Maths formulas

General Formulas:
( a + b )2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
( a b )2 = a2 + b2 2ab
( a2 + b2 ) = [ (a + b)2 + (a - b)2 ]
( a2 b2 ) = ( a + b ) ( a b )
( a3 + b3 ) = (a + b) ( a2 ab + b2 )
(a3 b3 ) = (a b) (a2 + ab + b2 )
(a + b)2 + (a b)2 = 2 ( a2 + b2 )
(a + b)2 (a b)2 = 4ab
Chapter I SET LANGUAGE
De Morgans Laws
(A B) = A B
(A B) = A B
A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
Composite Functions
(fog)oh = (fog)h
fo(goh)=f(goh)
Chapter II ALGEBRA
f(x) X g(x) = G.C.D X L.C.M
Solution by quadratic formula:
x = b b2 4ac
2a

Relation between roots and coefficients

+ = -b / a
=c/a
Sequence and Series
Arithmetic Progression:
n= l-a +1
d
tn = a + (n 1) d
zsSn = n/2 (2a + ( n l) d)

and

Sn = n/2 (a + l)

Geometric Progression:
tn = arn-1
for r >1 Sn = a (rn 1)
r 1
for r<1 Sn = a (1 rn)
1 r
Summation of series
n = sum of the first n natural numbers = n (n + 1)
2
n2 = sum of the squares of the first n natural numbers = n (n + 1) (2n + 1)
6
n3 = sum of the cubes of the first n natural numbers = n (n + 1)
2
Logarithms:
loga a = 1,

loga 1 = 0,

Product rule:

logx MN = logx M + logx N

Quotient rule:

logx (M/N) = logx M logx N

Power rule:

logx Mn = n logx M

Change of base rule:

loga m = m

logb a = logb c . logc a

Chapter III

MENSURATION

Solid Cylinder:
Volume of the cylinder = r2h cu. units
The curved surface area of the cylinder = 2rh sq. units
Total surface area of the cylinder = 2r (h + r) sq. units
Hollow cylinder:
Volume of material used = h (R + r) (R r) cu. units
Curved surface area = 2h (R + r) sq. units
Total surface area = 2 (R + r) (R r + h) sq. units
Right circular cone:
Volume of the cone = 1/3 r2h cu. units
Lateral surface area = rl sq. units
Total surface area = r (l + r) sq. units
Slant height, l = h2 + r2 units
Hollow cone:
Length of the arc = 2r / 360
Area of the sector = r2 / 360
Sphere:
Volume of the sphere = 4/3 r3 cu. units
Surface area of the sphere = 4r2 sq. units
Hemisphere:
Volume of the hemisphere = 2/3 r3 cu. units
Curved surface area of a hemisphere = 2r2 sq. units

Total surface area of a hemisphere = 3r2 sq. units

Hollow Sphere:
Volume of the material used = 4/3 (R3 r3) cu. units
Cuboid:
Volume = (l x b x h) cu. units
Surface area = 2 ( lb + bh + lh ) sq. units
Diagonal = l2 + b2 + h2 units
Cube:
Volume = a3 cu. units
Surface area = 6 a2 sq. units
Diagonal = 3 a units.
Rectangle:
Area of the Rectangle = l x b
Perimeter of a rectangle = 2 (l + b)
Square:
Area of the square = a2

and

(diagonal)2

Perimeter of the square = 4a

Circle:
Area of the circle = r2
Circumference of a circle = 2r
Triangle:
Area of a triangle = bh
Area of an equilateral triangle = 3 a2
4
Area of a triangle = s (s a) (s b) (s c),
Where s = (a + b + c)

Area of a Parallelogram = Base x Height

Area of a Rhombus = (Product of diagonals)
Ellipse:
Area of an ellipse: ab
Perimeter = 2 a2 + b2
2
Chapter VIII

TRIGONOMETRY

sin = opposite side / hypotenuse

cos = adjacent side / hypotenuse
tan = opposite side / adjacent side
sin = 1 / cosec
cos = 1 / sec
tan = 1 / cot
General Formulas:
sin () = sin
cos () = cos
tan () = tan
sin2 + cos2 = 1
1 + tan2 = sec2
1 + cot2 = cosec2
sin (A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB
sin (A B) = sinA cosB cosA sinB
cos (A + B) = cosA cosB sinA SinB
cos (A B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB
tan (A + B) = tanA + tanB .

1 tanA tanB
tan (A B) =

tanA tanB
1 + tanA tanB

sinA cosB = sin (A + B) + sin (A B)

2
cosA sinB = sin (A + B) sin (A B)
2
cosA cosB = cos (A + B) + cos (A B)
2
sinA sinB = cos (A B) cos (A + B)
2
sin2A = 2sinA cosA

sinA = 2sinA/2 cosA/2

= 2 tanA .
1 + tan2A

= 2 tanA/2 .
1 + tan2A/2

cos2A = cos2A sin2A

cosA = cos2A/2 sin2A/2

= 2cos2A 1

= 2cos2A/2 1

= 1 2sin2A

= 1 2sin2A/2

= 1 tan2A
1 + tan2A

= 1 tan2A/2
1 + tan2A/2

tan2A = 2 tanA .
1 tan2A

tanA = 2 tanA/2 .
1 tan2A/2

sin3A = 3 sinA 4 sin3A

cos3A = 4cos3A 3cosA
tan3A = 3 tanA tan3A
1 3 tan2A
sin2A = 1 cos2A
2
cos2A = 1 + cos2A
Sin
Cos
tan
cosec
sec
tan

0o
0
1
0

30o

3/2
1/3
2
2/3
3

45o
1/2
1/2
1
2
2
1

60o
3/2

3
2/3
2
1/3

90o
1
0

Chapter IX

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY

Distance between two points

PQ = (x2 x1)2 + (y2 y1)2
Section
Internally:
x = m x2 + n x 1
m+n

y = m y2 + n y 1
m+n

x = m x2 n x1
mn

y = m y2 n y1
mn

Externally:

Mid point
x1 + x2
2

y1 + y2
2

Centroid of a triangle
x1 + x2 + x3 ,
3

y1 + y2 + y3
3

Area of a triangle
ABC = [(x1(y2 y3) + x2(y3 y1) + x3(y1 y2)]
Condition for collinearity
[(x1(y2 y3) + x2(y3 y1) + x3(y1 y2)] = 0

Slope of a straight line

m = tan
Slope of the joining two points
m = y2 y1
x2 x1

or

y1 y2
x1 x2

Condition for two lines to be parallel

m1 = tan1 and

m2 = tan2

Condition for two lines to be perpendicular

m1 m2 = 1
Equation of a straight line
y = mx
Slope Intercept form
y = mx + c
Slope One point form
y y1 = m(x x1)
Slope Two points form
y y1 = x x1
y2 y1 x2 x1
Intercepts form
x+y =1
a b

m1 = m 2

Chapter XI

STATISTICS

Mean
Arithmetic mean = sum of observations = x
No. of observations
n
Direct method:
A.M = = fx
f
Shortcut method:
d=xA
= A + fd
f
Weighted arithmetic mean
Weighted A.M = wx
w
Median
For n is odd, median = n + 1
2

th

item

For n is even, median is the mean value of n

2
Discrete frequency distribution:
N= f
For N is odd, median = N + 1
2

th

item

th

and n + 1 th items
2

For N is even, median is the mean value of N

2
Continuous frequency distribution:
N / 2 = f / 2
Median = l + [(N/2) m] . c
f
Range
Range = max. value min. value
Standard Deviation
S.D =
Variance = 2
S.D = (x )2
n
Shortcut method
S.D = d2 d
n
n

Discrete frequency distribution

S.D = f (x )2
f
Shortcut method
S.D = fd2 fd
f
f

Probability
P(A) = 1 P(A)
Where, P(A) + P(A) = 1

th

and N + 1 th items
2

P(A) = n(A)
n(S)
P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) P(AB)