Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AMORTIZACIONES
________________________________________
324
6.1.- AMORTIZACIONES
6.1.1.- CONCEPTOS BSICOS
En el mbito de las finanzas y el comercio, el concepto amortizacin est asociado
a deuda, es decir, se refiere al pago gradual que se realiza para liquidar un adeudo
proveniente generalmente de algn prstamo o crdito. En la actividad financiera
es comn que las empresas y las personas busquen financiamiento o crdito, sea
para capitalizarse o para la adquisicin de bienes (activos).
El financiamiento o crdito adquirido debe reembolsarse en un plazo que
previamente haya quedado establecido, sea en cuotas uniformes peridicas
vencidas o anticipadas, o con cuotas que se incrementan de manera proporcional,
en cantidad o de manera porcentual, aunque este tema lo analizaremos en el
apartado de Gradientes (geomtricos y aritmticos).
6.1.2.- Procedimiento:
Para calcular el importe de las cuotas peridicas, debemos utilizar la frmula del
valor presente de un pago vencido (Rp) a partir de la siguiente frmula:
1 (1 i / m) n / m
NPV Rp
i/m
Para conocer el valor de Rp el valor de la deuda pasa dividiendo al factor resultante
NPV
1 (1 i / m) n / m
Rp
n/ m
de
por lo que la expresin ahora es:
1
(1
i
/
m
)
i/m
i/m
Recordemos que la expresin i/m la utilizamos para el caso en que se tenga que
calcular la tasa que habr de capitalizarse, esto es, cuando se tiene una tasa
nominal (anual) del 12% y su capitalizacin es mensual, entonces se debe tomar
(12/12).
325
1 (1 i / m) n / m
De la frmula NPV Rp
tenemos que
i/m
Donde:
Rp
NPV
1 (1 i / m) n / m
i/m
Entonces:
Rp
$250, 000.00
1 (1 .12 /12) 10
.12 /12
Rp
Rp
$250, 000.00
1 (1.01) 10
.01
$250, 000.00
9.47130453
Rp
$250, 000.00
1 (0.90528695)
.01
Rp $26,395.52
$263,955.19
n:
PAGO MENSUAL
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
$26,395.52
$26,395.52
$26,395.52
$26,395.52
$26,395.52
$26,395.52
$26,395.52
$26,395.52
$26,395.52
$26,395.52
TABLA DE AMORTIZACIN
$250,000.00
$13,955.19
Pago a
capital
$23,895.52
$24,134.47
$24,375.82
$24,619.58
$24,865.77
$25,114.43
$25,365.58
$25,619.23
$25,875.42
$26,134.18
Pago de
intereses
$2,500.00
$2,261.04
$2,019.70
$1,775.94
$1,529.75
$1,281.09
$1,029.94
$776.29
$520.10
$261.34
326
$1,145,519.14
Capital restante
$226,104.48
$201,970.01
$177,594.19
$152,974.61
$128,108.84
$102,994.41
$77,628.83
$52,009.60
$26,134.18
$0.00
Pago para
liquidar
$252,500.00
$228,365.53
$203,989.71
$179,370.13
$154,504.36
$129,389.93
$104,024.35
$78,405.12
$52,529.70
$26,395.52
No.
pago
Importe
del pago
inters
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
$26,395.52
$26,395.52
$26,395.52
$26,395.52
$26,395.52
$26,395.52
$26,395.52
$26,395.52
$26,395.52
$26,395.52
$2,500.00
$2,261.04
$2,019.70
$1,775.94
$1,529.75
$1,281.09
$1,029.94
$776.29
$520.10
$261.34
pagos de
Monto total
Capital total
Inters total
IVA TOTAL
amortizacin
$23,895.52
$24,134.47
$24,375.82
$24,619.58
$24,865.77
$25,114.43
$25,365.58
$25,619.23
$25,875.42
$26,134.18
$26,395.52
$263,955.19
$250,000.00
$13,955.19
$2,093.28
Saldo insoluto
IVA de
(deuda)
intereses
$250,000.00
15%
$226,104.48 $375.00
$201,970.01 $339.16
$177,594.19 $302.96
$152,974.61 $266.39
$128,108.84 $229.46
$102,994.41 $192.16
$77,628.83 $154.49
$52,009.60 $116.44
$26,134.18
$78.01
$0.00
$39.20
1 (1 i / m) n
De la frmula NPV Rp
tenemos que
i/m
NPV * i
m 1 (1 i ) n
m
Rp
$250,000.00* .12
12 1 (1 .12 ) n
Sus valores son:
12
$45,000.00
NPV * i
m
(1 i ) n 1
m
Rp
327
NPV * i
n
m ) que es lo mismo que:
i
As obtenemos Log ((1 m) ) Log (1
Rp
Despejar n:
$250,000.00* .12
12 )
Log ((1 .12 ) n ) Log (1
12
$45,000.00
i
NPV *
)
$250,000.00* .12 )
m )
12 )
Log (1 (
Log (1 (
Rp
$45,000.00
n
n
Log (1 i )
Log (1 .12 )
m
12
0.02482358
Log 0.944444444
Log (1 0.055555556)
n
n
0.00432137
Log1.01
Log (1.01)
n 5.74437792
1 (1 .12 / 12) 5
NPV $45,000.00
$218,404.41
.12 / 12
Para
conocer
valor
x
$250,000.00 $218,404.41
(1.01)6
Despejar x de:
el
del
sexto
$250,000.00 $218,404.41
x
(1.01)6
pago
tenemos
Ahora tenemos:
x (1.06152015) * ($31,595.59)
x $33,539.36
328
1 (1 i / m) n
NPV
De la frmula NPV Rp
tenemos que Rp
1 (1 i / m) n
i/m
i/m
$180,000.00 Rp
1 (1 .24 /12)
.24 /12
Rp $32,134.65
Rp
$180, 000.00
$180, 000.00
Rp
6
1 (1.02)
5.60143089
.02
$180,000.00
Mes
Pago
Inters
1
2
3
4
5
6
$32,134.65
$32,134.65
$32,134.65
$32,134.65
$32,134.65
$32,134.65
$3,600.00
$3,029.31
$2,447.20
$1,853.45
$1,247.83
$630.09
$12,807.88
Total de Intereses
329
Perodo
6 meses
Pago Mensual
$32,134.65
Amortizacin
Saldo
$28,534.65 $151,465.35
$29,105.34 $122,360.01
$29,687.45 $92,672.56
$30,281.20 $62,391.36
$30,886.82 $31,504.54
$31,504.54
$0.00
i n
S do I VPN (1 ) Rp
m
(1
i n
) 1
m
i
m
S do I $180,000.00(1
.24 4
) $32,134.65
12
.24 n
) 1
12
.24
12
(1
(1.02) 4 1
S do I $180,000.00(1.02) $32,134.65
.02
4
S do I $180,000.00(1.08243216) $32,134.65
(1.08243216) 1
.02
330
Pago
1
2
3
4
5
6
$32,134.65
$32,134.65
$32,134.65
$32,134.65
$32,134.65
$32,134.65
$180,000.00
Perodo
6 meses
Total de Intereses
331
$28,534.65
$29,105.34
$29,687.45
$30,281.20
$30,886.82
$31,504.54
Saldo
$151,465.35
$122,360.01
$92,672.56
$62,391.36
$31,504.54
$0.00
Algunos
ejercicios
resueltos
manualmente,
comprobados en una tabla de Excel y con un
simulador ms avanzado.
AMORTIZACIONES
Datos:
VPN= $195,000.00
n= 7 pagos iguales vencidos
i= 12%
m= mensual
$28,982.49
332
Calculo de anualidades diferidas a partir del Valor Actual y comprobacin con tablas de amortizacin.
VALOR ACTUAL=C=
Tasa mensual
n=
Periodos diferidos=
Anualidad Vencida
Anualidad Anticipada
195,000.00
1.00%
7.00
0.00
28,982.52
28,695.56
Anualidad Vencida
i=
n=
Periodos diferidos=
VALOR ACTUAL=C=
28,982.52
1.00%
7.00
0.00
195,000.00
Anualidad Anticipada
i=
n=
Periodos diferidos=
VALOR ACTUAL=C=
28,695.56
1.00%
7.00
0.00
195,000.00
Saldo
195,000.00
167,967.48
140,664.64
113,088.78
85,237.15
57,107.00
28,695.56
0.00 Comprobacin
Datos:
VPN= $180,000.00
n= 8 pagos iguales vencidos
i= 7%
m= mensual
$180,000.00
1-(1+(0.07 / 12))-8
i/m
.07 / 12
$180,000.00
$180, 000.00
Rp =
Rp
1 (0.9545351)
1-(1+(0.0058333))-8
.00583333
.00583333
$180, 000.00
Rp
$23, 094.61
7.7940273
Rp =
VPN
1-(1+(i / m))-n
= Rp =
333
Calculo de anualidades diferidas a partir del Valor Actual y comprobacin con tablas de amortizacin.
VALOR ACTUAL=C=
Tasa mensual
n=
Periodos diferidos=
Anualidad Vencida
Anualidad Anticipada
180,000.00
0.58%
8.00
0.00
23,094.63
22,960.70
Anualidad Vencida
i=
n=
Periodos diferidos=
VALOR ACTUAL=C=
23,094.63
0.58%
8.00
0.00
180,000.00
Anualidad Anticipada
i=
n=
Periodos diferidos=
VALOR ACTUAL=C=
22,960.70
0.58%
8.00
0.00
180,000.00
Saldo
180,000.00
157,955.37
135,782.14
113,479.57
91,046.90
68,483.38
45,788.23
22,960.70
0.00 Comprobacin
Datos:
VPN= $260,000.00
n= 9 pagos iguales vencidos
i= 12%
m= mensual
Modalidad vencida
$260,000.00
1- (1+(0.12 / 12))-9
i/m
.07 / 12
$260,000.00
$260, 000.00
Rp =
Rp
-9
1 (0.91433982)
1- (1+(0.01))
.01
.01
$260, 000.00
Rp
$30,352.49
8.56601758
Rp =
VPN
1- (1+(i / m))-n
= Rp =
334
Modalidad Anticipada
Rp =
Rp =
VPN
$260, 000.00
Rp
=
1 (1 i / m) n
1 (1 .12 /12) 9
(1 i / m)
(1 .12 /12)
i/m
.12 /12
$260, 000.00
$260, 000.00
Rp
=
1 (1 0.01) 9
1 (1.01) 9
(1 0.01)
(1.01)
0.01
0.01
$260, 000.00
1 (0.91433982)
(1.01)
0.01
$260, 000.00
Rp =
(1.01) 8.56601758
Rp =
Rp
$260, 000.00
$30, 051.97
8.65167775
ANUALIDADES SIMPLES, CIERTAS y DIFERIDAS. (Valor actual y tablas de amortizacin)
INICIO
Calculo de anualidades diferidas a partir del Valor Actual y comprobacin con tablas de amortizacin.
VALOR ACTUAL=C=
Tasa mensual
n=
Periodos diferidos=
Anualidad Vencida
Anualidad Anticipada
Abono
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
260,000.00
1.00%
9.00
0.00
30,352.49
30,051.97
Anualidad Vencida
i=
n=
Periodos diferidos=
VALOR ACTUAL=C=
2,600.00
2,322.48
2,042.17
1,759.07
1,473.14
1,184.34
892.66
598.06
300.52
27,752.49
28,030.02
28,310.32
28,593.42
28,879.36
29,168.15
29,459.83
29,754.43
30,051.97
30,352.49
1.00%
9.00
0.00
260,000.00
Anualidad Anticipada
i=
n=
Periodos diferidos=
VALOR ACTUAL=C=
30,051.97
1.00%
9.00
0.00
260,000.00
Saldo
260,000.00
232,247.51
204,217.49
175,907.17
147,313.74
118,434.39
89,266.24
59,806.40
30,051.97
0.00 Comprobacin
335
Datos:
VPN= $115,000.00
n=99 pagos iguales vencidos
i= 3.7%
m= mensual
Calcular Rp en modalidad anticipada y vencida. Adems se pide calcular el
Saldo Insoluto en el mes 71 en ambas modalidades.
Modalidad vencida
$115,000.00
1- (1+0.037)-99
i/m
0.037
$115,000.00
$115, 000.00
Rp =
Rp
1 (0.02740963)
1- (1.037)-99
.037
.037
$115, 000.00
$115, 000.00
Rp
$4,374.91
0.97259037 / 0.037 26.2862263
Rp =
VPN
1- (1+i)-n
= Rp =
Modalidad Anticipada
Rp =
Rp =
VPN
$115, 000.00
Rp
=
1 (1 i / m) n
1 (1 0.037) 99
(1 i / m)
(1 0.037)
i
/
m
0.037
$115, 000.00
$115, 000.00
Rp
=
1 (1 0.037) 99
1 (1.037) 99
(1 0.037)
9
(1.037)
0.037
0.037
$115, 000.00
$115, 000.00
Rp =
1 (0.02740963)
0.97259037)
(1.037)
(1.037)
0.037
0.037
$115, 000.00
$115, 000.00
Rp =
$4, 218.82
(1.037) 26.2862263 27.2588167
Rp =
336
Calculo de anualidades diferidas a partir del Valor Actual y comprobacin con tablas de amortizacin.
VALOR ACTUAL=C=
Tasa mensual
n=
Periodos diferidos=
Anualidad Vencida
Anualidad Anticipada
Abono
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
115,000.00
3.70%
99.00
0.00
4,374.91
4,218.82
Anualidad Vencida
i=
n=
Periodos diferidos=
VALOR ACTUAL=C=
4,255.00
4,250.56
4,245.96
4,241.19
4,236.24
4,231.11
4,225.79
4,220.27
4,214.55
4,208.62
4,202.47
4,196.09
4,189.47
4,182.61
4,175.49
4,168.11
4,160.46
4,152.53
4,144.30
4,135.77
4,126.92
4,117.74
4,108.23
4,098.36
4,088.13
4,077.51
4,066.51
4,055.10
4,043.27
4,031.00
4,018.27
4,005.07
3,991.39
3,977.20
3,962.48
3,947.22
3,931.40
3,914.99
3,897.97
3,880.33
3,862.03
3,843.05
3,823.37
3,802.96
3,781.80
3,759.86
3,737.10
3,713.50
3,689.03
3,663.65
3,637.33
3,610.04
3,581.74
3,552.39
3,521.96
3,490.40
3,457.67
3,423.74
3,388.54
3,352.05
3,314.20
3,274.95
3,234.26
3,192.05
3,148.29
3,102.90
3,055.84
3,007.03
2,956.42
2,903.93
2,849.51
2,793.07
2,734.54
2,673.85
2,610.91
2,545.64
2,477.95
2,407.77
2,334.98
2,259.51
2,181.24
2,100.07
2,015.90
1,928.62
1,838.10
1,744.24
1,646.91
1,545.97
1,441.30
1,332.75
1,220.19
1,103.47
982.43
856.90
726.74
591.76
451.78
306.62
156.10
119.91
124.35
128.95
133.72
138.67
143.80
149.12
154.64
160.36
166.30
172.45
178.83
185.45
192.31
199.42
206.80
214.45
222.39
230.62
239.15
248.00
257.17
266.69
276.56
286.79
297.40
308.40
319.82
331.65
343.92
356.64
369.84
383.52
397.71
412.43
427.69
443.51
459.92
476.94
494.59
512.89
531.87
551.54
571.95
593.11
615.06
637.82
661.42
685.89
711.27
737.58
764.87
793.17
822.52
852.95
884.51
917.24
951.18
986.37
1,022.87
1,060.71
1,099.96
1,140.66
1,182.86
1,226.63
1,272.01
1,319.08
1,367.88
1,418.50
1,470.98
1,525.41
1,581.85
1,640.38
1,701.07
1,764.01
1,829.28
1,896.96
1,967.15
2,039.93
2,115.41
2,193.68
2,274.85
2,359.02
2,446.30
2,536.81
2,630.67
2,728.01
2,828.95
2,933.62
3,042.16
3,154.72
3,271.44
3,392.49
3,518.01
3,648.18
3,783.16
3,923.14
4,068.29
4,218.82
Saldo
115,000.00
114,880.09
114,755.73
114,626.78
114,493.06
114,354.39
114,210.58
114,061.46
113,906.82
113,746.46
113,580.16
113,407.71
113,228.88
113,043.44
112,851.13
112,651.71
112,444.90
112,230.45
112,008.06
111,777.45
111,538.30
111,290.30
111,033.12
110,766.44
110,489.88
110,203.09
109,905.69
109,597.29
109,277.47
108,945.82
108,601.90
108,245.26
107,875.42
107,491.89
107,094.18
106,681.75
106,254.06
105,810.54
105,350.62
104,873.68
104,379.09
103,866.20
103,334.33
102,782.79
102,210.84
101,617.72
101,002.67
100,364.85
99,703.43
99,017.55
98,306.28
97,568.70
96,803.83
96,010.65
95,188.13
94,335.18
93,450.66
92,533.42
91,582.25
90,595.87
89,573.01
88,512.29
87,412.33
86,271.68
85,088.81
83,862.18
82,590.17
81,271.09
79,903.21
78,484.71
77,013.73
75,488.32
73,906.48
72,266.10
70,565.03
68,801.02
66,971.75
65,074.79
63,107.64
61,067.71
58,952.30
56,758.62
54,483.77
52,124.76
49,678.46
47,141.65
44,510.97
41,782.96
38,954.02
36,020.40
32,978.24
29,823.52
26,552.08
23,159.59
19,641.58
15,993.40
12,210.25
8,287.11
4,218.82
0.00
4,374.91
3.70%
99.00
0.00
115,000.00
Anualidad Anticipada
i=
n=
Periodos diferidos=
VALOR ACTUAL=C=
4,218.82
3.70%
99.00
0.00
115,000.00
Comprobacin
337
Comprobacin
Solo como ejemplo, aplicaremos la frmula del Saldo Insoluto para identificar
la cantidad que se adeuda al final del mes 71 en modalidad vencida:
(1 0.037)71 1
Sdo I $115,000.00(1 0.037) $4,374.91
0.037
(13.1914247 1)
Sdo .I $115,000.00(13.1914247) $4,374.91
0.037
Sdo .I $115,000.00(13.1914247) $4,374.91(329.497966)
71
Calculo de anualidades diferidas a partir del Valor Actual y comprobacin con tablas de amortizacin.
VALOR ACTUAL=C=
Tasa mensual
n=
Periodos diferidos=
Anualidad Vencida
Anualidad Anticipada
70
71
72
115,000.00
3.70%
99.00
0.00
4,374.91
4,218.82
4,374.91
4,374.91
4,374.91
Anualidad Vencida
i=
n=
Periodos diferidos=
VALOR ACTUAL=C=
4,374.91
3.70%
99.00
0.00
115,000.00
2,903.93
2,849.51
2,793.07
1,470.98
1,525.41
1,581.85
338
Anualidad Anticipada
i=
n=
Periodos diferidos=
VALOR ACTUAL=C=
77,013.73
75,488.32
73,906.48
4,218.82
3.70%
99.00
0.00
115,000.00
339