Biodiversity

Biodiversity is define as the variety of life

Types of biodiversity
There are following types of biodiversity
Genetic diversity
Species diversity
Ecosystem diversity

Biodiversity of Salt range (Punjab

plain):
In salt range we observed different type of species. We observed
different type of species of animal plants and birds. The animal
species found in salt range are

Varanus (reptile)
Snake 30 sp.
Fox
Jackal
Porcupine
Wild boar
Urial is also found there. Urial in the national animal of
Pakistan and it is an endanger species.
Cows are also present there.
Vegetation:
There is a few plant species present in salt range (Punjab
plain) because water in that area contain high concentration of
salt. Therefore, only that species of plant are found in that area

which have capability to tolerate high concentration of salt. The

plant species that we observed there was
Prosopis
Suaeda fruticosa

Biodiversity of khewra:
In that area we observed different type of animal and plant
species. In animals we saw there some domestic animal like
Cows
Goats
And we saw there some species of butterfly like
Monarch butterfly
White spotted butterfly.
In plants we observed there the species of grass like
Cynadon ductylon
Other plant species like
Andropogon
Simpogon.
In our way, we stopped on khatas raj fort. There are many
temples of Hindus present there. In khatas raj we saw:
Fish sp. (pentius).

Environmental problems:
The major environmental problem of that area is high
concentration of salt present in water. Air pollution is also the
environmental problem present there. This air pollution is due to
present of cement factory dendote cement factory and also due
to soda Ash factory ICE.

Biodiversity of Khanpur Dam

Their name derive from the village khanpur located at 8 mile
north of taxila on Haripur and 25 miles from Islamabad
Mammalian Species:
Barking deer is present here due to the vegetation which is
suitable for it.
Grey goral which is ungulate and rhesus monkeys are
present in this area.

Common leopard and snow leopard are also present in this

area.
Jackals and Indian Wolves are also present in this area.

Amphibian Species:
10 amphibian species are present in this area.
Major species are frog and toad.
Reptiles Species:
Snakes are present in this area in excess amount.
In past varanus lizard is present here but not present now.
Fishes:
Red belley fish
Dogra fish
Pentius


o
o
o

Red-bellied piranha Fish stocking:

Silver carp
Common carp
Chinese carp.
These are exotic species. Native is marsh air species. It is
threatened species. Major carp is Labeo rohita.

Insects:
Butterflies locust (grass hopper)
Grass hopper

Birds:
Murghabe, white tail birds both are migratory birds
Mammals:
Common leopard
Rhesus monkey
Barking dear
Aquatic life:
Water has fish stocking. Water color is green due to growth of
microscopic algae
Trees:
Bottle brush is tree
Acacia moderate is tree

 Mostly plantation has done

Eucalyptus is dominant
Cinodon dactylon grass
Algae:
Water is green due to the large quantity of green algae.
Biodiversity of Kallar Kahar
Fish Species
Talphia fish is an exotic species which was introduced in
1960-1970.
Dombusia is a mosquito eating fish.
Puntiussiphore are present in this area.
Birds
Some common birds which are found in this area are
Peacock, Crane, Pellets and Obara bustard.
Peacock
Mammals
Fox and jackals are common mammalian species.
Wolves are present in undisturbed areas. They are near
extinction because they attack on goats and sheep so the local
people kill them.
Wolves
Plants

Eucalyptuses, Albezzialabic, and Zizipusjajuba are the

common plant species here.
Dub grass is also common here.
Malwesterm is native weed in this area.
Parthenium is an exotic weed which rapidly affects the native
species.

Biodiversity of Mangla dam

Introduction:
Mangla Dam is the 12th largest dam in the world. It was
constructed in 1967 Across the River Jhelum, about 60 miles
southeast of the federal capital, Islamabad. The main structures
of the dam include 4 embankment dams, 2 Spillways, 5 powercum-irrigation tunnels and a power station. And it is an important
staging and wintering area for grebes, geese, ducks, gulls,
cormorants, coots and waders.
Plants species:
In vicinity of Mangla Dam small grass like sacrum is present
which local community of plants at that area.
Catastrophes are xerophyte plant which present here.
Some other plants like zizipusjajuba (berry), foncus,
sollanum and zentho-carpous are present in vicinity of the
dam.
Parthenium is a weed which is exotic species and damaging
the native weeds.
Cell grass is and also present here and in vicinity Scrub land
forest is also present.
Birds species:

 102 birds species are present on lesser Himalaya.

Common birds species are sparrow, dove, crow and kites.
In vicinity of Mangla dam pellets, Mallard, Crows are
common.
We observed a flock of pellets near Mangla Dam which is
very regular.
Crows flock is irregular in pattern as compare to pellets.
Reptilian species:
Some reptiles are also present in vicinity of the Mangla dam.
Some common reptiles are Lizards, barons, Cobra etc.
Cobra Python is also present which entered from Azad Jammu
Kashmir to Punjab

Mammalian species:
Mammalian fossils are present in this area like elephants skull has
found. That elephant was Mahagala thorium. This shows that in
past elephants were present in this area.
Commercial Fisheries:
Commercial fisheries are present in downstream area i.e.
common carp, catfishes.
Mahasher is very important as commercial fish. It is now
become an endangered species in this area.
Some other fishes like Sparta Singhala, CyprinusCarpio (Gulf
am), Labeorohita which is common carp and typha are
present in this area.
Insects:
Common insects in this area are butterflies and beetles.
Algae:

 Algae are present in large quantity in the water of the dam.

Spirogyra is the main species of Algae which is present in
water.
Adverse Effects of Dam on Biodiversity
Dam is a barrier in warm and cold water species.
Dam building floods vital stream habitat under deep
reservoir and eliminate food sources and breeding habitat for
some aquatic species.
Dam is a barrier to migration, and then isolated populations
become susceptible to environmental catastrophes such as
bad weather or disease epidemic. They are also can become
inbred and vulnerable to genetic flaws.

Biodiversity of Ayubia track:

Plants:
In plants we observed there large variety of species. These
species are, marchantia, selaginella, adiantum, Ptrids, Snap
dragon, Wild strawberry, Ispagol plant (husk), artemisia, Wild rose
(rosa silvestre), Euphorbia, Easter, Climbers plant, Pyrus (white
flower), renanculas, Papules ciliate, Channar, Cidrus deodara,
Pinus volchiana or texas volchiana, pinus virginiana.

We observed bracket fungi there, which was present on the dead

tree stem. This fungus is a decomposer so it is found on dead
plant.

We observed there different type of lichen such as fruticose,

foliose and crustose. These lichens are the indicator of air
pollution.

On Ayubia track we saw j- shaped trees. This shape is form due to

creeping of soil in the early stage of plants life. In early stage of
tree the stem is soft when soil creep the stem become bent and
began to grow so j-shaped tree are form.
Animal and birds:
Animals and birds that found there are Earth worms, Garden snail,
Ladybird beetle, millipedes, centipedes, Skink lizard, Kuku,
Chameleon, Jungle fowl. Leopards are also found in that area.
Monkeys are abundant in that area and king crow is also
abundant in that area.

Environmental Problem:

Solid Waste

Deforestation