Aircraft Design

References:
T. C. Corke Design of Aircraft
http://wps.prenhall.com/esm_corke_aircraft_1
D.P. Raymer Aircraft Design, a Conceptual Approach
J. Roskam Airplane Design
D. Stinton The Design of the Aeroplane
E.Torenbeek Synthesis of Subsonic Airplane Design
J.D. Anderson Aircraft Performance & Design
J.P. Fielding Introduction to Aircraft Design
L.R. Jenkinson, J.F.Marchman III Aircraft Design Projects

Please:
1)Attend project consultations
2)Buy a sheet of plotting paper A2
3)Solve registration problems

Why we are designing aeroplanes?

To sell them and to earn money?
We are selling aeroplanes, but what customer buys?
Customer buys an opportunity to execute defined mission.
The mission is a source of requirements for a device which
customer wants to buy.
Conclusion:
Our aeroplane has to fulfill requirement resulting from
the mission defined by customer

What happens if
we design a very
good aeroplane,

but not fulfilling

customers
requirements?

Types of requirements:
Technical requirements
Competitions records rules
Economical analyses
Research projects
Legal

Typical requirements:
Payload
Airspeed
Altitude
Range
Endurance
Take off distance
Landing distance
Price
Airworthiness regulations: European: CS (earlier known as JAR)
American: FAR

Airworthiness regulations
CS
21
22
23
25

FAR
21

27

Certification procedures
gliders
General aeroplanes (normal, utility, aerobatic) 23
Large aeroplanes
Commercial and
25
transport aeroplanes
Small helicopters
Normal helicopters
27

29
VLA
VLR

Large helicopters
Transport helicopters
Very light aeroplanes
Very light helicopters

29
103

Research, market analyses, concepts

Requirements
Conceptual design

Archive

no

yes
Initial design

no

yes
Detailed design
Prototypes fabrication
Tests
Production?

100

Design
elasticity

Cost

time

A concept, requirements definition

B conceptual design
C initial design
D detailed design

concept

requirements

payload

environment

weights

economy
Final
design
structure and
materials

aerodynamics

stability

propulsion
performance

When aircraft design ends?

prof. Sotyk:
At the moment when last production aeroplane is
fabricated

currently:
At the moment when last production aeroplane is
scrapped

Trends analysis

Janes all the Worlds Aircraft

Trends analysis

Biplane
High wing
Low wing
Low wing
Biplane
High wing

Trends analysis

Biplane
High wing
Low wing
Low wing
Biplane
High wing

Trends analysis

Biplane
High wing
Low wing
Low wing

Trends analysis

Trends analysis
0,85
0,8
0,75

mw/M T/O

0,7
0,65
0,6
0,55
0,5
0,45
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

m T/O [kg]

Trends analysis

Horizontal stabilizer volume coefficient

Vertical stabilizer volume coefficient
Ailerons span
Ailerons chord
Elevators chord
Rudders chord
Wings dihedral

10

Costs analysis
T. C. Corke Design of Aircraft

Rand Corporation
http://www.rand.org/

Price components
Research and development
Support of research and development
Materials
Engines and avionics
Labor
Tooling
Quality assurance
Flight tests
Profit

11

Materials
Cost

CMM

Inflation!

1970

1986

2012

Research and development

Number of man-hours

HE
Technology
development
1970

1986

2012

12

Hourly rates
CE = HE * SE
SE
SQC

ST

SM

SE
Inflation

1970

1986

2012

Unit price

13