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3.0

Voltage (V)

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Voltage maintaining
the data of C-MOS IC

1.0
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1.55V

1.5V

1.2V

Lithium

Silver Manganese Ni-MH

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storage temp: room temp

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BR-C (Cylindrical type)

Capacity retentions (%)

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100
90

BR2325 (Coin type)

80

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10

Storage period (Y)

8H#()(+

3.5

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load:2.2M (1.3A)

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Voltage (V)

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0
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500
1

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2000

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(days)

(years)

Duration
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load : 30k

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1000

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1500
4

2500

2000
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(days)
7 (years)

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load : 2.2M

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Operating voltage (V)

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2.8

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Discharge duration

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Current(mA)

Battery voltage
BR-2/3A

10

100

8
6

Temperature( C)

12
150

Voltage ((V)

Battery temperature (C)

200

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300 40

Battery temperature

200 30

50
BR2325

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Current
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10

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Duration (h)

Time (min)

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7
6
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10

20

30

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100

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CR
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500
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30

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100

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Ah

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50

70

100

300

500

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Current drain (A)

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Ah

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Duration (days)

100

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15

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2
1

10

30

50

70

100

300

500

700

1,000

Current drain (A)

&+

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3.5
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Recovery time(sec)
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Voltage (V)

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4.0

Temp: 20 C
Charge current: 100 A

4.0

Temp: 20 C
Load resistance: 1k

3.0

Charge to 1%
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Charge to 3%
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3.5

Voltage (V)

Voltage (V)

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1% charge
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2.0

3%
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1.0

3.0
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100

200

300

Charge time (h)

400

100

200

300

400

500

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