APPROVAL PAGE

Complete report of Human Anatomy and Physiology with title Anatomical

Position of Human Body, that arranged by:
Name

: Ahmad Zuhudy B

Reg.Number

: 121 444 1020

Class

: ICP Biology B

Group

: I (First)

After checked and consulted by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, so this report
was accepted.

Makassar,

Assistant Coordinator,

May 2015

Assistant,

Muh Nur Arsyad

Yunandar

ID. 091404158

ID. 111 404 0181

Known by,
Lecturer of Responsibility

DR. Drs. A. Mushawwir Taiyeb, M.Kes

NIP. 19640416 198803 1 002

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
The human body is formed of many tissues and organs, each of which has
specific duties and functions. The cell is the smallest unit or element of the body
possessed by all parts of the body. Cells adjusted by the duties and functions, or
with tissue cell where it is located. Some cells such as those located in the nervous
system and muscles, is very typical. Some others, like the one in the connective
tissue, development is not as perfect as the existing cells in nerves and muscles. In
general, the more specific task of an increasingly smaller cell damage and
endurance to face the most difficult to repair or mengggantinya. System of life can
be defined from various viewpoints, from the broadest (watch the whole earth) to
the smallest (atomic level). Every point of view provides information about how
or why a system of life functioning.
In medicine and nursing unifying language used to express the disease and
the name of the organs in Latin. One thing that is important and must be
considered as any Latin name means nothing respectively. Therefore it should be
understood the meaning or intent of these words so that it can be connected with
the appropriate tool with that name. The human body is composed of many parts
of the tool body, be it from head to toe. Where part of the part or tool body has a
name based on the location or pieces of different bodies each type.
Based on the above we perform this lab. Where in this lab we will look at
the positions of the human body in a state or in the anatomical position is standing
upright. Observed that the pieces of his body and the names of Latin or its terms.

A. Purpose
The Purpose of this observation is to determine the anatomical position in
humans.
B. Benefit
Students can find out, recognize and understand the parts of their body in
the direction to her field section

CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE

Studied the human body in a state of standing upright with both arms open
side and palms facing forward, head erect, and eyes looking straight ahead. This is
called anatomical position. The layout of the various parts of the body is described
by making comparisons on the lines and fields -bidang imaginary (imaginary), for
example, the medial field through the central axis of the body. Structure that is
located closer to the median plane of the body other than said medial structure to
the other. Eg groin muscle which is located on the medial thigh against other groups
who are on the outside, which is called lateral. Therefore, the inside of the thigh
called the medial aspect and the outer side is called the lateral aspect. The term
internal and external use to describe the relative distance of an organ or structure of
the central cavity. The term superficial (surface) and deep (inside) is used to indicate
the relative distance from the surface of the body. The term is synonymous posterior
and anterior ventral and dorsal, these terms are used only for people in a state of
standing upright or anatomical position. The terms proximal and distal are used to
show the far-near, or distance from a certain point (Pearce, 2009)
The skeletal system is a system that was built by the hard structures of the
body that are supporting and protecting. This system includes the exoskeleton, and
endoskeleton. Exoskeletons in embryological derived from epidermis alone,
dermis, or both. While endoskeleton in embryological derived from subdermal
tissue, ie endoskeleton bone, cartilage and chordal endoskeleton. Exoskeletons
generally found in invertebrate animals. In vertebrates more commonly known as
the dermal skeleton. Endoskeleton is generally found in vertebrate animals. The
terms relating to the cross-section with a cross section or field is the field that
median longitudinal field from front to back that divides the body into left and right
sides equally, sagittal / the sagittal that field parallel to the longitudinal median
plane, coronal / frontal namely longitudinal field of left side to right that divides the
body into front and rear parts of a balanced and perpendicular to the median plane,
transverse / horizontal ie transverse field which divides the upper and lower parts,

the longitudinal field is the field that follows the longest dimension of organ and
perpendicular to the plane of the transverse , oblingus field (oblique) is the field that
makes angle smaller or larger with the transverse plane (Pagarra, 2009).
Anatomy attitude is a condition when the body standing upright facing
forward, arms and legs pressed together (as in a state ready. General terms of
anatomy-physiology of them: for adjectives that express direction: the dorsal
posterior is more to the back or rear, kaudalis ie more close / related to the tail,
which is closer cranial / associated with the head, lateral that is farther from the
center line, ie medial closer to the midline, ventralis / anterior ie more to the front /
rear. Adjectives that express the field include: Frontal / coronal ie the plane
perpendicular to the sagittal plane and parallel to the surface of the abdomen /
surface of the forehead, ie the sagittal plane parallel to the median, ie transverse
field perpendicular to the direction transverse length of body (Syaifuddin, 2006).
The term directions can be used to describe the relative position of a body
part on other body parts. Pieces of the body and its parts used to describe the body
or organ which is divided into two parts. Pieces of the body or organ sagittal split
vertically into left and right halves. If the left and right alike, the piece was called
pieces midsagital: if not, the piece called parasagittal pieces. Pieces frontal
(coronal) dividing the body or organ of the body vertically into two parts, namely
the front and rear. Pieces horizontal (transverse) horizontally dividing the body into
top and bottom (Pack, 2003).
Studied the human body in a state of standing upright with both arms open
side and palms facing forward, head held high and eyes fixed straight ahead. This
is called anatomical position. Then the location of various body parts painted with
mebandingkannya on the lines and fields imaginary (imaginary). Systematic
anatomy or division-sistema body systematically arranged (a) in accordance with
its function and (b) under a term used to denote the study of specific portions.
Sistema locomotor mengcangkup parts concerned with gestures. Sistema skeleton
bones, cartilage and certain membrane. Artikulatorik system with respect to the
joints and muscles systematically covers the muscles, fascia and tendons. Sistema

covers the circulatory system of blood vessels and lymph flow system. Blood is the
main transport system, blood pumped by the heart mengintari body, the oxygen
carried by the lungs of carbon dioxide is collected from the network. The food is
distributed through the heart and then enter the general circulation. Products that
are not required channeled to the kidneys. Digestive system consists of the digestive
tract along with the gland and organ thereof. Food solved by enzymes in the
digestive tract and are transported by the bloodstream to the liver and eventually to
the network (Pearce, 2009)
According Yanwirasti (2010), Anatomy Attitude is stand erect with upper limbs
besides the body, face and palms facing forward. Fields imaginer
a. Median plane
b. Field paramedian
c. Field sagittal
d. Field coronal
e. Horizontal plane
According Akhsanur (2010), Applies for orientation areas on the body:
a. Lateral = away from the median plane of the body, beyond.
b. Medial = closer to the median plane of the body, inside, middle.
c. Median = intermediate area of the body, separates the body into two
symmetrical parts.
d. = Parallel to the median sagittal, but outside the realm of the median.
e. Transversal = perpendicular to the median plane, cutting the shaft body.
f. Horizontal = perpendicular to the median plane, parallel to the axis of the body.
According to Wikipedia (2010), Field of anatomy is a plane through the body in
anatomical position:

a. The median plane: plane divides the body into the right side of the right and
left.
b. Sagittal plane: plane divides the body into two parts from a certain point (do not
divide exactly two parts). This field is parallel to the median plane.
c. Horizontal plane: field that is located transversely through the body (the XY
plane). This field divides the body into upper (superior) and bottom (inferior).
d. Coronal plane: vertical plane through the body, lying perpendicular to the plane
of the median or sagittal. divides the body into front (frontal) and the back
(dorsal).
According to Gunawan (2010), the term for comparison:
1. Superior (= on) or cranial: closer to the head. Example: The mouth is superior
to the chin.
2. Inferior (= below) or caudal: closer on foot. Example: The navel is inferior to
the breast.
3. Anterior (= front): closer to the front. Example: Gastric located anterior to the
spleen.
4. Posterior (= rear): closer to the rear. Example: jatung located posterior to the
ribs.
5. Superficial: closer to / on the surface. Example: is the superficial leg muscles
from the bone.
6. Profunda: further away from the surface. Example: Bone feet, and the lever is
more deep than the forearm muscles.
7. Medial (= in)): closer to the median plane. Example: The ring finger is located
medial to the thumb.
8. Lateral (= outside): away from the median plane. Example: The ear is located
lateral to the eyes.

9. Proximal (= above): closer to the trunk or base. Example: Elbow is located

proximal to the palm of the hand.
10. Distal (= below): further away from the trunk or base. Example: The wrist is
located distal to the elbow.

CHAPTER III
PRACTICUM METHODE

A. Time and Place

Day / Date

: Wednesday, May 13th, 2015

Time

: At 04.00 05.30 pm

Place

: Biology Green House Mathematics and Science Faculty,

State University of Makassar

B. Tools and Materials

1.

Tools
a. Pen
b. Ruler
c. Eraser

2.

Materials
a. Probandus
b. Figure direction the human body section
c. Paper

C. Work Procedure
1.

Prepare all the tools and materials to be used

2. Viewing images of the human body slice directio and then choose one as
probandus
3.

Viewing areas of the body in an upright position

Drawing probandus body position on the field observation

CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

At this lab we make observations about human body parts, pieces, along
with the names ilmuahnya. Here we use the (student) as probandusnya, in an upright
facing forward or as in a ready state, then we can observe the student body parts. It
is recommended that standing upright or in a position ready to be easily observed
and an anatomy attitude. Otherwise, the terms for body parts does not apply or can
not be used.
In the human body there are many terms for certain body parts. However,
these terms can not be used if probandus observed is not in a state or anatomical
position. Here is diamana anatomical position of the body in a state of standing
upright with both arms open side and palms facing forward, head erect, and eyes
looking straight ahead. From the results of the observations made in the image there
are several terms including:
1. Field Median: fields stretching from front to back that divides the body into left
and right parts are balanced.
2. Transverse plane: transverse field which divides the upper and lower parts.
3. Posterior and anterior (dorsal and ventral): This term is only used for people in a
state of standing upright or anatomical position. Where Dorsal / posterior it over to
the back / rear and ventral / anterior it over to the front / front.
4. Field coronal / frontal: longitudinal field from left side to right that divides the
body into front and rear are balanced and perpendicular to the median plane.
5. Caudal: term expressing the direction that is closer to / related to the tail.
According Syaifuddin (2006), there are several Latin name for an adjective that
states direction, namely:
1. Anterior: forwards
2. Distal: closer to the tip member

3. Dorsal: towards the rear

4. Inferior: lower body toward the stand
5. caudal: towards the tail
6. Cranial: the direction of the head
7. Lateral: towards the side away from the center
8. Longitudinal: longitudinal / direction length
9. Medial: mid headed toward the median plane
10. Peripheral: towards the surface of the body
11. Plantar: the direction of the feet
12. Posterior: towards the rear
13. The radial: next direction of the bone lever
14. Superior: upper body toward the stand
15. Transversal: transverse
16. Ulnarus: next direction ulna
17. Ventral: towards the front / abdomen
18. Volaris: the direction of palms

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSSION AND DISCUSSION

A. Conclusions
Based on the observations that have been made, it can be concluded that
the human body is divided and the parts memiiliki own terms. The term can be
used if the body in anatomical position is standing upright with both arms open
side and palms facing forward, head held high and eyes looking straight ahead.
The terms contained in the body include: Median field, transverse plane, Posterior
and anterior (dorsal and ventral), field coronal / frontal and caudal.
B. Suggestions
1. Better cooperation between the practitioner is enhanced so that the lab can run
smoothly.
2. Should the assistant so that further enhanced his guidance, and should not be
just one or two assistants that guide
3. We recommend to the laboratory in order to renew the laboratory equipment
used as hygiene appliance.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Pack, Philip. 2003. Anatomi Dan Fisiologi. Bandung: Pakar Raya.

Pagarra. 2009. Struktur Hewan. Makassar: Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNM.
Pearce, C. Evelyn. 2006. Anatomi Dan Fisiologi untuk Paramedis. Jakarta: PT
Gramedia.
Syaifuddin. 2006. Anatomi Fisiologi Untuk Mahasiswa Keperawatan. Jakarta:
EGC.
Yanwirasti. 2010. Terminologi Anatomi. Padang: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas
Andalas Padang.