A detailed description of the fiber addition to concrete can be found
elsewhere15-16. The fiber addition might also improve the fire resistance of cement-based materials, as well as their
shear resistance. The possible applications of FRSCC include highways; industrial and airfield pavements; hydraulic
structures; tunnel segments; bridge components and concrete structures with complex geometry that present high
difficulties in being reinforced by conventional steel bars, especially those that have a high degree of support
redundancy.
This research aims to study the properties of SCC and FRSCC in the fresh and hardened stages. An extensive
experimental program is carried out to monitor and record the damage energy dissipation of SCC and FRSCC cylinder
specimens under the uniaxial compression. The investigated mechanical properties in this study are compressive
strength and compressive stress-strain curve. These mechanical properties are tested at 3, 7, 14, 28, 56, and 91 days.
Development of the above mentioned mechanical properties with time are monitored and investigated.
Consequently, regression analyses are conducted on the measured experimental data to propose an energy dissipation
model under compression based on the compressive strength and age of concrete.

Proceedings of the Fifth North American Conference on the Design and Use of Self-Consolidating Concrete, Chicago, Illinois, USA, May 12
15, 2013 Aslani, Nejadi, and Samali

EXPERIMENTIAL WORK
Materials
Cement In this experimental study, Shrinkage Limited Cement (SLC) corresponding to the AS 397217 standard
was used. SLC is manufactured from specially prepared Portland cement clinker and gypsum. It may contain up to
5% of additions approved by AS 3972. The chemical, physical, and mechanical properties adhere to the limits
specified in AS 2350.2, 3, 4, 5, 8, and 1118.
Fly Ash It is important to increase the amount of paste in SCC because it is an agent to carry the aggregates.
As a consequence, Eraring Fly Ash (EFA) has been used to increase the amount of paste. EFA is a natural pozzolan.
It is a fine cream/grey powder that is low in lime content. However, since it is a very fine powder, in the presence of
moisture it reacts chemically with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperatures to form insoluble compounds
possessing cementitious properties. The chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of the used EFA, adhere to the
limits specified in AS 2350.218, AS 3583.1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 12, and 1319.
Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) is another supplementary
cementitious material that is used in combination with SLC. GGBFS initially used by Boral Company, SydneyAustralia, which compiles the AS 3582.220 specifications.
Aggregate In this study, crushed volcanic rock (i.e., latite) coarse aggregate was used with a maximum
aggregate size of 10 mm (0.393 in). Nepean river gravel with a maximum size of 5 mm (0.1968 in) and Kurnell natural
river sand. Fine aggregates were also implemented. Methods for sampling and testing the aggregates were determined
in accordance with AS 114121 and RTA22.
Admixtures A new generation of superplasticiser, Glenium 27; viscosity-modifying admixture (VMA); and
high-range water-reducing agent admixture were used in this study. Glenium 27 complies with AS 1478.123. In
addition, High Range Water Reducer (HWR) and ASTM C49424 types A and F were used. The Rheomac VMA 362
viscosity modifying admixture that used in this study is a ready-to-use, liquid admixture that is specially developed
for producing concrete with enhanced viscosity and controlled rheological properties. Pozzolith 80 was used as a highrange water-reducing agent admixture in the mixes. It reduces the quantity of water required to produce concrete of a
given consistency and strength with greater economy. It meets the AS 147823 Type WRRe, requirements for
admixtures.
Fibers In this study, two commercially available fibers, Dramix RC-80/60-BN type steel fibers and Synmix
65 type polypropylene (PP) fibers were used. The physical and mechanical properties of the steel and PP fibers are
summarized in Table 1.
Table 1 The physical and mechanical properties of fibers
Fibre type

Fibre
name

Density
(kg/m3*)

Steel

Dramix
RC80/60BN
Synmix
65

Polipropylene
(PP)

Diameter
(d, mm*)

7850

Length
(l,
mm*)
60

Tensile
strength
(MPa*)
1050

Modulus of
elasticity
(GPa*)
200

Crosssection
form
Circular

Surface
structure

0.75

Aspect
ratio
(l/d)
80.0

905

65

0.85

76.5

250

Square

Rough

Hooked
end

*1 kg/m3 = 3.61E-5 lb/in3, 1 mm = 0.039 in, 1 MPa =0.145037 ksi, 1 GPa = 145.037 ksi

Mixture proportions
One SCC control mixture, (N-SCC) and three different types of fiber-reinforced SCC mixtures were used in this
study.(i) Fiber-reinforced SCC mixtures contain steel fibers, (D-SCC). (ii) Fiber-reinforced SCC mixtures contain PP
fibers, (S-SCC); and (iii) Fiber-reinforced SCC mixtures contain hybrid (steel + PP) fibers, (DS-SCC). The content
proportions of these mixtures are given in Table 2.

Proceedings of the Fifth North American Conference on the Design and Use of Self-Consolidating Concrete, Chicago, Illinois, USA, May 12
15, 2013 Aslani, Nejadi, and Samali

Table 2 Proportions of the concrete mixtures (based on SSD condition)

Constituents
N-SCC
D-SCC
S-SCC
DS-SCC
Cement (kg/m3*)
160
160
160
160
Fly Ash (kg/m3)
130
130
130
130
GGBFS (kg/m3)
110
110
110
110
Cementitious content (kg/m3)
400
400
400
400
Water (lit/m3)
208
208
208
208
Water cementitious Ratio
0.52
0.52
0.52
0.52
Coarse Sand (kg/m3)
660
660
660
660
Fine Sand (kg/m3)
221
221
221
221
Coarse aggregate (kg/m3)
820
820
820
820
4
4.86
4.73
4.5
Superplasticiser (lit/m3*)
VMA (lit/m3)
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
High range water reducing agent
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
Steel Fibre content (kg/m3)
30
15
5
3
PP Fibre content (kg/m3)
*1 kg/m3 = 3.61E-5 lb/in3, 1 lit/m3 = 3.61E-8 lb/in3
Samples preparation and curing conditions
We used standard cylinders 150 mm 300 mm (5.90 in 11.81 in) for the determination of compressive strength.
These cylinders were prepared by direct pouring of concrete into molds without compaction and kept covered in a
controlled chamber at 20 2oC (68 36 oF) for 24 hours until de-molding. Thereafter, the specimens are placed in
presaturated water with lime at 20 oC (68oF). Finally, they were tested at 3, 7, 14, 28, 56, and 91 days.
Samples test method
The compressive strength test performed on 150 mm 300 mm cylinders, following the AS 1012.1425 and ASTAM
C3924 requirements for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens. The cylinders were loaded in a testing
machine under load control at the rate of 0.3 MPa/s up to failure. Since some investigators have shown that the ASTM
C49624 test is applicable to fiber-reinforced concrete specimens, the ratio of fiber length to cylinder diameter took a
low value of 0.23 in the test. It should be noted that the axial strains of the concrete in compression were obtained
from the full height shortening of the cylinders using LVDTs.
Properties of fresh concrete
Generally, most of the SCC experiments are carried out worldwide under laboratory conditions. These experiments
include flow-ability, segregation, placement, and compaction of fresh concrete. Conventional workability tests are not
sufficient for the evaluation of SCC. Some test methods to measure the flow-ability, segregation, placement, and
compaction of SCC are developed and defined in the European guidelines26 and ACI 237R-0727. These test methods
include V-funnel, U-box, L-box and fill-box tests for specification, production and use as slumpflow.
In this study slump flow, T50cm time, J-ring flow, V-funnel flow time, and L-box blocking ratio tests were performed.
In order to reduce the effect of loss of workability on the variability of test results, the fresh properties of the mixes
were determined within 30 min after mixing. The order of testing was as follows: 1. Slump flow test and measurement
of T50cm time; 2. J-ring flow test, measurement of difference in height of concrete inside and outside the J-ring and
measurement of T50cm time; 3. V-funnel flow tests at 10 s T10s; and 4. L-box test.

Proceedings of the Fifth North American Conference on the Design and Use of Self-Consolidating Concrete, Chicago, Illinois, USA, May 12
15, 2013 Aslani, Nejadi, and Samali

EXPERIMENTIAL RESULTS
Properties of fresh concrete
The results of various fresh properties tested by the slump flow test (slump flow diameter and T50cm); J-ring test (flow
diameter); L-box test (time taken to reach 400 mm distance, T400mm, time taken to reach 600 mm distance, T600mm; time
taken to reach 800 mm distance, TL); ratio of heights at two edges of L-box [H2/H1]); V-funnel test (time taken by
concrete to flow through V-funnel after 10 s, T10s); the percentage of entrapped air; and the specific gravity of mixes
are given in Table 3. The slump flow test benches the capability of concrete to deform under its own weight against
the friction of the surface with no restraint present. A slump flow value ranging from 500 to 700 mm for selfcompacting concrete was suggested26. At a slump flow > 700 mm, the concrete might segregate, and at <500 mm, the
concrete might have insufficient flow to pass through highly congested reinforcements. All the mixes in the present
study conform to the above range, since the slump flow of SCC was in the range of 600700 mm. The slump flow
time for the concrete to reach a diameter of 500 mm for all mixes was less than 4.5 s. The J-ring diameters were in the
range of 560655 mm. In addition to the slump flow test, a V-funnel test was also performed to assess the flow-ability
and stability of SCC. V-funnel flow-time is the elapsed time in seconds between the opening of the bottom outlet,
depending when it is opened (T10s and T5min), and the time when light becomes visible at the bottom when observed
from the top. A V-funnel time of less than 6 s is recommended for SCC. According to EFNARC26, a period ranging
from 6 to 12 s is considered adequate for SCC. The V-funnel flow times in the experiment were in the range of 410
s. The test results of this investigation indicate that all N-SCC and D-SCC mixes met the requirements of allowable
flow time, but the S-SCC and DS-SCC mixes were blocked. The maximum size of coarse aggregate was restricted to
10 mm to avoid a blocking effect in the L-box. The gap between rebars in the L-box test was 35 mm.
Table 3 The SCC mixes workability characteristics
Workability characteristics
N-SCC
D-SCC
S-SCC
Average spreading diameter (mm*)
680
670
700
Flow time T50cm (s)
2.7
3.8
2.5
Average J-Ring diameter (mm)
655
580
570
Flow time T50cm J-Ring (s)
3.2
5.0
6.0
L-box test
0.87
0.86
Blocked
Flow time V-funnel (s)
4.0
Blocked
Blocked
Entrapped air (%)
1.3
1.2
1.2
Specific gravity (kg/m3*)
2340
2274
2330
*1 mm = 0.039 in, 1 kg/m3 = 3.61E-5 lb/in3

DS-SCC
650
3.2
560
5.0
Blocked
Blocked
1.0
2385

Compressive strength
Fig. 1 presents the compressive strength of N-SCC, D-SCC, S-SCC, and DS-SCC mixes achieved at different ages.
Compressive strength of the samples with fiber mixes is higher than N-SCC mix. Samples with the S-SCC mix have
lower compressive strength unlike the D-SCC and DS-SCC mixes. The average compressive strength of the DS-SCC
mix is 18.90%, 3.83%, and 12.86% higher than the N-SCC, D-SCC, and S-SCC mixes, respectively. The results also
show that the D-SCC mix at three days was 32.57%, 26.13%, and 22.73% higher than the N-SCC, S-SCC and DSSCC mixes respectively. Furthermore, the results indicate that the compressive strength of the DS-SCC mix at 91 days
is 10.71%, 1.62%, and 8.32% higher than the N-SCC, D-SCC, and S-SCC mixes, respectively.
Compressive stress-strain curve
Complete stressstrain curves of the concrete were plotted using the results of the compressive testing of the cylinders
with a controlled displacement rate. For each mix, three cylinders were tested. Each stressstrain curve shown in Figs.
2-5 represents the average results of the three tests. It should be noted that the axial strains of the concrete in
compression were obtained from the full height shortening of the cylinders using LVDTs. The compressive stressstrain curves at higher ages of N-SCC, D-SCC, S-SCC, and DS-SCC mixes are shown in Figs. 2-5. All the fibrous
SCC mixes verified more substantial ductility than the corresponding N-SCC mix. Commonly, the nature of failure
in compression for the N-SCC mix tends to be more sudden and brittle as the age of the concrete increased. On the
other hand, by increasing the age, majority of the fibrous SCC mixes maintained their ductility and gradual failure
mechanism.

Proceedings of the Fifth North American Conference on the Design and Use of Self-Consolidating Concrete, Chicago, Illinois, USA, May 12
15, 2013 Aslani, Nejadi, and Samali

Figure 1 Compressive strength of SCC mixtures at different ages

Figure 2 Compressive stress-strain curve of N-SCC mix at different ages

Figure 3 Compressive stress-strain curve of D-SCC mix at different ages

Proceedings of the Fifth North American Conference on the Design and Use of Self-Consolidating Concrete, Chicago, Illinois, USA, May 12
15, 2013 Aslani, Nejadi, and Samali

Figure 4 Compressive stress-strain curve of S-SCC mix at different ages

Figure 5 Compressive stress-strain curve of DS-SCC mix at different ages

Energy dissipation under compression
The energy absorption per unit volume under compression was determined as the under curve area of the stress
()/strain () curve; the value can be calculated using Eq. (1):
G c d
u

(1)

The Gc value is determined up to ultimate deformation, u, of 0.05, where it is expected that the residual strength would
be small.Table 4 and Fig 6 include the average values of Gc.In general, the concrete energy absorption increases with
age. The major part of the energy is released in the softening phase which depends on the fiber reinforcement
mechanisms provided by fibers crossing the cracks. The efficiency of those mechanisms depend considerably on the
fiber bond length and fiber orientation toward the cracks that they bridge, whose homogeneity cannot be assumed
between two, apparently, equal batches12.The variation of the energy dissipated under compression with the strain is
represented in Figs. 7 to 10. Overall, Gc increases with strain more quickly for the older specimens, (56 and 91 days)
than the younger specimens (3, 7, 14 and 28 days).

Proceedings of the Fifth North American Conference on the Design and Use of Self-Consolidating Concrete, Chicago, Illinois, USA, May 12
15, 2013 Aslani, Nejadi, and Samali

Figure 6 Energy dissipated under compression (Gc) at different ages

Figure 7 Energy dissipated under compression (Gc) versus strain of N-SCC mix at different ages

Figure 8 Energy dissipated under compression (Gc) versus strain of D-SCC mix at different ages

Proceedings of the Fifth North American Conference on the Design and Use of Self-Consolidating Concrete, Chicago, Illinois, USA, May 12
15, 2013 Aslani, Nejadi, and Samali

Figure 9 Energy dissipated under compression (Gc) versus strain of S-SCC mix at different ages

Figure 10 Energy dissipation under compression (Gc) versus strain of DS-SCC mix at different ages
Table 4 The energy dissipation under compression
Age (days)
Mix

Gc
(MPa)

14

28

56

91

N-SCC

0.658

0.833

1.228

1.255

1.544

1.612

D-SCC

0.747

1.117

1.327

1.494

1.683

1.825

S-SCC
DS-SCC

0.701
0.762

0.988
1.239

1.304
1.359

1.421
1.535

1.617
1.700

1.745
1.865

ANALYTICAL RELATIONSHIPS FOR THE f'cm AND Gcm

To estimate the compressive strength (f'cm) and energy dissipation of the SCC mixes under compression (Gcm) at
various ages, mathematical relationships (Eqs. 2 to 9) are proposed based on regression analyses of the experimental
data. Fig. 11 shows that the proposed time-related relationships of compressive strength and energy dissipation under
compression are in good agreement with the experimental results.

Proceedings of the Fifth North American Conference on the Design and Use of Self-Consolidating Concrete, Chicago, Illinois, USA, May 12
15, 2013 Aslani, Nejadi, and Samali

f cm t

f cN
ln t 2.54
3.47

f cfD
f cm t
ln t 6.66
3.75

f cfS
f cm t
ln t 3.87
3.84

f cfDS
f cm t
ln t 4.54
3.96

(2)

(3)
(4)
(5)

where f'cN is the N-SCC mix; f'cfD is the D-SCC mix; f'cfS is the S-SCC mix and f'cfDS is the DS-SCC mix compressive
strengths.
G
Gcm t cN ln t 0.340
(6)
4.33
GcfD
Gcm t
ln t 0.476
(7)
4.91
GcfS
(8)
Gcm t
ln t 0.411
4.69
GcfDS
Gcm t
ln t 0.541
(9)
5.16
where GcN is the N-SCC mix; GcfD is the D-SCC mix; GcfS is the S-SCC mix and GcfDS is the DS-SCC mix energy
dissipations under compression.

Figure 11 Predicted time-related compressive strength and energy dissipation under compression values versus
measured experimented results
CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions can be drawn from the presented study:
(1) An experimental program was performed by testing and monitoring four different types of SCC mixes. These
mixes include N-SCC (normal), D-SCC (steel fiber-reinforced), S-SCC (PP fiber-reinforced), and DS-SCC
(hybrid fiber-reinforced).
(2) The compressive strength and strain are monitored and measured at ages of 3, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 91 days.
Subsequently, compressive stress-strain curves for each SCC mixes are plotted. The results indicate that the
discrepancy between the different SCC mixes decreases with time.

10

Proceedings of the Fifth North American Conference on the Design and Use of Self-Consolidating Concrete, Chicago, Illinois, USA, May 12
15, 2013 Aslani, Nejadi, and Samali

(3) The average compressive strength of the DS-SCC mix is higher than that of the N-SCC, D-SCC, and S-SCC
mixes. The results show that compressive strength of the DS-SCC mix at 91 days is 10.71%, 1.62% and
8.32% higher than that of the N-SCC, D-SCC, and S-SCC mixes respectively.
(4) The energy absorption per unit volume under compression is determined as the under-curve area of the stressstrain curve. The average energy absorption per unit volume of the DS-SCC mix is higher than that of the NSCC, D-SCC, and S-SCC mixes under compression. The results indicate that the energy dissipated under
compression of the DS-SCC mix at 91 days is 15.72%, 3.17% and 8.09% higher than that of the N-SCC, DSCC, and S-SCC mixes respectively.
(5) Analytical expressions to predict the compressive strength and energy absorption per unit volume for SCC
mixes under compression at any age up to 90 days were proposed. The proposed models provide reasonable
agreement with the measured experimental values.

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Proceedings of the Fifth North American Conference on the Design and Use of Self-Consolidating Concrete, Chicago, Illinois, USA, May 12
15, 2013 Aslani, Nejadi, and Samali

13. Grnewald, S., Performance-based design of self-compacting fibre reinforced concrete,Delft University of
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