Report: South Asia Geopolitics from Afpak to Sri Lanka

A new great game is emerging between China and India, with each competing for the
upper-hand in both hard and soft power.
Following U.S. withdrawal, Afghanistan has been given the opportunity to choose its
own course of action.
Sri Lankas new government is shifting towards a pro-Western Indian stance, and away
from earlier tendencies favoring China and Pakistan.
India proclaims a leadership role in South Asia, and prioritizes a peaceful neighborhood.
Positive relations with China may actually facilitate Indias economic growth, but
enduring disputes may compromise a stronger relationship.
Progress in India-Pakistan relations may enable the stability needed for Indias domestic
transformation.
Domestic political strife is of a lesser concern than in many other regions of the globe,
perhaps because elections provide a release valve

On Friday 13th March 2015, The Project for the Study of the 21st Century (PS21) hosted a
discussion in London on South Asian Geopolitics.
The panel was as follows:
Chair Peter Apps, PS21 Executive Director
Amjad Saleem: humanitarian and geopolitics consultant, now based in Colombo. PS21 Global
fellow
Omar Hamid, former Pakistani government official and head of Asia-Pacific risk at IHS
Rahul Roy -Chaudhury: senior fellow for South Asia, International Institute for Strategic
Studies

Participants were speaking as individuals rather than as representatives of institutions.

Please feel free to quote from this report, referencing PS21. If you wish to get in touch with
any of the panelists, please email: PS21Central@gmail.com.

From Afghanistan to Sri Lanka, South Asias geopolitics are in a state of almost
unprecedented flux. Almost 15 years after 9/11, the United States is pulling troops from
Afghanistan. The rise of China is re-drawing the entire neighborhood, not least because of
its growing presence in Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Under Prime Minister Narendra Modi,
India is taking its own new path, moving closer to Washington and increasingly at odds
with Beijing. In Sri Lanka, meanwhile, this years presidential election pushed out a proChina government for one much more inclined towards India.
India will remain the regional powerhouse and should be the key driver of local stability.
Its relations with smaller countries nearby, however, have always been challenging.
Roy-Chaudhury: India has had difficult neighborhood relations with other countries. There is a
concept of big brother, and its not surprising. I mean look at the map of South Asia. India
really dwarfs other countries. It is also the only country that has links with most of the other
South Asian countries. So I can understand the concern by Indias neighbors about Indias big
brother perspective.
Modis government has shifted away from a foreign policy approach of balancing and
hedging, instead favoring a global leadership role for India.
Roy-Chaudhury: I think with Modis leadership were not going to hear much about the term
non-alignment. I think thats really now the past.
Modi hosted a meeting with all the heads of Indian missions around the world a couple of weeks
ago, and he was basically telling them, Listen, this whole question of hedging, India has always
been trying to hedge. Forget it now, India needs to take a leadership role.
The U.S. withdrawal of troops may allow greater opportunity for Afghanistan to take
control of its own fate, rather than depending on direction from outside influence.
Hamid: All the major stakeholders realize that regionally, a stable Afghanistan is paramount...
As far as Pakistan is concerned, there has been a definite change in thinking in terms of they
believe that its not perhaps in their interest, as was definitely the thinking in the past, to have,
for lack of a better word, a puppet government.
I think the difference is that in the past everyones version of stability in Afghanistan was...that
they insisted it was only their vision for Afghanistan would bring in stability. Whereas I think
now perhaps we will see a greater give-and-take. So if there is [an Afghan coalition government]

in Kabul, it will not be unacceptable to Pakistan if potentially India has commercial interests and
they remain there. It will not be a deal breaker.
Through economic and military prowess, Chinas activity in South Asia may preclude
Indian influence in the region.
Saleem: Over the last five years, you noticed a definite skew towards China in terms of
investmentin terms of social investment, cultural investment, economic investment, the
amount of money that was pumped into kind of, for major infrastructure projectshas meant
that India was not able to compete at that level.
Last year quote-unquote naval exercises were conducted with Chinese submarines that came to
Sri Lankas shores. Which again, I think that is one of the alarm bells that rang for Delhi.
Significant developments in the U.S.-India relationship indicate a clear tactical change in
Delhis approach towards Beijing. Still, Indias attempts to check an increasingly
domineering China are not likely to result in any truly entrenched partnership with the
United States.
Roy-Chaudhury: Modi will want to continue to balance the relations between the U.S. and
China, but I think in many ways we are going to see a clear difference in Indias policy towards
these countries.
When Modi went to New York and Washington last September, there was a joint statement.
When President Obama came to Delhi in late January, there was another joint statement. In these
joint statements, both countries agreed that they were concerned over the freedom of navigation
in the South China Sea, a clear allusion to China, though China of course wasnt mentioned.
My sense generally is that I dont think were going to see a strategic shift whereby India is
going to become an alliance partner of the United States, or have military alliances.
India may be warming towards Washington, but it remains to be seen whether the United
States can make similar strides in its relationships with others in the region.
China presents unprecedented opportunities, but also critical challenges to India.
Roy-Chaudhury: For Modis government, the China factor has astute primary issues that it has
to deal with. Firstly, China is Indias largest trading partner. Modi wants to have a peaceful
relationship with China because thats the only way that what he wants for India, which is
domestic transformation of India, can take place if you have a peaceful neighborhood. He wants
investment from China as well coming in.
At the same time, the right-wing factions are very keen that Modi adopt a hardline position
towards China, particularly over Tibet because of the presence of Hindu religious sites there
The thing that really stands out in Modis statements is when he talks about the Indian Ocean as
being part of Indias near or extended neighborhood. That mindset will be critical, not only for
how India is able to become a net security provider for the Indian Ocean islands, but more

importantly, because we will see a great game emerging between India and China in the Indian
Ocean.

The Modi government has maneuvered strategically to counter the shifting balance of
power by playing to Indias strengths.
Saleem: I dont think India can afford the type of investment that China has made in places like
Sri Lanka. I mean, youre not talking just about infrastructure investment, youre talking about
tourism, youre talking about the cultural exchanges, scholarships, cultural centers, you know all
sorts of things. So I dont think thats it, but what India has tried to blend, particularly in Sri
Lanka, is that it has offered a multi-dimensional aspect. So if you look at the agreements that
were signed today in Colombo, you have waivers on visas, student exchanges, things that are
more cultural, more soft.
Roy-Chaudhury: On the Indian Ocean, yes, I mean, China has deep pockets But, I dont
think India is going to compete against this India is going to leverage its key strengths. What
are those strengths? Those strengths are proximity. Firstly, to the Indian Ocean island states
compared to China. Very clearly in terms of distance but also its naval capabilities Today, you
have radar stations on the Maldives that are connected to India. You have a tri-lateral agreement
between Maldives, Sri Lanka, and India. This is an important cooperative security venture on
counter-terrorism and operational issues which very few people know about. But, this is the sort
of way India is going to be there. Its leverage is going to be on security issues rather than
economic.
Yet, in both Afghanistan and Pakistan, greater Chinese influence is perceived positively as
an alternative to Indias overbearing role.
Hamid: China is taking, or seems to be taking, a much more interested role in Afghanistan. Its
offering itself as an honest broker. At the same time its kind of green-lighted and seems to be
going ahead on this sort of massive economic projects in Afghanistan that would link the
regions, this China-Pakistan Economic Corridor which is about $45 billion worth of
infrastructure and energy stuff that will go diagonally across Pakistan into Afghanistan. So that, I
think, in many ways is a reassuring thing for the Pakistanis. They have their big friend actively
throwing its weight in the game.
And of course, the other side of it remains that the fundamental bugbear in Afghanistan and
elsewhere has been Indian influence, which has come oftentimes in shape of economic activity.
So, I think there is certainly a wish that if that could be replaced by Chinese influence in these
projects, that would be preferable.
Sri Lanka, especially in light of the countrys most recent elections, has tried to maintain a
non-aligned stance. Regardless, Colombo has still managed to become entangled in regional
balance-of-power politics.

Saleem: Sri Lanka at the moment, you have to realize, is still a transitional government. So until
we have parliamentary elections, I dont think youll any definite move on foreign policy. What
they have tried to do is focus on the domestic, but the need to ease the international pressure in
the wake of the human rights council report has led the [transition regime] to make an extra
special effort to reach out to India.
It is symbolic that the first state visit that Sri Lankas new president did was to India, where he
did sign among everything else a civilian nuclear deal, and peoples eyebrows were raised. Well,
what does Sri Lanka have to do with nuclear power? It has nothing to do with it, I mean its a
small island. I think its significant that theyve tried to redress the balance towards India.
Chinas rise has overshadowed, to a certain extent, long-standing antagonism between
Delhi and Islamabad over Kashmir, but India-Pakistan relations are not at a stalemate.
Hamid: Kashmir hasn't been as prominent on the agenda, and obviously that has had to do with
the fact that over the past ten or eleven years, especially subsequent of 9/11, Pakistan's
relationship with various Kashmiri groups has been brought into question.
Roy-Chaudhury: I think it's important to realize that actually Pakistan has taken a step forward
in this issue by, in effect, agreeing to hold a dialogue with India despite the absence of a Kashmir
resolution.
Modi's focus is really the domestic and economic transformation of India, but the caveat here is
that for this transformation to take place, he has to have a peaceful neighborhood. And for that he
needs a relationship with Pakistan, and he needs an engagement with Pakistan. A few days ago,
in fact, we saw the Indian foreign secretary fly into Islamabad under the aegis of a SAARC role.
My sense is that unless India is able to have this engagement with Pakistan, Modi's key objective
of transformation may not happen.
India recognizes that improved relations with Pakistan will be key to stability in
Afghanistan, as well.
Roy-Chaudhury: I dont see a zero-sum game between India and Pakistan in Afghanistan.
Pakistan is a neighbor of Afghanistan and India is not. India is a near neighbor. Pakistan has
tremendous leverage and a very strong relationship with Afghanistan. India has the ability to
provide tremendous soft power.
In many ways, I think for India a stable Afghanistan is key. If President Ghani is able to get the
Pakistani security establishment to bring the Taliban to the negotiating table, and also clearly end
Afghan Taliban safe havens in Pakistan, I think that will be advantageous for India as well, as it
will help facilitate stability in Afghanistan.
India must also manage its relations with Bangladesh.
It will be very important for India to take a magnanimous view towards Bangladesh; to move
forward on the sharing of the Teesta River water, get the parliament approval on the land border

enclaves exchange, and actually work with the new government of Sheikh Hasina to combat
extremism and terrorism. And that is how we would really see a tremendous improvement in the
India-Bangladesh relationship, and hopefully a beacon for a stable South Asian neighborhood.
Discord between South Asian neighbors is forever oscillating, but in the domestic politics of
the region, civil unrest and political strife have not been as destabilizing as in other, more
volatile parts of the world.
Hamid: From Pakistans point of view, many people have often said, well, Pakistan, by all
rights, should be a country ripe for an Arab Spring type of situation. We havent seen that, I
think that of course there is civil unrest of various types and forms as there is in India and even
Sri Lanka, but you havent seen that kind of outpouring on a single issue that overthrows a
regime I think part of that perhaps, in reference to Pakistan, through the fact in 2013 we had a
peaceful, democratic transition from one party to another Elections are good pressure
relievers.
Saleem: I think one of the things the former governments tried to do is to manufacture some
kind of Arab Spring and protests that would have then justified them trying to stick onto power
and keep the security apparatus intact. I think what happened is the reverse, that the Sri Lankan
population by whole actually got out and voted and used social media to get the people out and
talk about the campaign, to talk about corruption, and that is what at the moment is keeping at
least the current government slightly afloat.

Report by Amanda Blair