Chapter 1

The Problem and Review of Related Literature

Introduction

Livelihood

programs

aims

at

the

changes

that

can

develop attitudes, knowledge and skills through a program of

educationand service.
Livelihood
institution

programs

like

jail.

can
The

be

implemented

objective

is

to

in

an

train

the

inmates livelihood skills, provide services and improve the

moral spiritual aspects of their life. This can be attained
by

providing

them

seminars

and

trainings

regarding

livelihood skills.
Programs such as this have the potential for successful
transitioning inmates from prison to the world of work.
Through

these

programs,

inmates

may

also

learn

valuable

employability skills that translate the opportunities for

employment upon release.
In The Philippines, the Bureau of Correction offers a
variety

of

inmate

work

programs,

from

agricultural

to

industrial. The purpose of the inmate work program is to

keep the inmates busy, and to provide them money for their

Effects of livelihood
program

2|

personal expenses and their families as well as help them to

acquire livelihood skills, in order that they may become
productive citizens once they are released and assimilated
back

into

the

mainstream

of

society

(Bureau

of

Jail

Management and Penology Manual Revised, 2007)

Different prison and penal farms provide institutional
work

programs

for

inmates.

At

the

Davao

Penal

colony,

inmates work on the banana plantations of Tagum Development

Company which has a joint venture agreement with the Bureau.
Similarly, the vast tracts of land at the Iwahig Penal
Colony

are

developed

and

penal

farm

also

provides

agriculture and aquaculture programs for inmates.

Along this end, the Bureau of Jail Management under the
present Director has encouraged agricultural and industrial
production

by

providing

farming

implements,

tractors,

fertilizers and other inputs in order to sustain this area

of rehabilitating inmates.
In Cabanatuan City, the Kalikid District jail are also
implemented

livelihood

programs

for

the

inmates

like

handicraft making, dressmaking, mushroom production, welding

and automotive. These programs are implemented in order to
rehabilitate
productive.

inmates

and

to

make

them

to

become

more

Effects of livelihood
program

3|

But despite of these goals or objectives of livelihood

program,

there

are

still

questions

on

how

this

program

affects the life of inmates or what is the effect of the

program to the life of the inmates. There are some issues
raised by some of the inmates of Kalikid District Jail with
regard to the problems that they encountered as a worker of
the livelihood programs of jail. Some of them are discourage
to participate in the work program because of the minimal
share that they can get. And some are complaining that they
are forced to work.
Due

to

this,

the

researchers

became

interested

to

conduct study on the effects of livelihood program to the

inmates, in order to know what is really the impact of this
program to the life of the inmates and to know the problems
encountered

by

the

Jail

and

inmates

in

implementing

livelihood programs. Furthermore, this study will serve as a

realization on the part of Jail Management and Penology and
Correctional Institution that the livelihood program has a
positive or negative impact on the life of inmate.
Foreign Literature
In California, inmates are involved in a program known
as joint venture. The first joint venture opened in July
1991. Now sixteen companies employ 500 inmates throughout

Effects of livelihood
program

4|

the state prison system doing everything from raising pigs

and

ornamental

plans

to

manufacturing

office

furniture,

stainless steel equipment, rubber products, and electronic

components. About 72,000 prisoners nationwide are employed
in

inmate

work

programs,

according

to

1998

Corrections

Industry Association Report. An increase in positive inmates

programming has proven to minimize institutional violence
because

of

decreased

idleness.

Inmates

are

involved

in

purposeful activities, giving them a sense of being a part

of the larger community (Dunhill, 2006).
Ludhiana,under a unique initiative of Central Institute
of

Post-Harvest

Engineering

and

Technology,(CIPHET)

prisoners are being empowered to earn respectful livelihood

in food processing sector. Initiated in Ludhiana central
jail, the training program has gained popularity and soon
the inmates of five more jails will be imparted training by
the CIPHET. Rehabilitation of prisoners after they complete
their sentence is always a big issue for both government and
society.

This

could

only

be

ensured

by

providing

them

respectful opportunity to earn their livelihood. Aiming at

this, CIPHET has started a series of training programs in
food processing from month of January this year. So far five
programs have been conducted. This included processing of

Effects of livelihood
program

5|

groundnut for milk and curd, tomato puree manufacturing and

bottling technology, processing technology of guava bars,
RTS beverages, powder making technology of ginger, garlic
and onion, value added meat products (Raj, 2010).
Dr

R.T

Patil,

Director,

CIPHET

said

that

lot

of

manpower is available in the jails of Punjab and potential

of

it

could

be

utilized

for

developing

food

processing

industry. He said that CIPHET would be providing complete

training and support to prisoners who would like to set up
industry

after

sustainable

they

complete

livelihood

their

causes

sentence.A

vulnerability

to

lack

of

criminal

behavior. In countries or regions where income is unevenly

distributed and social justice is

inadequate, the crime

rate is higher and marked by more violence, for example in

agglomerations and the suburban areas of big cities often
referred to as slums(Patil , 2010).
Local Literature
The Bureau of Jail Management and Penology Manual(2007)
one of its objectives is to provide Livelihood ServicesDevelopment

of

work

values,

individual

worth

and

dignity,emotional cantharid and enhancement of individual

creativity.( Chapter 2, Rule 15,pp.134-135).

Effects of livelihood
program

In

6|

recent

Association

of

Government

Information

Officers (AGIO) 7 Forum, BJMP-7 Assistant Regional Director

for Operations Supt. Bartolome Sagadal said that we hope to
make our jails as one of the production centers for economy
and entrepreneurship.Sagadal said that furniture making,
basket making, fashion accessories, and jewelries are most
of the projects inmates are involved in. He added that there
are also private firms that partnered with them by providing
materials to the inmates and forming assembly production
area in the jails.
Sagadal

emphasized

that

the

livelihood

program

for

inmates intends to give them hope, contrary to the belief

that there is no future for individuals like them.Sagadal
stressed that with this initiative, the perspective of the
inmates

as

to

changed. Aside

their
from

the

worth

and

usefulness

is

program,

BJMP

livelihood

already
7

also

offers other services to inmates in the jails in Central

Visayas to include: paralegal services to sleeping cases;
religious

and

guidance

counseling;

improvement

of

the

communication and relation to the community among others

(Sagadal, 2014)

Effects of livelihood
program

7|

In Cebu, inmates at the Talisay City Maghaway Detention

and Rehabilitation Center are set to get livelihood program
and

trainings

from

the

Technical

and

Skills

Development

Authority for them to maximize their time and learn new

skills while serving their sentence. Jail Chief Inspector
Felife A. Montejo said he already requested TESDA to provide
skills

training

and

evaluation

to

the

inmates

and

recommended welding, carpentry, and housekeeping.

The rehabilitation division of Quezon City Jail has a
wide range of livelihood projects that tap into that talents
and skills of inmates. The aim is for these talents and
skills

to

be

developed

further.

From

paper-maches

to

artificial flowers and from repairing watches to running a

beauty

parlor,

livelihood

projects

in

Quezon

City

Jail

evolve with the talents and skills of inmates. The output of

products depends on the number of inmates who participate in
the program.
And one of the effects of livelihood program believed
by Montejo that this program can provide new trainings and
skills to inmates that they could use to provide income from
their families. He stated also that, through the livelihood
programs

inmates

can

develop

skills

to

become

more

Effects of livelihood
program

8|

productive and it can also help them to ease their boredom

and avoid acquiring vices inside jail (Saludar, 2014).
According

to

Espinocilla,

the

members'

skills

have

improved in such a short span of time that they are now able
to turn whatever size of scrap cloth they have into a usable
item. The inmates automatically get half of the income from
the sale of the finished product, while the remaining 50
percent is split between MIGCO and the BJMP (30 percent goes
to the cooperative's capital while 20 percent goes to the
educational and rehabilitative programs organized by the
BJMP's Inmates' Welfare Division).MIGCO's Solar Power Bulb
Project, which it has been doing in partnership with My
Shelter Foundation, has been chosen out of 160 international
entries as one of the five finalists in the 2012 Ashden
Awards.

Foreign Studies
The
Analyzing

study
the

conducted

by

Effectiveness

Miceli

of

(2008)

Rehabilitation

entitled
Program

concluded the good effect of programs in which inmates were

engaging

in

recommendation

livelihood
of

the

activities
study

was

and
the

one

of

improvement

livelihood program into more productive skills.

the
of

Effects of livelihood
program

9|

Since most (90%) inmates are eventually released from

prison, rehabilitative programs and treatment services can
prepare

inmates

for

their

successful

return

to

society.

Given the high economic and social costs of incarceration,

strategic

investment

in

prison-based,

rehabilitative

programs can protect public interest by helping reduce the

risk that former inmates will commit new crimes. National
studies

have

shown

that

in-prison

programs

that

teach

marketable skills and change inmates criminal behavior can

help offenders prepare for a law-abiding life after release.
( Opagga, 2007 ).
Inmates

also

often

have

access

to

another

form

of

education: life-skills training. These programs, which are

sometimes seen as counseling interventions, are predicated
on the notion that upon release to society, many offenders
may not have the kind of basic understandings that are
integral to functioning in American society. Thus, courses
will teach such varied skills as how to apply and interview
for a job, how to manage one's money and household, how to
live a healthy life, how to parent and be a spouse, and how
to secure a driver's license (Silverman and Vega).
Finally,

to

prepare

inmates

for

employment,

many

correctional institutions offer vocational education. A 1994

Effects of livelihood
program

10 |

survey of forty-three correctional systems found that over

sixty-five thousand inmates were enrolled in programs aimed
at training them in vocational skills that could be used to
find employment upon release from prison (Lillis, 1994). It
is also estimated that nearly two-thirds of all inmates are
given a work assignment (Stephan). This duty may include
institutional maintenance, working in a prison industry, or
laboring

on

discipline

a
of

prison

farm.

working

The

while

assumption

is

that

incarceratedregardless

the
of

whether marketable skills are learnedwill translate into

steady

employment

once

the

inmate

is

released.

This

assumption is tenuous and remains to be confirmed. Instead,

it seems that the major function of most work programs is to
reduce inmate idleness and, in turn, to keep institutions
orderly.
Local Studies
In
published

the

study

European

conducted
Journal

by

Escabel,et.al

Research

in

Social

(2014)
Science

entitled Effectiveness of Therapeutic Community Modality

Program

Implemented

Philippines,through

the

in

Batangas

Provincial

City

Jail,

Government-Environment

and Natural Resources Office (PG-ENRO) program, inmates can

learn how to make bags and otherfashion accessories with the

Effects of livelihood
program

used

of

11 |

trash.

The

broadenenvironmental

livelihood

program

consciousness

and

aims

to

provide

job

opportunities for the inmates and reduce wastematerials in

the province, said Arca. (Giron, 2010). As for the effect of
Livelihood program,the inmates become more responsible and
productive individuals. They are able to help theirfamilies
who are outside the jail. Their income also gives them
source for financial needs fortheir personal supplies like
soap, shampoo and the like. (Maximo, 2010)
Narag,(2009)studies
problemsencountered

by

resulted
Jail

in

that

some

implementing

of

the

livelihood

programs are lack of space for livelihood projects, small

market and the lack of promoter for their products and the
lack of support from the management. Narag stated that with
smaller space, the project decreased its output as well and
therefore, needed only a few members. The market at present,
is composed of the inmates themselves, the inmates visitors,
and few NGO volunteers. To be sure, there have been attempts
to

sell

their

products

outside

Jail

but

these

efforts

unfortunately were not sustained, for one reason or another.

Workers

also

recreational

threatened
facilities,

by
which

the
have

growing
been

number
eating

of

space

allocated for them by the management. Workers also feel that

Effects of livelihood
program

12 |

the management is not giving them any importance (Narag,

2009)
Espinocilla, (2011) said some ofthe inmates, along with
a number of members of the BJMP and the local government,
thought of putting up a green cooperative early last year to
help

augment

the

detainees'

meager

income

from

their

existing livelihood program without the need to spend more

money on new raw materials.He said: "We realized that the
benefactors who donate to the inmates are businessmen who
probably have waste materials that they just throw away. So
instead of asking them for fish, we thought of asking them
to help us fish by giving us the equipment and recyclable
materials to work with. They can give us what they don't
need so that we can recycle them. Colored slippers while the
use of recycled materials in jail-based livelihood programs
is not newwith prisoners from other jails known to weave
baskets or make pen holders from rolled up sheets of an old
telephone directorywhat makes Makati City Jail Integrated
Green Producers Cooperative (MIGCO) different is the amount
of support it has been getting from its partners.
Pedreset.Al.(2011)

concluded

that

the

health

and

livelihood programs of the San Jose City Jail were very much
attained. The Administration provides the needs of detainees

Effects of livelihood
program

13 |

regarding the health and livelihood programs. To maintain

the good health conditions and to help their family on their
financial needs.
Conceptual Framework
The study entitled Effects of Livelihood Program in
the

life

of

Inmates,

aims

to

determine

the

effects

of

livelihood in the inmates and to identify the different

problems encountered in the implementation of this programs.
Livelihood

programs

put

inmates

to

work

in

modern

programs that are aligned closely with outside companies.

Work

opportunities allow detainee to earn money, learn job

skills

develop

work

ethic

and

enhanced

self-esteem.

The

livelihood programs are enhances their opportunity to land a

job after their release.
Livelihood program in Kalikid district jail Cabanatuan
City are established and implemented to give the detainees a
chance to earn so they can support themselves and stand on
their own feet independently so much so that when they step
outside the prison, they can find a work similar to what
they used to do during their days inside the jail.
To

further

discuss

the

conceptual

framework

of

the

study figure 1 present the paradigm. The independent and

Effects of livelihood
program

14 |

dependent variables, the independent variables deals with

the

profile

of

the

respondent,

effects

of

livelihood

program, and the problems encountered in the implementation

of livelihood programs, while the dependents variables deals
with

the

effectiveness

rehabilitating inmates.

of

livelihood

programs

in

Effects of livelihood
program

15 |

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

DEPENDENT VARIABLES

1. Profile of the
respondents.
2. Effects of
livelihood programs.
3. Problems encountered
in implementing
livelihood programs.

Effects of Livelihood
Programs in Life of
Inmates

Figure 1
Paradigm of the Study

Effects of livelihood
program

16 |

Statement of the Problem

This study entitled Effects of Livelihood Program in
The Life of Inmates in Kalikid District Jail. Specifically
it seeks to answer the following question.
1. How may the profile of the two groups of respondents
be described in terms of:
1.1 JAIL GUARD
1.1.1 Age;
1.1.2Gender;
1.1.3Civil Status;
1.1.4Educational Attainment; and
1.1.5Years in Service?
1.2 INMATE
1.2.1 Age;
1.2.2 Gender;
1.2.3 Civil Status;
1.2.4 Educational Attainment; and
1.2.5 Years in jail?
2. What are the effects of livelihood program to the life
of inmates?
3. What are the problems encountered by jail management in
implementing livelihood programs?
4. What is the implication of the study to the inmates way
of living upon release?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Effects of livelihood
program

17 |

The study entitled Effects of Livelihood Programs in

the Life of Inmates is beneficial to the following:

Jail Personnel. The study will serve as an eye opener for

them to know the importance of livelihood program in the
life of inmates, and to know that they can provide possible
solution

to

the

identified

problems

encountered

in

the

implementation of livelihood program. This will also help

them

to

provide

solution

on

the

identified

problems

encounter in implementing of livelihood program.

Inmates.

The

study

will

help

them

to

realize

that

the

livelihood programs of jail is helpful in rehabilitating

inmates, through the work programs of jail and they could be
able to develop skills and talents that they can apply when
they are already back to the community.
Other Researchers. This study provided baseline data
needed

for

further

study

and

acquire

more

knowledge

in

conducting research, put in practice what they had learned

in their subjects and develop their communication skills.
Scope and Limitation
This study was focused on the Effects of Livelihood
Programs in the Life of Inmates in Kalikid District Jail in
Cabanatuan

City.

The

respondents

of

the

study

was

the

Effects of livelihood
program

18 |

selected ten (10) Jail personnel and fifty (50) inmates of

Kalikid District Jail. The study used descriptive method of
research

and

respondents,

delimited
effects

of

only

on

the

livelihood

profile

programs,

of

the

and

the

problems encountered in implementing livelihood programs.

The study conducted for a period of one (1) semester
from July 2014 to June 2015.
Definition of Terms
For the better understanding of the reader, the
following terms are defined operationally:
Boredom - the listless and dissatisfaction resulting from
loneliness and homesickness of inmates.
Correctional

Institution

is

facility

in

which

individuals are forcibly confined and denied a variety of

freedoms

under

the

authority

of the

state as

form

of punishment.
Criminology

the

scientific

study

of crime as

social

phenomenon, of criminals, and of penal Treatment.

Homesickness- the longing for home of an inmate.
Inmate - a person who is confined in Kalikid Provincial Jail
and the target of rehabilitation program.

Effects of livelihood
program

19 |

Jail - a place of confinement for persons held in lawful

custody; specifically :

such a place under the jurisdiction

of a local government (as a county) for the confinement of

persons awaiting trial or those convicted of minor crimes.
Jail guard

Corrections officers that are responsible for

the care, custody, and control of individuals who have been

arrested and are awaiting trial.
Livelihood - a way of earning money in order to live.
Rehabilitation- program undertaken by the administration of
Kalikid Provincial Jail to reform the inmates.

Chapter 2
Research Design and Methodology
This chapter presents the following: research design,
participants, research site, material and instruments, data
collection and data analysis and how samples are chosen

Effects of livelihood
program

20 |

employing the appropriate samples procedures and the data

gathering that was used.
Research Design
The study used the descriptive method of research. This
type

of

research

gathering.

This

work

needs

research

more

method

specification
commonly

used

on
and

data
has

significance in the research methodology because the data

necessary for the completion of this work.
According

to

Aquino(1997),

descriptive

research

involves the current status of the subject. Sanchez (1998)

cited the process of descriptive research as beyond mere
gathering and tabulation of data. It involves the elements
of interpretation with the meaning of what is described.
Thus,

description

contrast

is

involving

often

combined

with

measurement,

comparison

and

classification,

interpretation and evaluation.

Population and locale of the study

The respondents involve in this study were the Ten (10)
selected jail personnel and Fifty (50) selected inmates of
Kalikid District Jail in Cabanatuan City. The two groups of
respondents are chosen through accidental sampling design.

Effects of livelihood
program

21 |

Accidental sampling is a non-probability sampling, wherein

the researchers where only consider those who are available
on the moment when they distributed their checklist.
Data Gathering Tools
The researchers prepare the draft of the questionnaire
and submitted to the adviser and research professor for the
revision and improvement. The questionnaire was based also
on the literature and study presented in Chapter One. In the
process

of

reviewing

the

literature,

the

researchers

stumbled upon instrument which fit purposes of the study. In

the

problem

demanded

changes

in

these

ready-made

instruments

are

and have to construct the instrument itself.

Questionnaire-checklist. The questionnaire was the main tool

used by this study in data gathering. A questionnaire is a
research instrument consisting of series of items and other
prompts for the purpose of gathering information from the
respondents. This tool used by the researcher because it
does

not

require

much

effort

like

verbal

or

telephone

surveys and it has standardized answer.

Interview. The interview technique used to
complement the gathering of the data for the study.
Interview provides information which may be confidential

Effects of livelihood
program

22 |

that may not ordinarily given in writing. The interview is a

technique in which the researchers stimulate the respondent
to give the needed information for the study.
Data Collection Procedures
The researchers secured approval of this research
study through series of recommendation and criticisms from
the

adviser

and

the

research

professor.

The

sample

questionnaire that was approved with the permission coming

from the adviser and the jail warden of Kalikid District
Jail Cabanatuan City to allowed the researchers to float the
questionnaire

checklist,

conduct

personal

interview,

and

undergo actual observation in research locale and explain

the mechanics concepts and answering questionnaire to the
target responded and personal approach was made with the
target

respondents.

The

researcher

facilitated

through

expeditious and early retrieval of the gathering of data

through the questionnaire- checklist.
Statistical Treatment of Data
Personal Information or Profile of the Respondents.
The data of the questionnaire checklist that deals with
the personal information or profile of the respondents used
the frequency and percentage distribution of the responses.

Effects of livelihood
program

23 |

The data gathered was computed, discussed, and analyzed for

significant findings (Tan, 2006)
Formula
% = f/n x 100
Where:
% = percentage
F = number of responses
N = total numbers of respondents
From the responses, the information provided an insight on
the effects of livelihood program in the life of inmates in
Kalikid

District

encountered

in

Jail

Cabanatuan

implementing

City

and

livelihood

the

problems

programs.

The

weighted mean was computed in order to be able to evaluate

the

responses

and

for

the

interpretation.
Formula:
WM = TFW/N
WM = Weighted mean
TFW = Total Weighted Frequency

purpose

of

presentation

and

Effects of livelihood
program

24 |

N = Total number of respondents

Where:
AMW = TWM/N
AMW = Average W
Scoring:
For the effects of livelihood program in the life of
inmates, the

responses

to

each

according

to

Likerts

Scale

as

Rank

Class interval

item
shown

were

evaluated

below:

Verbal Interpretation

4.21-5.00

Strongly Agree

3.41-4.20

Agree

2.61-3.40

Moderately Agree

1.81-2.60

Disagree

1.00-1.80

Strongly Disagree

For the problems encountered in implementing livelihood

program, the responses to each items are evaluated using the
Likerts scale as follows;
Rank
5

Class interval
4.21-5.00

Verbal Interpretation
Very Serious

Effects of livelihood
program

25 |

3.41-4.20

Serious

2.61-3.40

Moderately Serious

1.81-2.60

Not Serious

1.00-1.80

Not problem at all

CHAPTER III
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This Chapter presents the findings of the study, their
analysis and interpretation of data gathered.
1. PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENT

Effects of livelihood
program

26 |

Table 1.1 illustrates the distribution and percentage of the

profile of the respondents as to age.
Table 1.1
FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE RESPONDENTS AS
TO AGE

JAIL PERSONNEL
RAN

AGE
Frequenc

Percentag

AGE
RANGE

RAN

INMATES

K
Frequenc

Percentag

21-

10

18-22

16

1.5

25
26-

10

23-27

30
31-

28-32

16

1.5

35
36-

40

33-37

14

40
41-

30

38-42

14

45
46-

10

43-47

14

50
51-

48-52

55
TOTA

10

100%

53-57

58abov

50

100

L
e
TOTAL

Effects of livelihood
program

As

27 |

reflected

in

the

table,

for

Jail

personnel

respondents ranked first obtained the frequency of

4 or

40%, were ages ranging; 36- 40 followed by the age group of

41- 45 with a frequency of 3 or 30% and ranked as second;
ranked third obtained the frequency of 1 or 10%, were ages
bracket

ranging; 21-25 to 26-30 and 46-50.

In the inmates
respondents ranked

first obtained

the frequency of 8 or 16%,were ages bracket

ranging; 18-22

to

28-32

frequency of
38-42

followed

by

the

ranked

second

obtained

the

7 or 14%, were ages bracket ranging 33-37 to

and 43-47; ranked third obtained the frequency of 4

or 8% were ages bracket ranging 23-27,-48-52 and 53-57; and

the last ranked obtained the frequency of 1 or 2%, were ages
ranging 58 and above.
Based on the findings, the Jail personnel on that age
can

naturally

responsibilities

adopt
as

themselves
a

jail

guard

to
and

the

duties

and

authorized

law

enforcers.
While in the inmate respondents are ranging their ages
in the bracket 18-22 and 28-32. Most of them are in the
middle ages, wherein they are already mature enough to know
the reason while they are in jail.
Table 1.2 illustrates the distribution and percentage
of the profile of the respondents as to gender.
Table 1.2

Effects of livelihood
program

28 |

FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS AS TO

GENDER

RESPONDENTS
GENDER
JAIL PERSONNEL
MALE
FEMALE
TOTAL

INMATES

F
9

%
90

R
1

F
50

%
100

R
1

10

10

100%

50

100%

As revealed in the table for the jail personnel rank

first was male that obtain a frequency of 9 or 90% and
female with a frequency 1 or 10%.
The second group of the respondents ranked were male,
acquired all the response, having a percentage distribution
of 100%.
As can be gleaned from the findings, jail personnel
were assigned in (KDJ), Kalikid District was dominated by
males because most of the inmates are male. It is said in
the

Manual

for

Jail

Management

and

Penology

that

male

inmates will be guided by male personnel and males are

presumed to have much physical strength than female, so they
can

provide

security

and

rehabilitating inmates.
On the part of male

better
inmates

safety
having

especially
a

in

percentage

distribution of 100% was supported by the Annual reports of

Effects of livelihood
program

29 |

Bureau of Jail Management and Penology from 1997 t0 2001

that most of the criminal that become inmates are male.
Table 1.3 illustrates the distribution and percentage of
profile of the respondents as to civil status.
Table 1.3
FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTIONOF RESPONDENTS AS TO
CIVIL STATUS

CIVIL STATUS
MARRIED
SINGLE
SEPARATED
WIDOWED
TOTAL

RESPONDENTS
JAIL PERSONNEL
F
P
R
F
7
70
1
24
2
20
2
21
1
10
3
5
10
100%
50

INMATES
P
48
42
10
100%

R
1
2
3
-

As shown in the table, for Jail Personnel ranked first

were married, with a frequency of 7 or 70% followed by
second rank with a frequency of 2 or 20% were single, ranked
third with a frequency 1 or 10% is separated.
The second group of respondents ranked

first

were

married with a frequency of 24 or 48 % followed by second

ranked with a frequency of 21 or

42 % were single and third

rank with a frequency 5 or 10 % were separated.

Based on the interview and result of survey conducted
while gathering data, majority of the jail personnels are
married because they are capable of having a family since
they have stable job and they are mature enough give a
reliable assessments with regards to effects of livelihood

Effects of livelihood
program

30 |

programs in the life of inmates. While majority on the

inmates

are

also

married.

This

findings

can

support

by

Fagan(1995) in his study entitled The Real Cause of Violent

Crimes, states that poverty is the primary cause of crime and
most of the offenders are the people who most need

money which

are the married people.

Table 1.4 illustrates the distribution and percentage

of

the

profile

of

the

respondents

as

to

Educational

attainment.
Table 1.4
FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE RESPONDENTS AS
TO

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT.

EDUCATIONAL

RESPONDENTS

ATTAINMENT
JAIL PERSONNEL

INMATES

Doctorate degree
Master degree
Masters graduate
Masters unit
College graduate
College

F
2
8
-

%
20
80
-

R
2
1
-

F
2
7

%
4
14

R
4
3

Undergraduate
High School Grad

17

34

Elementary Grad

24

48

TOTAL

10

100%

50

100

Effects of livelihood
program

31 |

As shown in the table, for jail personnel ranked first

were

College

Graduate,

with

frequency

of

or

80%,

followed by second rank, with a frequency of 2 or 20% were

Masters Graduate.
While in group of inmates ranked first were elementary
graduate, with a frequency of 24 or 48%, followed by High
School

Graduate with a frequency of 17 or 34% are ranked

second; and third ranked with a frequency of 7 or 14% of

percentage distribution were College undergraduate and the
last ranked were college graduate, with a frequency of 2 or
4%.Furthermore, previous studies estimate that the stigma of
a criminal conviction is larger for white collar workers
than blue collar workers (Kling (2002) and Natale (2010)and
an article named Literacy and Policing in Canada stated that
the inability to read and write well may not be a direct
cause of criminal behaviour, but low literacy and crime are
related. Daily life is harder for people with low literacy,
so they are more likely to feel frustrated and dissatisfied.
People

with

inadequate

low

literacy

skills

usually

problem-solving

skills.

People

have
who

equally
have

low

literacy skills tend to be less active citizens than other

people. They are less likely to get involved in community
activities like sports, school groups, church groups, and so

Effects of livelihood
program

32 |

on. As a result, they often feel isolated and vulnerable,

and many of them feel like outcasts. This may partly explain
why people who have low literacy are statistically more
likely to be involved in crime either as the offender or
the victim. It may also help to explain why crime rates are
higher in neighbourhoods where a high percentage of people
have low literacy.
As can be gleaned from the findings, All of the Jail
Personnel
Republic

were
Act

college

8551

also

graduate;
known

as

principally

PNP

because

Reorganization

and

Reformation Act of 1998 mandates the professionalization of

the members of the Tri-Bureau, they must have at least
obtained a baccalaureate degree upon their entry in the
organization.
In the part of inmates respondents were dominated of
Elementary graduates only because of the lack of knowledge
with regard in the violation of law and most of the inmates
said that having an elementary level was not enough to have
a stable job that will support to their family and thats
why they committed a crime. Similarly, they have lack of
knowledge regarding of what is wrong and against to the
human law because of the educational attainment they have
obtained.

Effects of livelihood
program

33 |

Table 1.5 illustrates the distribution and percentage of the

profile of the respondents as to length in service
Table 1.5
FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE RESPONDENTS AS
TO YEARS IN SERVICE. (JAIL PERSONNEL)
YEARS IN SEVICE

FREQUENCY

PERCENTAGE

RANK

1-5
6-10
11-15
16-20
21-25
26-30

3
1
3
2
1

30
10
30
20
10

1.5
4.5
1.5
2
4.5

31 above

TOTAL

10

100%

As shown in the table, for Jail Personnel obtained a

frequency of 3 or 30% who had been in the service for about
1-5 years and 16-20 years in service were tied as ranked
first, followed with the frequency of 2 or 20% had been in
the service for about 21-25 years in service. Lastly earned
the frequency of 1 or 10% who had been in the service of 1115 years and 26-30 years were tied.
As indicated, majority of Jail Personnel respondents
had

rendered their service ranging from 1-5 years as well

as the respondents rendered their service from 16-20 years

are guided by other Jail Personnel who had rendered their
services lengthy than them, it shows that they are being

Effects of livelihood
program

34 |

guided by Jail Management and they are already aware in the

different program that was implemented in jail.
Table 1.6
FREQUENCY AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE RESPONDENTS AS
TO YEARS IN JAIL (INMATES)

YEARS IN

FREQUENCY

JAIL
1-5
6-10
11 above
TOTAL
reflected table, ranked

PERCENTAGE

RANK

41
82
1
9
18
2
As
50
100%
first and got the frequency of 41 or

8%, had been stayed in the jail for about 1-5 years; second,
obtained a frequency of 9 or 18% for about 6-10 years and
detainees
detention.
detainees

stayed

for

Majority
only,

but

more
of

the

they

than

10

inmates
are

years

in

that

respondent

already

exposed

said

are

new

in

the

different programs of rehabilitation.

The Local Government Code (RA 7160) authorizes local
government units (LGUs) to put up and maintain jails and
detention facilities. Specifically, provincial governments
supervise, control and operate provincial and sub-provincial
jails for offenders convicted with a prison sentence of six
months and one day to three yearsand detainees whose cases
are being tried by regional trial courts.It support the

Effects of livelihood
program

35 |

reason why most of the inmates in KDJ are in the bracket of

1-5 years in jail.

Table 2
DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES AS TO LEVEL OF EFFECTS OF
LIVELIHOOD PROGRAMS IN THE LIFE OF INMATES

ITEMS
1. Livelihood Program
help the inmate to earn
to support their needs.
2. Inmates can develop
skills through
livelihood programs
experience.
3. Livelihood program
can give an inmate hope
in getting possible
employment after
release.
4. Livelihood program
help the inmate to ease
boredom.

RESPONDENTS
JAIL PERSONNEL
INMATES
WM
VI
RANK WM
VI
4.8

SA

4.7

RANK

3.46

Agree

3.5

4.32

Strongly
Agree

4.1

Agree

3.94

Agree

SA

4.7
SA

3.5

SA

3.5

4.7

Effects of livelihood
program

36 |

5. Livelihood program
help the inmates to
avoid vices inside the
cell.

4.7

TOTAL WEIGHTED MEAN

4.72

SA

3.5

SA

3.22

MA

3.80

Agree

Legend:
WM
VI
R
TMW
OVI

=
=
=
=
=

Weighted Mean
Verbal Interpretation
Rank
Total Weighted Mean
Overall Verbal Interpretation

As indicated in the table, the Jail Personnel described the

level

of

effects

of

livelihood

program

in

the

life

of

inmates based on the following statement: Livelihood Program

help

the

inmate

to

earn

to

support

their

needs

with

weighted mean of 4.8; inmates can develop skills through

livelihood programs experience with a weighted mean of 4.7;
livelihood

program

can

give

an

inmate

hope

in

getting

possible employment after release with a weighted mean 4.7;

livelihood program help the inmate to ease boredom with a
weighted mean of 4.7; livelihood program help the inmates to
avoid vices inside the cell with a weighted mean of 4.7. The
total weighted mean of this particular category is 4.72 with
an overall verbal interpretation of strongly Agree
The inmates describe the level of effects of livelihood
program

in

the

life

of

inmates

based

on

the

following

statement: Inmates can develop skills through livelihood

programs

experience

with

weighted

mean

4.32;

livelihood

Effects of livelihood
program

program

can

employment

37 |

give
after

an

inmate

release

hope

with

in

getting

weighted

mean

possible
of

4.1;

livelihood program help the inmate to ease boredom with

weighted mean of 3.94; livelihood Program help the inmate to
earn to support their needs with weighted mean of 3.46;
livelihood Program help the inmate to earn to support their
needs with weighted mean of 3.46; livelihood program help
the

inmates

to

avoid

vices

inside

the

cell.

The

total

weighted mean of this particular category is 3.80 with an

overall verbal of Agree.
As can deduced from the

findings,

the

jail

personnel

respondents strongly agree level of effects of livelihood

program in the life of inmates.

Table 3
Distribution of Responses in terms of Problems encountered
by Jail Personnel in implementing livelihood program.

Problems encountered in implementing

livelihood Programs
Statements

Jail Personnel
WM

VI

Effects of livelihood
program

38 |

1. No market and promoters for the

3.2

MS

MS

3.5

MS

1.5

3.5

MS

1.5

1.5

NPA

2.94

NS

finished products.
2. Lack of space to be used in
production and display of finished
products.
3. Lack of supports from the
management of the Prison.
4. Insufficiency of supplies of raw
materials.
5. Un-equal sharing
TMW & OVI

Legend:
WM
VI

=
=

Weighted Mean
Verbal Interpretation
R
= Rank
TMW = Total Weighted Mean
OVI = Overall Verbal Interpretation
As

indicated

in

the

table,

the

Jail

Personnel

respondents described the degree of problems encountered in

implementing livelihood programs in rehabilitating inmates
based on the following statement: . Lack of supports from
the

management

and

insufficiency

of

supplies

of

raw

materials with a same weighted mean of 3.5; No market and

promoters for the finished products, with weighted mean of
3.2; Lack of space to be used in production and display of
finished products, with weighted mean 3.0; Un-equal sharing

Effects of livelihood
program

weighted

mean

particular

39 |

of

1.5;

category

The

is

total

2.94

weighted

with

an

mean

of

overall

this

verbal

interpretation of Not Serious.

Based from the findings, the jail personnel respondents
described the degree of problems encountered in implementing
livelihood is not serious, jail personnel are encountering
lack of supports from the management, and insufficiency of
supplies of raw materials, it means most of these are within
the

area

of

policies

institutions

with

regard

to

implementing livelihood programs.

As Narag (2009) stated that some of the problems
encountered by Jail in implementing livelihood programs are
lack of space for livelihood projects, small market and the
lack of promoter for their products and the lack of support
from the management. (Narag stated that with smaller space,
the project decreased its output as well and therefore,
needed

only

few

members.

The

market

at

present,

is

composed of the inmates themselves, the inmates visitors,

and few NGO volunteers. To be sure, there have been attempts
to

sell

their

products

outside

Jail

but

these

efforts

unfortunately were not sustained, for one reason or another.

Workers

also

recreational

threatened
facilities,

by
which

the
have

growing
been

number
eating

of

space

Effects of livelihood
program

40 |

allocated for them by the management. Workers also feel that

the management is not giving them any importance.

What is the implication of the study to the inmates way of

living upon release?
The result of the study had favorable implication to
the

life

livelihood

on

inmates

program

in

based
life

on
of

the

level

inmates,

of
they

effect
are

of

very

effective in terms of implementing livelihood program among

the inmates because livelihood assist the inmates to earn
money back to the society we become productive citizen. In
this study, the researchers found out that the effect of
livelihood program in the life inmates was effective in
implementing livelihood program among the inmates.

Effects of livelihood
program

41 |

CHAPTER IV
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of findings, and the
corresponding
study.

It

conclusion

also

derived

provides

in

the

recommendations

conduct
that

of

could

the
be

pursued by the researchers.

Summary
The purpose of this study is to assess the effects of
livelihood program in the life of inmates; specifically it
sought to answer following questions:
1. How may the Profile of the two groups of respondents be
described in terms of
1.1 JAIL GUARD
1.1.1 Age;
1.1.2Gender;
1.1.3Civil Status;
1.1.4Educational Attainment; and
1.1.5Years in Service?
1.2 INMATE
1.2.1 Age;
1.2.2 Gender;
1.2.3 Civil Status;
1.2.4 Educational Attainment; and
1.2.5 Years in jail?
2. What are the effects of livelihood program in the life
of inmates?

Effects of livelihood
program

42 |

3. What are the problems encountered in implementing

livelihood programs?
4. What is the implication of the study to the inmates way
of living upon release?
The following findings were obtained:
1.Socio- demographic profile of the respondents
For Jail Guard
1.1. Age
Four or 40% were ages ranging from 36-40; three or
30% were age 41-45; one or 10% were ages ranging
from 21-25, 26-30, 46-50 years old
1.2. Gender
Nine or 90% male jail personnel; one or 10% is
female.
1.3. Civil status
Seven or 70% were married; two or 20% were single;
one or 10% is separated
1.4 Educational Attainment
Eight or 80% were college graduate; two or 20% were
master graduate.
1.5 Years in Service
Three or 30% have rendered their service from range
1-5,16-20 years, two or 20% were from 21-25 years,

Effects of livelihood
program

43 |

One or 10% ranges 11-15, 21-30 years in service.

For Inmates
1.1. Age
Eight or 16% were ages of 18-22 and

28-32,

seven

or 14% were ages ranging from 33-37, 38-42, 43-47,

four or 8% were age ranging from 23-27, 48-5, 5357, one or 2% were age ranging 58-above
1.2. Gender
Fifty or 100% were male inmates

1.3. Civil status

Twenty four or 48% were married , twenty one or 42%
were single and five or 10% were separated.
1.4. Educational Attainment
Twenty four or 48% were elementary graduate,
seventeen or 34% were high school graduate, seven
or 14% were college undergraduate, two or 4% were
college graduate.
1.5. Years in jail
Forty one or 82% have rendered serve a sentence
from 1-5 years, nine or 18% to serve sentence from
6-10 years
2.

The level of the effects of livelihood program in the

life of inmates?
The total

weighted

mean

of

this

particular

category, as described by Jail personnel, is 4.72, with

Effects of livelihood
program

44 |

overall verbal interpretation of Strongly Agree; and

total weighted mean in this category, as described by
the inmates respondents is 3.80 with an overall verbal
interpretation of Agree.
The degree of problems encountered in implementing

3.

livelihood programs
The total weighted

mean

of

this

particular

category, as described by Jail personnel, is 2.94 with

an overall verbal interpretation of Not Serious
4.

What is the implication of the study to the inmates

way of living upon release?
The result of the study had favorable implication to

the

life

on

livelihood

inmates

program

based

in

life

on
of

the

level

inmates,

of
they

effect
are

of

very

effective in terms of implementing livelihood program among

the inmates because livelihood assist the inmates to earn
money back to the society we become productive citizen. In
this study, the researchers found out that the effect of
livelihood program in the life inmates was effective in
implementing livelihood program among the inmates.
Conclusions
Based on the above findings, the researchers carefully
concluded the following:

Effects of livelihood
program

45 |

1. The Jail personnel on that age can naturally adopt

themselves

to

the

duties

and

responsibilities

as

public servant and authorized law enforcers. Therefore,

most of the jail personnel in the Kalikid District Jail
are dominated by males because all inmates in that said
detention are males therefore, males are presumed to
have much physical strength than female, so they can
provide

security

and

better

safety

especially

in

rehabilitating inmates in Kalikid District Jail and

most of jail personnel are married because they are
capable of having a family since they have stable job
and they are mature enough to support the family needs
and to make a reliable assessments.
2. As

the

effects

of

Livelihood

Program

it

helps

the

inmate to earn and to support their needs inside the

Jail

as

well

as

their

families

outside

the

constitution, also inmates can develop skills through

livelihood programs experience that can be useful after
serving their sentence, livelihood program can give an
inmate

hope

in

getting

possible

employment

after

release livelihood program and it also helps the inmate

to ease boredom and to avoid vices inside the cell.
3. There are some problems that completely affect the
livelihood

programs

among

Inmates,

no

market

and

Effects of livelihood
program

46 |

promoters for the finished products thats why products

get stuck on the constitution for a long time and never
sells, Lack of space to be used in production and
display

of

finished

products

that

leads

to

minimization of production, Lack of supports from the

management like funds and raw materials and most is Unequal sharing that makes a great impact on Inmates,
they tend not to work because they get less shares on
their products.
4. Upon

Release

of

the

Inmates,

Livelihood

education

Programs helps them to start a new way of living with

the

help

of

their

knowledge

on

how

families,
they

can

be

new
more

life

with

useful

in

the
the

community, Livelihood Program also turns Inmates to be

more responsible in life instead of committing crimes
and violence.
5. Recommendations
In the light of the above conclusions the following
conclusions are drawn:
1. Maintain the maturity, being knowledgeable and
experienced among all jail personnel in providing
safety and security to the inmates
2. Continue providing livelihood programs to the inmates
so they can provide personal expenses and also in that

Effects of livelihood
program

47 |

way, they can also provide for their families outside.

They can also acquire livelihood skills in order to be
productive member of society once they are released in
the real world.
3. Coordinate to the management to support the livelihood
program of the inmates and provide buyers for the all
the

finish

inside

for

products
the

of

the

livelihood

inmates.

programs

Provide

and

space

promote

the

products outside especially to the other establishment

selling the products.
4. To the government, we, the researchers recommend that
providing other livelihood program outside focused on
the ex-convict will really help them to be good and
productive member of society especially once they are
released in the prison.
5. Similar study should be conducted in the other way,
time and settings to validate or negate the findings
and conclusions gathered in the conduct of this study.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. PUBLISHED MATERIALS
Watson, Albert J. JR. (2009). The police and the public.New
haven, CT Yale University press.
Atty. Pullen N. U. (2012) . NEW LEGAL HANDBOOK AND REVIEWER
for: PNP officers, PNP entrance and promotional examination,

Effects of livelihood
program

48 |

law and criminology students. MARYJO PUBLISHING HOUSE, Inc.

Quiapo Manila.
Mumola, C. (2000). Incarcerated parents and their children.
Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report. Washington, DC:
Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Bureau of Jail Management and Penology Annual Reports, 1997
to 2001
Bureau of Jail Management and Penology Manual Revised(2007)
Provincial Public Safety Command briefing handbook (2012)
Miceli,
Victoria,
"Analyzing
the
Effectiveness
of
Rehabilitation

Programs"

(2009).

Senior

Honors

Projects.

Paper 158.

B. UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS
Joseph Pedres, Norway Bontiago,Gerwin Marc Pader, Alexis
Ambrosio,

Jaypee

Santiago,

HilarioCabuang

Health

and

livelihood Program of San Jose City District Jail (2011)

C. ELECTRONIC SOURCE
http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/who_commits_crime
www.inquirer.net/videos/pdf/annex-on-normalization
www.slideshare.net/calabangamps3/pnp-motivesplans
pro8pnp.gov.ph/index.php/plans and programs.
http://moseswright.articlealley.com/criminalrehabilitation--working-towards-a-better-life--forinmates-and-their-families-129534.html
www.oppaga.state.fl.us

Effects of livelihood
program

49 |