1.

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
Micro controller based speaking system for patient is designed to give
the signs, which are preloaded in the device. It is a micro controller based device, which
gives the alert sounds just by using a touch screen, which are given some predefined
messages like asking for water, washroom etc., here the person need to touch the touch
screen which indicates the sign of water (example) then the device sounds the same with
some output volume.
Micro controller is the heart of the device. It stores the data of the needs of the
person. So that it can make use of the data stored whenever the person uses the device. This
device helps the deaf and dumb people to announce their requirements. By this the person
who is near can understand their need and help them. This saves the time to understand each
other and ease in communication.
Touch screen based devices can be easily reachable to the common man due
its simpler operation, and at the same time it challenges the designers of the device. These
touch screen sensors can be used as a replacement of the existing switches in home which
produces sparks and also results in fire accidents in few situations. Considering the
advantages of touch screen sensors an advanced automation system was developed to control
the appliances in the house. This device is designed to provide with a greater advantage
producing voice based announcement for the user i.e. the user gets the voice which
pronounces his need as and when it is required.

1.2 Project overview

An embedded system is a combination of software and hardware to perform a
dedicated task. Some of the main devices used in embedded products are Microprocessors
and Microcontrollers.
Microprocessors are commonly referred to as general purpose processors as
they simply accept the inputs, process it and give the output. In contrast, a microcontroller
not only accepts the data as inputs but also manipulates it, interfaces the data with various
devices, controls the data and thus finally gives the result.
The Haptic based speaking microcontroller using PIC16F73
microcontroller is an exclusive project which is used to control the devices in an apartment
using touch screen sensor.
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1.3 Organization of Project report

The thesis explains the implementation of Haptic based speaking microcontroller using
PIC16F73 microcontroller. The organization of the report is explained here with:
Chapter 1 Presents introduction to the overall report and the overview of the project. In the
project overview a brief introduction of Touch screen based nurse/ attendant calling
system interfacing touch screen to Micro Controller, voice module and its applications are
discussed.
Chapter 2 Presents the hardware description. It deals with the block diagram of the project
and explains the purpose of each block. In the same chapter the explanation of Micro
Controller, touch screen, voice module, power supplies are considered.
Chapter 3 Presents the software description. It explains the implementation of the project
using PIC C Compiler software.
Chapter 4 Presents the project description along with touch screen, voice module interfacing
to microcontroller, advantages and applications..
Chapter 5 Presents the advantages, and applications of the project.
Results are presented in Chapter 6.
Chapter 7 Presents the conclusion and future prospects of the project

2. BLOCK DIAGRAM
2.1 Block diagram

Fig.2.1: Block diagram of Haptic based speaking using microcontroller

The main blocks of this project are
1. Micro controller (16F73)
2. Reset button
3. Crystal oscillator
4. Regulated power supply (RPS)
5. LED indicator
6. Touch screen
7. voice module.

2.2 Microcontroller
A Microcontroller is a programmable digital processor with necessary
peripherals. Both

microcontrollers and microprocessors are complex sequential digital

circuits meant to carry out job according to the program / instructions. Sometimes analog
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input/output interface makes a part of microcontroller circuit of mixed mode (both analog
and digital nature).
1. A smaller computer
2. On-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...
Example: Motorolas 6811, Intels 8051, Zilogs Z8 and PIC 16X
2.2.1 Internal Structure of a Microcontroller

Fig 2.2.1: Internal architecture of a microcontroller

2.2.2 PIC Microcontroller Clock
Most of the PIC microcontrollers can operate up to 20MHz. One instructions
cycle (machine cycle) consists of four clock cycles

Relation between instruction cycles and clock cycles for PIC microcontrollers

Instructions that do not require modification of program counter content get executed in one
instruction cycle.
2.2.3 Memory unit
Memory is part of the microcontroller whose function is to store data.
The easiest way to explain it is to describe it as one big closet with lots of drawers. If we
suppose that we marked the drawers in such a way that they can not be confused, any of their
contents will then be easily accessible. It is enough to know the designation of the drawer
and so its contents will be known to us for sure.
2.2.4 Central Processing Unit
Let add 3 more memory locations to a specific block that will have a built in
capability to multiply, divide, subtract, and move its contents from one memory location onto
another. The part we just added in is called "central processing unit" (CPU). Its memory
locations are called registers.
2.2.5 Microcontroller PIC16F73
The PIC16F73 CMOS FLASH-based 8-bit microcontroller is upward
compatible with the PIC16C73B/74B/76/77, PIC16F873/874/876/877devices. It features 200
ns instruction execution, self programming, an ICD, 2 Comparators, 8 channels of 8-bit
Analog-to-Digital (A/D) converter, 2 capture/compare/PWM functions, a synchronous serial
port that can be configured as either 3-wire SPI or 2-wire I2C bus, a USART, and a Parallel
Slave Port.
High-Performance RISC CPU
Only 35 single word instructions to learn
All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two-cycle
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 Operating speed: DC - 20 MHz clock input DC - 200 ns instruction cycle

Up to 8K x 14 words of FLASH Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data
Memory (RAM)
Pin out compatible to the PIC16C73B/74B/76/77
Pin out compatible to the PIC16F873/874/876/877
Interrupt capability (up to 12 sources)
Eight level deep hardware stack
Direct, Indirect and Relative Addressing modes
Processor read access to program memory
Special Microcontroller Features
Power-up Timer (PWRT) and oscillator Start-up Timer (OST)
Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation
Programmable code protection
Power saving SLEEP mode
Selectable oscillator options
In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) via two Pins
Peripheral Features
Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler
Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during SLEEP via
external crystal/clock
Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and postscaler
Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules
- Capture is 16-bit, max resolution is 12.5 ns
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- Compare is 16-bit, max resolution is 200 ns

- PWM max resolution is 10-bit
8-bit, up to 8-channel Analog-to-Digital converter
Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI (Master mode) and I2C (Slave)
Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART/SCI)
Parallel Slave Port (PSP), 8-bits wide with external RD, WR and CS controls (40/44-pin
Only)
Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR)
Program memory (FLASH) is used for storing a written program. Since memory made in
FLASH technology can be programmed and cleared more than once, it makes this
microcontroller suitable for device development.
EEPROM - data memory that needs to be saved when there is no supply. It is usually used
for storing important data that must not be lost if power supply suddenly stops. For instance,
one such data is an assigned temperature in temperature regulators. If during a loss of power
supply this data was lost, we would have to make the adjustment once again upon return of
supply. Thus our device looses on self-reliance.
RAM- Data memory used by a program during its execution.
In RAM are stored all inter-results or temporary data during run-time.
PORTS are physical connections between the microcontroller and the outside world.
PIC16F73.
FREE-RUN TIMER is an 8-bit register inside a microcontroller that works independently
of the program. On every fourth clock of the oscillator it increments its value until it reaches
the maximum (255), and then it starts counting over again from zero. As we know the exact
timing between each two increments of the timer contents, timer can be used for measuring
time which is very useful with some devices.
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT has a role of connective element between other blocks in
the microcontroller. It coordinates the work of other blocks and executes the user program.

Crystal oscillator
The crystal oscillator speed that can be connected to the PIC microcontroller
range from DC to 20Mhz. Using the CCS C compiler normally 20Mhz oscillator will be used
and the price is very cheap. The 20 MHz crystal oscillator should be connected with about
22pF capacitor. Please refer to my circuit schematic.
There are 5 input/output ports on PIC microcontroller namely port A, port B,
port C, port D and port E. Each port has different function. Most of them can be used as I/O
port.
Applications
PIC16F73 perfectly fits many uses, from automotive industries and controlling
home appliances to industrial instruments, remote sensors, electrical door locks and safety
devices. It is also ideal for smart cards as well as for battery supplied devices because of its
low consumption.
Pin description
PIC16F73 has a total of 28 pins. It is most frequently found in a DIP28 type of
case but can also be found in SMD case which is smaller from a DIP. DIP is an abbreviation
for Dual In Package. SMD is an abbreviation for Surface Mount Devices suggesting that
holes for pins to go through when mounting aren't necessary in soldering this type of a
component.
Pins on PIC16F73 microcontroller have the following meaning:
There are 28 pins on PIC16F73. Most of them can be used as an IO pin. Others are already
for specific functions. These are the pin functions.
1. MCLR to reset the PIC
2. RA0 port A pin 0
3. RA1 port A pin 1
4. RA2 port A pin 2
5. RA3 port A pin 3
6. RA4 port A pin 4
7. RA5 port A pin 5
8. VSS ground
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Fig 2.2.5: Pin Diagram of PIC 16F73

9. OSC1 connect to oscillator
10. OSC2 connect to oscillator
11. RC0 port C pin 0 VDD power supply
12. RC1 port C pin 1
13. RC2 port C pin 2
14. RC3 port C pin 3
15. RC4 - port C pin 4
16. RC5 - port C pin 5
17. RC6 - port C pin 6
18. RC7 - port C pin 7
19. VSS - ground
20. VDD power supply
21. RB0 - port B pin 0
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22. RB1 - port B pin 1

23. RB2 - port B pin 2
24. RB3 - port B pin 3
25. RB4 - port B pin 4
26. RB5 - port B pin 5
27. RB6 - port B pin 6
28. RB7 - port B pin 7
By utilizing all of this pin so many application can be done such as:
1. LCD connect to Port B pin.
2. LED connect to any pin declared as output.
3. Relay and Motor - connect to any pin declared as output.
4. External EEPROM connect to I2C interface pin RC3 and RC4 (SCL and SDA)
5. LDR, Potentiometer and sensor connect to analogue input pin such as RA0.
6. GSM modem dial up modem connect to RC6 and RC7 the serial communication
interface using RS232 protocol.
Ports
Term "port" refers to a group of pins on a microcontroller which can be
accessed simultaneously, or on which we can set the desired combination of zeros and ones,
or read from them an existing status. Physically, port is a register inside a microcontroller
which is connected by wires to the pins of a microcontroller. Ports represent physical
connection of Central Processing Unit with an outside world. Microcontroller uses them in
order to monitor or control other components or devices. Due to functionality, some pins
have twofold roles like PA4/TOCKI for instance, which is in the same time the fourth bit of
port A and an external input for free-run counter. Selection of one of these two pin functions
is done in one of the configuration registers. An illustration of this is the fifth bit T0CS in
OPTION register. By selecting one of the functions the other one is disabled.
All port pins can be designated as input or output, according to the needs of a
device that's being developed. In order to define a pin as input or output pin, the right
combination of zeros and ones must be written in TRIS register. If the appropriate bit of
TRIS register contains logical "1", then that pin is an input pin, and if the opposite is true, it's
an output pin. Every port has its proper TRIS register. Thus, port A has TRISA, and port B
has TRISB. Pin direction can be changed during the course of work which is particularly
10

fitting for one-line communication where data flow constantly changes direction. PORTA
and PORTB state registers are located in bank 0, while TRISA and TRISB pin direction
registers are located in bank 1.

PORTB and TRISB

PORTB has adjoined 8 pins. The appropriate register for data direction is
TRISB. Setting a bit in TRISB register defines the corresponding port pin as input, and
resetting a bit in TRISB register defines the corresponding port pin as output.

Each PORTB pin has a weak internal pull-up resistor (resistor which defines a line
to logic one) which can be activated by resetting the seventh bit RBPU in OPTION
register. These 'pull-up' resistors are automatically being turned off when port pin is
configured as an output. When a microcontroller is started, pull-ups are disabled.
Four pins PORTB, RB7:RB4 can cause an interrupt which occurs when their status
changes from logical one into logical zero and opposite. Only pins configured as input can
cause this interrupt to occur (if any RB7:RB4 pin is configured as an output, an interrupt
won't be generated at the change of status.) This interrupt option along with internal pull-up
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resistors makes it easier to solve common problems we find in practice like for instance that
of matrix keyboard.

2.3 Regulated power supply

2.3.1 Introduction
Power supply is a supply of electrical power. A device or system that
supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is called a power
supply unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less
often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others.
A power supply may include a power distribution system as well as primary or
secondary sources of energy such as conversion of one form of electrical power to another
desired form and voltage, typically involving converting AC line voltage to a well-regulated
lower-voltage DC for electronic devices. Low voltage, low power DC power supply units are
commonly integrated with the devices they supply, such as computers and household
electronics.

Batteries.

Chemical fuel cells and other forms of energy storage systems.

Solar power.

Generators or alternators.

2.3.2 Block Diagram

Fig 2.3.2(a): Regulated Power Supply

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Fig 2.3.2(b): Circuit diagram of Regulated Power Supply with Led connection
The components mainly used in above figure are

230V AC MAINS

TRANSFORMER

BRIDGE RECTIFIER(DIODES)

CAPACITOR

VOLTAGE REGULATOR(IC 7805)

RESISTOR

LED(LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)

The detailed explanation of each and every component mentioned above is as follows:
Transformation
The process of transforming energy from one device to another is called
transformation. For transforming energy we use transformers.
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
another through inductively coupled conductors without changing its frequency. A
varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the
transformer's core, and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This
varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the
secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction.
If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the
secondary winding and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through
the transformer to the load. This field is made up from lines of force and has the same shape
as a bar magnet.

13

If the current is increased, the lines of force move outwards from the coil. If the
current is reduced, the lines of force move inwards. The input coil is called the PRIMARY
WINDING, the output coil is the SECONDARY WINDING.

Fig 2.3.2(c): Step-Down Transformer

Note that the transformer only works on AC, which has a constantly changing
current and moving field. DC has a steady current and therefore a steady field and there
would be no induction.
Some transformers have an electrostatic screen between primary and
secondary. This is to prevent some types of interference being fed from the equipment down
into the mains supply, or in the other direction. Transformers are sometimes used for
IMPEDANCE MATCHING. We can use the transformers as step up or step down.
Step Up transformer
In case of step up transformer, primary windings are every less compared to
secondary winding. Because of having more turns secondary winding accepts more energy,
and it releases more voltage at the output side.
Step down transformer
In case of step down transformer, Primary winding induces more flux than the
secondary winding, and secondary winding is having less number of turns because of that it
accepts less number of flux, and releases less amount of voltage.
Battery power supply
A battery is a type of linear power supply that offers benefits that traditional
line-operated power supplies lack: mobility, portability and reliability. A battery consists of
multiple electrochemical cells connected to provide the voltage desired. Fig: 3.3.5 shows HiWatt 9V battery.

14

Fig 2.3.2(d): Hi-Watt 9V Battery

The most commonly used dry-cell battery is the carbon-zinc dry cell
battery. Dry-cell batteries are made by stacking a carbon plate, a layer of electrolyte paste,
and a zinc plate alternately until the desired total voltage is achieved. The most common drycell batteries have one of the following voltages: 1.5, 3, 6, 9, 22.5, 45, and 90. During the
discharge of a carbon-zinc battery, the zinc metal is converted to a zinc salt in the electrolyte,
and magnesium dioxide is reduced at the carbon electrode. These actions establish a voltage
of approximately 1.5 V.

Fig 2.3.2(e): Pencil Battery of 1.5V

Rectification
The process of converting an alternating current to a pulsating direct current is
called as rectification. For rectification purpose we use rectifiers.
Rectifiers
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct
current (DC), a process known as rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including as
components of power supplies and as detectors of radio signals. Rectifiers may be made of
solid-state diodes, vacuum tube diodes, mercury arc valves, and other components.A device
that it can perform the opposite function (converting DC to AC) is known as an inverter.
15

Bridge full wave rectifier

The Bridge rectifier converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both half
cycles of the input ac voltage. The circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac
input voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is
connected between the other two ends of the bridge.
For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3
conduct, whereas diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be
in series with the load resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL.
For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct
whereas, D1 and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with
the load resistance RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the
previous half cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into a unidirectional wave.

Input

Output

Fig 2.3.2(f): Full wave bridge rectifier& its input and output waveforms
DB107
Now -a -days Bridge rectifier is available in IC with a number of DB107. In our
project we are using an IC in place of bridge rectifier.
Features

Surge overload rating - 30 amperes peak

16

Ideal for printed circuit board

Reliable low cost construction utilizing molded

Polarity symbols molded on body

Mounting position: Any

Weight: 1.0 gram

Fig 2.3.2(g): DB107

Filtration
The process of converting a pulsating direct current to a pure direct current
using filters is called as filtration. Electronic filters are electronic circuits, which perform
signal-processing functions, specifically to remove unwanted frequency components from
the signal, to enhance wanted ones.
Introduction to Capacitors
The Capacitor or sometimes referred to as a Condenser is a passive device, and
one which stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field which produces a potential
(static voltage) across its plates. In its basic form a capacitor consists of two parallel
conductive plates that are not connected but are electrically separated either by air or by an
insulating material called the Dielectric.

17

Fig 2.3.2(h): Construction Of a Capacitor

Fig 2.3.2(i): Electrolytic Capaticor

Units of Capacitance
Microfarad (F) 1F = 1/1,000,000 = 0.000001 = 10-6 F
Nanofarad (nF) 1nF = 1/1,000,000,000 = 0.000000001 = 10-9 F
Pico farad (pF) 1pF = 1/1,000,000,000,000 = 0.000000000001 = 10-12 F
Regulation
The process of converting a varying voltage to a constant regulated voltage is
called as regulation. For the process of regulation we use voltage regulators.
Voltage Regulator
A voltage regulator (also called a regulator) with only three terminals appears
to be a simple device, but it is in fact a very complex integrated circuit. It converts a
varying input voltage into a constant regulated output voltage. Voltage Regulators are
available in a variety of outputs like 5V, 6V, 9V, 12V and 15V. The LM78XX series of
voltage regulators are designed for positive input. For applications requiring negative
input, the LM79XX series is used. Using a pair of voltage-divider resistors can increase
the output voltage of a regulator circuit.
It is not possible to obtain a voltage lower than the stated rating. You cannot
use a 12V regulator to make a 5V power supply. Voltage regulators are very robust. These
18

can withstand over-current draw due to short circuits and also over-heating. In both cases,
the regulator will cut off before any damage occurs.

Fig 2.3.2(j): Voltage Regulator

2.4 LED
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used
as indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. Introduced as a
practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but
modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths,
with very high brightness.

Fig 2.4(a): Inside a LED

Fig 2.4(b): Parts Of a LED

Working
The structure of the LED light is completely different than that of the light
bulb. Amazingly, the LED has a simple and strong structure. The light-emitting
19

semiconductor material is what determines the LED's color. The LED is based on the
semiconductor diode.
When a diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine
with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called
electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon)
is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is usually small in area
(less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components are used to shape its radiation
pattern and assist in reflection.
LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including
lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, faster
switching, and greater durability and reliability. However, they are relatively expensive
and require more precise current and heat management than traditional light sources.
Current LED products for general lighting are more expensive to buy than fluorescent
lamp sources of comparable output. They also enjoy use in applications as diverse as
replacements for traditional light sources in automotive lighting (particularly indicators)
and in traffic signals. The compact size of LEDs has allowed new text and video displays
and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are useful in advanced
communications technology.

Fig 2.4(c): Electrical Symbol & Polarities of LED

LED lights have a variety of advantages over other light sources

High-levels of brightness and intensity

High-efficiency

20

Low-voltage and current requirements

Low radiated heat

High reliability (resistant to shock and vibration.

Applications of LED fall into three major categories

1. Visual signal application where the light goes more or less directly from the LED to
the

human eye, to convey a message or meaning.

2. Illumination where LED light is reflected from object to give visual response of these
objects.

2.5 Touch screen

Touch screens emerged from academic and corporate research labs in the
second half of the 1960s. One of the first places where they gained some visibility was in
the terminal of a computer-assisted learning terminal that came out in 1972 as part of the
PLATO project. They have subsequently become familiar in kiosk systems, such as in
retail and tourist settings, on point of sale systems, on ATMs and on PDAs where a stylus
is sometimes used to manipulate the GUI and to enter data. The popularity of smart
phones, PDAs, portable game consoles and many types of information appliances is
driving the demand for, and the acceptance of, touch screens.
Touch screens are popular in heavy industry and in other situations, such as
museum displays or room automation, where keyboard and mouse systems do not allow a
satisfactory, intuitive, rapid, or accurate interaction by the user with the display's content.
2.5.1 Technologies of touch screen
There are a number of types of touch screen technology.
1. Resistive
A resistive touch screen panel is composed of several layers, the most
important of which are two thin, metallic, electrically conductive layers separated by a
21

narrow gap. When an object, such as a finger, presses down on a point on the panel's outer
surface the two metallic layers become connected at that point: the panel then behaves as
a pair of voltage dividers with connected outputs.
2. Surface acoustic wave
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) sumit technology uses ultrasonic waves that pass
over the touch screen panel. When the panel is touched, a portion of the wave is absorbed.
This change in the ultrasonic waves registers the position of the touch event and sends
this information to the controller for processing. Surface wave touch screen panels can be
damaged by outside elements.
3. Capacitive
A capacitive touch screen panel consists of an insulator such as glass, coated
with a transparent conductor such as indium tin oxide (ITO). As the human body is also a
conductor, touching the surface of the screen results in a distortion of the body's
electrostatic field, measurable as a change in capacitance. Different technologies may be
used to determine the location of the touch. The location can be passed to a computer
running a software application which will calculate how the user's touch relates to the
computer software.
4. Surface capacitance
In this basic technology, only one side of the insulator is coated with a
conductive layer. A small voltage is applied to the layer, resulting in a uniform
electrostatic field. When a conductor, such as a human finger, touches the uncoated
surface, a capacitor is dynamically formed. The sensor's controller can determine the
location of the touch indirectly from the change in the capacitance as measured from the
four corners of the panel.
5. Projected capacitance
Projected Capacitive Touch (PCT) technology is a capacitive technology which
permits more accurate and flexible operation, by etching the conductive layer. An XY
array is formed either by etching a single layer to form a grid pattern of electrodes, or by
etching two separate, perpendicular layers of conductive material with parallel lines or
tracks to form the grid (comparable to the pixel grid found in many LCD displays).
6. Infrared
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Conventional optical-touch systems use an array of infrared (IR) light-emitting

diodes (LEDs) on two adjacent bezel edges of a display, with photo sensors placed on the
two opposite bezel edges to analyze the system and determine a touch event. The LED
and photo sensor pairs create a grid of light beams across the display. An object (such as a
finger or pen) that touches the screen interrupts the light beams, causing a measured
decrease in light at the corresponding photo sensors.
7. Strain gauge
In a strain gauge configuration, also called force panel technology, the screen is
spring-mounted on the four corners and strain gauges are used to determine deflection
when the screen is touched.[7] This technology has been around since the 1960s but new
advances by Vissumo and F-Origin have made the solution commercially viable. [8] It can
also measure the Z-axis and the force of a person's touch. Such screens are typically used
in exposed public systems such as ticket machines due to their resistance to vandalism.

8. Optical imaging
A relatively-modern development in touch screen technology, two or more
image sensors are placed around the edges (mostly the corners) of the screen. Infrared
backlights are placed in the camera's field of view on the other sides of the screen. A
touch shows up as a shadow and each pair of cameras can then be triangulated to locate
the touch or even measure the size of the touching object (see visual hull). This
technology is growing in popularity, due to its scalability, versatility, and affordability,
especially for larger units.
2.5.2 Construction
There are several principal ways to build a touch screen. The key goals are to
recognize one or more fingers touching a display, to interpret the command that this
represents, and to communicate the command to the appropriate application.
In the most popular techniques, the capacitive or resistive approach, there are typically
four layers
1. Top polyester layer coated with a transparent metallic conductive coating on the
bottom
2. Adhesive spacer
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3. Glass layer coated with a transparent metallic conductive coating on the top
4. Adhesive layer on the backside of the glass for mounting.
When a user touches the surface, the system records the change in the electrical
current that flows through the display. In each case, the system determines the intended
command based on the controls showing on the screen at the time and the location of the
touch.
Resistive Touch screen Technology
Resistive LCD touch screen monitors rely on a touch overlay, which is
composed of a flexible top layer and a rigid bottom layer separated by insulating dots,
attached to a touch screen controller. The inside surface of each of the two layers is coated
with a transparent metal oxide coating (ITO) that facilitates a gradient across each layer
when voltage is applied. Pressing the flexible top sheet creates electrical contact between
the resistive layers, producing a switch closing in the circuit. The control electronics
alternate voltage between the layers and pass the resulting X and Y touch coordinates to
the touch screen controller. The touch screen controller data is then passed on to the
computer operating system for processing.
Working of Resistive Touch screens

Fig 2.5.2(a): Diagram of touch screen working

24

A four-wire resistive touch screen panel consists of two flexible layers

uniformly coated with a transparent resistive material and separated by an air gap.
Electrodes placed along the edges of the layers provide a means for exciting and
monitoring the touch screen.

Fig 2.5.2(b): Block Diagram of Touch Screen Interface

Fig 2.5.2(c): Four-wire touch Screen

When a position is measured on a 4-wire touch screen, voltage is applied

across the screen in the Y direction; and a touch presses the layers together, where a
voltage can be read from one of the X electrodes. The contact made as a result of the
touch creates a voltage divider at that point, so the Y coordinate can be determined; the
process then repeats with the X direction being driven, and a reading is taken from one of
the Y electrodes. A touch-screen controller is simply an ADC that has built-in switches to
control which electrodes are driven and which electrodes are used as the input to the
ADC.
25

An Analog Devices AD7843 scans the X and Y axes and determines the unique
voltage drop for each axis. The four electrodes for scanning are labeled X+, X-, Y+, and
Y-. These electrodes are connected to the AD7843 touch screen controller and the touch
sensor is scanned and the analog voltages read.
Graphic LCD with Touch Screen
These GLCD have common display drivers like KS0108 and T6963C and 4
wire resistive touch screen. There is no need for touch screen digitizer/controller for
micro controllers having on chip ADC with four analog channels. Just connect the four
wire of touch screen to analog inputs and read the respective digital data for X and Y
direction of touched point.

Fig 2.5.2(d): Graphic LCD with Touch Screen

Fig 2.5.2(e): Diagram of finger representation with Touch Screen

26

They are all constructed similarly in layers-a back layer such as glass with a
uniform resistive coating plus a polyester coversheet, with the layers separated by tiny
insulating dots. When the screen is touched, it pushes the conductive coating on the
coversheet against the coating on the glass, making electrical contact. The voltages
produced are the analog representation of the position touched. An electronic controller
converts these voltages into digital X and Y coordinates which are then transmitted to the
host computer.

Fig 2.5.2(f): Diagram of four wires resistive

Four-Wire Resistive
Four-wire resistive technology is the simplest to understand and manufacture.
It uses both the upper and lower layers in the touch screen "sandwich" to determine the X
and Y coordinates. Typically constructed with uniform resistive coatings of indium tin
oxide (ITO on the inner sides of the layers and silver buss bars along the edges, the
combination sets up lines of equal potential in both X and Y.
In the illustration below, the controller first applies 5V to the back layer. Upon
touch, it probes the analog voltage with the coversheet, reading 2.5V, which represents a
left-right position or X axis. 4-wire analog resistive touch technology is suitable for
applications that require ease of integration, low power consumption, lightweight,
portability, cost effectiveness and compact mechanism. Affordable, durable and versatile,
the 4-wire resistive touch screens are primarily used in mobile applications, such as smart
phones, PDAs, e-books, web pads, digital cameras, GPS, and other consumer or office
electronics.
27

2.6 Voice module

2.6.1 APR9600 multi-section sound recorder/replay IC and experimental board
APR9600 is a low-cost high performance sound record/replay IC incorporating
flash analogue storage technique. Recorded sound is retained even after power supply is
removed from the module. The replayed sound exhibits high quality with a low noise
level. Sampling rate for a 60 second recording period is 4.2 kHz that gives a sound
record/replay bandwidth of 20Hz to 2.1 kHz.
However, by changing an oscillation resistor, a sampling rate as high as 8.0
kHz can be achieved. This shortens the total length of sound recording to 32 seconds.
Total sound recording time can be varied from 32 seconds to 60 seconds by changing the
value of a single resistor. The IC can operate in one of two modes: serial mode and
parallel mode. In serial access mode, sound can be recorded in 256 sections. In parallel
access mode, sound can be recorded in 2, 4 or 8 sections. The IC can be controlled simply
using push button keys. It is also possible to control the IC using external digital circuitry
such as micro-controllers and computers
The APR9600 has a 28 pin DIP package. Supply voltage is between 4.5V to
6.5V. During recording and replaying, current consumption is 25 mA. In idle mode, the
current drops to 1 A. The APR9600 experimental board is an assembled PCB board
consisting of an APR9600 IC, an electret microphone, support components and necessary
switches to allow users to explore all functions of the APR9600 chip. The oscillation
resistor is chosen so that the total recording period is 60 seconds with a sampling rate of
4.2 kHz. The board measures 80mm by 55mm.
2.6.2 APR 9600 Experimental Board

28

Fig 2.6(a): APR 9600 chip board

2.6.3 Description of APR9600
During sound recording, sound is picked up by the microphone. A microphone
pre-amplifier amplifies the voltage signal from the microphone. An AGC circuit is
included in the pre-amplifier, the extent of which is controlled by an external capacitor
and resistor. If the voltage level of a sound signal is around 100 mV peakto- peak, the
signal can be fed directly into the IC through ANA IN pin (pin 20). The sound signal
passes through a filter and a sampling and hold circuit. The analogue voltage is then
written into non-volatile flash analogue RAMs. It has a 28 pin DIP package. Supply
voltage is between 4.5V to 6.5V. During recording and replaying, current consumption is
25 mA. In idle mode, the current drops to 1 A.

29

Fig 2.6(b): Pin diagram description of APR 9600

Features of APR9600 module
1. Parallel mode recording and replaying
(i) Record sound tracks
This is an example of recording 8 sound tracks. The mode switch should have the
following pattern: MSEL1=1(switched to left-hand side of the mode selection switch),
MSEL2=1 (left-hand side). M8=1 (left-hand side). RE=0 (right-hand side). The
maximum length of the 8 tracks is 7.5 seconds. Press M1 continuously and you will see
BUZY LED illuminates. You can now speak to the microphone. Recording will terminate
if M1 is released or if the recording time exceeds 7.5 seconds. Similarly, press M2 to
-M8 to record other sound tracks.
(ii)Replay sound tracks
Now make RE=1 (switched to Left-hand side of the mode selection switch) while
keep other switches at the same location. Toggle M1 to M8 (press key and release)
30

causes a particular sound track to replay once. While the sound is playing, press the same
key again or press CE key will terminate the current sound track. Press other key while a
sound is being played causes a new sound track to be played. If a key from M1 to -M8 is
pressed continuously, the particular sound track will be played continuously. Press CE to
stop playing the sound track.
2 Serial mode recording and replaying
(i)Record sound tracks sequentially
This is an example of recording sequential sound tracks. The mode switch should
have the following pattern: MSEL1=0(switched to right-hand side of the mode selection
switch), MSEL2=0 (right-hand side). M8=1 (left-hand side). RE=0 (right-hand side).
Press CE first to reset the sound track counter to zero. Press and hold M1 down and you
will see BUZY LED illuminates. You can now speak to the microphone. Recording will
terminate if M1 is released or if the recording time exceeds 60 seconds (in this case you
will run out the memory for your next sound track). Press M1 again and again to record
2nd, 3rd , 4th and other consecutive sound tracks. Each sound track may have different
lengths, but the accumulated length of all sound tracks will not exceed 60 seconds.
(ii)Replay sound tracks sequentially
Now make RE=1 (switched to Left-hand side of the mode selection switch) while
keep other switches at the same location. Toggle M1 (press key and release) causes the
1st sound track to be played once. Toggle M1 again and again will play the 2nd, 3rd, 4th
and other consecutive sound tracks. Press CE to reset the sound track counter to zero.
(iii)Record sound tracks with forward control
This is an example of recording sound tracks with forward control. The mode
switch should have the following pattern: MSEL1=0(switched to right-hand side of the
mode selection switch), MSEL2=0 (right-hand side). M8=0 (right-hand side). RE=0
(right-hand side). Press CE first to reset the sound track counter to zero. This mode is
rather similar to the above sequential sound recording. The only difference is that after
M1 is pressed and released; the sound track counter does not increment itself to the next
sound track location. To move to the next sound track, M2 should be toggled. So if M1
is not toggled again and again without toggling M2, sound will be recorded at the same
sound track location.

31

(iv) Replay sound tracks with forward control

Now make RE=1 (switched to Left-hand side of the mode selection switch) while
keep other switches at the same location. Toggle M1 (press key and release) causes the
1st sound track to be played once. Toggle M1 again and again will still play the 1st
sound track. Once M2 is toggled, the sound track counter is incremented and the next
sound can be played. Press CE to reset the sound track counter to zero.
3. Sampling rates
The sampling rate is determined by the value of the OSC resistor (R8 in the circuit
diagram). It can be adjusted by users to suit their specific requirements.
Application tips of APR9600 for better sound replay quality
1. Use a good quality 8 Ohm speaker with a cavity such as speakers for computer sound
systems. Do not use a bare speaker which gives you degraded sound.
2. For better sound replay quality, speak with a distance to the on-board microphone and
speak clearly. Also keep the background noise as low as possible.
Speaker

Fig2.6(c): Diagram of a dynamic loudspeaker

A loudspeaker (or "speaker") is an electro acoustic transducer that converts an
electrical signal into sound. The speaker moves in accordance with the variations of an
electrical signal and causes sound waves to propagate through a medium such as air or
water .After the acoustics of the listening space, loudspeakers (and other electroacoustic
transducers) are the most variable elements in a modern audio system and are usually
responsible for most distortion and audible differences when comparing sound systems.
32

It is an inexpensive, low fidelity 3-inch speaker, which is typically found in

small radios. The terms for different speaker drivers differ, depending on the application. In twoway systems there is no mid-range driver, so the task of reproducing the mid-range sounds falls
upon the woofer and tweeter.

Driver design

Fig.2.6(d): Diagram of cut away view of a dynamic loudspeaker.

33

3. SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
3.1 Software implementation
This project is implemented using following softwares:

Express PCB for designing circuit

PIC C compiler - for compilation part

Proteus 7 (Embedded C) for simulation part

3.1.1 Express PCB

Breadboards are great for prototyping equipment as it allows great flexibility to
modify a design when needed; however the final product of a project, ideally should have
a neat PCB, few cables, and survive a shake test. Not only is a proper PCB neater but it is
also more durable as there are no cables which can yank loose.
Express PCB is a software tool to design PCBs specifically for manufacture by
the company Express PCB (no other PCB maker accepts Express PCB files). Express
PCB has been used to design many PCBs (some layered and with surface-mount parts.
Print out PCB patterns and use the toner transfer method with an Etch Resistant Pen to
make boards. However, Express PCB does not have a nice print layout. Here is the
procedure to design in Express PCB and clean up the patterns so they print nicely.
3.1.2 The Interface
When a project is first started you will be greeted with a yellow outline. This
yellow outline is the dimension of the PCB. Typically after positioning of parts and traces,
move them to their final position and then crop the PCB to the correct size. However, in
designing a board with a certain size constraint, crop the PCB to the correct size before
starting.

Fig 3.1.2: Tool bar necessary for the interface

The select tool: It is fairly obvious what this does. It allows you to move

and

manipulate parts. When this tool is selected the top toolbar will show buttons to move
traces to the top / bottom copper layer, and rotate buttons.
34

The zoom to selection tool: does just that.

The place pad: button allows you to place small soldier pads which are useful for
board connections or if a part is not in the part library but the part dimensions are
available. When this tool is selected the top toolbar will give you a large selection of
round holes, square holes and surface mount pads.

The place component: tool allows you to select a component from the top toolbar and
then by clicking in the workspace places that component in the orientation chosen
using the buttons next to the component list. The components can always be rotated
afterwards with the select tool if the orientation is wrong.

The place trace: tool allows you to place a solid trace on the board of varying
thicknesses. The top toolbar allows you to select the top or bottom layer to place the
trace on.

The Insert Corner in trace: button does exactly what it says. When this tool is selected,
clicking on a trace will insert a corner which can be moved to route around
components and other traces.

The remove a trace button is not very important since the delete key will achieve the
same result.

3.1.3 Design Considerations

Before starting a project there are several ways to design a PCB and one must
be chosen to suit the projects needs. When making a PCB you have the option of making
a single sided board, or a double sided board. Single sided boards are cheaper to produce
and easier to etch, but much harder to design for large projects. If a lot of parts are being
used in a small space it may be difficult to make a single sided board without jumper over
traces with a cable. While theres technically nothing wrong with this, it should be
avoided if the signal travelling over the traces is sensitive (e.g. audio signals).
A double sided board is more expensive to produce professionally, more
difficult to etch on a DIY board, but makes the layout of components a lot smaller and
easier. It should be noted that if a trace is running on the top layer, check with the
components to make sure you can get to its pins with a soldering iron.
35

When using a double sided board you must consider which traces should be on what side
of the board. Generally, put power traces on the top of the board, jumping only to the
bottom if a part cannot be soldiered onto the top plane (like a relay), and vice- versa.
3.2 PIC compiler
PIC compiler is software used where the machine language code is written and
compiled. After compilation, the machine source code is converted into hex code which is
to be dumped into the microcontroller for further processing. PIC compiler also supports
C language code. Its important that you know C language for microcontroller which is
commonly known as Embedded C. As we are going to use PIC Compiler, hence we also
call it PIC C. The PCB, PCM, and PCH are separate compilers. PCB is for 12-bit
opcodes, PCM is for 14-bitopcodes, and PCH is for 16-bit opcode PIC microcontrollers.
Due to many similarities, all three compilers are covered in this reference manual.
Features and limitations that apply to only specific microcontrollers are indicated within.
These compilers are specifically designed to meet the unique needs of the PIC
microcontroller.
PIC C is not much different from a normal C program. If you know assembly,
writing a C program is not a crisis. In PIC, we will have a main function, in which all
your application specific work will be defined. In case of embedded C, you do not have
any operating system running in there. So you have to make sure that your program or
main file should never exit. This can be done with the help of simple while (1) or for (;;)
loop as they are going to run infinitely. We have to add header file for controller you are using,
otherwise you will not be able to access registers related to peripherals.

3.3 Proteus
Proteus is software which accepts only hex files. Once the machine code is
converted into hex code, that hex code has to be dumped into the microcontroller and this
is done by the Proteus. Proteus is a programmer which itself contains a microcontroller in
it other than the one which is to be programmed. This microcontroller has a program in it
written in such a way that it accepts the hex file from the pic compiler and dumps this hex
file into the microcontroller which is to be programmed. As the Proteus programmer
requires power supply to be operated, this power supply is given from the power supply
circuit designed and connected to the microcontroller in proteus. The program which is to
be dumped in to the microcontroller is edited in proteus and is compiled and executed to

36

check any errors and hence after the successful compilation of the program the program is
dumped in to the microcontroller using a dumper.

3.4 Procedural steps for compilation, simulation and dumping

3.4.1 Compilation and simulation steps
For PIC microcontroller, PIC C compiler is used for compilation. The compilation steps
are as follows:

Open PIC C compiler.

You will be prompted to choose a name for the new project, so create a separate
folder where all the files of your project will be stored, choose a name and click save.

Fig 3.4.1(a): Picture of opening a new file using PIC C compiler

Click Project, New, and something the box named 'Text1' is where your code should
be written later.

37

Now you have to click 'File, Save as' and choose a file name for your source code
ending with the letter '.c'. You can name as 'project.c' for example and click save.
Then you have to add this file to your project work.

Fig 3.4.1(b): Picture of compiling a new file using PIC C compiler

Fig 3.4.1(c): Picture of compiling a project.c file using PIC C compiler

38

You can then start to write the source code in the window titled 'project.c' then before
testing your source code; you have to compile your source code, and correct eventual
syntax errors.

Fig 3.4.1(d): Picture of checking errors and warnings using PIC C compiler

By clicking on compile option .hex file is generated automatically.

This is how we compile a program for checking errors and hence the compiled
program is saved in the file where we initiated the program.

39

Fig 3.4.1(e): Picture of .hex file existing using PIC C compiler

After compilation, next step is simulation. Here first circuit is designed in Express PCB
using Proteus 7 software and then simulation takes place followed by dumping. The
simulation steps are as follows:

Open Proteus 7 and click on IS1S6.

Now it displays PCB where circuit is designed using microcontroller. To design

circuit components are required. So click on component option.
10. Now click on letter p, then under that select PIC16F73 ,other components
related to the project and click OK. The PIC 16F73 will be called your 'Target
device, which is the final destination of your source code.

40

3.4.2 Dumping steps

The steps involved in dumping the program edited in proteus 7 to microcontroller are
shown below
1. Initially before connecting the program dumper to the microcontroller kit the window
is appeared as shown below.

Fig 3.4.2(a): Picture of program dumper window

41

2. Select Tools option and click on Check Communication for establishing a

connection as

shown in below window

Fig 3.4.2(b): Picture of checking communications before dumping

program into microcontroller
42

3. After connecting the dumper properly to the microcontroller kit the window is appeared as
shown below.

43

Fig 3.4.2(c): Picture after connecting the dumper to microcontroller

44

4. Again by selecting the Tools option and clicking on Check Communication the
microcontroller gets recognized by the dumper and hence the window is as shown below.

45

Fig 3.4.2(d): Picture of dumper recognition to microcontroller

46

5. Import the program which is .hex file from the saved location by selecting File option
and clicking on Import Hex as shown in below window.

Fig 3.4.2(e): Picture of program importing into the microcontroller

47

6. After clicking on Import Hex option we need to browse the location of our
program and click the prog.hex and click on open for dumping the program into the
microcontroller.

Fig 3.4.2(f): Picture of program browsing which is to be dumped

48

7. After the successful dumping of program the window is as shown below.

Fig 3.4.2(g): Picture after program dumped into the microcontroller

49

4. OPERATION OF HAPTIC BASED SPEAKING

MICROCONTROLLER
4.1 Operation of Haptic based Speaking Microcontroller
In this chapter, schematic diagram and interfacing of PIC16F73 microcontroller with each
module is considered.

Fig. 4.1: Schematic diagram of Haptic based speaking microcontroller

The above schematic diagram of Haptic based speaking microcontroller
explains the interfacing section of each component with micro controller and touch
screen. Crystal oscillator connected to 9th and 10th pins of micro controller and regulated
power supply is also connected to micro controller and LEDs also connected to micro
controller through resistors.
4.2 Advantages
1. Touch screen based user-friendly interfacing.
2. Basic needs can be served by gentle touch.
50

3. Low power consumption.

4. Very effective and efficient design.
5. Can be used with any language.
6. Fast response.
7. Life time is more
8. Very useful even for illiterates.
9. User friendly and easy to install.
10. Helpful in abroad to express users needs.
11. Deaf and dump people also can interact with others
4.3 Applications
This project can be implemented in real time for security based applications
1.Hospitals
2.Star hotels
3.organisations

51

5. RESULTS
The project Haptic based speaking microcontroller was designed a
user friendly multi-language communication system for illiterate/dumb people using
touch screen and voice module. This system provides user-friendly environment for the
users with a kind of image interaction this may be easy for the illiterates to remember.

Fig.5.1: PROJECT KIT

Fig.5.2: RESULT FOR TOUCHING ON WATER

Here, the patient touch on the WATER then, the announcement(I need water)will be sent to
the person, who is responsible to the patient.
52

Fig.5.3: RESULT FOR TOUCHING ON FOOD

Here, the patient touch on the FOOD then, the announcement(I need food)will
be sent to the person, who is responsible to the patient.

Fig.5.4: RESULT FOR TOUCHING ON MEDICINE

Here, the patient touch on the MEDICINE then, the announcement(I need medicine)will
be sent to the person, who is responsible to the patient.
53

Fig.5.5: RESULT FOR TOUCHING ON WASH ROOM

Here, the patient touch on the WASH ROOM then, the announcement(I need wash
room)will be sent to the person, who is responsible to the patient.

Fig.5.6: RESULT FOR TOUCHING ON HELP

Here, the patient touch on the HELP then, the announcement(I need help)will be sent to
the person, who is responsible to the patient.

54

Fig.5.7: RESULT FOR TOUCHING ON SLEEP

Here, the patient touch on the SLEEP then, the announcement(I want to sleep)will be sent
to the person, who is responsible to the patient

55

6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

6.1 Conclusion
Integrating features of all the hardware components used have been developed
in it. Presence of every module has been reasoned out and placed carefully, thus
contributing to the best working of the unit. Secondly, using highly advanced ICs with
the help of growing technology, the project has been successfully implemented. Thus the
project has been successfully designed and tested. Secondly, using highly advanced ICs
with the help of growing technology, This project has been successfully Implemented and
Designed and also Tested.
6.2 future prospects
It can be extended by using GSM modem to get the alerting message to the
mobile from anywhere in the world.

56

REFERENCES

B. Ali, S. Munawwar, B. Nadeem, "Electronic Speaking Glove for Speechless Patients",

August 2010, Bachelor of Electronic Engineering FYP Report, FEST, HIIT, Hamdard
University, Karachi, Pakistan

N. P. Bhatti, A. Baqai, B. S. Chowdhry, M. A. Unar, "Electronic Hand Glove for Speech

Impaired and Paralyzed Patients", EIR Magazine, May 2009, pp. 59-63, Karachi,
Pakistan

B. B. Edin, L. Ascari, L. Beccai, S. Roccella, J. J. Cabibihan, M. C. Carrozza, "BioInspired Sensorization of a Biomechatronic Robot Hand for the Grasp-and-Lift Task",
Brain Research Bulletin, Volume 75, Issue 6, 15 April 2008, pp. 785-795
[CrossRef]

M. Wald, "Captioning for Deaf and Hard of Hearing People by Editing Automatic Speech
Recognition in Real Time", Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Computers
Helping People with Special Needs ICCHP 2006, LNCS 4061, pp. 683-690

L. K. Simone, E. Elovic, U. Kalambur, D. Kamper, "A Low Cost Method to Measure

Finger Flexion in Individuals with Reduced Hand and Finger Range of Motion", 26th
Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology
Society 2004 (IEMBS '04), Volume 2, 2004, pp. 4791-4794

Jingdong Zhao, Li Jiang, Shicai Shi, Hegao Cai, Hong Liu, G. Hirzinger, "A Fivefingered Underactuated Prosthetic Hand System", Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE
International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation, June 2006, pp. 1453-1458

Flex Point Inc. USA, "http://www.flexpoint.com", Last Accessed on September 06, 2010

Magnevation SpeakJet Inc. USA, "http://www.speakjet.com", Last Accessed on

September 06, 2010

B. Ali, S. Munawwar, B. Nadeem, "Electronic Speaking Glove for Speechless Patients",

August 2010, Bachelor of Electronic Engineering FYP Report, FEST, HIIT, Hamdard
University, Karachi, Pakistan

57

N. P. Bhatti, A. Baqai, B. S. Chowdhry, M. A. Unar, "Electronic Hand Glove for Speech

Impaired and Paralyzed Patients", EIR Magazine, May 2009, pp. 59-63, Karachi,
Pakistan

B. B. Edin, L. Ascari, L. Beccai, S. Roccella, J. J. Cabibihan, M. C. Carrozza, "BioInspired Sensorization of a Biomechatronic Robot Hand for the Grasp-and-Lift Task",
Brain Research Bulletin, Volume 75, Issue 6, 15 April 2008, pp. 785-795
[CrossRef]

M. Wald, "Captioning for Deaf and Hard of Hearing People by Editing Automatic Speech
Recognition in Real Time", Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Computers
Helping People with Special Needs ICCHP 2006, LNCS 4061, pp. 683-690

L. K. Simone, E. Elovic, U. Kalambur, D. Kamper, "A Low Cost Method to Measure

Finger Flexion in Individuals with Reduced Hand and Finger Range of Motion", 26th
Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology
Society 2004 (IEMBS '04), Volume 2, 2004, pp. 4791-4794

Jingdong Zhao, Li Jiang, Shicai Shi, Hegao Cai, Hong Liu, G. Hirzinger, "A Fivefingered Underactuated Prosthetic Hand System", Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE
International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation, June 2006, pp. 1453-1458

Flex Point Inc. USA, "http://www.flexpoint.com", Last Accessed on September 06, 2010

Magnevation SpeakJet Inc. USA, "http://www.speakjet.com", Last Accessed on

September 06, 2010

PROGRAM
58

Program Code
The program code which is dumped in the microcontroller of our project is shown below.
#include <16F73.h>
#include <APR9600.h>
#include <ADC.h>
#use delay(clock=20000000)

void main()
{
int i=0;
unsigned int data;
output_high(PIN_C3);
delay_ms(1000);
output_low(PIN_C3);
delay_ms(1000);
output_high(PIN_C3);
delay_ms(1000);
output_low(PIN_C3);

play_voice(8);
while(1)
{
x_coord = GetX();
delay_ms(50);
if((x_coord < 80) && (x_coord > 0))
59

{
output_high(PIN_C3);
play_voice(7);

}
else if((x_coord < 160) && (x_coord > 85) )
{
output_high(PIN_C3);
play_voice(6);
}
else if((x_coord < 250) && (x_coord > 165) )
{
output_high(PIN_C3);
play_voice(5);
}
delay_ms(100);
output_low(PIN_C3);
}
}

60