Mole Concept

Chapter 1 Mole Concept | 1
Mole Concept
1.1 Laws of Chemical Combinations
1.1.1 Law of Conservation of Mass (Lavoisier)

Mass cannot be created or destroyed. In any physical or chemical process, the total
mass of the system remain conserved. This law is not applicable to the nuclear
processes, where mass and energy are inter-conversable by the Einsteins equation,
E = Dmc2, (c is the speed of light).
1.1.2 Law of Constant Composition or Definite Proportion (Proust)

The composition of a compound always remains fixed and it is independent to the

source from which the compound is obtained. This law cannot be applied to the
compound obtained by using different isotopes of the elements, selectively.
1.1.3 Law of Multiple Proportion (Dalton)

If two elements combine to form more than one compound, then for the fixed mass
of one element, the mass of other element combined will be in simple ratio.
1.1.4 Law of Reciprocal Proportion (Richter)

If the two elements combine separately with a third element, the mass ratio of the
first two elements combined with a fixed mass of the third element will be equal
to or in simple ratio to the mass ratio of first two elements in a compound formed
by their direct combination.
1.1.5 Gay Lussacs Law of Volume Combination

This law is applicable to only those chemical reactions in which at least two
reaction components are gaseous. According to this law the volumes of all gaseous
reactants reacted and the volumes of all gaseous products formed, measured at the
same pressure and temperature, bear a simple ratio.
2 | Chapter 1 Mole Concept
Example 1 A 15.9 g sample of sodium carbonate is added to a solution of acetic acid
weighing 20.0 g. The two substances react, releasing carbon dioxide gas to the atmosphere.
After reaction, the contents of the reaction vessel weigh 29.3 g. What is the mass of carbon
dioxide given off during the reaction?
Solution The total mass of reactants taken = 15.9 + 20.0 = 35.9 g. From the conservation
of mass, the final mass of the contents of the vessel should also be 35.9 g. But it is only
29.3 g. The difference is due to the mass of released carbon dioxide gas.

Hence, the mass of carbon dioxide gas released = 35.9 29.3 = 6.6 g
Example 2 When a mixture of aluminium powder and iron (III) oxide is ignited, it produced
molten iron and aluminium oxide. In an experiment, 5.40 g of aluminium was mixed with
18.50 g of iron (III) oxide. At the end of the reaction, the mixture contained 11.17 g of iron,
10.20 g of aluminium oxide, and an undetermined amount of unreacted iron (III) oxide. No
aluminium was left. What is the mass of the iron (III) oxide left?
Solution From the conservation of mass, the total mass of the reaction system should be
conserved. Hence,

total mass of Al and Iron (III) oxide taken = total mass of iron and aluminium
oxide formed + the mass of Iron (III) oxide left

or, 5.40 + 18.50 = 11.17 + 10.20 + mass of Iron (III) oxide left
\ Mass of Iron (III) oxide left = 2.53 g

Example 3 10 g of potassium chlorate is heated strongly by which a part of it decomposes as
2KClO3 $ 2KCl + 3O2
and the rest amount decomposes as
4KClO3 $ 3KClO4 + KCl
If the mass of oxygen gas escaped out is 0.48 g, what is the total mass of the solid residue
at the end of reaction?
Solution As 10 g of KClO3 is decomposed, the total mass of products formed will also
be 10 g. But, since 0.48 g oxygen gas is escaped out, the total mass of solid residue is
100.48 = 9.52 g
Example 4 An experiment requires 43.7 g of isopropyl alcohol. Instead of measuring out
the sample on a balance, a chemist dispenses the liquid into a graduated cylinder. The
density of isopropyl alcohol is 0.785 g/mL. What volume of isopropyl alcohol should he
use?
mass, m
Solution
Density, d =
volume, V

V =
43.7 g
m
=
= 55.7 mL
0.785 g/mL
d
Example 5 One litre of milk weighs 1.035 kg. The butter fat present in it occupies 4% of its
volume. If the density of fat is 875 kg/m3, what is the density of fat free skimmed milk?
Solution The total mass of milk = mass of fat + mass of fat free skimmed milk
or,
or,
mmilk = (V.d)fat + (V.d)fat free milk
875 kg
d kg
m `1 L # 96 j # c
m
1.035 kg = `1 L # 4 j # c
100
100
1000 L
1000 L

\ Density of fat free milk, d = 1042 kg/m3
Example 6 105 g water is saturated with ammonia gas to form a solution of density
0.9375 g/mL and containing 30% ammonia, by mass. What is the volume of solution
formed?
Solution The solution contains 30% ammonia and hence, from mass conservation, the
rest 70% will be water. It means that 100 g of solution contains 70 g water.

70 g water results 100 g solution
100
\ 105 g water will result
105 = 150 g solution.

70
150 g
m
=
= 160 mL

Now, the volume of solution formed, V =
0.9375 g/mL
d
Example 7 A nugget of gold and quartz weighs 100 g. The densities of gold, quartz and
the nugget are 19.3, 2.65 and 6.4 g/mL, respectively. Determine the weight of gold in the
nugget.
Solution Let 100 g of the nugget contains x g gold. Then, the rest (100 x) g will be
quartz. Now, as the nugget is a mixture of solids, the volume of nugget may be assumed as
sum of volumes of gold and quartz present in it.

Vnugget = Vgold + Vquartz
x
100
(100 - x )
=
+
19.3
6.4
2.65
or,
\ Mass of gold present, x = 67.92 g
Example 8 A clay sample contains 50% silica and 12% water. The sample is dried
partially. If the partially dried clay contains 7% water, what will be the percentage of silica
in it?
Solution On drying, the loss will occur only in the mass of water present. The mass
composition of silica and all other contents present should be constant. It means that
mass % of silica
mass % of silica

=
mass % of other contents original clay mass % of other contents partially dried clay

x
50
=
100 - ( x 7)
100 - (50 12)
or, percentage of silica in partially dried clay, x = 52.84%
or,
Example 9 The following are results of analysis of two samples of the same or two different
compounds of phosphorus and chlorine. From these results, decide whether the two samples
are from the same or different compounds. Also state the law, which will be obeyed by the
given samples.
Compound
Amount P
Amount Cl
Compound A
1.156 g
3.971 g
Compound B
1.542 g
5.297 g
Solution The mass ratio of phosphorus and chlorine in compound A,

mP : mCl = 1.156 : 3.971 = 0.2911 : 1.000

The mass ratio of phosphorus and chlorine in compound B,

mP : mCl = 1.542 : 5.297 = 0.2911 : 1.000

As the mass ratio is same, both the compounds are same and the samples obey the
law of definite proportion.
Example 10 Two oxide samples of lead were heated in the current of hydrogen and were
reduced to the metallic lead. The following data were obtained

(i) Weight of yellow oxide taken = 3.45 g; Loss in weight in reduction = 0.24 g

(ii) Weight of brown oxide taken = 1.227 g; Loss in weight in reduction = 0.16 g.
Show that the data illustrates the law of multiple proportion.
Solution When the oxide of lead is reduced in the current of hydrogen, metallic lead is
formed. Definitely, the loss in weight in reduction is due to removal of the oxygen present
in the oxide, to combine with the hydrogen. Therefore, the composition of the yellow
oxide is:

oxygen = 0.24 g and lead = 3.45 0.24 = 3.21 g.
m
3.21
13.375

The mass ratio of lead and oxygen, r1 = Pb =
=
mO
0.24
1.000

and the composition of the brown oxide is:

oxygen = 0.16 g and lead = 1.227 0.16 = 1.067 g.
The mass ratio of lead and oxygen, r2 =
Now, r1 : r2 = 13.375:6.669 = 2 : 1 (simple ratio) and hence, the data illustrates the
law of multiple proportion.
mPb
1.067
6.669
=
=
mO
0.16
1.000
Example 11 Methane contains 75 % carbon and 25% hydrogen, by mass. Carbon
dioxide contains 27.27 % carbon and 72.73% oxygen, by mass. Water contains 11.11 %
hydrogen and 88.89% oxygen, by mass. Show that the data illustrates the law of reciprocal
proportion.
Solution Methane and carbon dioxide, both contains carbon and hence, carbon may be
considered as the third element. Now, let the fixed mass of carbon = 1 g. Then,
25
1

the mass of hydrogen combined with 1 g carbon in methane =
= g
75
3
72.73 8
= g
27.27 3
and the mass of oxygen combined with 1 g carbon in carbon dioxide =
Hence, the mass ratio of hydrogen and oxygen combined with the fixed mass of
1 8 1
carbon, r1 = : =
3 3 8
11.11 1
Now, the mass ratio of hydrogen and oxygen in water, r2 =
=
88.89 8
As r1 and r2 are same, the data is according to the law of reciprocal proportion.
Note: You may also solve the problem by taking hydrogen or oxygen as the third element.
Try yourself.
Example 12 2.5 mL of a gaseous hydrocarbon exactly requires 12.5 mL oxygen for

complete combustion and produces 7.5 mL carbon dioxide and 10.0 mL water vapour.
All the volumes are measured at the same pressure and temperature. Show that the data
illustrates Gay Lussacs law of volume combination.
Solution Vhydrocarbon : Voxygen : Vcarbon dioxide : Vwater vapour = 2.5 : 12.5 : 7.5 : 10.0

= 1 : 5 : 3 : 4 (simple ratio)
Hence, the data is according to the law of volume combination.
1.2 Atoms and Molecules

1.2.1 Atom may be defined as the smallest particle of an element which does not exist
free in nature but takes part directly in chemical combinations. Atom of any
element is represented by the symbol of that element. For example, hydrogen atom
is represented by H, sodium atom is represented by Na, etc.
1.2.2 Molecule may be defined as the smallest particle of an element or compound which
exists free in nature but does not participate directly in chemical combinations.
Molecule of any substance is represented by their molecular formula, which tells
the exact number of atoms of same or different elements present in each molecule
of that substance. For example, water molecule is represented by H2O. It tells that
each water molecule contains two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.
Atoms of inert gases exist free in nature.
The term molecule should not be used for the ionic compounds. The perfect
term for them is formula unit, which represents the simple ratio of the ions
present in the compound.
The smallest particles of metals are always atoms, not molecules.
1.3 Atomic Weight

1.3.1 The atomic weight of an element represents the number of times by which one
1
th part by weight of one atom of C12
atom of the element is heavier than
12
isotope.
weight of one atom of the element

Atomic weight of an element = 1
weight of one atom of C12 isotope
12
1.3.2 Atomic Mass Unit (amu) unified mass (u)

It represents
1
th part by weight of one atom of C12 isotope.
12
1
1 u =
g = 1.66 1024 g
NA
(NA = Avogadros number = 6.023 1023)
1.3.3 If the atomic weight of an element is A, then the weight of one atom of the element
is A amu and the weight of NAatoms of the element is A g. When atomic weight of
any element is expressed in gram, it is called g-atomic weight of that element.
1.3.4 Weight and number of atoms of an element are related as:
wt. (in gm)
NA

No. of atoms =
gm. at. wt
1.3.5 Concept of g-atom

One g-atom of any element contains NA atoms and hence, weighs equal to its
g-atomic weight.
wt. (in gm)
No. of atoms

No. of g-atoms =
=
NA
gm. at. wt.
1.3.6 The atomic weight of most of the element is fractional due to the presence of
isotopes. The average atomic weight of an element may be calculated from its
isotopic composition as
(percentage abundance atomic weight)

Average atomic weight =
100
Example 13 The atomic mass of calcium is 40. How many atoms are present in 2g
calcium?
wt. (in gm)

2
NA =
(6.0231023) = 3.0115 1022
gm. at. wt.
40
Solution No. of Ca-atoms =
Example 14 The point given as full stop at the end of a sentence by a graphite pencil
weighs 21012 g. How many carbon atoms are present in such a point?
wt. (in gm)
NA
Solution No. of C-atoms =
gm. at. wt.
=

2 10-12
(6.0231023) = 1.004 1011
12
Example 15 What is the mass of 3.01151020 atoms of mercury? The atomic weight of
mercury is 200.
wt. (in gm)

NA
gm. at. wt.
no. of atoms
3.0115 1020
weight =
gm. at. wt. =
200 = 0.1 g
NA
6.0231023
Solution No. of atoms =

Example 16 The specific gravity of the stainless steel spherical balls used in ball-bearings
are 10.2. How many iron atoms are present in each ball of diameter 1 cm if the balls
contain 84% iron, by mass? The atomic mass of iron is 56.
Solution Volume of a ball =
4 3
4
1
3.14 ( cm)3 = 0.523 cm3
pr =
3
3
2
Mass of a ball =
V d = 0.523 cm3 10.2 g.cm3 = 5.33 g
Mass of iron present in a ball = 5.33
\ No. of iron atoms =

=
84
= 4.48 g
100
wt. (in gm)

NA
gm. at. wt.
4.48
(6.023 1023) = 4.82 1022
56
Example 17 Morphine contains 67.3% carbon, 4.6% nitrogen (by mass) and remaining
are the other constituents. Calculate the relative number of carbon and nitrogen atoms in
morphine.
Solution Let there is 100 g morphine. Then the masses of carbon and nitrogen present
are 67.3 and 4.6 g, respectively. Now,
w
67.3
NA
NA
A
C
12
No. of C-atoms
17

=
=
=
4.6
w
No. of N-atoms
1
NA
NA
14
A
N
Example 18 The density of mercury is 13.6 g/mL. Calculate the diameter of an atom of
mercury assuming that each atom of mercury is occupying a cube of edge length equal to
the diameter of the mercury atom. (Hg = 200)
Solution Let the diameter of the mercury atom as well as the edge length of cube is lcm.
Now,

the volume of one atom = volume of cube = (l cm)3
mass of one atom

or,
= (l cm)3
density
1/3

200 1.66 10-24
cm = 2.9108 cm

or,
l =
13.6
Example 19 Calculate the number of neutrons present in 7 mg of C14.

Solution No. of neutrons in one C14-atom = mass no. atomic no. = 14 6 = 8

and no. of atoms =
wt. (in gm)

7 10-3
NA =
(6.0231023) = 3.0115
gm. at. wt
14
1020
\ Total number of neutrons present = 8 (3.0115 1020) = 2.409 1021
Example 20 Calculate the number of g-atoms in the following:

(a) 3.5 g nitrogen

(b) 100 mL mercury (density = 13.6 g/mL, Hg = 200)
(c) 1.506 1022 atoms of hydrogen
(d) 6.023 1020 molecules of ozone
Solution (a) No. of g-atoms =

wt. (in gm)

3.5
=
= 0.25
gm. atomic wt.
14
wt. (in gm)

V d
100 13.6
=
=
= 6.8
gm. atomic wt.
A
200
no. of atoms
1.506 1022
(c) N
o. of g-atoms =
=
= 0.025
NA
6.0231023
no. of atoms
(6.0231020 ) 3
=
= 0.003
(d) N
o. of g-atoms =
NA
6.0231023
(b) N
o. of g-atoms =
Example 21 From 10 g calcium, 3.0115 1022 atoms are removed. Calculate the number
of g-atoms of calcium left. (Ca = 40).
Solution No. of g-atoms of Ca left = g-atoms of Ca taken g-atoms of Ca removed

wt. (in gm)

no. of atoms
NA
gm. atomic wt.
22
3.0115 10
10
=
= 0.20
40
6.0231023
Example 22 In nature, lithium exists in two isotopic forms, Li6 (at. mass = 5.9456,
abundance = 10%) and Li7 (at. mass = 6.9832, percentage abundance = 90%). What is
the average atomic mass of lithium?
Solution Average atomic mass =
(percentage abundance
100
atomic weight)
10 5.9456 90 6.9832
= 6.8794
100
Example 23 K40 is one of the few naturally occurring radioactive isotopes of elements of
low atomic number. Its percent natural abundance is 0.012%. How many K40 atoms do you
ingest by drinking one cup of whole milk containing 370 mg K? Average atomic weight of
K = 39.
wt. (in gm)
NA
Solution No. of K-atoms =
gm. at. wt.
=

\ No. of K40-atoms =
370 10-3
(6.0231023) = 5.7141018
39
0.012
(5.7141018) = 6.8571014
100
Example 24 A sample of oxygen contains only O16 and O18 atoms in 4000:1 atomic ratio.
Calculate the average neutrons per oxygen atom?
Solution Average neutrons per atom =
total neutrons
total atoms
4000 (16 - 8) 1 (18 - 8)

= 8.0005
4000 1
1.4 Molecular Weight

1.4.1 The Molecular weight of a substance represents the number of times by which
1
th part by weight of one atom of
one molecule of the substance is heavier that
12
12
C isotope.
weight of one molecule of the substance

Molecular weight of a substance =
1
weight of one atom of C12 isotope
12
1.4.2 Molecular weight of any substance may be given as the sum of atomic weights of
all the atoms present in each molecule.
1.4.3 If the molecular weight of a substance is M, then the weight of one molecule of
the substance is M u and the weight of NA molecules of the substance is M g.
When the molecular weight of any substance is expressed in gram, it is called
gram molecular weight.
1.4.4 Weight and number of molecules of any substance are related as:
wt. (in gm)
NA
No. of molecules =
gm. mol. wt.
1.4.5 Concept of g-molecule

One g-molecule of any substance contains NA molecules and hence, weighs equal
to its g-molecular weight. In addition to it, one g-molecule of an ideal gas occupies
22.7 L at STP (pressure = 1 bar and temperature = 273 K) or 22.4 L at 1 atm and
273 K.
wt. (in gm)
No. of molecules
=
No. of g-molecules =
NA
gm. mol. wt.
Volume of gas at STP

Volume of gas at 1 atm and 273 K
=
=
22.7 L
22.4 L

Note: STP means standard temperature and pressure. IUPAC and hence, NCERT has
changed the value of standard pressure from 1 atm to 1 bar. Most of the books are using
the earlier concept and they take the volume of an ideal gas at STP (1 atm and 273 K) equal
to 22.4 L. In this book, STP is strictly used as 1 bar and 273 K and hence the corresponding
volume is taken as 22.7 L. 22.4 L is used only when STP is mentioned as 1 atm and 273 K.
1.4.6 Average molecular weight of any non-reacting gaseous mixture
When percentage composition is given by volume,

Mmix =
(volume percent
mol. wt.)
100
(For the non-reacting gaseous mixtures, the composition by volume and mole
are identical)
When percentage composition is given by weight,
Weight percent
100
=
M mix
mol. wt.
Example 25 How many molecules are present in 45 g glucose, C6H12O6?

Solution Molecular weight of glucose = 6 12 + 12 1 + 6 16 = 180

wt. (in gm)

NA
gm. mol. wt.
45
=
(6.0231023) = 1.5061023
180
Now, no. of molecules =
Example 26 The population of India is 1.004 billion. If you have to distribute two million
cane sugar (C12H22O11) molecules to each person, how many gram of sugar should you
need?
Solution No. of sugar molecules needed = (1.004 109) (2 106) = 2.008 1015

Now,
Molecular weight of sugar = 12 12 + 22 1 + 11 16 = 342

no. of molecules
mol. wt.
wt. of sugar needed =
NA
2.008 1015
342 = 1.14 106 g
6.0231023
Example 27 If molecular weight of glucose-1-phosphate is 260 and its density is 1.5g/mL.

What is the average volume occupied by each molecule of this compound?
Solution Volume occupied by one molecule =
mass of one molecule

density
260 1.66 10-24

= 2.881022 mL
1.5

Example 28 The shape of Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) is cylindrical, having length and
diameter 3000 and 170 , respectively. The density of the virus is 0.08 g/mL. What is the
molecular weight of TMV?
=
Solution Volume of a virus particle = pr2l

= 3.14 (
170
108 cm)2 (3000108 cm) = 6.81 1017 cm3
2
Mass of a virus particle = V d = (6.81 107) 0.08 = 5.448 1018 g

Molecular weight of virus = (5.448 1018) (6.023 1023) = 3.28 106
Example 29 Each molecule of a substance contains 7 atoms of carbon, 14 atoms of

hydrogen and 5.331023 g of other elements. What is the molecular weight of substance?
Solution Mass of one molecule = 712 u + 141 u +
5.3310-23
u
1.66 10-24

= 130.1 u

Hence, the molecular weight of the substance = 130.1
Example 30 A mixture of 1.65 1021 molecules of X and 1.85 1021 molecules of Y
weighs 0.638 g. If the molecular weight of X is 42, what is the molecular weight of Y?
Solution mmix = mX + mY
no. of molecules
no. of molecules
mol. wt. +
mol. wt.
=
NA
NA
or, 0.638 =
or,
1.65 1021
1.85 1021
MY
23 42 +
6.02310
6.0231023
MY = 170.27
Example 31 The atomic ratio of H1 to H3 in a sample of water is 1 : 8 108. Calculate

the number of H3 atoms in 9.0 g of such water sample.
Solution Average atomic weight of hydrogen =

1 1 3 8 10-8
1
1 8 10-8
Hence, molecular weight of water = 2 1 + 1 16 = 18

9.0
(6.023 1023) = 3.0115 1023
Now, no. of water molecules =
18
No. of hydrogen atoms = 2 (3.0115 1023) = 6.023 1023
8 10-8
\ No. of H3-atoms =
(6.023 1023) = 4.82 1016
1 8 10-8
Example 32 How many formula units are present in 715 mg washing soda,
Na2CO310H2O?
Solution Formula unit weight of Na2CO310H2O

= 2 23 + 1 12 + 3 16 + 10 18 = 286
weight (in gm)
NA

Now, no. of formula units =
gm formula unit weight
=
715 10-3
(6.0231023) = 1.506 1021
286
Example 33 How many hydrogen atoms are present in 9.6 g urea, NH2CONH2?
Solution Molecular weight of urea = 2 14 + 4 1 + 1 12 + 1 16 = 60

No. of urea molecules =
wt. (in gm)

NA
gm mol. wt.
9.6
(6.0231023) = 9.6368 1022
60

As each urea molecule contain four hydrogen atoms,

the total number of hydrogen atoms = 4 (9.6368 1022) = 3.855 1023
Example 34 Calculate the number of electrons present in 1.90 g phosphate ion, PO34 - .
The atomic numbers of phosphorus and oxygen are 15 and 8, respectively and their atomic
masses are 31 and 16, respectively.
Solution The ionic mass of phosphate ion = 1 31 + 4 16 = 95

Now,
the no. of PO34 - ions =
wt. (in gm)

NA
gm ionic wt.
1.90
(6.023 1023) = 1.2046 1022
95
and no. of electrons in one PO34 - ion = 1 15 + 4 8 + 3 = 50
\ Total number of electrons present = 50 (1.2046 1022) = 6.023 1023
Example 35 Calculate the number of g-molecules in the followings:
(a) 2.45 g sulphuric acid, H2SO4

(b) 3.0115 1024 molecules of SO3
(c) 1.2046 1022 atoms of nitrogen
(d) 16.8 L of oxygen gas at STP (1 atm and 0C)
Solution

(a) No. of g-molecules =
wt. (in gm)

2.45
=
= 0.025
gm mol. wt.
98
(b) No. of g-molecules =
no. of molecules
3.0115 1024
=
=5
NA
6.0231023
(c) No. of g-molecules =
no. of molecules
(1.2046 1022 ) / 2
=
= 0.01
NA
6.0231023
(d) No. of g-molecules =
vol. of gas at 1 atm and 0C (in L)

16.8
=
= 0.75
22.4
22.4
Example 36 A gaseous mixture of methane and ethane contains 40% methane, by

volume. What is the average molecular weight of the mixture?
Solution Mmix =
(volume percent
mol. wt.)
100
40 16 + 60 30
= 24.4
100
Example 37 A sample of ozonised oxygen contains 60% ozone, by weight. What is the
average molecular weight of the sample?
Solution
100 =
Mmix
Msample =
Weight percent
mol. wt.
60
40
per. of O3
per. of O2
+
=
+
= 2.5
48
32
M O3
M O2
100
= 40
2.5
Example 38 The composition of a sample of air is N2 = 80% and O2 = 20%, by volume.

What will be the composition of the air sample, by weight?
Solution Mair =

(vol. percent mol. wt.)

100
80 28 20 32
= 28.80
100
Let the weight percent of N2 in air is x. Then the percentage of O2 will be (100
x).
Weight percent
100 =
Mmix
mol. wt.
Now,
or,
or,
x = 77.78
\ Composition of air, by weight: N2 = 77.78% and O2 = 22.22%
x
100
100 - x
=
+
28
28.80
32
1.5 Mole
1.5.1 The term mole is S.I. unit to represent the quantity of any substance. One mole of
any substance contains same number of particles of that kind as the number of
atoms present in exactly 12 g of C-12 isotope.

For example,

1 mole atom = NA atoms
(it is also called 1 g-atom)
1 mole molecule = NA molecules (it is also called 1 g-molecule)

1 mole ions = NA ions
(it is also called 1 g-ion)

Mole can be used to represent the quantity of any substance like atom, molecule,
ion, rupee, etc. As these are the molecules, which have independent existence,
the term mole is mainly used for molecules and hence, mole normally appears as
g-molecule. The working formula for determination of mole will be similar to the
determination of g-molecule.
1.5.2 For gases, the amount may also be expressed in terms of pressure (p), volume (V)
and temperature (T) in place of weight or mole (n). These physical quantities are
related by ideal or perfect gas equation as

pV = nRT

where
R = Universal gas constant

= 0.082 L-atm/K-mol
= 8.314 J/K-mol

2 cal/K-mol

Units of Pressure and their Relation

1 atm = 76 cm of Hg
= 760 mm of Hg
= 760 torr (1 torr = 1mm of Hg)
= 1.013 106 dyne/cm2
= 1.013 105 N/m2or Pa
= 1.013 bar (1 bar = 105 Pa)

Units of Volume and their Relation

1 mL = 1 cm3 = 1 c.c.

1 L = 1000 mL = 1 dm3

1 m3 = 1000 L = 106 mL

Units of Temperature and their Relation

T = 273 + t

where
T = absolute temperature is Kelvin

t = temperature in C
w
pM
=
V
RT
where, M = molecular weight of gas
The ratio of densities of two gases under identical conditions of pressure and
temperature is equal to the ratio of their molar masses.
1.5.3 Density of an ideal gas, d =

1.5.4 Vapour density of any substance is the ratio of density of that substance to the
density of hydrogen gas under identical conditions of temperature and pressure.
However, in some cases, vapour density may also be given with respect to air or
other gases. When vapour density is given with respect to hydrogen, it is half of
the molecular weight of the substance.
M -M
, where
1.5.5 The degree of dissociation of a gaseous substance is given as: a = 0
( n -1)M
M0 is the molecular weight of the original compound, M is the average molecular
weight of the gaseous mixture formed after dissociation and n is the number of
moles of the different gaseous substances formed from each mole of the compound
dissociated.
1.5.6 Avogadros Hypothesis

Under identical conditions of pressure and temperature, equal volumes of all the
gases contain equal number of molecules.
Example 39 Calculate the mass of the following:

(a) 0.01 mole glucose, C6H12O6

(c) 0.8 g-molecule oxygen
Solution
No. of moles, n =
(b) 2.5 mole ammonia, NH3

(d) 1.25 g-atom magnesium (Mg = 24)
wt. (in gm), w

gm mol. wt., M
(a) Molecular weight of C6H12O6 = 6 12 + 12 1 + 6 16 = 180
w = n M
Now,
(b) Molecular weight of NH3 = 1 14 + 3 1 = 17
Now,
w = n M = 2.5 17 = 42.5 g
(c)
w = n M = 0.8 32 = 25.6 g
(d)
w = n M = 1.25 24 = 30 g
w = n M = 0.01 180 = 1.80 g
Example 40 Dopamine is a neurotransmitter, a molecule that serves to transmit message
in the brain. The chemical formula of dopamine is C8H11O2N. How many moles are there
in 1 g of dopamine?
Solution Molecular weight of dopamine = 8 12 + 11 1 + 2 16 + 1 14 = 153

Now,
no. of moles, n =
wt. (in gm), w

1
=
= 0.00654
gm mol. wt., M
153
Example 41 The volume of one mole of water at 4C is 18 mL. One mL of water contains
20 drops. How many molecules are present in one drop of water?
1
= 0.05 mL
20
Mass of a drop of water = V d = 0.05 1 = 0.05 g
Solution Volume of a drop of water =

(Density of water is given as 1 g/mL, as 1 mole of water, i.e., 18 g occupy 18 mL)

0.05

Number of moles of water present in a drop =
18
0.05

\ Number of water molecules present in a drop =
(6.023 1023)
18

= 1.67 1021
Example 42 A certain nut crunch cereal is listed as containing 11 g of sugar, C12H22O11,
per serving size of 60 g. How many servings (in gram) of this cereal must one eat to consume
0.0278 mole of sugar?
Solution Molecular weight of sugar = 12 12 + 22 1 + 11 16 = 342

Hence, weight of sugar = n M = 0.0278342 = 9.508 g
11 g of sugar is present in the serving size of 60 g

60

\ 9.508 g sugar will be present in
9.508 = 51.86 g
11
Example 43 A given mixture consists only of pure substance X and pure substance Y. The
total weight of the mixture is 3.72 g. The total number of moles is 0.06. If the weight of one
mole of Y is 48 g and there is 0.02 mole of X in the mixture, what is the weight of one mole
of X?

Solution

mMix = mX + mY = (n M)X + (n M)Y

or,
3.72 = 0.02 MX + (0.06 0.02) 48
or,
MX = 90
\ Weight of one mole of X = 90 g
Example 44 0.11 g of a colourless oxide of nitrogen occupies 41 mL at 27C and 1.5 atm.
Identify the oxide.
Solution The ideal gas equation is pV = nRT =

M =
w
RT
M
0.11 0.082 (27 273)

wRT
=
= 44
1.5 (41 10-3 )
pV
Now, let the formula of oxide is NxOy. Its molecular weight will be 14x + 16y.
But from calculation it is 44. By hit and trial method, x = 2, y = 1 and hence, the
formula of oxide is N2O.
Example 45 One molecule of haemoglobin will combine with four molecules of oxygen.
If 1.0 g of haemoglobin combines with 1.53 mL of oxygen at body temperature (37C) and a
pressure of 743 torr, what is the molar mass of haemoglobin?
pV
Solution Mole of oxygen combined with haemoglobin, n =
RT
743 1.53
760 1000

=
= 5.88105
0.082 (37 273)

4 molecules of oxygen combine with 1 molecule of haemoglobin

or, 4 mole of oxygen combine with 1 mole of haemoglobin

\ 5.88 105 mole of oxygen will combine with
1
(5.88105)
4

= 1.47105 mole of haemoglobin

But from question, haemoglobin combined should be 1.0 g.

Now,
w = n M
w
1

or, molecular weight of haemoglobin, M =
=
= 68027.21
n
1.47 10-5
Example 46 Calculate the density of nitrogen gas at STP (1 atm and 0C).
Solution Density of any substance is independent to its amount and hence, density may
be calculated by taking any amount of the matter. Let, we have 1 mole of nitrogen gas. Its
weight will be 28 g and volume will be 22.4 L at STP (1 atm and 0C).
w
28 g

\
Density, d =
=
= 1.25 g/L
V
22.4 L
Alternate method
pM
1 28
=
= 1.25 g/L

Density, d =
RT
0.082 273
Example 47 The density of a gaseous substance is 1.5 (C2H6 = 1). Calculate the volume
occupied by 9.0 g of the gaseous substance at STP (1 atm and 0C).
d
Solution From question, substance = 1.5
dC2H6

But the ratio of densities is equal to the ratio of their molecular weights and
hence,
Msubstance, M = 1.5 M C2H6 = 1.5 30 = 45
Now, the volume occupied by the gas, V = n 22.4 L

w
9
22.4 L =
22.4 L

=
M
45

= 4.48 L
Example 48 The density of mercury vapour is 6.92 with respect to air. If the average molar
mass of air is 29 g/mol, what is the atomicity of mercury in vapour state? (Hg=200)
Solution Let the atomicity of mercury in vapour state is x. Its molecular formula may
be expressed as Hgx.

From question,
or,

or,
dHg x
dair
M Hg x
M air
= 6.92
= 6.92
200 x
= 6.92
29
Atomicity, x 1 (as it can never be fractional)
Example 49 A gaseous mixture of SO3 and SO2 contain 40% SO3, by mole. What is the
percentage of SO3 in the mixture, by mass?
Solution Let we have 100 mole of the mixture. Then, it will contain 40 mole SO3 and
rest (100 40) = 60 mole SO2.

Now, mass of SO3 present = n M = 40 80 = 3200 g

and mass of SO2 present = n M = 60 64 = 3840 g

\ Total mass of mixture = 3200 + 3840 = 7040 g
3200
100 = 45.45%

Hence, mass percent of SO3 =
7040
Example 50 A gaseous mixture contains 4 g oxygen and 14 g nitrogen. What is the average
molecular weight of the mixture?
Solution

or,
or,
nmix = nO2 + nN2

w
w
w
= +
M O2
M N2
M mix
4 14
4
14
=
+
M mix
32
28
Mmix = 28.8
Example 51 The vapour density of a gaseous mixture of N2O4 and NO2 is 40. How many
moles of NO2 are present in (a) 100 mole of mixture (b) 100 g of mixture?
Solution
(a) Let the mole of NO2 in 100 moles of mixture is x.

Then, the mole of N2O4 = 100 x
Now,
mmix = mNO2 + mN2O4
or,
or,
\
(b) Let the mass of NO2 in 100 g of mixture is y g.

Then, the mass of N2O4 = (100 y) g
Now,
nmix = nNO2 + mN2O4
or,
(n M)mix = ( n M )NO2 + ( n M )N2O4

100 (40 2) = x 46 + (100 x) 92
Mole of NO2, x = 26.09
w
w
w
+
=
M mix
M NO2
M N2O4
or,
y
100
100 - y
=
+
46
2 40
92
mass of NO2, y = 15 g
15
= 0.326

And mole of NO2 =
46
Alternate Method

After solving part A, part B may also be solved easily as:

100

Total moles of the mixture =
= 1.25
80

Let the moles of NO2 in the mixture is z, then the moles of N2O4 in the mixture
= (1.25 z)

Now,
mmix = mNO2 + mN2O4

or,
100 = z 46 + (1.25 z) 92
Hence, moles of NO2, z = 0.326
Note: Any problem of non-reacting gaseous mixture may be solved by applying mass and
mole conservations.
Example 52 The molecular weight of a sample of PCl5 is found to be 180. What is the
degree of dissociation of PCl5 into PCl3 and Cl2?
Solution Degree of dissociation, a =

Here,

and

M0 - M
( n -1)M
M0 = M PCl = 1 31 + 5 35.5 = 208.5

5
M = 180 (from question)

n = 2 (for the reaction: PCl5 PCl3 + Cl2)
M -M
208.5 -180
a = 0
=
= 0.1139
( n -1)M
(2 -1) 180
Example 53 The density of a sample of SO3 is 6.2 g/L at 27C and 2.05 atm. What is the
degree of dissociation of SO3 into SO2 and O2?
PM
Solution
Density, d =
RT
dRT
6.2 0.082 300

\
M =
=
= 74.4
P
2.05

Now,
M0 = M SO3 = 1 32 + 3 16 = 80

And,
n = 1.5 (for the reaction: 2SO3 2SO2 + O2)

M -M
80 -74.4
=
= 0.15
a = 0
( n -1)M
(1.5 -1) 74.4
1.6 Percentage Composition of Compounds

1.6.1 The composition of any compound represents the relative amount of all the
constituent elements, by weight.
1.6.2 The percentage composition of an element in a compound can be determined by
using the following formula, if the composition (by atoms) of the compound is
known.
Z A
100%
M

Where, Z = Number of atoms of that element in each molecule

A = atomic weight of the element

M = Molecular weight of the compound.
1.6.3 The composition of an element can also be determined by some experimental
informations. For example, the percentage of carbon and hydrogen in an organic
compound can be determined by burning a known weight of the compound
completely and then weighing the carbon dioxide and water formed. Let w1 g of
the organic compound gives w2 g of CO2 and w3 g H2O, on complete combustion,
then
w
12

Percentage of carbon =
x 2 x 100%
w1
44
w
2
x 3 x 100%
Percentage of hydrogen =
w1
18
Percentage of an element =
Similarly, the percentage of other elements can also be determined. The basic
concept behind such determination is that the source of that element should be
only the original compound. The reaction or series of reactions are performed in
such a way that in the final product, that element comes only from the original
compound.
Example 54 Calculate the percentage composition of glucose, C6H12O6.

Solution Molecular weight of C6H12O6 = 612 + 121 + 616 = 180

and
6 12
100 = 40%
180
12 1
100 = 6.67%
180
6 16
100 = 53.33%
percentage of oxygen =
180
Percentage of carbon =
Example 55 Cortisone is a molecular substance containing 21 atoms of carbon per

molecule. The weight percentage of carbon in cortisone is 69.98%. What is the molecular
weight of cortisone?
Z A
Solution Percentage of an element =
100%
M

or,
69.98 =
21 12
100
M
M = 360.1
Example 56 A polystyrene of formula Br3C6H2(C8H8)n was prepared by heating styrene
with tribromobenzyl peroxide in the absence of air. It was found to contain 10.46% bromine
by weight. Find the value of n. (Br = 80)
Z A
Solution Percentage of an element =
100%
M
3 80

or,
10.46 =
100
314 104n

\
n = 19.04 19
Example 57 A sample of copper sulphate pentahydrate, CuSO45H2O, contains 3.782 g

of Cu. How many grams of oxygen are in this sample? (Cu = 63.5)
Solution Each formula unit of CuSO45H2O contains 1 atom of copper and 9 atoms of
oxygen. The relative contributions of these elements are 63.5 unit copper and 9 16 =
144 units oxygen.

63.5 g of copper is present with 144 g oxygen
144
3.782 = 8.577 g oxygen

\ 3.782 g copper will be present with
63.5
Example 58 An organic compound contains carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen only.
0.135 g of this compound on combustion produced 0.198 g of CO2 and 0.108 g H2O while
the same amount gave 16.8 mL of nitrogen at 0C and 76 cm Hg of pressure. Calculate the
percentage of oxygen in the compound.
wt. of CO2
12
Solution Percentage of carbon =
100%
wt. of org. comp.
44

12
0.198
100% = 40%
44
0.135
wt. of H2O
2
wt. of org. comp. 100%
18
2
0.108
100% = 8.89%
18
0.135
wt. of N 2
100%
wt. of org. comp.
16.8
28
22400
100% = 15.56%
=
0.135
Percentage of nitrogen =
\ Percentage of oxygen = 100 (40 + 8.89 + 15.56) = 35.55%
Example 59 Penicillin-V was treated chemically to convert sulphur to barium sulphate.

An 8.19 mg sample as penicillin gave 5.46 mg of barium sulphate. What is the percentage
of sulphur in penicillin-V, by weight? If there is one S-atom in the molecule, what is the
molecular weight? (Ba = 137)
Solution Molecular weight of BaSO4 = 137 + 32 + 416 = 233

233 g BaSO4 contains 32 g sulphur

32
\ 5.46 mg will contain
5.46 = 0.75 mg sulphur
233
As the source of sulphur in BaSO4 is only the organic compound,
the percentage of sulphur =
0.75
100 = 9.16%
8.19
Z A
100%
M
1 32
or,
9.16 =
100
M
\ Molecular weight of compound, M = 349.34
Now,
Percentage of an element =
Example 60 There is 4 g mixture of NaCl and NaBr. If Na is 30% of the total mass of the
mixture, calculate the moles of each in the mixture. (Na = 23, Cl = 35.5, Br = 80)
Solution Let the mixture contains x mole NaCl and y mole NaBr. Then, the total mole of
sodium in the mixture will be (x + y).

Now, total mass of the mixture, m = mNaCl + mNaBr

or,
4 = x 58.5 + y 103
(1)

and the mass of sodium present = 30% of total mass
30
4 = (x + y) 23
(2)

or,
100

From Eq. (1) and (2), mole of NaCl = x = 0.0309

and
mole of NaBr = y = 0.0213
Example 61 The composition of a sample of Wurztite is Fe0.93O1.00. What percentage of
the iron is present in the form of Fe(III)?
Solution The stoichiometric oxides of oxygen are only FeO and Fe2O3. Wurztite is a
non-stoichiometric oxide of iron which may be assumed as a mixture of FeO and Fe2O3
in x:y mole ratio.

Fe0.93O1.00 = x FeO + y Fe2O3

From Eq. (1) and (2), the values of x and y may be determined by atomic
conservations.

On conserving the iron atoms, 0.93 = x + 2y
(1)

On conserving the oxygen atoms, 1.00 = x + 3y
(2)

x = 0.79, y = 0.07
2y
100
0.93
2 0.07
100 = 15.05%
=
0.93
Percentage of iron as Fe(III) =
1.7 Molecular and Empirical Formula of Compounds

1.7.1 Molecular Formula

Molecular formula of any compound represents the exact number of atoms of

different elements present in each molecules of the compound.
1.7.2 Empirical Formula

Empirical formula of any compound represents the simplest atomic ratio of the
different elements present in the compound.
Compound
Ethane
Ethanol
Acetic Acid
Glucose
Molecular formula
C2H6
C2H6O
C2H4O2
C6H12O6
Empirical formula
CH3
C2H6O
CH2O
CH2O
Two different compounds can have the same empirical formula.

Two different compounds can have the same molecular formula.
Molecular formula = (Empirical formula)n

molecular formula weight
where,
n =
empirical formula weight
For most of the ionic compounds, the formulae represented are their empirical or
simplest formulae.
Example 62 An organic compound contains carbon = 40%, hydrogen = 6.67% and

rest oxygen. The molecular weight of the compound is 60. Determine the empirical and
molecular formula of the compound.
Solution
Element
Percentage
composition
Atomic
weight
% composition
at. wt.
Simplest
ratio
40
12
40
= 3.33
12
3.33
=1
3.33
6.67
6.67
= 6.67
1
6.67
=2
3.33
100 (40 + 6.67)

= 53.33
16
53.33
= 3.33
16
3.33
=1
3.33
Hence, the empirical formula of compound = C1H2O1 = CH2O
Now,
\M
olecular formula = (CH2O)2 = C2H4O2
n =
mol. formula wt.

60
=
=2
emp. formula wt.
12 2 1 16
Alternate method (without using tabular form)

As the molecular formula represents the exact number of atoms of each element
present in each molecule, mole of atoms in one mole of the compound will
represent its atomic contribution in the molecular formula.
40
60
100
=2

Mole of C-atoms in 1 mole of compound =
12
6.67
60
100 = 4

Mole of H-atoms in 1 mole of compound =
1
53.33
60
100 = 2

Mole of O-atoms in 1 mole of compound =
16

\ The molecular formula of the compound = C2H4O2

and its empirical formula = CH2O
Example 63 At room temperature, pyridine is a colourless liquid with an extremely
unpleasant odour. Pyridine occurs naturally in tobacco and hemlock. It contains only the
elements C, H and N and is 75.92% C and 6.37% H, by weight. At 383 K and a pressure of
630 mm of Hg, the density of gaseous pyridine has been measured as 2.12 g/L. Calculate
the molecular formula of the pyridine.

Solution From ideal gas equation, d =

pM
RT
\ Molecular weight of pyridine, M =
2.12 0.082 383

dRT
=
= 80.32
630
p
760
75.92
80.32
Now, mole of C-atoms in 1 mole of pyridine = 100
= 5.08 5
12
6.37
80.32
= 5.11 5
Mole of H-atoms in 1 mole of pyridine = 100
1
100 - (75.92 6.37)

80.32
100

And mole of N-atoms in 1 mole of pyridine =
14

= 1.02 1

\ Molecular formula of pyridine = C5H5N
Example 64 An oxide of iron contains 70% iron, by weight. Determine the simplest
formula of the oxide.
Solution
Element
Percentage
composition
Atomic
weight
Fe
70
56
100 70 = 30
16
% composition
at. wt.
70
= 1.25
56
1.25
= 1 2 =2
1.25
30
= 1.875
16
1.875
= 1.5 2 = 3
1.25
Simplest ratio
Hence, the simplest formula of the oxide = Fe2O3
Alternate method (without using tabular form)

Empirical formula simply represents the atomic ratio of the atoms of each elements
present, which may be determined directly.
w
w
70 30
:
=2:3

NFe : NO = N A : N A =
A
Fe A
O
56 16

Hence, the simplest formula of the oxide = Fe2O3
Example 65 A hydrocarbon contains 10.5 g of carbon per g of hydrogen. One litre

vapours of hydrocarbon at 127C and 1 atm pressure weighs 2.8 g. Find molecular formula
of hydrocarbon.
Solution From ideal gas equation, pV = nRT
2.8
0.082 (127 + 273)
M
\ Molecular weight of hydrocarbon = 91.84
Now, from question, the hydrocarbon contains 10.5 g carbon per g of hydrogen. It
means that there are 10.5 g carbon and 1 g hydrogen in each 11.5 g hydrocarbon.
1 1 =
Hence,
10.5
91.84
Mole of C-atoms in 1 mole of hydrocarbon = 11.5
= 6.98 7
12
1
91.84
11.5
= 7.98 8
And mole of H-atoms in 1 mole of hydrocarbon =
1
\ Molecular formula of hydrocarbon = C7H8
Example 66 A hydrated salt loses 36.4% water on heating and resulting anhydrous salt
has the following composition: Cu = 39.6%, S = 20.2%, O = 40.2%. Calculate the simplest
formula of anhydrous and hydrated salt. (Cu = 63.5)
Solution The empirical formula of anhydrous salt may be determined directly as

NCu : NS : NO =
39.6
20.2
40.2
NA :
NA :
NA 1 : 1 : 4
63.5
32
16
Hence, the simplest formula of anhydrous salt = CuSO4
Now, let the simplest formula of hydrated salt is CuSO4nH2O

From question, mass of water present in it = 36.4% of mass of salt
or,
or,
n = 5.07 5
Hence, the simplest formula of hydrated salt = CuSO45H2O
18n =
36.4
(63.5 + 32 + 4 16 + n 18)
100
Example 67 Thiophene is a liquid compound of the elements C, H and S. A sample of
thiophene weighing 7.96 mg was burned in oxygen, giving 16.65 mg CO2. Another sample
was subjected to a series of reactions that transformed all the sulphur in the compound to
barium sulphate. If 4.31 mg of thiophene gave 11.96 mg of barium sulphate, what is the
empirical formula of thiophene? Its molecular weight is 84. What is its molecular formula?
(Ba = 137)
12
16.65
Solution Percentage of carbon present in thiophene =
100 = 57.05%
44
7.96
32
11.96
100 = 38.11%

Percentage of sulphur present in thiophene =
233
4.31

and percentage of hydrogen = 100 (57.05 + 38.11) = 4.84%

57.05
84
\ Mole of C-atoms in 1 mole of thiophene = 100
= 3.99 4
12
38.11
84
Mole of S-atoms in 1 mole of thiophene = 100
=1
32
4.84
84
= 4.06 4
and mole of H-atoms in 1 mole of thiophene = 100
1
\ Molecular formula of thiophene = C4H4S. It will also be the empirical formula.
Example 68 Carbohydrates are compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

only having the atomic ratio of H : O = 2 : 1. When heated in the absence of air, these
compounds decompose to form carbon and water.
(a) If 310 g of the carbohydrate leave a residue of 124 g of C, what is the empirical
formula of the carbohydrate?
(b) If 0.0833 mole of the carbohydrate contains 1.00 g hydrogen, what is its molecular
formula?
Solution (a) Let the empirical formula of carbohydrate is CxH2yOy. Its empirical formula
weight is 12x + 18y.

(12x + 18y) g carbohydrate should leave a residue of 12x g carbon

\ 310 g carbohydrate should contain
12 x
310 g carbon
12 x 18 y
12 x
310 = 124
12 x 18 y
or,
x : y = 1 : 1
\ Empirical formula of carbohydrate = CH2O
But from question,
(b) Now, let the molecular formula of carbohydrate = (CH2O)n

1 mole of carbohydrate contains 2n 1 = 2n g hydrogen
2n
\ 0.0833 mole carbohydrate will contain
0.0833 g hydrogen
1
But from question,
2n 0.0833 = 1
or,
n = 6
\ Molecular formula of carbohydrate = C6H12O6
Exercise 1
(Subjective Questions)
1. When chlorine gas is bubbled into a solution of sodium bromide, the sodium bromide
reacts to give bromine, a red-brown liquid, and sodium chloride (ordinary table salt).
A solution was made by dissolving 20.6 g of sodium bromide in 100.0 g of water.
After passing chlorine through the solution, investigators analyzed the mixture. It
contained 16.0 g of bromine and 11.7 g of sodium chloride. How many grams of
chlorine reacted?
2. The mass of a sample of gold (specific gravity = 19.3) is 1.93 mg. It may be converted
into a transparent sheet of area 14.5 cm2, by hammering. What will be the average
thickness of the sheet?
3. Sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3, can be purified by dissolving it in hot water (60C),
filtering to remove the insoluble impurities, cooling to 0C to precipitate solid
NaHCO3, and then filtering to remove the solid, leaving soluble impurities in solution.
Any NaHCO3 that remains in the solution is not recovered. The solubility of NaHCO3
in hot water at 60C is 164 g/L. Its solubility in cold water at 0C is 69g/L. What is the
percentage yield of NaHCO3 when it is purified by this method?
4. A porous catalyst has an internal surface area of 800 m2 per cm3 of bulk material.
Fifty percent of the bulk volume consists of the pores (holes), while the other 50% of
the volume is made of solid substance. Assume that the pores are cylindrical tubules
of uniform diameter, d, and length, l, and that the measured surface area is the total
area of the curved surfaces of the tubules. What is the diameter of the pores?
5. There is available 10 tons of a coal sample containing 2.5% sulphur. Two coal samples
containing 0.8% and 1.1% sulphur are also available. How many tons of each of the
later two samples should be mixed with the original 10 tons to give 20 tons sample
containing 1.7% sulphur?
6. Antarctica, almost completely cover in ice, has an area of 1.51013 m2 with an
average height of 2250 m. With out the ice, the height would be only 450 m. Estimate
the mass of this ice. The density of ice is 0.917 g/cm3.
7. Cobalt (II) sulphate heptahydrate has pink-colored crystals. When heated carefully,
it produces cobalt (II) sulphate monohydrate, which has red crystals. What are
the formulas of these hydrates? If 3.548 g of the heptahydrate yields 2.184 g of
the monohydrate, how many gram of the anhydrous cobalt (II) sulphate could be
obtained?
8. LSD is a complex compound whose mass is made up of 74.27% carbon, 7.79%
hydrogen, 12.99% nitrogen and 4.95% oxygen. What percent of the atoms in LSD are
carbon atoms?
9. Element X reacts with oxygen to produce a compound of formula X2O5. In an
experiment, it is found that 2.0769 g of pure X produce 3.7076 g of pure X2O5. Using
the known atomic weight of oxygen, calculate the atomic weight of X.
10. On electrolysis of an aqueous solution of cupric ion, the following reaction takes
place at the cathode: Cu2+ + 2e $ Cu. 1.93 105 Coulombs is needed to
deposit one gram atomic weight of copper. Given the clue that an electron carries
1.61019 Coulombs, calculate the number of atoms in one gram atomic weight of
copper.
11. While making silver ornaments, a certain amount of copper is added in the silver to
obtain the desired properties. A silver ornament contains 1.0 1010 copper atoms
per cubic centimeter. What relative masses of silver and copper wire mixed to make
the ornament? Density of pure silver is 10.5 g/mL. (Cu = 63.5, Ag = 108)
12. The density of a metal of atomic weight 55 is 7.50 g/mL. Assuming that the atoms are
spherical, calculate its atomic radius.
13. Does 1 g of all the element contains nucleons equal to the Avogadros number?
14. Hydrogen sulphide is a gas with the odour of rotten eggs. The gas can sometimes be
detected in automobile exhaust. It is a compound of hydrogen and sulphur in the
atomic ratio 2 : 1. A sample of hydrogen sulphide contains 0.587 g H and 9.330 g S.
What is the atomic mass of S relative to H?
15. An oxide of nitrogen has molecular weight 92. Find out the total number of electrons
in one mole of the oxide.
16. If the volume occupied in the crystal by one formula unit of NaCl is
4.710-23ml, calculate the volume of a crystal weighing 1.17 g.
17. Assume that a polyethylene chain is truly linear. If a polymer chain had a molecular
weight of 1 106, what will be the length of one polyethylene molecule? A carboncarbon single bond length is 154 pm.
18. 0.315 g of a substance when introduced into a Hofmanns tube generated 128.5mL
of vapour at 30C, the level of Hg inside being 430 mm higher than outside the
tube, and the barometer reading was 758 mm, calculate the molecular weight of the
substance.
19. 0.607 g of a silver salt of a tribasic organic acid was quantitatively reduced to 0.370g
of pure silver. Calculate the molecular weight of the acid. (Ag = 108)
20. 0.532 g of the chloroplatinate of a diacidic base left 0.195 g of residue of Pt on ignition.
Calculate molecular weight of the base. (Pt = 195)
21. Avogadro noted that two volumes of hydrogen combine with one volume of oxygen to
form two volumes of water vapour. He also gave the density of water vapour relative
to that of air as 0.625 and hydrogen as 0.0732 (in units in which air had unit density).
Use this information and Avogadros principle to compute the molar masses of water
vapour and oxygen relative to that of hydrogen.
22. A sample of ammonia contains only H1and H2 isotopes of hydrogen in 4 : 1 ratio
and N14 and N15 isotopes of nitrogen in 3 : 1 ratio. How many neutrons are present in
1.785 mg ammonia?
23. At 343 K and 755 mm pressure, 0.246 g of N2O4 gave 120.5 mL vapour. Calculate the
apparent molecular weight and degree of dissociation of the gas.
24. A gaseous mixture contains 40% H2 and 60% He, by volume. Calculate the total
number of moles of gases present in 10 g of such mixture.

25. Atoms of elements A, B and C combine to form a compound in the atomic ratio of
1:6 : 2. Atomic masses of A, B and C are 64, 4 and 16 u, respectively. Calculate the
maximum mass of the compound formed from 1.28 g of A, 3.0 1023 atoms of B and
0.04 mole atom of C.
26. A drug marijuana owes its activity to tetrahydrocannabinol, which contains 70percent
as many carbon atoms as hydrogen atoms and 15 times as many hydrogen atoms as
oxygen atoms. The number of moles in a gram of tetrahydrocannabinol is 0.00318.
Determine its molecular formula.
27. When acetylene is passed through red hot metal tubes, the molecules trimerised
to form benzene. The molecular weight of the gaseous mixture, when acetylene is
passed through the tube, is 60. Calculate the degree of trimerisation of acetylene.
28. Recent controversial efforts to generate energy via cold fusion of deuterium atoms
have centered on the remarkable ability of palladium metal to absorb as much as
900times its own volume in hydrogen or deuterium gas at 1 atm and 273K. Calculate
the ratio of deuterium atoms to Pd atoms in a piece of fully saturated Pd metal. The
density of Pd is 12.02 g/mL. (Pd = 106.4)
29. One mole of mixture of N2, NO2 and N2O4 has a mean molar mass of 55.4 g. On
heating to a temperature, at which all the N2O4 may be dissociated into NO2, the
mean molar mass tends to a lower value of 39.6 g. What is the mole ratio of N2, NO2
and N2O4 in the original mixture?
30. A solution contains 0.18 g per mL of a substance X, whose molecular weight is
approximately 68000. It is found that 0.27 mL of oxygen at 760 mm and 310 K will
combine with the amount of X contained in 1 mL of the solution. How many molecules
of oxygen will combine with one molecule of X?
31. A mixture of 0.5 mole of CO and 0.5 mole of CO2 is taken in a vessel and allowed
to effuse out through a pinhole into another vessel which has vacuum. If a total of
A moles has effused out in time, t, show that M1A + M2 (1 - A) = 36, where M1 and
M2 are mean molar masses of the mixture that has effused out and the mixture still
remaining in the vessel, respectively.
32. The chemical formula of chelating agent versene is C2H4N2(C2H2O2Na)4. If each
mole of this compound could bind 1 mole of Ca2+, what would be the rating of pure
versene, expressed as mg CaCO3 bound per gram of chelating agent? Here the Ca2+ is
expressed in terms of the amount of CaCO3 it could form.
33. A mixture of hydrogen and methane has a density 0.25 times the density of oxygen at
the same pressure and temperature. Find the percentage of methane in the mixture,
by weight.
34. The average molar mass of the vapour above solid NH4Cl is nearly 26.74 g/mol. What
is the composition, by weight, of this vapour?
35. Hemoglobin is the oxygen carrying molecule of red blood cells, consisting of a protein
and a non-protein substance, heme. A sample of heme weighing 35.2 mg contains
3.19 mg of iron. If a heme molecule contains one atom of iron, what is the molecular
weight of heme?
36. A purified pepsin isolated from a bovine preparation was subjected to an amino acid
analysis. The amino acid present in the smallest amount was lysine, C6H14N2O2 and
the amount of lysine was found to be 0.43 g per 100 g protein. What is the minimum
molecular weight of the protein?
37. A polymeric substance, tetrafluoroethylene, can be represented by the formula
(C2F4)x, where x is a large number. The material was prepared by polymerising C2F4
in the presence of a sulphur bearing catalyst that serves as a nucleus upon which the
polymer grew. The final product was found to contain 0.012% S. What is the value
of x if each polymeric molecule contains one sulphur atom? Assume that the catalyst
contributes a negligible amount to the total mass of the polymer. (S = 32, F = 19)
38. A typical analysis of pyrex glass showed 12.9% B2O3, 2.2% Al2O3, 3.8% N2O,
0.4%K2O and the balance SiO2. What is the ratio of silicon to boron atoms in the glass?
(B = 10.8, Si = 28, Al = 27, K = 39)
39. Three different brands of liquid chlorine are available in the market for the use
in purifying water of swimming pools. All are sold at the same rate of Rs. 10 per
litre and all are water solutions. Brand A contains 10% hypochlorite (ClO) (w/V),
brand B contains 7% of available chlorine (w/v) and brand C contains 14% sodium
hypochlorite (NaClO) (w/V). Which of the three is most economical to buy?
40. A green pigment called hemovanadin can be isolated from the sea squirt a marine
chordate resembling tadpole. The hemovanadin molecule has a molecular weight of
240000 daltons, and is 0.51% vanadium by weight. How many vanadium atoms are
present per hemovanadin molecule? (V = 51, 1 dalton = 1 g/mol)
41. Nitrogen content in a sample of urea is 42.5%. What is the percentage purity of urea
in the urea sample?
42. Determine the empirical formula of clay having the following percentage
composition: A
l2O3 = 39.77; SiO2 = 46.33; H2O = 13.9. (Al = 27, Si = 28)
43. An unknown oxide of manganese is reacted with carbon to form manganese metal
and CO2. Exactly 31.6 g of the oxide, MnxOy, yields 13.2 g of CO2. Find the simplest
formula of the oxide. (Mn = 55)
44. A complex compound of cobalt has the following composition: Co = 22.58%,
H = 5.79%, N = 32.2%, O = 12.26% and Cl = 27.17%. When this compound is
heated, it loses ammonia to the extent of 32.63% of its mass. How many molecules of
ammonia are present in the complex compound? Derive the empirical formula for the
compound. (Co = 58.9)
45. The formula of a compound should be represented as [PdCxHyNz] (ClO4)2. Analysis
showed that the compound contains 30.15% carbon and 5.06% hydrogen. When
converted to the corresponding thiocyanate, [PdCxHyNz](SCN)2, the analysis was
40.46% carbon and 5.94% hydrogen. Calculate the values of x, y and z. (Pd=106.4)
46. The following experiment was performed in order to determine the molecular
formula of a gaseous compound known to contain B and H. An evacuated gas bulb of
volume 952 mL and mass 73.2684 g was filled with the gaseous borane at 273K and a
pressure of exactly 1 atm. The mass of the gas filled bulb was 75.5398 g. This sample
of the compound was then burnt in excess oxygen, which completely converted it to
water, and the solid white boron oxide, B2O3. The mass of the B2O3 was found to be
5.9316 g. What is the correct molecular formula of the borane? (B= 10.8)
47. Cupric ammonium sulphate was found to contain 27.03% water of crystallisation.
Upon strongly heating it gave cupric oxide corresponding to 19.89% of starting mass.
Find the empirical formula of cupric ammonium sulphate. (Cu = 63.5)
48. A hydrated calcium phosphate contained 7.14% water of crystallisation. The molar
mass of this phosphate is 252.2. The percentage is 15.18% Ca, 24.6% P, 2.4% H and
57.11% O. What is the molecular formula of the phosphate?
49. There are 20 amino acids that are building blocks of proteins. The amino acid histidine
is known to contain only carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. The composition by
weight of histidine is 46.45% C; 5.85% H; 27.08% N. What is the empirical formula of
histidine?
50. A 2.5 g sample of uranium was heated in the air. The resulting oxide weighed 2.949g.
Determine the empirical formula of the oxide. (U = 238)
Exercise 2
(Objective Questions)
Section I
(Only One Correct Option)
1.
Two elements X (atomic mass 16) and Y (atomic mass 14) combine to form compounds
A, B and C. The ratio of different masses of Y which combines with a fixed mass of X
in A, B and C is 1 : 3 : 5. If 32 parts by mass of X combines with 84 parts by mass of
Y in B, then in C, 16 parts by mass of X will combine with ......... parts by mass of Y.
(A) 14
(B) 42
(C) 70
(D) 84
2.

Law of definite proportion does not apply to nitrogen oxide because

(A) atomic weight of nitrogen is not constant
(B) molecular weight of nitrogen is variable
(C) equivalent weight of nitrogen is variable
(D) atomic weight of oxygen is variable
3.
In a textile mill, a double-effect evaporator system concentrates weak liquor

containing 4% (by weight) caustic soda to produce a lye containing 25% solids
(by weight). Calculate the weight of the water evaporate per 100 kg feed in the
evaporator.
(A) 125.0 g
(B) 50.0 kg
(C) 84.0 kg
(D) 16.0 kg

4.

5.

6.
Zinc ore (zinc sulphide) is treated with sulphuric acid, leaving a solution with some
undissolved bits of material and releasing hydrogen sulphide gas. If 10.8 g of zinc ore
is treated with 50.0 mL of sulphuric acid (density 1.153 g/mL), 65.1 g of solution and
undissolved material remains. In addition, hydrogen sulphide (density 1.393g/L) is
evolved. What is the volume (in litres) of this gas?
(A) 4.3
(B) 3.35
(C) 4.67
(D) 2.40
A sample of an ethanolwater solution has a volume of 54.2 cm3 and a mass of
49.6g. What is the percentage of ethanol (by mass) in the solution? (Assume that
there is no change in volume when the pure compounds are mixed.) The density of
ethanol is 0.80 g/cm3 and that of water is 1.00 g/cm3.
(A) 18.4%
(B) 37.1%
(C) 33.95%
(D) 31.2%
Zinc metal reacts with yellow crystals of sulphur in a fiery reaction to produce a
white powder of zinc sulphide. A chemist determines that 65.4 g of zinc reacts with
32.1 g of sulphur. How many grams of zinc sulphide could be produced from 20.0 g
of zinc metal?
(A) 29.8 g
(B) 9.8 g
(C) 97.5 g
7.
A student gently drops an object weighing 15.8 g into an open vessel that is full of
ethanol, so that a volume of ethanol spills out equal to the volume of the object. The
experimenter now finds that the vessel and its contents weigh 10.5 g more than the
vessel full of ethanol only. The density of ethanol is 0.789 g/cm3. What is the density
of the object?
(A) 6.717 g/cm3
(B) 4.182 g/cm3
3
(D) 2.352 g/cm3
(C) 1.563 g/cm

8.

9.
(D) 31.8 g
A person needs 2.0 mg of riboflavin (vitamin B2) per day on an average. How many
gram of butter should be taken by the person per day if it is the only source of
riboflavin? Butter contains 5.5 microgram riboflavin per gram.
(A) 363.6 g
(B) 2.75 mg
(C) 11 g
(D) 19.8 g
A sample of clay contains 40% silica and 15% water. The sample is partially dried
by which it loses 5 g water. If the percentage of water in the partially dried clay is 8,
calculate the percentage of silica in the partially dried clay.
(A) 21.33%
(B) 43.29%
(C) 75%
(D) 50%
10. The density of quartz mineral was determined by adding a weighed piece to a
graduated cylinder containing 51.2 mL water. After the quartz was submersed, the
water level was 65.7 mL. The quartz piece weighed 38.4 g. What was the density of
quartz?

(A) 1.71 g/mL
(B) 1.33 g/mL

(C) 2.65 g/mL
(D) 1.65 g/mL
11. Some bottles of colourless liquids were being labelled when the technicians
accidentally mixed them up and lost track of their contents. A 15.0 mL sample
withdrawn from one bottle weighed 22.3 g. The technicians knew that the liquid was
either acetone, benzene, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride (which have densities
of 0.792 g/cm3, 0.899 g/cm3, 1.489 g/cm3, and 1.595 g/cm3, respectively). What was
the identity of the liquid?

(A) Carbon tetrachloride

(B) Acetone

(C) Chloroform

(D) Benzene
12. An ammonium sulphate solution of concentration 0.05 kilo mol reacts with calcium
hydroxide. How many litres of a solution (specific gravity 0.92) containing 20.5% by
weight of ammonia can be prepared using this reaction?

(A) 12.0 L
(B) 9.0 L

(C) 18.0 L
(D) 4.5 L
13.

Atomic mass of an element is

(A) the actual mass of the one atom of the element
(B) the relative mass of an atom of the element
(C) the average relative mass of different atoms of the element
(D) much different from the mass number of the element
14. The use of C12 scale has superseded the older scale of atomic mass based on O16
isotope, one important advantage of the former being

(A) the atomic masses on C12 scale became whole numbers

(B) C12 is more abundant in the earths crust than O16
(C) the difference between physical and chemical atomic masses got narrowed
down significantly

(D) C12 is situated midway between metals and non-metals in the periodic table
15. One atomic mass unit in kilogram is

(A) 1/NA

(C) 1/1000 NA
(B) 12/NA
(D) 1000/NA
16. An element, X, have three isotopes X20, X21 and X22. The percentage abundance of
X20 is 90% and its average atomic mass of the element is 20.18. The percentage
abundance of X21 should be

(A) 2%
(B) 8%

(C) 10%
(D) 0%
17. The number of atoms present in 0.5 g-atoms of nitrogen is same as the atoms in

(A) 12 g of C
(B) 32 g of S

(C) 8 g of oxygen
(D) 24 g of Mg
18. A graph is plotted for an element, by putting its
weight on X-axis and the corresponding number of
number of atoms on Y-axis. Determine the atomic
weight of the element for which the graph is
plotted.

(A) infinite
(B) 40

(C) 0.025
(D) 20
no. of
atoms
22
0 )
1
.5
1 (1
tan
=
wt. (in gm)
19. The O18/O16 ratio in some meteorites is greater than that used to calculate the average
atomic mass of oxygen on earth. The average mass of an atom of oxygen in these
meteorites is ............. that of a terrestrial oxygen atom?

(A) equal to
(B) greater than

(C) less than
(D) None of these
20. If isotopic distribution of C12 and C14 is 98.0% and 2.0% respectively, then the
number of C14 atoms in 12 g of carbon is
(B) 1.20 1022

(A) 1.032 1022
(D) 6.02 1023

(C) 5.88 1023
21. At one time there was a chemical atomic weight scale based on the assignment of
the value 16.0000 to naturally occurring oxygen. What would have been the atomic
weight, on such a table, of silver, if current information had been available? The
atomic weights of oxygen and silver on the present table are 15.9994 and 107.868.

(A) 107.908
(B) 107.864

(C) 107.868
(D) 107.872
22. In what atomic ratio O16 and O17 atoms should be taken in a sample such that the
average atomic mass becomes 16.72?

(A) 7 : 18
(B) 18 : 7

(C) 19 : 8
(D) 8 : 19
23. Two isotopes of an element Q are Q97 (23.4% abundance) and Q94 (76.6% abundance).
Q97 is 8.082 times heavier than C12 and Q94 is 7.833 times heavier than C12. What is
the average atomic weight of the element Q?

(A) 94.702
(B) 78.913

(C) 96.298
(D) 94.695
24. The element silicon makes up 25.7% of the earths crust by weight, and is the second
most abundant element, with oxygen being the first. Three isotopes of silicon occur
in nature: Si28 (92.21%), which has an atomic mass of 27.97693 u; Si29 (4.70%), with
an atomic mass of 28.97649 u; and Si30 (3.09%), with an atomic mass of 29.97379 u.
What is the atomic weight of silicon?

(A) 28.0856
(B) 28.1088

(C) 28.8342
(D) 29.0012
25. The oxide of a metal contains 30% oxygen by weight. If the atomic ratio of metal and
oxygen is 2 : 3, determine the atomic weight of metal.

(A) 12
(B) 56

(C) 27
(D) 52
26. The mercury content of a stream was believed to be above the minimum considered
safe limit (1 part per billion by weight). An analysis indicated that the concentration
was 1.68 parts per billion. How many Hg atoms was present in 15 L of the water, the
density of which is 0.998 g/mL? (Hg = 200) ?

(A) 7.57 1013
(B) 7.57 1019

(C) 7.57 1016
(D) 5.37 1016
27. There are 2.6191022 atoms in 1.0 g of sodium. Assume that sodium atoms are
spheres of radius 0.186 nm and that they are lined up side by side. How many miles,
in length, is the line of sodium atoms?

(A) 9.74 1012
(B) 1.56 1010
9

(C) 1.44 10
(D) 6.089 109
28. Ammonia is a gas with a characteristic pungent odour. It is sold as a water solution
for use in household cleaning. The gas is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen in
the atomic ratio 1: 3. A sample of ammonia contains 7.933 g N and 1.712 g H. What
is the atomic mass of N relative to H?

(A) 14
(B) 27.80

(C) 13.90
(D) 14.10
29. The waste of nuclear power plant contains C12 and C14 in the ratio of 4:1 by moles.
What is the molecular weight of CH4 gas produced from this disposed waste? Given
abundance of C12 and C14 are 98% and 2%, respectively.

(A) 15.998
(B) 16.0053

(C) 16
(D) 16.4
30. Pheromones are a special type of compound secreted by the females of many insect
species to attract the males for mating. One pheromone has the molecular formula
C19H38O. Normally, the amount of this pheromone secreted by a female insect is
about 1 1012g. How many molecules are in this quantity?

(A) 1 1012
(B) 3.55 1015

(C) 2.135 109
(D) 6.023 1023

31. Molecular weight of dry air is

(A) less than moist air

(C) equal to moist air
(B) greater than moist air

(D) may be greater or less than moist air
32. At room temperature, the molar volume of hydrogen fluoride gas has a mass of about
50 g. The formula weight of hydrogen fluoride is 20. Gaseous hydrogen fluoride at
room temperature is therefore, probably a mixture of

(A) H2 and F2
(B) HF and H2F2
(D) H2F2 and H3F3

(C) HF and H2.5F2.5
33. The density of a DNA sample is 1.1 g/mL and its molar mass determined by cryoscopic
method was found to be 6 108 g/mol. What is the volume occupied by one DNA
molecule?

(A) 5.45 108 mL
(B) 1.83 109 mL
16
(D) 1.09 1013 mL

(C) 9.06 10 mL
34. The density of a plant virus is 1.66 g/cm3. If each virus particles are spheres of
diameter 6, the molecular weight of virus should be

(A) 36 p
(B) 72 p
(D) 18 p

(C) 5.976 1023 p
35. Total number of valence electrons present in 6.4 g peroxides ion (O22) is

(A) 0.2 NA
(B) 3.2 NA

(C) 3.6 NA
(D) 2.8 NA
36. A gaseous mixture contains 70% N2 and 30% unknown gas, by volume. If the average
molecular weight of gaseous mixture is 37.60, the molecular weight of unknown gas
is

(A) 42.2
(B) 60

(C) 40
(D) 50
37. A gaseous mixture contains CO2 and SO3. The average molecular weight of the
mixture may be

(A) 40
(B) 80

(C) 70
(D) 90
38. The number of F ions in 4.2 g AlF3 is

(A) 0.05
(B) 9.03 1022
22

(C) 3.01 10
(D) 0.15
1
39. If the atomic mass were given by as th part and molecular mass as 1 th part by
6
12
mass of one atom of C12 isotope, what would be the molecular mass of water? Atomic
masses of hydrogen and oxygen on new scale are, 1 and 16, respectively.

(A) 18
(B) 9

(C) 36
(D) unpredictable
40. Each molecule of a tear gas, Lewisite contains 2 hydrogen atoms, 1.78 1022 g
chlorine, 2 carbon atoms and 1.25 1022 g of an unknown metal. Its molecular
weight will be

(A) 195
(B) 208.5

(C) 280
(D) 188.3
41. 20 molecules of SO3 will weigh as much as ......... molecules of oxygen.

(A) 100
(B) 50

(C) 15
(D) 8
42. If the mass of neutron is doubled and that of proton is halved, the molecular weight
of H2O containing H1and O16 atoms only, will

(A) increase by about 25%
(B) decrease by about 25%

(C) increase by about 17%
(D) increase by about 14%
43. Which of the following contains largest number of oxygen atoms?

(A) 2 g atomic oxygen
(B) 2 g oxygen molecules

(C) 2 g ozone molecules
(D) all have same number
44. The number of hydrogen atoms in 0.9 g glucose, C6H12O6, is same as
(B) 0.17 g ammonia, NH3

(A) 0.048 g hydrazine, N2H4

(C) 0.30 g ethane, C2H6
(D) 0.03 g hydrogen, H2
45. Volume occupied by 6 g of a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen is 4.48 L at 1 atm and
0C. The percentage by mass of nitrogen in the mixture is

(A) 50%
(B) 46.67%

(C) 53.33%
(D) 28%
46. The average density of the universe as a whole is estimated as 3 1029 g per mL. If
we assume that the entire mass is only H atoms, what is the average volume of space
that contains one H atom?

(A) 110 L
(B) 9 106 L

(C) 55 L
(D) 220 L
47. The number of molecules present in 1 mL of an ideal gas at 273 K and 1 atm is called
.......... and its value is ................. .
(B) Loschmidt number, 2.7 1019

(A) Avogadros number, 6.023 1023

(C) Rydberg number, 1.09 107
(D) Universal gas constant, 0.082 unit
48. Mass of one proton is 1.675 10-24 g. How many moles of proton are present in its
1 kg?
1
10

(A)
(B)
104
1.675 6.023
1.675 6.023
1
1

(C)
(D)
1024
1027
6.75
1.675
49. Assuming that 1, 3, 5-hexatriene has only pure double bonds and pure single bonds,
how many grams of it contain one mole of double bonds?

(A) 13.3 g
(B) 26.7 g

(C) 40 g
(D) 80 g
50. 2 moles of H atoms at 1 atm and 0C occupies a volume of

(A) 11.2 L
(B) 44.8 L

(C) 2 L
(D) 22.4 L
51. Which of the following will occupy greater volume under the similar conditions of
pressure and temperature?

(A) 6 g oxygen
(B) 0.98 g hydrogen

(C) 5.25 g nitrogen
(D) 1.32 g helium
52. The degree of dissociation, a, (dt is the theoretical density of original compound and
d0 is the observed density of the sample of compound) be calculated by using the
d - d0
. This formula is applicable at
formula: a= t
( n -1)d0

(A) constant volume and constant temperature

(B) constant volume and variable temperature
(C) constant pressure and constant temperature
(D) all of the above conditions
53. 112.0 mL of NO2 at 1 atm and 0C was liquefied, the density of the liquid being
1.15g.mL1. Calculate the volume and the number of molecules in the liquid NO2.

(A) 0.10 mL and 3.01 1022

(B) 0.20 mL and 3.01 1021

(C) 0.20 mL and 6.02 1023

(D) 0.40 mL and 6.02 1021
54. In an experiment, it is found that 2.0769 g of pure X produces 3.6769 g of pure X2O5.
The number of moles of X is

(A) 0.04
(B) 0.06

(C) 0.40
(D) 0.02
55. The volume occupied by 20 g water at 1.2 atm and 4C is about

(A) 20 mL
(C)
20 0.082 4
L
18 1.2
(B)
20 0.082 227
L
18 1.2
(D) 20 L
56. If common-salt (molecular weight = 58.5) costs Rs. 7.00 per kg and sugar (molecular
weight = 342) costs Rs. 14.00 per kg, what would be the cost of 1 mole of salt and
sugar?

(A) Both will have the same cost

(B) The cost of sugar will be half the cost of salt

(C) The cost of sugar will be more than that of salt

(D) The cost of sugar will be twice the cost of salt
57. Number of g-atoms of oxygen present in 0.8 mole of tartaric acid C4H6O6 would be

(A) 3.6
(B) 1.8

(C) 2.4
(D) 4.8
58. Equal masses of oxygen, hydrogen and methane are taken in identical conditions.
What is the ratio of the volumes of the gases under identical conditions?

(A) 16 : 1 : 8
(B) 1 : 16 : 2

(C) 1 : 16 : 8
(D) 2 : 16 : 1
59. While resting, the average 70 kg human male consumes 14 L of oxygen per hour
at 25C and 100 kPa. How many moles of oxygen are consumed by the 70 kg man
while resting for 1 hour?

(A) 0.57
(B) 57292.5

(C) 0.58
(D) 58037.32
60. 3.0 g of a solid compound produced 672 mL of a gas at STP (1 atm and 0C), on
strong heating. After the reaction the weight of the solid residue was 1.68 g. What is
the molecular weight of the gas obtained?

(A) 19.84
(B) 25.25

(C) 44
(D) 39.6
61. When a sample of hydrogen fluoride is cooled to 303K, most of the molecules
undergo dimerisation. If the vapour density of such a sample is 19, what percent of
hydrogen fluoride molecules are in dimer form? (F = 19)

(A) 94.7
(B) 89.9

(C) 97.3
(D) 5.3
62. 2.3 g of a mixture of NO2 and N2O4 has a pressure of 0.82 atm, at temperature TK in
a container of volume V litres such that the ratio, T : V is 300 : 1 in magnitude. What
is the degree of dissociation of N2O4?

(A) 0.17
(B) 0.33

(C) 0.67
(D) 0.70
63. 1 kg of each substance is taken. Which of them will have largest mass of nitrogen?
(B) NH3NO3

(A) KNO3
(D) HNO3

(C) (NH4)2HPO4
64. A 10 g sample of ore containing 2.8 g of HgS. What is the percentage of mercury in
the ore? (Hg = 200, S = 32)

(A) 24.1
(B) 29.01

(C) 28
(D) 39
65. The mineral haematite is Fe2O3. Haematite ore contains unwanted material called
gangue in addition to Fe2O3. If 5 kg of ore contains 2.78 kg of Fe, what percentage of
ore is gangue? (Fe = 56)

(A) 55.6%
(B) 44.4%

(C) 20.6%
(D) 79.4%
66. The hydrated salt Na2SO4nH2O undergoes 559% loss in weight on heating and
becomes anhydrous. The value of n will be

(A) 5
(B) 3

(C) 7
(D) 10
67. The commonly used pain reliever, aspirin, has the molecular formula C9H8O4. If a
sample of aspirin contains 0.968 g of carbon, what is the mass of hydrogen in the
sample?

(A) 0.717 g
(B) 0.0717 g

(C) 8.000 g
(D) 0.645 g
68.

For CuSO45H2O, which is the correct mole relationship?

(A) 9 mole of Cu = mole of O
(B) 5 mole of Cu = mole of O
(C) 9 mole of Cu = mole of O2
(D) mole of Cu = 5 mole of O
69. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are the main nutrients in plant
fertilizers. According to an industry convention, the numbers on the label refer
to the mass percent of N, P2O5 and K2O, in that order. What is N : P : K ratio of
a 30 : 10 : 10 fertilizer in terms of moles of atoms of each element, expressed as
x:y:1.0 ? (N=14, P = 31, K = 39)

(A) 10 : 0.66 : 1.0
(B) 20 : 0.66 : 1.0

(C) 8.4 : 1.3 : 1.0
(D) 16.8 : 1.3 : 1.0
70. Chloroflurocarbons such as CCl3F (M = 137.5) and CCl2F2 (M = 121) have been
linked to ozone depletion in Antartica. As of 2004, these gases were found in 275
and 605 parts per trillion (1012), by volume. What are the concentrations of these
gases under conditions typical of Antartic stratosphere (200 K and 0.05 atm)?

(A) [CCl3F] = 8.38 1013 mol L1, [CCl2F2] = 1.84 1012 mol L1

(B) [CCl3F] = 2.00 1012 mol L1, [CCl2F2] = 5.00 1012 mol L1

(C) [CCl3F] = 2.00 109 mol L1, [CCl2F2] = 5.00 109 mol L1

(D) [CCl3F] = 6.56 107 mol L1, [CCl2F2] = 1.64 108mol L1
71. Caffeine has a molecular mass of 194. If it contains 28.9% by mass of nitrogen,
number of atoms of nitrogen in one molecule of caffeine is

(A) 4
(B) 6

(C) 2
(D) 3
72. A certain mixture of MnO and MnO2 contains 66.67 mol % of MnO. What is the
approximate weight percent of Mn in it? (Mn = 55)

(A) 66.67
(B) 33.33

(C) 72
(D) 28
73. A compound contains 36% carbon by weight. If each molecule contains two carbon
atoms, the number of moles of compound in its 10 g is

(A) 66.67
(B) 0.15

(C) 0.30
(D) 0.60
74. What will be percentage concentration of a solution that is obtained by mixing 300g
of 25% solution of NaCl with 150 g of 40% solution of NaCl? All percentage are mass
percentages.

(A) 25%
(B) 30%

(C) 35%
(D) 40%
75. In the Dumas method, 0.2 g of an organic nitrogenous compound gave 27 mL of N2
(volume reduced to 1 atm and 0C). What is the percentage of nitrogen by weight in
the compound?

(A) 16.9
(B) 19.6

(C) 33.1
(D) 13.3
76. 0.2 g of an organic compound containing, C, H and O, on combustion yielded 0.147g
CO2and 0.12 g water. The percentage of oxygen in it is

(A) 73.29%
(B) 78.45%

(C) 83.23%
(D) 89.50%
77. Haemoglobin of a blood corpuscle contains 0.33% iron. The molecular weight of
haemoglobin was found to be 67000 g. What is the number of iron atoms present in
each molecule of haemoglobin? (Atomic weight of Iron = 56)

(A) 2
(B) 3

(C) 4
(D) 5
78. The empirical formula of an organic compound containing carbon and hydrogen is
CH2. The mass of one litre of this organic gas is exactly equal to that of one litre of
nitrogen, under identical conditions. Therefore, the molecular formula of the organic
gas is

(A) C2H4
(B) C3H6

(C) C6H12
(D) C4H8
79. 60 g of an organic compound has 24 g carbon and rest hydrogen and oxygen. The
empirical formula of the compound is

(A) C2H8O2
(B) C2H4O
(D) CH2O

(C) CH4O
80. A hydride of silicon prepared by the reaction of Mg2Si with acid exerted a pressure
of 306 torr of 299 K, in a bulb of capacity 57 mL. If the mass of the hydride was
0.0861g, what is its molecular formula? (Si = 28)

(A) SiH4
(B) Si2H6

(C) Si3H8
(D) Si3H6
81. A compound have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in 3 : 3 : 1 atomic ratio. If the
number of moles in 1 g of the compound is 6.06 10-3, the molecular formula of
the compound will be

(A) C3H3O
(B) C6H6O2

(C) C9H9O3
(D) C12H12O4
82. On analysis, a certain compound was found to contain iodine and oxygen in the
ratio of 254 g of iodine and 80 g of oxygen. The atomic mass of iodine is 127 and that
of oxygen is 16. Which of the following is the formula of compound?

(A) IO
(B) I2O

(C) I5O3
(D) I2O5
83. Iron forms two oxides. For the same amount of iron, amount of oxygen combined in
the first oxide is two-third of the amount of oxygen combined in the second oxide,
the ratio of valencies of iron in first and second oxide is

(A) 1 : 1
(B) 2 : 3

(C) 3 : 2
(D) 2 : 5
84. A compound contains equal masses of the elements A, B and C. If the atomic weights
of A, B and C are 20, 40 and 60 respectively, the empirical formula of the compound
is

(A) A3B2C
(B) AB2C3

(C) ABC
(D) A6B3C2
85. A compound contains elements X and Y in 1 : 4 mass ratio. If the atomic masses of X
and Y are in 1 : 2 ratio, the empirical formula of compound should be

(A) XY2
(B) X2Y

(C) XY4
(D) X4Y
86. A semiconductor, YBa2Cu3O7, is prepared by a reaction involving Y2O3, BaO2 and

Cu2O. The mole ratio in which these compounds should combine, is

(A) 1 : 2 : 4
(B) 1 : 2 : 3

(C) 1 : 4 : 6
(D) 1 : 3 : 4
87. Assume that the atomic weight of oxygen is 7. A sample of 11 g of an oxide of
uranium contains 10 g of uranium. Which of the following formula for the oxide is
compatible with the data?

(A) Uranium oxide is UO and the atomic weight of U is 70

(B) Uranium oxide is U3O8 and the atomic weight of U is 240

(C) Uranium oxide is UO2 and the atomic weight of U is 105

(D) Uranium oxide is U2O3 and the atomic weight of U is 105
89. A series of experiments were carried out with

a fixed mass of a metal and variable mass of
chlorine. The result is represented by the
adjacent graph. The empirical formula of
compound formed in each case is found to
be MCl2. The atomic weight of the metal is
(Cl=35.5)

(A) 40

(B) 47.33

(C) 118.33

(D) 106.5
Mass of compound
formed (gm)
10
88. A sample of protein was analysed for metal content and analysis revealed that it
contained magnesium and titanium in equal amounts, by weight. If these are the
only metallic species present in the protein and it contains 0.016% metal by weight,
the minimum possible molar mass of the protein is (Mg = 24, Ti = 48)

(A) 600000
(B) 150000

(C) 300000
(D) 1200000
6
Mass of chlorine (gm)
90. In the blood of an infant, there are about 1.3 1012 red blood cells, which contain a
total of about 0.15 g iron. On the average, how many iron atoms are present in each
red blood cell of the infant?

(A) 8.8 1023
(B) 4.7 1013

(C) 1.2 109
(D) 3.0 108
Section II
(One or More than One Correct Option)
91.

Which of the following pairs do not contain equal number of atoms?

(A) 11.2 mL of N2 (at 1 atm and 0C) and 0.015 g of NO
(B) 22.4 L of N2O and 22.4 L of NO under identical conditions
(C) 1 millimole of HCl and 0.5 millimole of H2S
(D) 1 mole of H2O2 and 1 mole of N2O4
92. For which of the following reactions, the degree of dissociation cannot be calculated
dt - d0
, where dt and d0 are the theoretical and
applying the formula: a =
( n -1)d0
experimental densities, respectively.

(A) PCl5 PCl3 + Cl2
(B) 2NH3 N2 + 3H2

(C) 2HI H2 + I2
(D) 2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2
93. 11.2 L of gas at STP (1 atm and 0C) weighs 14.0 g. The gas may be

(A) N2O
(B) NO2

(C) N2
(D) CO
394. 1 mol of 14
ions contains
7 N

(A) 7 NA electrons

(C) 7 NA neutrons
(B) 7 NA protons
(D) 14 NA protons
95. The composition of universe is approximately 90% hydrogen and 10% helium, by
weight. The composition represents that

(A) there are 18 hydrogen atoms in the universe per atom of helium.

(B) there are 9 hydrogen atoms in the universe per atom of helium.

(C) there is 4.5 g hydrogen in the universe per gram of helium.

(D) the average molar mass of universe is 2.20 g per mole.
96. The formula weight of hydrogen fluoride is 20. The vapour density of a sample of
hydrogen fluoride gas is measured by an experiment as 20. It may represent that

(A) some molecules of hydrogen fluoride are dissociated

(B) some molecules of hydrogen fluoride are in dimer form

(C) all hydrogen fluoride molecules are in dimer form

(D) some hydrogen fluoride molecules are in trimer form
97.

Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct for water?

(A) H and O are in 2 : 1 atomic ratio
(B) H and O are in 2 : 1 weight ratio
(C) H and O are in 1 : 8 weight ratio
(D) H and O are in 2 : 1 volume ratio
98. The atomic weight of a diatomic gaseous element is 19. Which of the following
statement(s) is/are correct regarding the element?

(A) weight of one atom is 19 u

(B) weight of NA molecules is 38 g

(C) volume of NA atoms is 22.7 Lat STP

(D) weight of NA atoms is 19 g
99. Three isotopes of an element have mass numbers M, (M + 1) and (M + 2). If the mean
mass number is (M + 0.5), then which of the following ratio(s) may be accepted for
M, (M + 1) and (M + 2) in the order

(A) 1 : 1 : 1
(B) 4 : 1 : 1

(C) 9 : 6 : 1
(D) 2 : 1 : 1
100. The mass of 0.01 mole of o-nitrophenol is not nearly equal to

(A) 0.0434 moles of oxygen
(B) 2.616 1022 molecules of oxygen

(C) 1.744 1022 molecules of ozone
(D) 1.308 1022 molecules of methane
101. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct about the Avogadros number?
(A) It is the number of atoms contained in one mole of atoms of any monoatomic
element
(B) It is the number of electrons required to deposit one mole of atoms of any
metallic element from a solution of the metal salt
(C) It is the number of grams of any element which contains 6.023 1023 atoms of
that element
(D) It is the number of particles (atoms, molecules or ions) required to make one
gram of the substance under consideration
102. The non-stoichiometric compound, titanium monoxide, has a continuous range
of composition from Ti0.75O to TiO0.69. Which of the following is/are the correct
statement regarding the compound? (Ti = 48)

(A) The maximum percentage by weight of oxygen in the compound is 30.8

(B) The minimum percentage by weight of titanium in the compound is 69.2

(C) The minimum percentage by weight of oxygen in the compound is 18.7

(D) The minimum percentage by weight of titanium in the compound is 82.3
103. 1 g-atom of nitrogen represents

(A) 6.023 1023 N2 molecules

(B) 14 g of nitrogen

(C) 11.2 L of nitrogen gas at 1 atm and 273 K

(D) 1 g of nitrogen
104. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
(A) One g-atom of each element contains the same number of atoms
(B) One mole of each substance contains the same number of molecules
(C) One g-molecule of each covalent compound contains the same number of
molecules
(D) One g-ion of each ionic compound contains the same number of ions
105. An oxide of nitrogen has 30.43% nitrogen (At. wt. of N = 14) and its one molecule
weight 1.527 1022 g. Which of the following statement regarding the oxide is (are)
true?
(B) Its empirical formula is NO2

(A) Its empirical formula is N2O

(C) Its molecular formula is N2O4
(D) Its molecular formula is N4O2
Section III
(Comprehension Based Questions having Only One Correct Option)
Comprehension I (For Q. Nos. 106-108)

A sample of bright blue mineral was weighed in air, then weighed again while
suspended in water. An object is buoyed up by the mass of the fluid displaced by the
object. In air, the mineral weighed 7.35 g; in water, it weighed 5.40 g. The densities of
air and water are 1.205 g/dm3 and 0.9982 g/cm3, respectively.
106. What is the density of the mineral?

(A) 0.4255 g/cm3

(C) 3.429 g/cm3
(B) 3.759 g/cm3

(D) 0.2068 g/cm3
107. What is the volume of the mineral taken?

(B) 9.429 cm3

(A) 1.956 cm3

(C) 2.221 cm3
(D) 6.823 cm3
108. What would be the observed mass of a piece of mineral of volume 50 cm3, when
suspended in water?

(A) 187.95 g
(B) 49.91 g

(C) 138.04 g
(D) 187.88 g
Comprehension II (For Q. Nos. 109-111)

The first concept of atomic weight was given by Dalton. He defined that the absolute mass
of an atom cannot be determined but we may compare the masses of atoms of different
elements, perfectly, by knowing the chemical formula and percentage composition, by
mass, of the compound formed by the elements concerned. The chemical or molecular
formula can be determined with the help of Avogadros hypothesis that is, under
the similar conditions of pressure and temperature, equal volume of all the gases
have equal number of molecules. Dalton defined the atomic weight of an element
as the number of times by which one atom of the element is heavier than one atom
of hydrogen. In order to determine the atomic weight of nitrogen, the following data
are observed by experiments, for a compound containing only nitrogen and hydrogen
atoms:
Data I : The compound contains 88% nitrogen and 12% hydrogen, by mass.
Data II : 10 mL of this gaseous compound exactly gives 10 mL nitrogen and 20mL
hydrogen, on complete decomposition. (All volumes are at the same
temperature and pressure)
109. What is the molecular formula of the compound if nitrogen and hydrogen, both are
diatomic?

(A) NH3
(B) N2H4

(C) N4H2
(D) N2H2
110. What is the atomic weight of nitrogen on this hydrogen scale?

(A) 14
(B) 14.67

(C) 14.33
(D) 13.67
111. What would be the molecular formula of the compound if nitrogen were triatomic
and hydrogen were diatomic?
(B) N3H4

(A) NH3

(C) N4H

(D)
N3H2
3
Comprehension III (For Q. Nos. 112-114)

Vitamin C (M = 176) is a compound of C, H and O found in many natural sources,

especially citrus fruits. When a 1.0 g sample of vitamin C is placed in a combustion
chamber and burned, the following data are obtained:
Mass of CO2 absorber after combustion = 85.35 g
Mass of CO2 absorber before combustion = 83.85 g
Mass of H2O absorber after combustion = 37.96 g
Mass of H2O absorber before combustion = 37.55 g
112. What is the percentage of carbon, by weight in vitamin C?

(A) 66.67%
(B) 40.9%

(C) 20%
(D) 60%

113. What is the percentage of hydrogen, by weight in vitamin C?

(A) 4.55%
(B) 41%

(C) 20.5%
(D) 9.11%
114. What is the empirical formula of vitamin C?
(B) C3H4O3

(A) CH2O

(C) C6H8O6
(D) CHO
Comprehension IV (For Q. Nos. 115-117)

Figure shows a scheme, for concentrating a dilute solution of NaOH.

Water Vapour
Feed stream
25000 kg/hr
(2% NaOH, 80% water
18% NaCl, by weight)
Concentrated solution
(50% NaOH, 50% water
by weight)
Slurry (90% NaCl,

5% NaOH,
5% water, by weight)
115. How much water evaporated per hour?

(A) 5000 kg

(C) 19500 kg
(B) 500 kg
(D) 20000 kg
116. How much concentrated solution obtained per hour?

(A) 5000 kg
(B) 500 kg

(C) 19500 kg
(D) 20000 kg
117. How much slurry obtained per hour?

(A) 5000 kg

(C) 19500 kg
(B) 500 kg
(D) 20000 kg
Comprehension V (For Q. Nos. 118-120)

You have a piece of gold jewellery weighing 9.35 g. Its volume is 0.654 cm3. Assume
that the metal is an alloy (mixture) of gold and silver, which have densities of
19.3 g/cm3 and 10.5 g/cm3, respectively. Also assume that there is no change in volume
when the pure metals are mixed.
118. What is the percentage of gold (by mass) in the alloy?

(A) 58.24%
(B) 41.76%

(C) 74.08%
(D) 43.12%
119. What is the percentage of gold (by volume) in the alloy?

(A) 56.88%
(B) 41.76%

(C) 58.24%
(D) 43.12%
120. The relative amount of gold in an alloy is measured in karats. Pure gold is 24 karats;
an alloy of 50% gold is 12 karats. State the proportion of gold in the jewelry in
karats.

(A) 10.02
(B) 13.98

(C) 17.78
(D) 10.35
Comprehension VI (For Q. Nos. 121-123)

A granulated sample of aircraft alloy (Al, Mg, Cu) weighing 8.72 g was first treated with
alkali to dissolve the aluminium, then with very dilute HCl to dissolve the magnesium,
leaving residue of copper. The residue after alkali-boiling weighed 2.10 g, and the acid
insoluble residue from this weighed 0.69 g.
121. What is the percentage of aluminium in the alloy?

(A) 75.9%
(B) 16.2%

(C) 7.9%
(D) 24.1%
122. How many atoms of magnesium are present per gram of alloy?
(B) 3.55 1022

(A) 4.06 1021
22

(C) 9.75 10
(D) 6.75 1020
123. The density of copper is 8.94 g/cm3. What volume of solid residue will be left per
100g of alloy?
(B) 70.74 cm3

(A) 0.885 cm3
3

(C) 1.81 cm
(D) 8.49 cm3
Comprehension VII (For Q. Nos. 124-126)

A sample of hydrogen fluoride gas (only HF molecules) is collected in a vessel and left
for some time. Then, a constant molar mass of the sample is experimentally determined
as 34 g/mol. Assume that this abnormal molar mass is due to dimerisation as well as
trimerisation of some HF molecules (no molecules in any other polymeric forms) and
the mole ratio of monomeric and trimeric form of hydrogen fluoride molecules present
is 4 : 1.
124. What percentage of hydrogen fluoride molecules is dimerised?

(A) 50
(B) 58.8

(C) 76.47
(D) 17.65
125. What percentage of hydrogen fluoride molecules is trimerised?

(A) 40
(B) 58.8

(C) 76.47
(D) 17.65
126. What percent of total molecules present in the final sample are H2F2 molecules?

(A) 10
(B) 40

(C) 50
(D) 58.8
Comprehension VIII (For Q. Nos. 127-129)

The vapour density of a gaseous mixture containing only Ar and N2O4 gases, is 40.
When the mixture is left for some time, the vapour density decreased and finally
becomes 37.5. It happened due to dissociation of some N2O4 into NO2. (Ar = 40)
127. What is the degree of dissociation of N2O4?

(A) 0.086
(B) 0.133

(C) 0.067
(D) 0.0625
128. What is the initial mole ratio of Ar and N2O4?

(A) 1 : 1
(B) 3 : 10

(C) 1 : 3
(D) 1 : 5
129. What is the final mole ratio of Ar, N2O4 and NO2?

(A) 1 : 1 : 1
(B) 1 : 3 : 11

(C) 45 : 137 : 26
(D) 4 : 13 : 3
Comprehension IX (For Q. Nos. 130-132)

A compound which contains one atom of X and two atoms of Y for each three atoms
of Z is made by mixing 5.0 g of X, 1.15 1023 atoms of Y and 0.03 g-atoms of Z. It is
observed that only 4.40 g of the compound results. The atomic weights of X and Z are
60 and 80, respectively.
130. What is the atomic weight of Y?

(A) 70

(C) 65
(B) 75
(D) 90
131. How many gram of Y is left uncombined?

(A) 13.37 g
(B) 11.97 g

(C) 1.40 g
(D) 12.67 g
132. How many moles of atoms of X are left uncombined?

(A) 0.073
(B) 0.063

(C) 0.053
(D) 0.01
Comprehension X (For Q. Nos. 133-135)

When the Baeyers process is used for recovering aluminium from siliceous ores, some
aluminium is always lost because of the formation of an unworkable mud having
the following average formula: 3Na2O3Al2O35SiO25H2O. Since aluminium and
sodium ions are always in excess in the solution from which this precipitate is formed,
the precipitation of the silicon in the mud is complete. A certain ore contains 13%
(by weight) kaolin, Al2O32SiO22H2O and 87% gibbsite, Al2O33H2O. (Al = 27,
Si=28)
133. What percent of the total aluminium in this ore is recoverable in the Baeyers
process?

(A) 80
(B) 90

(C) 85
(D) 75
134. What is the percentage of silica present in the ore, by weight?

(A) 2.82
(B) 3.02

(C) 0.465
(D) 6.05
135. How many mole of Al2O3 are present per mole of ore?

(A) 1.000
(B) 0.083

(C) 0.222
(D) 0.242
Section IV
(Assertion-Reason Based Questions)

The following questions consist of two statements. Mark

(A) If both Statements are CORRECT, and the Statement-II is the CORRECT
explanation of Statement-I.
(B) If both Statements are CORRECT, but the Statement-II is not the CORRECT
explanation of Statement-I.
(C) If Statement-I is CORRECT but Statement-II is INCORRECT.
(D) If Statement-I is INCORRECT but Statement-II is CORRECT.
136. Statement-I : The composition of any chemical compound is independent from the
method from which it is produced.

Statement-II : In any chemical reaction, the total mass of the reaction mixture
always remains conserved.
137. Statement-I : One atom of an element weighs equal to its atomic mass, expressed in
amu.

Statement-II : One amu represents 1 th part by mass of one atom of C12 isotope.
12
138. Statement-I : The molecular mass of any substance is the sum of atomic masses of
all the atoms present in each molecule of the substance.

Statement-II : The atomic as well as molecular masses are defined on the same
carbon scale.
139. Statement-I : Equal masses of all the gases contain equal volume, measured under
identical conditions of pressure and temperature.

Statement-II : At constant pressure and temperature, the volume occupied by any
gas is directly proportional to its number of moles.
140. Statement-I : The number of atoms in 2 g hydrogen and 28 g nitrogen is same.

Statement-II : The number of atoms in one mole of any substance is always same.
141. Statement-I : The number of atoms in a given mass of dioxygen (oxygen) and
trioxygen (ozone) gases is same.

Statement-II : The number of atoms depends on atomic mass, not on molecular
mass.
142. Statement-I : Compounds having the same empirical formula have the same
chemical composition.

Statement-II : The chemical composition of different compounds may be same only
when the molecular formula of the compounds is same.
143. Statement-I : All the members of any class of hydrocarbon (alkane, alkene, alkyne
or arene) have the same empirical formula.

Statement-II : Compounds having the same general formula may have different
empirical formula.
144. Statement-I : The density of moist air is less than that of dry air.

Statement-II : Moist air contains relatively lighter water molecules along with
nitrogen and oxygen molecules.
145. Statement-I : Vapour density of sulphur vapour relative to oxygen is 2 because

sulphur atom is twice as heavy as that of oxygen atom.

Statement-II : Vapour density depends upon the molecular state of the substance in
vapour state.
Section V
(Match the Column may have One or More than One Match)
146. Match the following

Column I
Column II

(A) Number of ideal gas molecules in
(P) Loschmidt number

1 mL at 273 K and 1 atm.

(B) Number of ideal gas molecules in
(Q) 2.689 1019

22.4 L at 273 K and 1 atm.

(C) Number of atoms present in exactly
(R) Avogadros number

12 g of C12 isotopes

(D) Number of atoms present in exactly
(S) 6.023 1023

1 g of C12 isotope

(T) 5.019 1022

Column I
Column II

(A) Gay- Lussac law
(P) 6.02 1023 molecules

(B) 16 g of methane
(Q) 4.517 1023 molecules
(R) 6.02 1024 electrons

(C) 92.91 g phosphorus (P4)

(D) 32 g of oxygen
(S) Gases react in simple ratio of

their volumes.

(T) 1.807 1024 atoms
Column I
Atomic masses
Isotope I Isotope II
(A)
Z1
Z+2
(B)
Z+1
Z+3
(C)
Z
3Z
(D)
Z1
Z+1
Average
Z
Z+2
2Z
Z
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)
Column II
Percentage composition of the
heavier isotope
33.33% by mole
50% by mole
% by mass depends on Z
75% by mass

Column I
Column II

(A) 18 g glucose
(P) Atomic mass

(B) 1 mole water
(Q) 7.22 1023 hydrogen atoms

(C) Daltons atomic theory
(R) 6.02 1023 oxygen atoms

(D) Dulong and Petits law
(S) The atom is indestructible

(T) 3.61 1023 oxygen atoms

Column I
Column II
(P) 28 g

(A) 0.875 mole O2 gas
(Q) 22.4 L at 0oC and 1 atm

(B) 1.00 mole N2 gas
(R) 1.2046 1024 atoms of nitrogen

(C) 2.00 mole NaNO3

(D) 0.4375 mole K2SO4 (S) 1.0540 1024 atoms of oxygen

(T) 76.125 g

Column I
Column II
(P) 3.76 1024 hydrogen atoms

(A) 9.54 g SO2
(Q) 9.41 1023molecules

(B) 26.56 g NH3

(C) 25 g methane
(R) 0.1491 mol

(D) 1 atom of lead (Pb = 208)
(S) 2.823 1024 hydrogen atoms

(T) 345 1024 g

Column I

(A) 8 g methane

(B) 1 u

(C) 88 g CO2

(D) 122.5 g of KClO3

Column II
1
(P) ` 12 j th mass of C-12
(Q) 24.08 1023 oxygen atoms
(R) 18.06 1023 oxygen atoms
(S) 3.01 1023 molecules
(T) 12.04 1024 carbon atoms

Column I
Column II

(A) 0.635 g copper
(P) 7.308 1023 g

(B) Na2CO310H2O
(Q) 8.69 % of carbon
(R) 34.79% of oxygen

(C) K2CO3
(S) 6.02 1021 atoms

(D) Mass of one molecule of CO2

(T) 4.19% of carbon

Column I
Column II

(A) 0.254 g copper
(P) 5.6 litres

(B) 1 g He gas at 273 K and 1 atm
(Q) 2.4 1021 atoms
(R) 12.04 1023atoms

(C) 222 g CaCl2
(S) 1.506 1023atoms

(D) 1 mole of Ca(OH)2

(T) 30.1 1023 atoms

Column I

(A) 3 mole of Co(NH3)4SO4

(B) 1 mole FeKCo(NO2)6

(C) 1.5 mole [Fe(H2O)5SCN]SO3

(D) 0.75 mole K2Cu(SCN)4

Column II
(P) 3 mole of S atoms
(Q) 1 mole Fe
(R) 12 mole O atoms
(S) 6 mole N atoms
(T) 1.5 mole K atoms
Exercise 3
(Previous Years IIT JEE Questions)

1.
An evacuated glass vessel weighs 50.0 g when empty, 148.0 g when filled with a
liquid of density 0.98 g/mL and 50.5 g when filled with an ideal gas at 760 mm Hg at
300 K. Determine the molar mass of the gas.
(1998, 3 M)
2.
A plant virus is found to consist of uniform cylindrical particles of 150 in diameter

and 5000 long. The specific volume of the virus is 0.75 mL/g. If the virus is
considered to be a single particle, find its molecular weight.
(1999, 3 M)
3.
At 100C and 1 atm, if the density of liquid water is 1.0 g/cm3 and that of water
vapour is 0.0006 g/cm3, then the volume occupied by water molecules in 1 L of
steam at that temperature is
(2000 (s), 3 M)
(A) 6 mL
(B) 60 mL
(C) 0.6 mL
(D) 0.06 mL

4.
How many mole of electron weigh one kilogram?

1
(B)
(A) 6.023 1023
1031
9.108
1
1
(C)
(D)
1054
108
9.108
9.108 6.023
(2002(s), 3 M)
5.

Which has maximum number of atoms?

(A) 24 g of C
(B) 56 g of Fe
(C) 27 g of Al
(D) 108 g of Ag
(2003(s), 3 M)
6.
Given that the abundances of isotopes 54Fe, 56Fe and

respectively. The atomic mass of Fe is
(A) 55.85
(B) 55.95
(C) 55.75
(D) 56.05

7.
57Fe
are 5%, 90% and 5%,

(2009, 3 M)
Silver (atomic weight = 108 g mol1) has a density of 10.5 g cm3. The number of
silver atoms on surface of area 1012 m2 can be expressed in scientific notation as
(2010, 3 M)
y10x. The value of x is
Answers
Exercise 1
1. 7.1 g
2.
3. 57.93%
690
4. 2.5 mm
5. 6.7 ton, 3.3 ton
.
.
7. CoSO4 7H2O, CoSO4 H2O, 1.957 g
9. 50.9
10. 6.03 1023
11. 1 1013 g Cu per g Ag
12. 1.427
14. 31.79
15. 2.77
17. 11 mm
18. 141.16
1025
6. 2.48 1019 g
8. 40.8%
13. Yes
16. 0.566 mL
19. 210

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Chapter 1 Mole Concept | 1

1.1.2 Law of Constant Composition or Definite Proportion (Proust)

The composition of a compound always remains fixed and it is independent to the

1.1.3 Law of Multiple Proportion (Dalton)

1.1.4 Law of Reciprocal Proportion (Richter)

1.1.5 Gay Lussacs Law of Volume Combination

2 | Chapter 1 Mole Concept

Example 1 A 15.9 g sample of sodium carbonate is added to a solution of acetic acid

mmilk = (V.d)fat + (V.d)fat free milk

Chapter 1 Mole Concept | 3

\ Mass of gold present, x = 67.92 g

Solution The mass ratio of phosphorus and chlorine in compound A,

4 | Chapter 1 Mole Concept

and the composition of the brown oxide is:

The mass ratio of lead and oxygen, r2 =

Example 11 Methane contains 75 % carbon and 25% hydrogen, by mass. Carbon

and the mass of oxygen combined with 1 g carbon in carbon dioxide =

Example 12 2.5 mL of a gaseous hydrocarbon exactly requires 12.5 mL oxygen for

Chapter 1 Mole Concept | 5

1.2 Atoms and Molecules

1.3 Atomic Weight

(NA = Avogadros number = 6.023 1023)

6 | Chapter 1 Mole Concept

1.3.5 Concept of g-atom

Chapter 1 Mole Concept | 7

wt. (in gm)

Solution No. of Ca-atoms =

wt. (in gm)

Solution No. of atoms =

Solution Volume of a ball =

Mass of iron present in a ball = 5.33

\ No. of iron atoms =

wt. (in gm)

8 | Chapter 1 Mole Concept

Example 19 Calculate the number of neutrons present in 7 mg of C14.

and no. of atoms =

wt. (in gm)

Example 20 Calculate the number of g-atoms in the following:

(a) 3.5 g nitrogen

Solution (a) No. of g-atoms =

wt. (in gm)

wt. (in gm)

wt. (in gm)

Solution Average atomic mass =

Chapter 1 Mole Concept | 9

Calculate the average neutrons per oxygen atom?

Solution Average neutrons per atom =

4000 (16 - 8) 1 (18 - 8)

1.4 Molecular Weight

10 | Chapter 1 Mole Concept

Volume of gas at STP

Example 25 How many molecules are present in 45 g glucose, C6H12O6?

wt. (in gm)

Now, no. of molecules =

Molecular weight of sugar = 12 12 + 22 1 + 11 16 = 342

Example 27 If molecular weight of glucose-1-phosphate is 260 and its density is 1.5g/mL.

Solution Volume occupied by one molecule =

mass of one molecule

260 1.66 10-24

Solution Volume of a virus particle = pr2l

Chapter 1 Mole Concept | 11

Mass of a virus particle = V d = (6.81 107) 0.08 = 5.448 1018 g

Example 29 Each molecule of a substance contains 7 atoms of carbon, 14 atoms of

Example 30 A mixture of 1.65 1021 molecules of X and 1.85 1021 molecules of Y