Chapter l0 : Transformations olGraphs

ln this chapter, students will:

i (a) use a graphic calculator to investigale the relationships betvveen the graphs of
J .= f(r), .f -- f(-r) + and .l y:
i(r + a), where 17 is a constant, and
express the transforrnations involved in terms of transrations;

r (b) use a graphic calculator to investigate the relationships betlveen the graphs of
.y: (r). :
1 a f(x.) and t:
f(ar), where d is a constant, and
express the transformalions involved in lerms of sfreaches;

Notei Explore cases when a js posilive and when a is negalive.

When a =
1 . the transformations are reflections in the axes.

s (c) interpret e.g. ),

:
/Lf(r + ll), 1., tf(a-{) and y= (tr+a) each as a composition of
two transformations of graphs;

Note: For example, t:

f(Lr + a) ;5
a composition of-l' = f(,i. r d) followed by y: iI/cI); or
d.1
a cornpocilion of J r
lih)'ollowed by-A t(,

A. lntroduction recap on Function

Given a graph o1 1 (-r) = -r+ 4and r e llt ,

wltat is thl: valuc of f(3)?

What is lhe expression lbr l(2:c)?

Ans:2Y+,1

ln r errcn llnclion l{ r}. I (ay t b) me.rns r eplg9t11g ' wirh ar- i'

What is lhe differerce between f (-t+ b) and f(x)+b ?

f(r+b) refers to replacing r with (r+b)' whereas f(,r)+ll refers to

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B. Single Transformafion oI Graphs

Consider y = f(-r) =;er. Using the GC, sketch the lbllowing graphs:
(i) r=f(x)
(ii) y:f(:r) + 2 andy=f(x) 2
(iii) y=f(:r + 2) and.l'=f(r 2)
(i") y:f(-;r) andy= f(;)
Compare each oflhe above, what do you notice?

we will study each of the following transfomations in more detail:

a)
b)
c)

L Translation

Translating a cu e in the direction of an axis is to move the curve io th€ direction of the axis
without chansine its shape or size.

1.1 TranslationinJr-direction
A
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The function to be analyzed is ofthe form g(:r) = f(r) + d where f(;) is any ofthe functions:
f0,): L{ 2l ( a "W" shapod graph)

fft)=v'.

How does the addition ofa constant to a function (ie f(;r) + d) affect the gaph ofthis flmction?
Ans:'

Given a gaph oft : f(r) and a e 1R ,

G) the graph of is a translation of the graph of y : f(r) by a units in the
positiv€ /-direchon. (add d uruts to all the .),-coordinates).

(b) the glaph of is a tanslation of the graph of .y : f(r) by a units in the

negative/-direchon. (subtract a units from all they-coordinates).

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Example l:
The diagram shows the gaph ofy : of/: f(jt)
5
f(.)r). Sketch, on the diagram, the graph
t
Solution:

1.2 Translation in.x direction

B
Fo* L hllp: www .rnal1 uem,rlh.com Horr,,onlal Shi H.html
og onto:
The function to be anallzed is ofthe fom g(:r): f(r+ d) where f(*) is any ofthe functions:

f(;):l|vl 2l ( a "W" shaped graph)

(.r)=r2 or
f(r)::r3.

How does setting tho constant to negative and positive values affect the graph?

Ans:
(D

(iD

civen - f(r) and a e lR,

a graph ofl,
(a) the gaph of- is a translation of the curve oft : (.r) by d units in the
negative r. - direction. (subtract .z units from all the i-coordinates).

O) the graph of- is a translation ol the curve ol' y t1xlby a unitsinlhe

positive .;r-direction. (add a units to all the r-coordinates).

crl:) 3
Examplc 2:
The diagmDl shows the graph ofy : f(r). Sketoh, on the same diagjam, the graph of / = f(jr 5).

Solution:

2. Stretch

2l Stretch along y-axis

a{
* +-,"' Log onto: http://wwu. analyzemath.contverticalscaling/verticalscaling.html
The function to be anallzed is ofthe fbtm g(x) = af(x) where (-lr) is any ofthe functions:

f(x)-llrl 2l ( a "W" shaped graph)

(;)=-{ or
f(r)=r'.

How does the multiplication ofa function by a positive constant affect the graph of this imction?
Ans:

Given a graph ofy : f(x) and a e lR, the graph ofy is a strctch of the graph
oll = l(.rJ wilh scale factor a along they-axis. {mulliply d 1o ally-coordinales}.

2.2 Stretchalong.r-axis
A
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The functions to be explored are ofthe form f(a*;) where {x) is any ofthe functions:

f(.r):lkl 2l ( a "W" shaped graph)

f(;)=l or
f(") l.

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How does the muitiplication ofthe independent variable r ofa function by a positive constant a
affect the gaph ofthe functjon?
Ans:

The graph ofj is a st.etch of the graph of y : fb) with scale factor l along

the -y-axis (multiply 1 to all .r-coordinates).

a

Example 3:
The graph ofy = (r) is as shown.
./: f(r)
Skeich, on sepa.ate diagrams, the graphs of
(i)r : f(2tr)

E(2,0)
(ii) / = f(1") D(l, 1)

Solution:

(1) y : f(2x) ,,,, , = ,[],.J

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3. Reflection

3.1 Reflection in y-axis

EI
.Fn*' http: www. slu.ed u classes/mayrk-/A pplels SliderCrdph.hlml
The graph below shows the function f(x) = ;gr 1 * , -
"
Observe how the graph changes for f(-;).
Draw the graph ofeach on the same diagran provided.

Observation: f( r) = (-r)r +(-r)+2is of f1r.1 = 1' 1;r 12 .

3.2
a Reflection in i:-axis

.'F'*, http:/ w\l'w.slu.edu/classesha),rnkApplets Sl iderGraph.html

The graph below shotr's the function f(x)= v3 1t*2.
Observe how the graph changes for -f(:r). Draw the graph ofeach on the same diagram provided.

Observation: f(r) = (r3 +.r+ 2) is of f(x) = ;sr -l- ir 12 .

Given a graph ofy = f(r),

(a) The graph of .1 is a reflection ofthe graph of/ : f(r) in the r-axis-
(b) The graph ofl is a reflection.of the graph of7 = f(:r) in the y-axis.

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Example 4:
The graph of y = f(;)is
given as shown.
Sketch, on a separate diagram, the graph ol
(i) 1 - f(-;r)
(ii) Y= f(:r)

Solution:

c. Transformation of Asymptotes

Note that all aslanptotes will need to be tansfomed.

ExamDle 5:
The graph ofy: f(x) is as shown.
Sketch sepamtely, the graphs of

(i) r= fOr)

(ii) y= 2f(x)

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Sp!.c!4!,
(i) y = f(;r) (ii)y: -2f(x)

D. Finding the original function f(r)

A function f(r) undergoes hansformation A followed by B where A and B are given
transformations. The resulting equation g(x) is given, find f(:r) .

Example 6:

The graph ofy = f(x) undergoes in succession, the following three hansfomations:

,4: A translation of I unit in the negative r-direction.

B. A reflectron aboul ther-axrs.
C: A stretch parallel to the.n-a,\is (with y-axis invariant) with a scale
factor of2.

Theequationoftheresultrngcunc isl gtr) where g(r) -2r-r

'
,ff
Express (.jr) in terms of:r. (Modi/ied from RJC Prelim 2007)

Solution:

To express f(r) in terms of*, we will 'work backwards' liom g(r) but in the reverse transformation:

C'

B'

Step 1 : When g(r) go through C':

.
g(x) =
t'-2^-3 "
-_-:- --_+.
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Step 2: When g'(r) gr) through ll':
*1"=1''l\+)4' r "

Stcp 3: When g"(i) go through,{':

+4t I
r"{,1-4t 2r.+2
' ,

Ans: t(r.) =
2(2 - r)

Allcmatjvcly, to avoid naking carcless mistakcs, you could do the follor.ving:

C'. A strelch parallel to thc.:r-axis (with y-axis invariant) with a scale factot of 'l
Replaccr in g(;) with 2'lc )
B': A rellection about thcJl-axjs (no change in the reverse)

Replace.r in g(2r) with -r t

,,1 '. A translation of I unit in thc positivc r dircction.

Replacer in g( 2r) with (r 1))

Thus, (r) : g(-2r+2), rvhere a: -2, b=2

EIAl]IplqL (Do it yourselo

A graph with equation y=f(,r) undergoes transfom.rtion I followed by transformation
where ,4 and B ale described as lbilows:

A: a translation of 2 units in the negative direction oI t-axis

B:
a scaling parallel to the n-axis by a lactor ]

The resulting equation f(x)=8r+s+(2r L.

is
I l)"
Find the equarion .1, = f(;), showing your

worklng' clcarl) Ans: l ( \) -'1r

(-r ' lf @dapted ftom IICI Pretim 2007)

D. Sketch the graph of af(r+cr)+d

'fo sk?tch .t(b+.x)+d when the graphbf y=11t.1 isgi\,en, there are lwomethodsto
approach this question:

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Example ll:

The diagram shows the gaph of l, = f().). On separate diagrams, sketch the graphs of
_y
: f (2-r 1) showing clearly in each case the axial intercepts, the as),rnptotes and fhe coordinates of
the point cor€sponding to ,4 and B.
(Adapted from C/C P,"omo 2007)

Solution:
Step 1: Identify the points and as)4nptotes: y=2,( 1,0),(3,0),A(0, 3),B(1, 4)

Method I v= f{2r- 1l=f.2lx-:D

Steps 1: Step 2: Step 3:
Identify all
points and
as)rmPtotes

As)4nptote
Y=2
( r, 0)

(3,0)
A(0, -3)
80, 4)

ct0 t0
Method 2: l, = f(2jr -1)

Steps 1: Step 2: Step 3:

Identify all
points

Aslrnptote
!=2
( 1, 0)

(3, 0)

A(0, 3)

B0, -4)
Final Answer:

B' (1, -4)

Example 9: (Do it yoursel0

The diagram shows the graph of y : f (.r).
The curve passes through the origin O, the
point .4(2, 0) and the point .R(-4, 0).

Sketch, onseparate clearly labelled

diagrams, the graphs of l, : f (3 - Lx)
showing, in each case, the corresponding
coordinates of O, A a']'d B. (Adapted from
SRJC Promo 2007)

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Solution:
Step l: Identify the points and as)4nptotes: A(2,0), B(4, O) , O(0,0)

Method l:
?
f (3 - 2x) = f( 2(-t-;))
Steps 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4:
Identify all
points

A(2, 0)

B(-4, 0)

o(0, 0)

Method 2:
f (3 - 2x) = f (-)1 1'31

Steps l: Step 2: St€p 3 | Step 4:

Identify all
points

A(2, 0)

B(-4, 0)

o(0, 0)

Final Answer:

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Example l0:
Thc diagran shows the graph of-! = l(-r + I). 'fhe curve passes through the points,.,l (-3,0),,a (0,3),
C (1. 0) and D (7, 0). Thc point, (4, -l) is a minimum point and the lines r =
2 auld '}) 3 arc :
asynptotes lo the curv".
u

1J (0,l)

D (7, O)

Sketch, on separate clearly labelled diagrarns, the graphs of .y: f(jr).(Adapted lrom -LlC Proru) 2007)

Solution:
To skctch l'(-r) to f(-r+ l), the trarsfo.'Dations rcquired are:

Thus, in order to obtain f(r) lion1 f(-r+ l), the transfomation requircd are in reve$e order:

Step 1: ldentify the poiits and as)4nptotes:

,4( 3, 0), r(0, 3) , c(1,0), D(7, 0), E(4, 3), r: 2nnd.y:3
Stql 2: Step 3:

A(-3, 0)

B(0, 3)

c(r, 0)

D(7, 0)

E (4, i)
x: 2
v:3
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 r=fG)

r'(5, 3)

Other online refer€nces:

a) http://orion.math.iastate.edu/algebra/sp/xcurrenYapplets4rorizontalstretch.html
b) http://www.members.shaw.ca./ron.blond/QFA.CSF.APPLET/index.html
c) http://www.youtube.conl/watch?v:Auic4R dAjY
d) http://www.cet.ac.illmath,/i nction/englisltline/tmnsfomations/index.htm (click
on'Translations and Refl ection')

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