INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

Volume 2, No 1, 2011
Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing services

Research article

ISSN 0976 4399

Performance of Non-Linear Elastomeric Base-Isolated building structure

Gomase O.P1, Bakre S.V2
1-Assistant Engineer, Irrigation Department, Nagpur, India.
2-Associate Professor, Applied Mechanics Department, Visvesvaraya National Institute of
Technology, Nagpur, India.
omgomase84@rediffmail.com
doi:10.6088/ijcser.00202010109

ABSTRACT
The seismic response of multistory building supported on base isolation is investigated under
real earthquake time history motion. The force deformation behavior of an isolator is modeled
as Bi-linear hysteretic behavior which can be effectively used to model all isolation system in
practice. Uniform Building Code (UBC-97) is widely used in design of base isolation systems
which contains provision according for near fault effect. In order to investigate the performance
of base isolation systems, design according to UBC-97 under near fault earthquake. Non-linear
time history analysis of a four storey base isolated building, located at close to an active fault.
The isolation system is composed of high damping rubber bearing. Design displacements are
estimated using UBC-97 parameter. The building is subjected to 1979 El-Centro, 1995 Kobe
and 1994 Northridge earthquakes. The analysis result shows that UBC-97 predicts isolator
displacements successfully. Floor acceleration and inter-story drifts of the subject base isolated
building are significantly reduced when compared to its fixed base counterpart.
Keywords: Base-Isolation, Earthquake, Elastomeric bearing, Bi-linear hysteresis, Structural
response, Relative displacement, Roof drift ratio.
1 Introduction
Base-Isolation is one of the most widely implemented and accepted seismic protection systems.
Seismic base isolation is a technique that mitigates the effects of an earthquake by essentially
isolating the structure and its contents from potentially dangerous ground motion, especially in
the frequency range where the building is most affected. The goal is to simultaneously reduce
interstory drifts and floor accelerations to limit or avoid damage, not only to the structure but
also to its contents, in a cost-effective manner. The main feature of the base-isolation
technology is that it introduce between superstructure and his foundation a properly chosen
flexible layer in order to shift the natural period of structure away from the dominant period of
earthquake ground motion and thus to avoid the destructive effects given by the system
resonance.
As a result of flexibilization, the natural period of the past fixed-base structure undergoes a
jump and the new base-isolation structure has a new natural period. The flexibility of the
interposing layers between structure and its foundation lead to a bigger fundamental period for
structural ensemble. From this reason, base isolation technology is not suitable for all buildings.
Structural response and isolator displacement are two key parameters to decide the
characteristics of an isolation system. In near-field area isolator displacement plays vital role in
governing the design of an isolation system, as large isolator displacements leads failure of
isolation system. To check isolator displacement, stiffness of isolation system is increased but
such increase adversely affects the structural response, especially floor accelerations. Present

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Gomase O.P, Bakre S.V

study aimed to explore the role of increase of isolation stiffness on structural response of a
building. Bi-linear isolation system is selected for the study. The bilinear model, used to
express the relation between the shear force and the lateral displacement, can be defined by
three parameters: initial stiffness, post-yield stiffness, and characteristic strength. The
characteristic strength, Q, is usually utilized to estimate the stability of hysteretic behavior
when the bearing experiences many loading cycles. These three parameters properly reflect the
mechanical properties of bearings and provide satisfactory estimations of a bearings nonlinear
behavior. The specific objectives of the study are: (i) to investigate the effects of increase of
initial stiffness on structural response, (ii) to analyze the effect of isolation period on structural
response and, (iii) to investigate the effects of characteristic strength ratio of isolator on
structural response.
2. Mathematical Modeling of Fixed Base Building Structure
Typical floor plan and elevation of base isolated 4 storey reinforced concrete structure building,
which is used as the subject structure in this study as shown in Figure1 and Figure2
respectively. All columns are 30 x 55 cm. and beams are 40 x 50 cm with floor heights are 3.1
m. There are 3 bays of 5m in X-direction, 3 bays of 2m, 3m and 2m in Y-direction, i.e. plan
dimensions are 15 m x 8 m. The total mass of the building is 1400 tons corresponding to the
weight of W=14250 kN. All structural members are of concrete with Fck=20 N/mm2 and FY=
415 N/mm2. The fixed-base periods of superstructure in each direction are 0.75 seconds and the
superstructure modal damping ratios are assumed to be constant for each mode as 5%.The
superstructure is placed on an isolation system consisting of high-damping rubber bearings
placed under each column. Since, it is considered that the weight is equally transfer to each
bearing under the column. There exists a rigid slab at the base level that connects all isolation
elements. The three-dimensional model of the base-isolated building and the non-linear timehistory analyses are made using a well-known software program SAP2000 version (11).

5m

3.1 m
5m

5m

3.1 m

3m

3.1 m
2m

3.1 m
3m

Figure 1: Typical floor plan

Figure 2: Elevation of building

The building is assume to be located in high seismicity region, i.e. Zone 4, and assigned a
seismic zone factor Z=0.4 according to Table 16-I of the UBC-97. The actual time history data
has been carried out specifying closest distance to a known fault that is capable of producing
large magnitude events and that has high rate of seismic activity (Class B seismic source
according to Table: 16-U of UBC-97).

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Table 1: Time history record for different types of Earthquake

EARTHQUAKE

MAGNITUDE

EL-CENTRO
1979/10/15

M (6.5)

KOBE
1995/01/16

M (6.9)

NORTHRIDGE
1994/01/17

M (6.7)

RECORD/COMPONENT
IMPAVAL/H-AEP 045
Closest to fault rupture- 16
km
KOBE/KAK 000
Closest to fault rupture-26.4
km
NORTHR/ORR 360
Closest to fault rupture- 22.6
km

PGA
0.327 g

0.251 g

0.514 g

The recording stations are just near to an active fault, it is likely to be subjected to the nearfault effects. The UBC-97 takes these effects into account by defining the near source factor NV,
based on the closest distance to the known seismic source. The near source factor NV is
obtained from Table: 16-T of UBC-97 as 1. Based on the seismic zone factor and soil profile
type for soft soil, stiff soil and hard rock, the seismic coefficient CVD=CV is obtained from
Table :16-R of the UBC-97 as CVD=CV= 0.96 NV (Soft soil) . The figure has shown the nature
of time history With its acceleration (g) and time (t).

Figure 3: Actual Time history record for El-Centro, Kobe and Northridge Earthquakes
3. Mathematical Modeling of Base-Isolated Building Structure
For the present study, the force deformation behavior of isolator is modeled as non-linear
hysteretic presented by the bi-linear model. A comparison is made for the response of fixed
base and Base isolated structure also the effect of increase in time period with different soil
profile. A four story RCC fixed base and base isolated (Elastomeric rubber bearing) building
model prepared with design software SAP 2000 (Figure3). In analysis the isolator are attached
at the plinth level of the structure
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Figure 4: Front View and 3-D view of BI building structure model

Figure 5: Force-Deformation behavior of lead rubber bearing

3.1 Displacement criteria as per UBC-97
High damping rubber bearings are composed of rubber layers and thin steel sheets. The
damping is increased by adding oils, resins, or other fillers and a damping around 10%~15%
can be obtained. The stiffness of the bearing is high in case of small displacements and low in
case of high displacements. In this project work has follows the standard design procedure for
high damping rubber bearing at MCE level effective isolation period TM at different increasing
values selected are (TM=2, 2.5, 3, 3.3, 3.5 Sec.) with effective damping D=0.20 has taken for
study. The effective horizontal stiffness of isolation bearing is given by the equation [Naeim. F
and Kelly. J. M ,1999] :

Where, W is total weight carried by isolation bearing and TM is effective isolation period
assumed for MCE Level. Providing an effective isolation period

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This is nearly equal to the target period. Here g is gravitational force and taken as 9.81 m/Scc2.
The damping coefficient corresponding to D=0.20 is BD=1.5 according to Table A-16-C of
the UBC-97.
The design displacement of an isolation system along each main horizontal axis at maximum
capable earthquake (MCE) level for soft soil at El-Centro earthquake is calculated according
UBC-97

Minimum design displacement permitted for dynamic analysis

Where T is the fixed base time period of building structure. Finally the total design
displacement including additional displacement due to accidental torsion is calculated
according to UBC-97 as follows:

Where b=8 m is the shortest plan dimension of the structure measured perpendicular to the
longest plan dimension of the structure, which is d=15 m. Here y is the distance between the
center of rigidity of the isolation system and isolation bearing placed at the sides of the plan,
measured perpendicular to the direction of seismic loading under consideration, thus y=b/2=4
m in this study. Finally, e is the actual eccentricity plus the accidental eccentricity which is
taken as 5 percent of the maximum building dimension perpendicular to the direction of force
under consideration [2, 25]. The total design displacement calculated above satisfies the
minimum criteria; DTD=0.626 m > 1.10 DD=0.612 m.
3.2 Bi-linear Hysteric model of Isolator
The non linear force deformation behavior of the isolation system is modeled through the bilinear hysteresis loop characterized by three parameters namely (i) Characteristic strength Q
(ii) Initial stiffness K1 (iii) Post yield stiffness K2, and (iii) Yield displacement Dy (Figure 4).
The bi-linear behavior is selected because this model can be used for all isolation systems used
in practice. The force-Displacement relationship of high damping rubber bearing shows the
yield force, Fy, the design displacement DD, the effectives stiffness, Keff, and characteristic
force, Q. Post yield to pre-yield stiffness ratio (n=K2/K1) depends on the material used and
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considered n=0.10 for rubber isolator [Naeim. F and Kelly. J. M, 1999 & Pradeep T. V. and D.
K. Paul, 2006]. The elastic stiffness K1 is difficult to measure and is usually taken to be an
empirical multiple of K2, which can be accurately estimated from the shear modulus of the
rubber and the bearing design. The Post-yield stiffness of the isolation systems, K2 is
'generally design in such a way to provide the specific value of the isolation period, Tb
expressed as [Jangid R.S. and Matsagar V.A.,2004]:

Where, M is the total mass of the base isolated structure.

4. Numeric Study
Seismic response of 4-Story RC fixed base and base-isolated building structure are investigated
under various real earthquake time history ground motions for non-linear isolator characteristics.
The earthquake motions are selected for the studies are 1979 El-Centro, 1995 Kobe and 1994
Northridge recorded at different stations as the details are given in (Table-1). The maximum
displacement calculation for the dynamic calculation has done at maximum capable earthquake
level as criteria given in UBC-97.
4.1 Comparison of Fixed-Base and Base-Isolated Building Structures
In this section a comparison of earthquake response of fixed base structure with the base
isolated structure is made with base-isolated building structure. The bi-linear behavior is
selected in a way to represent the force-deformation behavior of the commonly used isolation
system such as elastomeric bearing (i.e. lead rubber bearing).
Table 2: Output result for El-Centro, Kobe and Northridge Earthquake

Earthquake
Base Shear (kN)
Acceleration
(m2/sec)
Displacement
(m)

Fixed Base Structure

ElKobe Northridge
Centro

Base Isolated Structure

ElKobe Northridge
Centro

5202

3102

10710

2052

1713

2723

2.8

2.81

3.816

2.38

1.7

3.3

1.386x10-2

0.13

0.049

0.131

6.5x10-3

4.2x103

The structure analyzed for above time history for soft soil condition. For the analyses structural
time period has assumed 2.5 Sec. at MCE level. As result out-put it is found that the response of
Base Isolated Structure is predominantly lower than Fixed Base Structure. Acceleration
response at base somewhat lesser in case of isolated structure. Base displacement has increased
drastically to make the structure flexible and lower damage. Represent the Base Shear response
for El-Centro, Kobe and Northridge Earthquake time histories. Here earthquake response
comparisons have plotted for fixed base and Base-isolated building structures. The responses are
plotted for the assumed Time Period T-2.5 Sec. at the MCE level (soft soil) as per UBC-97
design criteria. The peak values for fixed and base-isolated structure are given in Table-5.
During first 6 second the base shear for fixed structure gets instantly increased in El-Centro
earthquake showing the undulating response but in case of base-isolated structure it shows the
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Gomase O.P, Bakre S.V

less and smooth response. The same behavior is obtained in Kobe earthquake during 5 to 10 th
second and for Northridge earthquake it happened during 10 to 15th second.

Figure 6: Base Shear Response comparison, fixed base and BI structure for El-Centro, Kobe
and Northridge Earthquakes
Figure-6, represent the base acceleration response for fixed and base-isolated structures for ElCentro, Kobe and Northridge earthquake time history at MCE level for soft soil. The
acceleration values given in Table-5. The acceleration values vary as the nature of time history
changes

Figure 7: Acceleration Response for Fixed base and BI base structure for El-Centro, Kobe and
Northridge Earthquakes.
4.2 Performance Criteria
Displacements, accelerations, and base shear discussed here are all in X-direction. In order to
assess the performance of the structure when subjected to different magnitude of earthquakes, a
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Gomase O.P, Bakre S.V

performance criteria is established. These include peak base displacement (P1), peak roof-drift
ratio (P2), peak roof top acceleration (P3), and peak base shear (P4). Since there exists a rigid
slab at the base level that connects all isolation elements, relative displacement of the base with
respect to the ground also represents the deformations of the isolators [Alhan C. and Altun
M. ,2009]:
1. Maximum Relative Displacement at Base (P1)
P1 = maxt (|db|)
(Eq.-1)
Where,
t = Time
db = Relative displacement of base with respect to ground
2. Roof Drift Ratio (P2)
Roof drift ratio is defined as the difference between the displacement of top
floor (roof) and the base floor divide by the total height of building. Thus, Peak roof
drift ratio given by
P2 = maxt (|d6 db) / H|)
(Eq.-.2)
Where,
d6 = Relative displacement of roof with respect to ground.
H = Total height of building.
3. Peak Floor Acceleration (P3)
Peak floor acceleration is the acceleration measured at the roof top to study the
earthquake impact on structure.
P3 = maxt (| a3 | )
(Eq.-3)
Where,
a3 = Total acceleration at top floor
4. Peak Base Shear
P4 = maxt (| Vb |)
(Eq.-4)
Table 3: Performance Criteria calculation for El-Centro, Kobe and Northridge Earthquake for
soft site soil condition

Performance
Criteria
P1 (Cm)
P2 (x 10-3)
P3 (m/sec2)
P4 (KN)
P3/ag

El-Centro
Earthquake
FixedBase
5.103
5.986
5202
18.30

BaseIsolated
12.98
2.22
2.60
2052
7.95

Kobe
Earthquake
FixedBase
2.90
5.69
3102
22.67

BaseIsolated
49.13
1.08
2.02
1713
8.04

Northridge
Earthquake
FixedBase
11.51
11.31
10710
22

BaseIsolated
11.3
1.172
4.172
2723
8.11

Fig 5 shows the X-direction base shear time history of base-isolated building and its fixed-base
counterpart for El-Centro, Kobe and Northridge Earthquakes. As it can be seen from figure, the
period of the base-isolated building (T-2.5 Sec.) is much higher and its base shear is much
smaller than its fixed base building structure. Evidently, the seismic effects are reduce
significantly. Tabe-3 showing the performance criteria for fixed-base and base-isolated
building, soft soil condition as per UBC-97 at El-Centro, Kobe and Northridge Earthquakes.

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Gomase O.P, Bakre S.V

4.3 Hysteresis Loop

The hysteresis loop associate with viscous damping is the result of dynamic hysteresis since it
is related to the dynamic nature of loading. The loop area is proportional to excitation
frequency. The non-linearity is well studied by hysteresis loop. In Figure15, shown hysteresis
loop for El-Centro, Kobe and Northridge earthquake at target time period T=2.5 Sec. at MCE
level for soft, stiff and hard rock soil condition as prescribed in UBC-97. The amount of energy
dissipated by bearing is equal to the area covered by the hysteresis loop as shown.

Figure 8: Comparisons of Energy Dissipation of bearing for soft soil condition at (MCE) level
at T = 2.5 Sec.
The force displacement loop for elastomeric bearing for El-Centro, Kobe and Northridge
Earthquakes is represented in Figure7. It is seen that the bi-linear behavior assumption made in
the design stage according to UBC-97 is appropriate. A close inspection of the curve shows
that the characteristics force, yield displacement, initial stiffness and post yield stiffness for
elastomeric bearing appear as designed and modeled. As per table-3 the peak displacement is
P1=11.3 Cm. in case of Northridge earthquake, which is found much smaller than the predicted
total design displacement of 55.9 Cm. However this prediction includes the building to be
subjected to near fault earthquake and corresponding near source factor was included in the
design displacement calculations. The peak base displacement in case of Kobe earthquake
jumps to P1=49.13 Cm. which is 91% of the total design displacement calculate according to
UBC-97.
5. Conclusions
The analysis of fixed base and base isolated 3-D four storey building is performed in this thesis.
An exhaustive study has been performed on the performance of base isolated structures. The
behavior of building structure resting on elastomeric bearing is compared with fixed base
structure under maximum capable earthquake. A complete list of performance criteria is
presented in Table-3. Seismic base isolation can reduce the seismic effects and therefore floor
accelerations, inter-story drifts, and base shear by lengthening the natural period of vibration of
a structure via use of rubber isolation pads between the columns and the foundation. However,
in case the deformation capacity of the isolators exceeded, isolators may rupture or buckle.
Therefore, it is vitally important to accurately estimate the peak base displacements in case of
major earthquakes, particularly if the base isolated building is likely to be struck by near-fault
earthquakes. Near-fault earthquakes may contain long-period velocity pulses which may
coincide with the period of the base isolated structures. In such a case, the isolators may deform
excessively. Uniform Building Code-97, is widely used in design of base isolation systems
which contains provisions accounting for near-fault earthquake effects. In order to investigate
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the performance of base isolation systems designed according to UBC97, for bi-directional
non-linear time history analyses of a 4-story base isolated building, located to the specific
distance from an active fault, are carried out. Based on the simulations carried out, it is
concluded that seismic base isolation is a successful technique that can be used in earthquakeresistant design. To check the effectiveness of the isolation system, performance criteria have
been carried out for fixed base isolated structure. According to analysis study, following
conclusions are as follows:
1. The peak base shear (P4) of the base-isolated building is only 39% of its fixed-base
counterpart in case of El Centro, 55% for Kobe and 25% for Northridge Earthquakes.
2. The peak top floor acceleration is reduced from P3=5.986 m/s2 to P3=2.60 m/s2 in case
of El Centro, P3=5.69 m/s2 toP3=2.02 m/s2 for Kobe and P3=11.31 m/s2 toP3=4.172
m/s2 for Northridge Earthquake.
3. The roof drift ratio is reduced 56% in case of El-Centro, 63% for Kobe and drastically
reduced (nearly 90%) in case of Northridge Earthquake respectively showing the
success of Base-Isolation System.
4. According to the area covered by the hysteresis loop of the isolator more energy
dissipated in case of Northridge Earthquake and less energy dissipated in case of Kobe
Earthquake.
5. From the force-deformation loop it is found that force carried by isolator F=12 kN and
displacement D=12.9 Cm. for El-Centro, for Kobe F=12 kN and displacement D=12.9 Cm. and
F=12 kN and displacement D=12.9 Cm. for Northridge Earthquake.

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