In this chapter, students will:

. learn concepts ofnull and altemativc h}?othescs, tcst statistic, level ofsignificancc
and p-value
. conduct tests for a population lrlean based on:
o a sample liom a nomal populatiol ofkflown variance
o a samplc from a normal population ofunl<iown vadance
o a large sample from any population
. conduct l-tail and 2-tail tests
. use oft-test

#1. Introduction
Olten in scientific enquiry a statement conceming a population palametcr is put forwanJ as a
statistical hypotlesis. Its validity is then tcsted, hrsed ofl obsrrvctrorr made from ran.lom
samples titken from thc population.

Definirton :
A slatistical hypothesis is a assertion or (onjccture conccrning onc or more population.

For cxanples, consider the following Ileadlines in Ncwspapers :

. Singaporcan students perfonn better tn Mxths and Sclrnec than thusc ftom drc U K.
. Stafting school late has reduced thc numbcr ol'latc coners to the Collcgc
. A\etugc lQ.scorrUl :RJ{ iJn{ I, aho\( IUX

ln hpoth€sis testing, we usually takc a random sample lrom the population ulijer invcstigation
and use the information contai[ed in lhis sample to deciclc whe{licr a hlpothcsis is likely
to bc
tnre or false.

#2. Some Definitions

. Any assumption about the population paraneter (c.g. population mean p which can be
)
testcd by using thc observations it a random sample taken liom thc population is a statistical
lrpthcsis
. Null h)?orhcsrs. ffr. hl4rothesis on a value of rhe population pa.ameter beforc
f-l s.rmplrng is donc It is thc l)ypothcsis lhat we are illterested in
- festing and will .eject if the rlata in the sample provitlcs
sufficient cvidence

c29 I
&le : If null hypothesis H0 is rejected, the conclusion is that some other hypothesis ,
known as altemative hypothesis is acccpted. There are lhrcc possible Ht that conccm
us.

For example, supposc H6:g=171g,

then, depending on the contcxt, the altemalive hlTothesis Ht could be

Ht:p+17k9 ( )
or ljl:p>l7kg ( ))
or Hl :p<l7kg ( on"tu'r"a
| '"""
Test statistic A quantity calculated from our sample ofdata- Its value is used to decide
whethcr or not the null h,?othcsis H0 should be rejectcd in our h)?othesis test.

Critical region The set of values ofthe test statistic for which Ho is rejected is known
as tho critical region. It depends on the t)?e oftest and the signilicance
level. The boundaries of thc critical region are called the critical
values-
Significance lcvel (rr. x 100%) - o is the probability of rejecting H6 when Hg is in
fact true. lt must be chosen, before the tcst is conducted,
to aid in deciding whether to accept or rc.iect H0. Note
that o is the total probabilify in the critical region.

NqEI
When the levcl of significance is not given, a 57o level is nolmally uscd.

As examplg the critical regions (shaded) for a z-test lvith a siqdficance levcl of
al1 5olo
((l:0.05) for the 3 dillerent types oftests are illustratei below.

Two-tailed test Left-tailed test Right-tailed test

-1.96 1.96 ,1.645 J .645

\, ,/
Critical valrres rcne critical value in each case

N9l!9: that the critical values can be obtained tiom the GC or thc tables in MF 15. This will
be

c29 Z
 dcrDonstratcd in the examplcs.

p - value -. thr: lowest level ofsignificance at which Hg is rcjected. Once the p-r,alue has
been dctermincd, wc do not rcjcct H0 at {a x 100% level if p-valuc > c. we
reject II0 at (1 x 1007o level ifp-value:, n .

Note that thep-v.lue can be calculated by ttre GC.

(]raDhical intcrpretatioI of p-value

What type of Righttailed

test?

Two-tailed

ls the test
statistic positive
or negative?

P-value = P-value =
h,,r'ice the twice the P-value -
P-Value- area area to area to area to
to the left of the left of the right of the right of
the test the test the test the test
statistic statistic statistic. statistic

#4. Procedure for Hypothesis Testing

Step 1 State I I0 and Hl

Step 2 Detcrminc the tlpe oftest (one-tailed or two-tailed) and selcct the signilicance
levcl (iI
not given)_

Step 3 Determine the distribution under I{o

Step 4 Caiculatc the value oflhc test statistics and tlicp value, basod on sampLc data. This calr
be done with the GC_

c29 3
.tt, 5 : (Two methods to decide)
(1) R'jject Ho ifthep-value :: o(at significancc level Cr x 100o/o).
Do not reject Ho if the p-value > o (at significance level d x 1009/0)-

(2) Reject H6 if the test statistic lies in lhe critical region (at significance level cx
100%). Otherwise, do dot reject Ho (at significance level <r x 10070).
Ncvcr sa] rejecl Hr. Slale conclusion in conlexl.

(4.1) Use of Z-Test in Sisnificance testine concerning pezu!4lie!Uqe4!,!

To tcst Ilo: p=p0 against Hl : !L t lto

It <Po
P >Po
at u r 1007o level ofsignificance.

Useful Formulae
1)Sample mean
t,
- It,' ,t
n

2) In the lbllowing cases, ifpopulation varirnc. ol is unklo*n, replcce o2 with .-' (unbiascd
variance estimate). [Jse ary of the following formulae according to given irfonl1ation.

1t," ," (lt' n.-1)'I where cis a constant.

. ', - , ' tl'
I

c29-4
 (ii) A largc sample frona nonnal
population, population variance .' 2 is -r-N( )
u[known (conlpare this to the usc of
l-test whcre samplc size is small.)
whcre s2 is the unbiascd
variance estimate.
(iii) A large samplc (, I 50 as a guide) By CLT, (r)
from any populatiot (not Normal)
(l) t-rv( ,:i - _i
when o2 krown,

(2) - - 1/(
when o2 unhown, where
s' is lhe unbiased var-iance
esfimate-

Erarnplc I:
'Ihc lengths of mctal bars produccd by a particular machire arc nonnally dislributed with mean
length 420 cl}I and staodard deviation l2 cnr Thc rn:chrne Ls servrcetl, ritcr wlrich a sar'plc of
lr){r b,lrs gr\e\ I tcJn lcnAth ol 4/ r cm

Is therc cviclencc, at thc 5o4 lcvcl , ofa chnngc io the m(jan lenglh ofthc bam producerl by lhe
machine, assuming tltat the standard dcviation rcmains thc same ,l

JSolnl:

Step 1: Let F cm denote population mean length-

To test 116 : 7z =
against lli: llr
Stcp 2: Two-tailed tcsl af level. (i.c. (l :

Stcp 3: uracr Ho, F- Lr[

Step .l:
l
Tq qqt Ge ttq calculale tesr rt41!!!! q!d? f4!!r.
. 0.".. use righr arrow key ro sclecr <TESTS>. EIIT CHLC larFltr
Filund IEZ-Teqi.
. setecr <1> o. prc..
I=NIFR I
2: T-Test...
3! 2-Sar.rt'zTest...
4: 2-SaneTTesL-..
c29 5 5: 1*PrspzTeet...
6! z-Fr'rFZTeEt...
7J.Z Inter,,ra 1...
 Select <Stats> and cnter the given values for po,o,X,n.
Then select + l0 to indicate a two{ailed test followed by
<Calculate>.

Z-TesL Z-Test,
I nPt: nEt s
1rr:428
I $+428
s! 12 F=.8124193597
n: 169 rr= 1e0
E:EM {rrD )uo I
Calculele Eraur

Retum to the Z-Tcst screen above and select <Draw> instead of<Calculatc> to obtain a
drawing ofthe arca associated with thep-value.

Step 5:
Sincep-value: , w€
and conclude that therc is
that the mean lcngth ofmetal bars has changed
itt F=-012i|

Altcrnntivelv (use critical reeion)

Stcp 4: (additioftll step ifusirg this method) whv

o.975?
Use InvNonn to detellnine thc critical valucs.

inuHorn(8. 975)
ffi*3TEH*.
2: noFPia I cdf (
3: i nuNorm (
4: tpdft
5: Lcdf(
6: )tu Fdf (
TiHzcdf(
Thus Cntrcal Rcgion: Rrjcct H" if 2., _ or zdn >

Step 5:

Since test statistic 216r : ,we and conclude that there is

thal lhe mean length ofmctal ban has changed at

Do it yourself
Re-do Example I on your own but now using a significant level of 37o. Which pafts of the
steps arc the same and which parts need changcs? Did you get the samc conclusion? Why?

c29 6
 Example 2
In a population of chickcns fiom a particular farmer, thc distribution of t_he mass ot a chrcken
has mean p kg and standard deviation o kg. Tho farmer claims that the mean mass is l.?5 kg. A
random sample of 100 chickens is taken fron thc population_ The mean mass for the sampie is
denoted hv ,Y . Srarc thc apprnximate distnbution ol X
The sarnple values are summarised by
l,,c = lS0- l, lr. - 401.7,1 , where,r kg is the mass of a
chicken. 'rest, at 17o levcl ofsignificancc, whether the farmer has underostimated the mean mass
of the chickens, stating whether you are using a one-tailed or a two-tailed test and statc your
conclusion clear-ly-

lSolnl:
Stcp 1: To test IIo: / = 1.75
against Hl: ll >

Step 2: One-tailed test at level (u :

Sample mean Jr
t,
=4n =

(: ' f
I nbiascd \arinrce (srimarc r ,'I rl"
ft , l
)

+ s = 0.88401t99

Stcp 3: lirJ,r Hu.sIrrrsJDrllcsr,/(ut tU0rjlrrBc, br ( LT, ) Vtt,.- r.

l0{)
Thus )r .' N(

Step 4:

IffitiPg'. *=
Z-Tesf, Z-Test-
u)l.75
z=.576S643937
o: .88498952755... P=. ?82S154885
*=1. 801
R: 1. BrAl n=168
n! l0B
f;t[,:rltgffi"
Stcp 5:

Sincep-value: we and conclude that there is

that the farmer has underestimate.d the mean maLss of the chickcns
at

c29 7
Alternatively (usc critical reqion)

Step 4: (additional step ifusing this method)

Thus Critical Region: Re1ecl H. if 2.., -

Step 5:
Sinc€ the test statistic ztd : and cllnchrde thrr
there is that the farmer has underestimated the mean nass ofthe
chickens at

I)o it yourself?
What if the farmer claims that the mean mass is l.85kg? Repeat Example 2 on your own but
this time test at 27o level ofsignificarce, whether the fanner has unde.estimated the mean mass
ofthe chickens

c29 {t
Example 3 :
A cedain ricc company packs rice in bags which the company claims contain l0 kg ofrice each.
on average. A random sample of80 bags is examined and thc mass, r kg, ofthe contents of each
bag is deternrined. Ir is found thar tOy =,Zl.Z, l0)' =85.1. Tr*r at 5% level of
l{t I("
significance whethcr the manufacturcr is overstating the avcrage nass of the contents ofa bag_

ISolnl:

Step 1: Let p derote the average mass ofthe contorts ofa bag.
To test H0: l=
against H1 : p<
Step 2: One-tailed test at 5% level. (u ..0.05)

SarnDle data:
.
samPlc mean
fr, ,)
r z=-- |.
n

Urrhir.e,t r anrnce csrirrrrrc [1,, ., lI('

s n' tl" )) i

-.> s = 0.9'/98'.7214

Step 3: Sincc sanrple sizc of80 is large, by

u,,d.r He.'r)x Nf )

Step 4i

Z-Test Z-Test
InPt i DEt a FtFlEt s( 1g
t-r0: lLt z= -3. 18f,518786
n: .97987?44867... F=9.5623865E -4
x: 9. 66 x=9. 66
n: 88 n=80
Lt: +1I 0 I )r'.r
UElculaLe DrsLJ I
Sincep value = and coicludc that therc is
,et , that the ma ul'acturcr is
overstating tlie avcrage lnitss ofthe cottents ola blrg.

c)9 9
Alternatively (use criaical region)

Step 4: (additional step ifusing this

whv
inuHorF ( 8. 65 o.os?

Thus Critical Region: R€ject FL if zd < -

Step 5:

Since the test statistic z,*, = and conclude that

there is I ,at that the manufacfurer is
overstating the average mass of the contents of a bag.

Do it yours€lf
What if in Example 3, you are asked to test at 5% level ofsignificance whether the manufacturer
is understating the average mass of the contents of a bag? Which parts of the test will change?
What $.ill be your conclusion then?

c29 r0
 [x:tmple 4 :
Thc random variable ,l1 has a normal distribution with mean p (unknown) and variance o 2
(known). To test thc null hypothesis H0: p: po, a raldom sanple ofn observations
ofxis
taken, and the sample mean is t . Find, ir te.ms ofFo , o and r, the set ofvalues of i
which
will result in I l0 not being rejected in favour of Hl : p < Fo at the 20% level of significance.

[Solnl:

Ho: P: lrl
Hr:p<po
At ofsignificancc. d.:
If Ho is not rejected, p-value >

Use lnvNorm to find the critical valuc z"nd"ulIhen ,-value = 0.02

n& d DRHtd
pdf (
invHcrm(4. 82)
1: nonna l
2: iroFr'lalcdf ( I
Si nuHorr'i (
4: tFdf (
5: tcdft
5: XzFdf(
7+XZcdf(
Thus thc criticai valuc: , i-e. area to the lell ol'this value will be {

So if2-r,aluc > , then zr".r >

In othcr words, so as l1ot to rejcct Ho, ztc.r > ?.nri."j

'^ "tr- x r l1o

xpa

Therefore, the ser or vatucs or ; which will result in H6 not being rcjected in favour of I-Il is
lr
']re R r 7,, 2.o-il7+!.
I J')
Do it yoursclf
What would the set ofvalues of ; be ifthe outcome ofthc test is to reject [Io instead?

c29 1t
Example 5
The table below shows the number ofcell phoncs owncd by 100 households.

Numbcr ofcell phones per household. x 0 2 3 4 5

Numbcr of households with a certain t6 29 34 14 6 1

rrurnber of cell phones, t

Birsed on the above data, test the claim that the population mean is not equal to l-60 at the 5%
level ofsig ficance.

lSolnl:
IC
?9
Step 1: Store the values of)r (number ofcell phones) in Ll lt
and the values of/(number of households) in L2. 6

tU {7} =

Stcp 2 (find mcan alrd thc standard dcviation):

EDIT EffIlE TE5T5
lEl-Uan sLeLs
P,"r.
FrAT-l . highlisht ( AL. and 0,"* [TG--l 2:z-UaF SteLE
3: lled-l'led
4: L inReg( ax+b)
to select l: l-Var Stats. 5: SuadReg
6: Cut icRes
TI0uertRe.l

1-Uar 5ltste Lr,L

2

Step 3: Selcct the list Ll followcd by L2 by prcssing: 1-Uan st'a'lr5

x=1, 68

@l i''r [,] [-ND lE4 5x=1 . 144861 15s

sx=1 . 139122469
r."* In=1AB
lGllrecl. I

Note (important):
)
(I S, shown in tho GC is the unbiased estinated population standard deviation s.
(2) o, shown in thc CC is the sanple standard deviation.
(3) If the lists L I and L2 are selected in the wrong order, you will get r : l5 instead of 100.

c29 12
 Let p denote thc avqage numbcr ofcell phones owned bya family.

To test H0: ll= Z-Test

InPL: D€La tslGlEl !r+1.€'
against I{t: lr* s0i1-5 z=. 6986899563
o:1.145 E=. 4847456641
n! 1.58
'Iwo-tailed test at .(r: nr 186

Since samplc size of 100 is large,

iiEiii ir:"
n= 1gE

by
(
undcr Ha. )f - Ni
\

Sincep :
ard conclude that there is to
claim that the population mean is not equal to 1.60
at ofsignil'icancc.

Alternati!elv { usc critical re!'ion r

(Rcfcr to Example l)
'l-hus Cdtical Region: Roject tto if
t,.,r < or :,!sr >

Sincc the lest statistic zr.sr =

wc :rnd cooclude {hat there is
to clairr that thc population Dlean is not
cqual to 1.60 at ofsignjficancc.

z,e:0.698'

Do it yourself
Wrat ifanother sct ofvalues wcrc addcd and that thc nufiber ofhouseholds with 5 handphones
wcre changcd as fbllows?

] Nu-t .. ofcett pl. .

i \s!.-s!ellL'
I Numbcr ofhuuscholds wrth a (crtrr
I nurnber ot ecll phones, /
What would thc outconc ofyour tcsl be?

c29 r3
(4.2) Use of t-Test in Signiflcance testins for nopulation mean. u. usine a small
sample(n < 30) of unknown variance.

THE I- DISTRIBUTION
DtrFINITION
The l-distribution is s],rnmctical, bell-shaped, and similar to the standard normal curve. [t
differs from the standard nonnal curvc, howeveq in that it has an additional parameter, called
degrees of freedom, which changes its shape.

DEGREES OF' FREEDO]\,I

Degrees of freedom, usually syrnbolized by y , is a parameter of the l-distibution which can be

any real number greatcr thao zcro (0.0). Setting the value of y defines a particular member of
the family of I distributions. A member of the family of I distributioos with a smaller y has
more aroa in the tails ofthe distribution than the one with a larger v.

The ellect of v on thc I distribution is illustrated in the drree I distributions below.

-3.18 -1.96 l.gd 3.lB

-1/5 7t\

Nole that the smaller the v , the flattcr thc shape of the distribution, resulting in greater arca tn
the tails ofthe distribution

c29 - 14
 RELATIONSHIP TO T HE NORMAL CURVE
The standard nonnal curve is a special case of the /-distribution whcn y ) .o. For practical
purposes, the /-distribution approaches the standard nomal distribution relatively quickly,
such
that wherl v = 30 the two are alnost idcntical.

Following are thc important properties ofthe l distribution.

l. The I distribution is diffcre[t firr dift'erent sample sizes.

2. The I distribution is generally bell-shaped. but with smallcr sample sizes showing
increased variability (flatter). In other words, thc dist.ibution is liss peaked than
romal distribution and with thicker tails_ As the sarnple size incrcases, the distribution
i
approaches a nonnal distribution. For,, > 30, the differences are negligiblc.

3. The mcan is zcro (much likc the standar<I normal distnbution).

4. The distribution is symmetrical about the mean.

5. 'fhc variance is greater than I, but approaches I as th(- sanple size increases .
6. The populati(D standard deviation is unknown_
7. The population is essentially normal

A /-distribution is used when

(i) the distribution is nonnal

(ii) the sample size is sntall ( lcss than 30)

(iii) and the pofulation \/ariaDce is unknown

Notation:

-{- (v) means that the variable Xhas a l-distribution with v degrccs offreetlom-

In general, the degrees of frccdom is the nuntber ofvalues that can vary
afler c€rtain restrictions have been imposed on all values.

c29 15
Performine thc ,-tcst

When a small sample is drawn from a normal population of unkno$n variance,

to test Ho: p=po against FIr: p+F0
p <!Lo
F>tlo
at (r. x 10070 level ofsignificance,

the test statistic is ?'=

r lo lbllows the I distribution with degrees offrccdom equaltor- 1.
J
J;

Example 6 (FM N1999/P2l7(i))

The manufacturers ofan clect.ic watcr heatcr claim that thci heatcrs will heat 500 litres ofwater
from a temperaturc of l0"Cto a temperature of 35"C in, on average, no longer than 12 minute.
In ordcr to tcst this clain, 14 randornly chosen heaters are bought and the times (r. minutes) to
heat 500 litres of water from I0'Cto 35"C is measured- Correct to I dccimal place, the results
are as follows-

1.3.2 12.2 11.4 14.5 11.6 t2.9 t2_4 l0_3 12.3 11.8 11.0 r3.0
l2.l D.6

StatiDg any assumptiorl necessary for validity, test the manufacturer's claim at the l0(%
significancc lcvr:l using r r-te.l.

lSolnl:
Lct F denotes the populatior mean timc taken to heat 500 litres of water f.om lo'C to -l-5'L .
,'\.ssumption: The time taken is rormally distributed.
To test H0: l=
against Ht: l>

One-tailed t{est at 1070 significance level. ((x:0-l)

IE
1Z-:
1t-q
Under H0, test statistics is I= - t( ).
1q-5
11.6
12"9
12_q
Lr( =13. ?
Step 1: Store thrl valucs ofrc in Ll.

St"p Z, I'."., and use right arrow key to select <TDSTS:'.

FTAi]

cz9 16
Step 3: Select <2> to select T-Test.

Step 4: At the T-Test screen, highlight <DatD and T-Test

Set pr : 12 InFL:llElF 5taL5
lrI r 12
List: Ll LietrLr
Freq:1 Freq: 1
Hiqhheljt p> p. Hf[fl,ItA H"
step 5: Highlight <calculate> and press
@l
T-TeEt
u)12
t=- 855S2116s2
r=.20481864S5
*=12. ?357r4?9
5x=1.031509883
I n= 14

Sincep value: , we and conclude that therc is

at signiticance lcvel tlut thc nanuacturer's claim is
falsc.

AIlernali\ely (usc crilical retio )

Ref-er to the table ofcritical values llr tlie l-distribution in Mlll5, under column 2 : 0.90
and nrw y = , we obtaifi as the critical value_

Thcrefirre Critical Region: rcject H. iftr.,r jl

Since 4o1: , we
and cotclude that there is at
signilicance level that flre
mlrufucluter'i claim ii [alsc.

Do it yourclf
llepeat or your own Example 6 with thc following sot ofvalues instead.

13.2 12.2 ll_4 l4.s ll.6 12_9 12.4 t0.l 12.3 lt.8 r0-3 t2-0
l0-l 9.6 9-9

c29 t7
Example 7
A machine is programmcd to fill containers with 20009 each of a c€rtain t)pe of powder
contents. A sample of eight containers is selected at random from a largc batch. The containcrs
have powdor contents with masses r grams which are sunmarized by
| (r - 2000) = 2'7 .4 and
:(' 2ooo)' = 231.52.

Assuming a nomal distribution for the masses of the contents, show that there is significance
ovidence, at the 57o levol, thal the machine is ove#illing the containers.

lSolnl:

Let p denote the average mass ofthe contetts ofa contain€r.

To test Il0 : / :
against Hl: ll>
Onc-tailed t-test at lcvcl. ((!: )

sarnfllll4!! sarnpl( n,."nr -.Lr'ooo' r )000-2003.425

U'hirscd vanance srrim.,rc r' - |

lf u zooor [lloooll l= ,n.nuay
'L.-81
+ s = 4.4669

Urder H0, test statislics is r = -4 ).

T-Test T-Test
InPLiEEtE EiGrEl !1)2000
LTg: 2UUU t=2. 1686993
x: ?88J.425 F=. 8333725451
5x:4.4669 x=2883.425
n:8 5x=4.4669
iiliiiii ffi,
Sinccp-value: aod concludc that there is
at significance level that tho machinc is overfilling th()
containcrs

c29 t8
Alternativelv (use critical resiont
R€fer to the table of c.itical values for the t-distuibution in MF15, under column z:
alld row y = 7 , we obtain 1-895 as the critical value.

Therefore Critical Region: reiect Ho iflt*, :

Since 46t: , we and

conclude that there is at
significance level that the machine is
overfi lling the containers.

c29 - t9
Example 8
'Family' packs of bacon slices are sold in 1.5 kg packs. A sample of 12 packs was selected at
random and the masses, measured in kg noted. The following results were obtained:
f r=17.S1, t"' = 26-4351 . Assuming that the masses of the packs follow a Normal
distribution with variance o'/ , test at lyo level whether thc packs are significantly underweight
(a) if o? is urknown
(b) if o'z:0.0003

[Soln]:
Let p donote the average mass ofthc packs ofbacon slices.
To test H0: /=
against HI: l<
One-tailed test at level. (c:
Samplqdata: sample mean r I'.
z-' - JJJI
n12
r
1 aga2

unbrasert variancc esri,nur..'

l-ft,
- ,ll" U'tl=--ft rn.+rsz tlll
n )t2t\ t2 lI

- 0-OOO244697 ..> s = 0.015643

(a) Sincc a small sample is drawn from a Normal distrit ution :rnd o? is unklorvrr, we use a
t- tcst.

Under H0, test statistics is f: -t( ).

illl:8"'" *
T-Test T-Tes'l:
B<1-5
t= -3.498868856
x: 1 . 4842 P= -Pg249E6979
5x: . 015643 *=1.4842
n: 12 5x=.615643
lr: +rr 0 EE )rrr n=12
CalcuI ate Orar,r I t: -3-1989

Since thep-value: ,we and conclude that there

is significancc lcvol that the packs arc
si gnihcantly undcrwci ght.

c29 - 20
 Alternativelv (usc critical reqion)
Refer to the table ofcdtical values for the t-distribution in MFl5, under columnp
and row v - ,\aeobtain2?18 asthccritical value
Thereforc Critical Rcgron: rcjcct Ho if tr"i <

Sincc /,,.", : , we rejcct Ho and

conclude that there is
significance levcl that the packs are
signilicantly undcrweight.

(b) Since o7 =0.0003 is known, we usc a z-test-

Under H0, test statistics is 26, = - N(

Note: o =.,6.0003 =0.01732..... ( 1'or the result below r,6.0003 has bcen used;

Z-Test Z-Test
F,nnE p.t1.5
l[!t:8"t"
. g1?3?858867
z= -J. 16
't: I . 4842 F=l.4891166E -4
I: x=t .4842
u: 1? n=12
Lr:+ur-EGI ]Br
LE l Cul EtEr UF.ir.l
!:-3.16

Sinccp-valuc: and conclude that thore is

sigrificance level that the packs are signilicantly undcrweight

Alternativcly (usc critical resion)

i nvHorr'r {6. El }

Thus Critical Region: Rcject H" if 2,.., <

Since:,..,: ,we
and concludc that there is at
signilicance level that the packs arc
srgnifi cantly undefweight_

c29 - 2I
Summarw

(D population is normally
distributed, population variance .Y - 7v(lo.:)
.' 2 i" knar*n-

(ii) A large sample from a

normal population, population F- lr@"," )
variance d2 is unknown
(compare this to (iii))

(iii) A small sample from a

normal population, variance o T = -------:--!- t(n ll
is unknown
G
(iv) A large sample (n > 50 as a By CLT,
guide) fiom anv poDulation (not (r)z= X-po,X lto
(1) X-lr@0,1) wrren o
Normal)

o2 koo*r4
n t;
X-p"
(2)X - ir/(pn,-) when o'
n
unknown, where s is the unbiased
variance estimate.

End ofChapter

c29 -22