COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN

LABORATORY

SUBJECT CODE : 10CVL58

IA MARKS : 25
NO. OF PRACTICAL HOURS/WEEK : 03
EXAM HOURS : 03
TOTAL NO. OF PRACTICAL HOURS : 42
EXAM MARKS : 50

EXERCISE 01: ANALYSIS OF A FIXED BEAM USING STAAD

EXERCISE 02: ANALYSIS OF A PROPPED CANTILEVER BEAM USING STAAD
EXERCISE 03: ANALYSIS OF A CONTINUOUS BEAM USING STAAD
EXERCISE 04: ANALYSIS OF A CONTINUOUS BEAM USING STAAD
EXERCISE 05: ANALYSIS OF A SINGLE STORIED 2D PORTAL FRAME USING STAAD
EXERCISE 06: ANALYSIS OF A DOUBLE STORIED 2D PORTAL FRAME USING STAAD
EXERCISE 07: INTRODUCTION TO AUTOCAD DRAWING TOOLS
EXERCISE 08: INTRODUCTION TO AUTOCAD MODIFYING TOOLS
EXERCISE 09: AUTOCAD DRAWING: FOUNDATION
EXERCISE 10: AUTOCAD DRAWING: STAIRS
EXERCISE 11: AUTOCAD DRAWING: LINTELS AND CHEJJA
EXERCISE 12: AUTOCAD DRAWING: RCC SLABS AND BEAMS
EXERCISE 13: AUTOCAD DRAWING: RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
EXERCISE 14: AUTOCAD DRAWING: PUBLIC BUILDING
EXERCISE 15: EXCEL APPLICATION: SFD and BMD
Exercise 16: Excel Application: Design of Singly Reinforced Beam
Exercise 17: Excel Application: Computation of Earthwork
Exercise 18: Excel Application: Computation of Earthwork
Exercise 19: Excel Application: Design of Horizontal Curve
Exercise 20: Excel Application: Design of Super Elevation

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any desired position. This vertical circle may be used to measure the vertical angle
and for making line of sight horizontal.
3. Index frame or T-frame:
It is a T- shaped frame consisting of vertical leg known as clipping arm and
horizontal arm known as index arm. At the either ends two verniers are attached to
read to vertical angle. Altitude bubble is attached on the top of the index frame for
the levelling purpose.
4. Standards or A-Frame:
Two standards resembling a are mounted on the upper plates. The trunnion
axis, index frame and arms of vertical circle are attached to the A-Frame.
5. Lower plate [scale plate]:
It carries a horizontal circle graduated from 0 to 360 lower clamp screw and
corresponding tangent screw are provided for accurate setting. Usually the size of
the theodolite is represented by the size of the horizontal plate.
This plate level is fixed parallel to the trunnion axis and is used for the levelling of
the instrument.
7. Altitude level:
It is provided parallel to the vertical circle and fixed on the top of the vertical
circle. It is used for levelling during measurement of vertical angle.

Terms and definitions

1. Transiting:
It is the process of resolving the telescope in the vertical plate through 180
about a horizontal axis by transiting the line of sight is reversed. Hence this
process is also called as plugging or reversing.
2. Centering:
The process of setting the theodolite exactly over that station point is called
centering . Centering can be done by using a plumb bob or with the help of optical
plummet.
3. Swinging the telescope:
It is the process of rotating the instrument in the horizontal plane about the
vertical axis. If the telescope is rotated in the clockwise direction, it is called swing
right and if it is rotated in anticlockwise direction then it is called as swing left.
4. Face left:
If the vertical circle is kept to the left side of the observer then it is called
Face left and the corresponding observations are called Face left observations.

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5. Face right:
If the vertical circle is kept to the right side of the observer then it is called Face
Right and corresponding readings are called Face Right observations.
6. Telescope normal:
A telescope is said to be normal or direct when the face of the vertical circle is
to the left and the bubble of the telescope is at the top.
7. Telescope inverted:
A telescope is said to be inverted or reversed when the vertical circle is to the
right and the bubble is at the bottom or down
Fundamental axis of theodolite:
1. Vertical axis:
It is an axis about which the instrument can be rotated in a horizontal plane.
2. Horizontal or trunnion axis:
It is an axis about which the telescope can be rotated in vertical plane.
3. Line of collimation:
It is the line passing through the intersection of the horizontal and vertical
cross hairs and optical centre of the object glass.
4. Axis of plate level:
It is the straight line tangential to the longitudinal curve of the level tube at its
centre. The axis of level tube is horizontal when the bubble is at the centre.

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Department of Civil Engineering, SMVITM. Bantakal

Exercise No:1.1
Measurement of Horizontal Angles with method of Repetition
using Theodolite.
AIM: To determine the horizontal angle between the given poles from the given
point O, using theodolite by method of repetition.
Instruments Required: Theodolite with tripod, ranging rod.

Theory:
In this method an angle is measured more than two times, allowing the vernier
to remain clamped each time at the end of each measurement, instead of setting it
back at zero when sighting at the previous station. Thus angle is mechanically
added several times depending upon the number of repetitions. The average
horizontal angle is obtained by dividing the final reading by the number of
repetitions. The repetition method is adopted when a repetition theodolite with a
slow motion screw for the lower plate is available.
PROCEDURE:
The method of repetition is used to measure a horizontal angle to a finer
degree of accuracy than that obtainable with the least count of the vernier.
1. Set the instrument at Q & level it. With the help of upper clamp & tangent
screws, set 00 reading on vernier A. Note the reading of vernier B (reading
should be 1800).
2. Loose the lower clamp & direct the telescope towards the point P, clamp the
lower clamp & bisect point P accurately by lower tangent screw.
3. Unclamp the upper clamp & turn the instrument clockwise about the inner
axis towards R. Clamp the upper clamp & bisect R accurately with the upper
tangent screw. Note the reading of verniers A & B to get the approximate
value of the angle PQR.

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4. Unclamp the lower clamp screw & turn the telescope clockwise direction &
bisect P again. Bisect P accurately by using the lower tangent screw. It
should be noted that the vernier readings will not be changed in this
operation, since the upper plate is clamped to the lower.
5. Unclamp the upper clamping screw & turn the telescope clockwise & sight R.
Bisect R accurately by upper tangent screw.
6. Repeat the process until the angle is repeated the required number of times.
The average of horizontal angle with face left will be equal to final reading
divided by 3.
7. Change face and make 3 more repetition as described above. Find the
average angle with face right, by dividing the final reading by 3.
8. The average horizontal angle is then obtained by taking the average of the 2
angles obtained with face left & face right.
OBSERVATION & TABULATION :

Face Right

P
R
Q

P
R
P
R

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Avera
ge
Horiz
ontal
Angle
s

AnglesHorizontal

No. of repetition

Mean

Ver B

Ver A

Horizontal
Angles

No. of repetition

Mean

Ver B

Ver A

Sighted to

Instrument at

Face Left

RESULT:
Average of horizontal angle by repetition method =

Exercise No:1.2
Measurement of Horizontal Angles with Reiteration method of
using Theodolite
AIM: To measure horizontal angles by Reiteration method using theodolite.
Instruments Required: Theodolite with tripod, ranging rod, arrow.

Theory:
Reiteration is another method of measuring horizontal angle with high
precision. It is generally preferred when several angles are to be measured at a
station. In this method several angles are measured successively and finally the
horizon is closed. The final reading of the vernier (vernier A) should be same as
initial reading. If not error is equally distributed among all the measured angles.

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Suppose it is required to measure the angle AOB, angle BOC, angle COD, angle
DOA shown in fig procedure is as follows.
PROCEDURE:
The method known as direction method or Reiteration method or Method of
series is suitable for the measurement of the angles of a group having a
common vertex point. Several angles are measured and finally the horizon is
closed.
To measure angles AOB, BOC, COD, DOA by reiteration method.
1. Set the instrument over O & level it. Set the vernier to zero & bisect point A
accurately.
2. Release the upper clamping screw & turn the telescope clockwise, bisect the
station B using the upper tangent screw. Read the verniers. The mean of the
vernier readings will give the angles AOB.
3. Similarly bisect successively C, D, thus closing the circle. Read both the verniers
at each bisection. Since the graduated circle remains in a fixed position through
out the entire process, each included angle is obtained by taking the difference
between two consecutive readings.
4. On final sight to A, the reading of the vernier should be the same as the original
setting. If not, note the reading & find the error due to slips etc.& if the error is
small, Distribute it equally to all angles. If large, repeat the process and take a
fresh set of reading.
5. Repeat steps 2 & 4 with the other face

Face Left
Sighted to

Instrument at

OBSERVATION & TABULATION :

Ver
B

Ver A
o

Face Right
Horizont
al
Angles

Mean
o

A
B
O

Ver
B

Ver A

C
D
A

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Horizont
al
Angles

Mean
o

Average
Horizont
al
Angles
o

RESULT:
Average horizontal angle by reiteration method =

Exercise No:1.2
Measurement of Vertical Angles using Theodolite
AIM: To Measure vertical angle between two points A & B.
Instruments Required: Theodolite with tripod, arrows, ranging rods, and plumb
bob.

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Theory:
Vertical Angle Is the Angle which the Inclined Line of Sight to an object
makes with the Horizontal .It may be an angle of Elevation or Depression
depending upon whether the object is above or below the Horizontal Plane passing
through the trunion axis of the instrument.
PROCEDURE:
1. Set up the instrument over O and level it accurately with reference to the
altitude bubble and plate level.
2. Set zero of the vertical vernier to exactly zero of vertical circle by means of
vertical circle, clamping screw and tangent screw.
3. Bring the bubble of altitude level to the centre of its run by means of clip
screws. The line of collimation is thus made horizontal when the vernier
reads zero.
4. Unclamp the vertical circle clamp and direct the telescope towards A and
when it is sighted approximately clamp the vertical circle and bisect A
exactly by turning a tangent screw.
5. Read both verniers . The mean of two readings gives the value of required
angle.
6. Change the face and repeat the Process. Mean of two Readings gives the
second value of required angle.
7. The average of two values thus obtained gives the value of required angle
which is free from instrumental error.

Face Left
Sighted to

Instrument at

OBSERVATION & TABULATION :

Ver
D

Ver C

Face Right

Vertical
Angles

Mean

A
B

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Ver
D

Ver C

Vertical
Angles

Mean

Avera
ge
Vertic
al
Angles

RESULT:
Measurement of vertical angle is ..

Exercise No:2.1
Determination of elevation of an object using Single Plane Method
(Base is accessible)
AIM: To measure the elevation of an object when base is accessible.
Instruments Required: Theodolite with tripod, tape & leveling staff, ranging rods, arrows.

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Theory:
. Let
P = Instrument station.
Q = point to be observed.
A = Centre of the instrument.
Q = Projection of Q on horizontal plane through A.
D = AQ = Horizontal distance between P and Q.
h = height of the instrument at P.
h = QQ.
S = Reading on staff kept on BM with the line of sight horizontal.
= Angle of elevation from A to Q.
From AQQ, tan = h /D
h = D tan
RL of Q = RL of BM + S + h

PROCEDURE:
1. Level the instrument with reference to the altitude bubble and set the vernier
scale C and D reading to zero using vertical clamp and tangent screw.
2. Hold the staff on the bench mark and note down the back sight staff reading,
S.
3. Hold the staff at the base of the object and note down the staff reading, S1.
4. Measure the horizontal distance between A and Q, i.e., AQ

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5. Rotate telescope to the object whose vertical angle is to be noted and read
both vernier C and D of the vertical circle with face left.
6. Repeat the observation with face right and calculate the average vertical
angle

StationInstrument

Sighted to

OBSERVATION & TABULATION :

Face Left
Ver C
o

Face Right

Ver D

Mean
o

Ver C

Ver D

Average
Vertical
Angle

Mean
o

CALCULATION:
h = D tan
RL of Q = RL of BM + S + h
Base reading at the base of the object (S1) =
Height of the object = S1 + h

RESULT:
1. The elevation of the object =
2. The height of the object
=

Exercise No:2.2
Determine of elevation of an object using Single Plane Method
(Base is inaccessible)

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AIM: To determine the elevation of given object when its base is inaccessible using
single plane method.
Instruments Required: Theodolite with tripod, tape, leveling staff, ranging rods, arrows.

Theory:
In few practical cases, it may not be possible to reach the base of the object
whose height or elevation is needed or its horizontal distance from a known point.
Figure2.2 shows such a case where the instrument axis is at different levels. If S 1
and S2 are the corresponding readings on staff kept on BM and if the difference in
the level of the axis of the instrument is S2-S1 (if axis at B is higher) or S1-S2(if the
axis at A is higher). Let Q be the projection of Q on horizontal line through A and
Q be the projection on horizontal line through B.
Axis at B is higher:
From QAQ, h1 = D tan 1 ---------- (1)
From QBQ, h2 = (b + D) tan2 ---- (2)
Now, h1-h2 = S2-S1 = S
S = D tan 1 (b + D) tan2
S = D tan 1 D tan2 b tan 2
S = D (tan 1 tan2) b tan 2
D=
RL of Q = RL of BM + S1 + h1
Check: RL of Q = RL of BM + S2 + h2
PROCEDURE:

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1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Set up the theodolite at P and level it accurately with respect to the altitude
bubble.
Direct the telescope towards Q and bisect it accurately. Clamp both the
plates. Read vertical angle 1.
With the vertical vernier set to zero, and altitude bubble in the centre of its
run, take the reading on the staff kept at the nearby BM.
Transit the telescope so that the line of sight is reversed. Mark the second
instrument station R on the ground. Measure the distance RP, i.e., b
accurately.
Direct the telescope towards Q and bisect it accurately. Clamp both the
plates. Read vertical angle 2.
With the vertical vernier set to zero, and the altitude bubble in the centre of
its run, take the reading on the staff kept at the nearby BM.

Sighted to

Instrument at

OBSERVATION & TABULATION :

Face Left
Ver C
o

Face Right

Ver D

Mean
o

Ver C

CALCULATION:
1 =

2 =

S1 =

S2 =

b=
D=

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Ver D

Average
Vertical Angle

Mean
o

=
h1 = D tan1

R.L of Q= R.L of B.M +S1 + h1

RESULT:
1. Horizontal distance between instrument station and tower =
2. Elevation of top of object =

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Exercise No: 3.0

Determine of distance and difference in elevation between two inaccessible points using
Double Plane Method.
AIM: To determine the distance and difference in elevation between two
inaccessible point using double plane method.
Instruments Required: Theodolite with tripod, arrows, ranging rods, tape &
leveling staff.

Theory:
It is also possible to determine distance to an object from a known point and
elevation of top of the object by selecting points of observation randomly. In the
figure 3.0, AQ is the horizontal line through A. Q being the vertical projection of Q.
Thus, AQQ is a vertical plane. Similarly, BQQ is a vertical plane, Q being the
vertical projection of Q on the horizontal line through B. PRQ 1 is a horizontal plane,
Q1 being the vertical projection of Q and R vertical projection of B on a horizontal

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plane passing through P. 1 and 2 are the horizontal angles, and 1 and 2 are the
vertical angles measured at A and B respectively.
From AQQ, QQ = h1 = D tan 1
From PRQ1, PQ1R = (1 + 2)

From sine rule,

RQ1= D1 =

PQ1=D1 =

h1 = D1 tan 1

h2 = D2 tan 2

RL of Q = RL of BM+S1 +h1

Check: RL of Q = RL of BM+S2 +h2

PROCEDURE:
1) Let P and R be the two instrument stations and Q is the object.
2) Set the instrument at P and level it accurately with respect to the altitude
bubble.
3) Measure the angle of elevation 1 to Q.
4) Sight the point R with reading on the horizontal scale as zero and measure
the horizontal angle 1 at P.
5) Take a back sight S on the staff held on the BM with line of sight horizontal.
6) Shift the instrument to R and measure 2 and 2 there.

OBSERVATION & TABULATION :

Instrument at

Sighted to

Horizontal angle:

Face Left
Ver A
o

Face Right

Ver B

Mean
o

Ver A

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Ver B

Average
Horizontal
Angle

Mean
o

Instrument at

Sighted to

Vertical angle:

Face Left
Ver C
o

Face Right

Ver D

Calculation:
1 =
S1 =
1=
b=

Mean
o

Ver C
o

Ver D

Average
Vertical
Angle

Mean
o

2 =
S2 =
2 =

D1 =

D1 =

h1 = D1 tan 1

h2 = D2 tan 2

RL of Q = RL of BM+S1 +h1

Check: RL of Q = RL of BM+S2 +h2

RESULT:
1. Distance between P and Q=
2. Elevation of top of station Q=.

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Exercise No: 4.0

Determination of Tacheometric constants and to find the distance
and elevation
AIM: To determination of tacheometric constants and to find the distance and
elevation of the point when,
a) Line of sight is horizontal
b) Line of sight is inclined.
Instruments Required: Theodolite with tripod, arrows, ranging rods, tape &
leveling staff, plumb bob.

Tacheometric constants K & C

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When Line of Sight is horizontal

When Line of Sight is inclined

Theory:
Tacheometry is an indirect method by which horizontal distances and
differences in elevation are determined using subtended intervals and angles
observed with a transit or theodolite on a graduated scale. Tacheometry eliminates
operation of taping, therefore, it is very useful for rough terrains such as rivers,
valleys, steep slopes, broken grounds, stretches of water, etc.,
PROCEDURE:
To determine the tacheometric constants K & C.
1) Measure a line about 60m long on a fairly level ground and drive arrows at
intervals of 20m.

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2) Hold the staff adjacent to the arrows and observe the corresponding staff
intercept with line of sight horizontal.
3) Knowing the values of distance (D) and staff reading(S) for different points,
the number of simultaneous equations are found by substituting the values
of D and S in the formula D =KS + C.
4) The solution of the successive pairs of equations will give the values of K and
C.
To find the distance and elevation of the point when Line of Sight is
horizontal.
1. Hold the staff on the given point and take staff reading corresponding to top,
middle and bottom cross hair and staff intercept is calculated.
2. The values of K, S and C are substituted in the distance formula D =KS + C.
The distance of that point from the instrument is obtained.
3. The staff reading on the BM of known elevation is taken and hence the
elevation of the given point is calculated.
To find the distance and elevation of the point when Line of Sight is
inclined.
1. Hold the staff on elevated point on the ground and observe the staff reading
corresponding to all the three hair and staff intercept S is obtained.
2. The values of K, C and S are substituted in the distance formula,
D = KS cos2 + C cos .
Thus the distance is obtained.
3. The staff reading taken on the BM and by calculating vertical intercept V, the
elevation of the point is obtained.
OBSERVATION & TABULATION :
To determine the tacheometric constants K & C.
Staff
Statio
n

Distance

Staff Reading
Top

Middle

Distance Formula
D = Ks + C

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Bottom

Staff Intercept

To find the distance and elevation of the point when Line of Sight is
horizontal.
Staff reading on BM , h =
Staff intercept, s =
Staff reading corresponding to middle hair, r =
The horizontal distance of the point from the instrument, D = Ks + C
Elevation of point = RL of BM + h r
To find the distance and elevation of the point when Line of Sight is
inclined.
Staff reading on BM , h =
Staff intercept, s =
Staff reading corresponding to middle hair, r =
Vertical intercept, v = Ks Cos . Sin + C Sin
The horizontal distance of the point from the instrument, D = K.s. Cos2 + C.
Cos
Elevation of point = RL of BM + h + v r
RESULT:
1 Tacheometric Constants
i). Multiplying constant K =
ii). Additive constant C
=
2 Distance and elevation of the point when Line of sight is horizontal
i). Distance
=
ii). Elevation
=
3 Distance and elevation of the point when Line of sight is inclined
i). Distance
=
ii). Elevation
=

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Exercise No: 5.1

To set out simple curve using linear method perpendicular offsets
from long chord.
AIM: To set out a simple curve for the given problem by linear method by taking
perpendicular offsets from long chord.
Instruments Required: Ranging rods, cross- staff, tape, chain & arrows.

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Theory: The midpoint of the long chord is given by

Oo =
Where, Oo = Mid-ordinate
R = Radius of the curve
L = Length of the long chord measured on the ground
Length of perpendicular offset at any distance x form midpoint of the long chord is
given by
Ox =

- (R-Oo)

PROBLEM:
Given:
Length of the long chord (L) = 10
Mid ordinate (Oo) = 1m
Interval along the long chord (x) = 2.5m
PROCEDURE:
1. Set T1 and T2 at distance of 80m on level ground and divide T1 and T2 and
locate mid point.
2. Measure 10m distance on either side of mid point along long chord and
locate points.

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3. Calculate the Radius using the formula,

O0 = R - R 2 - (L/2) 2
4. Calculate the ordinates of remaining points using the formula,
Ox = R - x (R O 0 )
5. Knowing the value of the perpendicular offsets (ordinate) from each of offset
points on ground by using cross staff at various points. i.e O10, O20, O30 etc
are located at a distance of 10, 20, 30.etc. from mid point of long chord.
6. Join ends of all these perpendicular offsets to get smooth simple curve.
2

OBSERVATION & TABULATION :

Distance from mid of
long chord in m

Perpendicular Offset in
m

RESULT:
Simple curve is set on the ground and observed

Exercise No: 5.2

To set out Simple curve using linear method offsets from chords
produced.

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AIM: To set out a simple circular curve by the method of deflection distances
(offsets from chords produced).
Instruments Required: Ranging rods, tape, chain & arrows.

Theory: The method is very much useful for long curves and is generally used on
highway curves when a theodolite is not available.
PROBLEM:
Two tangents intersect at chainage=1000m, the deflection angle 500. Set out
a curve of 25m radius to connect the 2 tangents by the method of deflection
distance. Take peg interval of 10m
PROCEDURE:
1) Locate the tangent point T1 and obtain its chainage as per the calculation.
Calculate the length of first subchord(C)
2) With zero at T1 spread the chain along first tangent point A1 on its such that
T1A1= C= length of first subchord.
3) With T1 as center, T1A1 as radius. Swing the chain such that arc A1.A=O1, O1=
C1

2R

Fix the point A on the curve.

4) Now stretch the chain along T1A & pull it straight in the direction point B2
such that zero of chain at A and distance C 2 C AB 2

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5) With zero of chain center at A and AB2 as radius, swing the chain to point B.
Such that B2B= O2= Length of second offset of point B on the curve.
O2 =

C 2 (C1 C 2 )
2R

6) Now stretch a chain along AB and repeat the step 4 and 5 till tangency T2 is
reached
OBSERVATION & CALCULATION:

Tangent Length ,

T= R tan

Length of curve, L=

Given chainage of point of intersection = 1000m

Chainage at T1= Chainage of P.I- Tangent Length

Chainage at T2= Chainage at T1+ Length of curve

No. of intermediate chords=

Total No. of chords=

Length of 1st sub chord, C1=

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C2= C3= C4 = C5
C6 =

Formula
O1=
O2 =

Length of offset

c2
2R

C (c C)
2R

O3 = O4= O5=
C2
R

O6 =

Where c = First Subchord

C = Intermediate Chords
c = Last Subchord

RESULT:
The curve is set out on the ground and observed.

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Exercise No: 6.0

To set out Simple curve using Rankines deflection angles method.
AIM: To set out a simple curve by Rankines deflection angles method (tangential
angle).
Instruments Required: Theodolite with tripod, Ranging rods, arrows, tape.

Theory:
A deflection angle to any point on the curve is the angle at P.C between the
back tangent and the chord from P.C to that point.

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Rankines method is based on the principles that the deflection angle to any
point on a circular curve is measured by one-half the angle subtended by the arc
from P.C to that point. It is assumed that the length of the arc is approximately
equal to its chord.

PROBLEM:
Two tangents intersect at a chainage of 1000m, the defelection angle
being 28 . Calculate all the data necessary. Set out a simple curve of 25m radius
by Rankines method and tabulate the results. Peg intervals becomes 2m, least
count of the theodolite is 20sec.
0

PROCEDURE:
1) Set the theodolite at the point T1 with both the plates clamped to zero, direct
the theodolite to bisect the point of intersection (V). The line of sight is thus
in the direction of the rare tangent.
2) Release the verniers plate. Set the angle 1 on the vernier. The line of sight is
thus directed along T1A.
3) With the zero end of the tape pointed at T1 and arrow held at distance T1A=C1
along it. Rotate the tape around T1, till arrow is bisected by the cross-hair.
Then the first point A is fixed.
4) Set the second deflection angle 2 on the vernier so that, the line of sight is
directed along T1A.
5) With the zero end of the tape pinned at A and arrow head at a distance
AB=C2 along it.
6) Move the tape around A till the arrow is bisected by cross-hair, thus fixing
the point B.
7) Repeat the procedure till the last T2 is reached.
CHECK:
The last point S0 located must co inside with the point of tangency (T2). If the
error is small, last few pegs may be adjusted. If the error is more, the whole
curve should be reset.
OBSERVATION & CALCULATION:
Radius of curve =
Deflection angle,

Department of Civil Engineering, SMVITM. Bantakal

Tangent Length ,

T= R tan

Length of curve, L=

Given chainage of point of intersection (V) =

Chainage at T1= Chainage of P.I- Tangent Length

Chainage at T2= Chainage at T1+ Length of curve

No. of intermediate chords=

Length of 1st sub chord

Length of last sub chord =

Point
s

Chaina
ge in m

Chord
length
in m

Tangential
angle,
n=
0

T1
A
B

Department of Civil Engineering, SMVITM. Bantakal

Formulae
for
Deflection
angle
n= n-1+
n

Deflection
angle

Actual
theodolite
reading

C
D
E
F
T2
CHECK:
1. The Final angle of VT1T2 =
2. Length of T1T2 = 2R sin

RESULT:
The curve is set on the field and observed.

Exercise No: 7.0

To set out Compound curve using angular metods using Theodolite.
AIM: To set a compound curve by defelection angle method.
Instruments Required: Theodolite with tripod, Ranging rods, arrows, tape.

Department of Civil Engineering, SMVITM. Bantakal

Theory: A compound curve consists of 2 simple arc of different radius curving in

the 50m direction and joint of common tangent point called Point of compound
curvature.
Rs=Smaller radius.
Rl= Larger radius.
D1, D2 = common tangents.
1=Deflection angle between rear and common tangent.
2 = Deflection angle between common and forward tangent.
= Total deflection angle.
ts =Length of tangent to the arc having smaller radius.
tl =Length of tangent to the arc having larger radius.
From fig, ts = T1D1 = D1D2= Rs tan (1/2)
tL = T2D2 = D2D= Rl tan(2/2)
From triangle BD1D2, We have,
D1B =D1D2.

= D2B = D1D.

First curve can be set out from T1 and second from D1 by the method of tangent
angle.
PROBLEM:

Department of Civil Engineering, SMVITM. Bantakal

Given that the radius of the first curve is 10m and that os second curve
is 14m. the defelection angle between real and common tangents is 1 = 200
and that between common and forward tangents is 2 = 250. Peg interval = 2m.
PROCEDURE:
1) Compound curve we can set using deflection angle method. Set the
theodolite at T1 with vernier A=0, directed along T1B.
2) Set the curve T1Das simple curve from radius RS.
3) Shift the theodolite to PCC & orient the instrument make vernier A to read
an angle (360- 1/2) and bisect the station T1 & clamp the bottom screw.
4) Turn the telescope clockwise till the vernier from A reads 00. Now telescope is
turned by 1/2 from the long chord T1D, that it is the line of sight is along
DD1, which is common tangent to the compound curve.
5) Plunge the telescope. Now the line of sight is along DD2 which is also
common tangent for the arc DT2. Set the second point of the curve using
deflection angle method till we get point T2.
CHECK:
The observation by measuring the angle T1T2 should be equal to

180 180
2
2
1 2

or

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATIONS:

Total deflection angle = 1+ 2

Length of back tangent arc T1D = D1D = ts = Rs tan

Length of tangent arc T2D = D2T2 = D2D = tL = RL tan

Tangent distance corresponding to shorter radius Ts= ts +

Department of Civil Engineering, SMVITM. Bantakal

Tangent distance corresponding to Larger radius TL= tL +

Length of curve corresponding to shorter radius Ls=

Length of curve corresponding to larger radius LL=
Chainage at T1= Chainage of P.I- Ts

Chainage at T2= Chainage at T1+ Ls + LL

Chainage at P.C.C= Chainage at T1+ Ls

1st curve
Point
s

Chaina
ge in m

Chord
length
in m

Tangential
angle,

Formulae
for
Deflection
angle
n= n-1+
n

Formulae
for
Deflection
angle
n= n-1+
n

n=
0

Deflection
angle

Actual
theodolite
reading

T1
A
B
C
PCC

2nd curve
Point
s

Chaina
ge in m

Chord
length
in m

Tangential
angle,
n=
0

Department of Civil Engineering, SMVITM. Bantakal

Deflection
angle

Actual
theodolite
reading

PCC
D
E
F
G
T2

RESULT:
The compound curve of given radii has been sent out set out by the method of
Tangential angles.

Exercise No: 8.0

To set out the centre lines of a rectangular room using offset from base line.
AIM: To set out centre line of a double rectangular room using offset from base
line.
Instruments Required: Tape, ranging rod, arrows, chain, lime powder, strings.

Department of Civil Engineering, SMVITM. Bantakal

PROBLEM:
Set out centre line for a rectangular room with the inside dimension (6X4)m
and (4X6)m with wall thickness 0.3m, using offset from base line.

PROCEDURE:
1. 1) Centre line distance of a rectangular room is calculated.
2. The perpendicular offset to corner of building is marked on a sheet.
3. The perpendicular offset to the corner of the building is established from
previous chosen base line. Then it is established by using 3-4-5 method.
4. The offset to base line is established using tape by measuring the required
distance along perpendicular line.

Department of Civil Engineering, SMVITM. Bantakal

5. The other corner position is established by measuring the required distance

in the same perpendicular line.
6. Similarly other points are also established.
7. Points are joined using lime powder and string to get the centre line of the
room.
8. The accuracy of the work is checked by measuring the diagonal of the rooms
RESULT:
Centre line of the double rectangular room is set out on the ground. The
diagonal length for the room with dimensions (6X4)m = _____________ and
(4X6)m = ____________.

Exercise No: 9.0

To set out the centre lines of Columns of a building using two base lines at right angles.
AIM: To set out centre line of columns of the building two base lines at right
angles.

Department of Civil Engineering, SMVITM. Bantakal

Instruments Required: Tape, ranging rod, arrows, chain, lime powder, strings.

PROCEDURE:
1. Prismatic compass is set at column A and central line AA fixed with respect
to north by stretching a string between arrows driven at ends.
2. Central line 1-1 which is horizontal to central line AA is marked by setting out
right angles by forming a triangles with (3,4,5,rule) using a steel tape.
3. The other central lines of column are marked with reference to central lines
AA and as per the plan measurements.
4. The column pits and other lines of the foundation trench of the entire wall
are set by measuring distance from the central line on either side of it equal
to the trench width.
5. Column pits and outer trench pits are marked on the ground using lime
powder.

RESULT:
The central line of columns of the given plan is positioned on the side.

Total Station

Department of Civil Engineering, SMVITM. Bantakal

Total station is a modern survey instrument. It is a combination of an electronic

theodolite and distance measuring instrument i.e. Distometer(EDM). With the help
of this instrument it is possible to do the horizontal and vertical distance as well as
angle measurements. It determine the coordinates of a reflector by aligning the
instrument cross hairs on the reflector which simultaneously measures horizontal
and vertical angles and slope distances. A microprocessor is incorporated in to this
instrument which takes the care of recording, reading and necessary computation.
The data which are stored in to a memory card can be transferred to a computer
where it can be used to produce different types of drawings.

Department of Civil Engineering, SMVITM. Bantakal

Total station instrument releigh on the basis of propagation, reflection nad

reception of light ray. In total station instrument laser beam is generated, which
travels from the instrument and reaches to the prism or reflector, after reaching to
the prism, it reflects back to the instrument which is again received by a sensor
and the measurements aare displayed on a digital screen.
Uses
1.
2.
3.
4.

of total station:
It measures horizontal and vertical angles to the accuracy of one second.
It measures horizontal and vertical distances, coordinates, bearings etc.
It is also used for setting out the points, lines and curves.
It is useful to measure the remote place distances and the elevation of
inaccessible objects.
5. It is useful to prepare contour maps.
6. It can be sending or receives data from comport.
Advantages of total station:
1. It is a most precise instrument which requires lesser time compare to the
ordinary theodolite.
2. Simultaneous measurement of horizontal and vertical angles and bearings of
a point can be taken from a single set up of the instrument.
3. It is very much useful in hill station, steep ground, across a river etc., where
it is difficult to use the ordinary instruments.

Department of Civil Engineering, SMVITM. Bantakal