4/4/2013

ARBC/LNGT0227
ArabicSociolinguistics

Announcements
Anyquestionsonthemidterm?

Lecture#14
April4th,2013
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Announcements

Todaysagenda

Presentationsofarticlesnextweek.
Quickoverviewofmorphology:systemvs.
contentmorphemes.
Quickintroductiontobasicsofsyntax.
Continueourdiscussionofcodeswitching.

Freevs.boundmorphemes

A10minutecrashcourseinmorphology
Morphologyisthestudyofwordstructureand
wordformationinhumanlanguage.
Themainunitofanalysisinmorphologyis
calledthemorpheme,whichisdefinedas
theminimalunitofmeaningorgrammatical
functioninthelanguage.
So,openhasonemorpheme;reopenhas
two;andreopenedhasthree.
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Morphemescanbefree orbound.Free
morphemescanstandaloneaswords,
whereasboundmorphemescannot.
Boundmorphemessuchasrethatderive
newwordsarecalledderivational
morphemes;boundmorphemessuchased
thatchangethegrammaticalfunctionofa
wordarecalledinflectional morphemes.
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Freevs.boundmorphemes

Contentvs.Systemmorphemes

Otherexamplesofboundmorphemes:

Morphemes,whetherfreeorbound,canalsobe
categorizedaseithercontentorsystem.
Contentmorphemeshavesemanticcontent(e.g.,
nouns,verbs,adjectives).Theyarealsocalledlexical
morphemes.
Systemmorphemesserveagrammaticalfunction
(e.g.,articles,conjunctions,prepositions,and
inflectionalaffixesforplural,tense,case,etc.).These
arealsocalledfunction morphemesor grammatical
morphemes.

Pluralmorpheme
Tensemorpheme
Aspectmorpheme
Caseandmoodmorphemes
Passivemorpheme

Noticethatthesamemorphemecanbefree
inonelanguagebutboundinanother,e.g.,
thedefinitearticleinEnglishvs.Arabic.

Clarifyingterminology

Typesofboundmorphemesbyposition

Thefollowingtermsareoftenused
interchangeably,sodontletthemconfuse
you.
Systemmorphemes=functionmorphemes=
grammaticalmorphemes

Boundmorphemesarealsocalledaffixes.
Affixesareclassifiedintofourtypesdepending
ontheirpositionwithinthewordwithregard
tothebasemorpheme:
a. Aprefix isaboundmorphemethat
precedesthebase,e.g.,uninunreal.
b. Asuffix isaboundmorphemethatfollows
thebase,e.g.,inginreading.

Contentmorphemes=lexicalmorphemes

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A15minutecrashcourseinsyntax

Typesofboundmorphemesbyposition
c. Aninfix isaboundmorphemethatoccurs
withinthebase,e.g.,themorphemeta
inAkkadian:
iriqhestole itariqhestoleforhimself

d. Acircumfix isaboundmorphemethat
occursonbothsidesofthebase,asinthe
caseoftheEgyptianArabicnegation
morphemema:

Syntax isthestudyofphraseandsentence
structureinhumanlanguage.Herewebriefly
introducesomeofthefundamentalconcepts
ofsyntax.

katabwrote makatab didntwrite

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Sentencesaremadeupofconstituents

Constituency
Considerthefollowingsentence:
Thelinguisthasdrawnatree.

Thekeynotiontounderstandingsyntactic
structureisthatofaconstituent.
Asentenceisnotameresequenceofwords;
rather,everysentencehasasyntactic
structure.
Letsseewhatthismeans.

IfIaskyoutodividethesentenceintotwo
units,wherewouldyoudrawtheline?
Right:
(1)Thelinguist|hasdrawnatree.
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Constituency

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Substitutiontestforconstituency

Intuitively,weknowthatcertainwords
hangtogetherinthesentencetothe
exclusionofothers.Wecallsuchstringsof
wordsconstituents.
Andwecanactuallydetermineconstituency
bymeansofobjectivediagnostictests.Lets
considerwhatthesetestsare.

Ifastringofwordscanbereplacedbyoneword
andtheresultisagrammaticalsentencewhile
preservingtheoriginalmeaning,thenitmust
bethatthisstringofwordscomprisesa
constituent.

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Substitutiontestforconstituency

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Substitutiontestforconstituency

(2) a.[Thelinguist]hasdrawnatree.
He hasdrawnatree.
b.Thelinguisthasdrawn[atree].
Thelinguisthasdrawnit.
c.The[linguisthasdrawnatree].
*The???
d.[Thelinguisthas]drawnatree.
*???drawnatree.
e.[Thelinguisthasdrawna]tree.
*???tree.
f.Thelinguist[hasdrawnatree].
Thelinguisthas.(InresponsetoWhohasdrawnatree?)

(3) a.[Thetallboy]atetheburrito.
He atetheburrito.
b.Thetallboyate[theburrito].
Thetallboyateit.
c.[Thetallboyate]theburrito.
*???the burrito.
d.Thetallboy[atetheburrito].
Thetallboydid(so).(InresponsetoWhoatetheburrito?)
e.Thetallboyatetheburrito[intheclassroom].
Thetallboyatetheburritothere.
f.Thetallboyate[theburritointheclassroom].
*Thetallboyateit.(Thesentencemaylookok,butwechangedthemeaning)
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SubstitutiontestinArabic

Movementtestforconstituency

. ] [ .
.[ ] .
. ] [ .
. ] [ .
.[ ] .

Ifastringofwordscanbemovedtogetherina
sentencekeepingthesamemeaningintact,thenthis
stringofwordscomprisesaconstituent:
(4)a.Wewillholdthemeeting[inSamsoffice].
InSamsoffice wewillholdthemeeting.
b.Wewillhold[themeetinginSamsoffice].
*Themeeting inSamsoffice wewillhold.

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MovementtestinArabic

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Standalonetest(usinganswerstoquestions)
Ifastringofwordscanstandaloneasan
answertoaquestion,thenitisaconstituent,
e.g.,
Q:WhatdidJohneat?
A:Thewholepizza./*Thewhole.

.[ ]
.
.[ ]
.*

Q:WhatdidJohndo?
A:Eatthewholepizza./*Eatthe.
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StandalonetestinArabic
* -

. -

* -

. -

Phrases
Aconstituentisaphrase ofsomekind.
Thetypeofthephraseisdeterminedbythehead
ofthephrase.Wesayaheadprojects aphrase.
Thuswehave:

. -

NounPhrases(NP),
VerbPhrases(VPs),
PrepositionalPhrases(PPs),and
AdjectivePhrases(APs).

Thesearewhatiscalledmaximalprojections in
yourtextbook.
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Phrasestructure:Headsandcomplements
So,
pictureoftheboysis
anounphrase (NP),sincetheheadofthestringistheN
picture.
atethesandwich,bycontrast,is
averbphrase(VP),sincetheheadofthestringistheV
ate.
intheofficeis
aprepositionalphrase (PP),sincetheheadofthestring
isthePin.
fondofchocolateis
anadjectivalphrase(AP),sincetheheadofthestringis
theAfond.

PhrasesinArabic
NP

VP

PP

AP

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CP

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CP

Asentencethusconsistsofagroupofphrases
arrangedinahierarchicalorder.
Thetechnicaltermsyntacticians useforasentenceisa
ComplementizerPhrase(CP).
Acomplementizer referstowordsthatintroduce
clauses,suchasthewordthatinthepreceding
Englishexample.
InArabic,atypicalcomplementizer isinna,whichis
pronouncedasinn inmanymoderndialects,e.g.,
fromEgyptianArabic:
. (Mohammadsaysthatthechildrenarrived.)

ACP canbeamainclause(e.g.,Johnwillcome
tomorrow),oranembeddedclause(e.g.,the
bracketedstringinJohnsaid[CP thathewould
cometomorrow]).
Syntacticians alsoassumethateverysentence
hasaTensePhrase,calledTPorAuxP.
Asentenceisthusahierarchicalstructureof
phrases,whoserootisaCP,andwhoseleavesare
theindividualwords.
Thatiswhysyntacticstructureistypically
representedviatreediagrams.

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Thelinguistknowsthatthisstudenthasdrawnatree.

CP
wo
Cdeclarative
AuxP

wo
NP
Aux'
ru
ru
Det
N
AuxVP
the
linguistpastri
V
CP
knowsei
AuxP
Cdeclarative
that ei
NP Aux'
eu
ru
Det
N Aux
VP
this
student hasri
VNP
drawnru
Det
D
atree
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Transitionfromlastclass
Codeswitching(CS)involvestheuseoftwo
linguisticsystemswithinthesamediscourse.
Itcanbeintrasentential orintersentential.
TherearefactorsthataffecttheuseofCS:
Participants(solidarity/status/formality);
Topicofdiscourse(personalvs.impersonal);and
Referentiality/Affectivitydimensions.

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Transitionfromlastclass

Thetwoconstraintstheory
Thefreemorphemeconstraint:Therecannot
beaswitchbetweenaboundmorphemeand
alexicalformunlessthelexicalformis
phonologicallyintegratedinthelanguageof
theboundmorpheme.
Theequivalenceconstraint:Codeswitching
occursatpointswherejuxtapositionof
elementsfromthetwolanguagesdoesnot
violateasyntacticruleofeitherlanguage.

CSisnotrandom.
Researchershavebeentryingtouncoverthe
underlyingrulesregulatingCS.
Wediscussedtwoapproaches.

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WordorderinMAFrenchCS

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NounadjectiveorderinMAFrenchCS

CSinbothSVandVSwordorders.

AdjectivenounorderinCS.

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Thegovernmentprinciple

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Codeswitchingwithnumerals

Codeswitchingdoesnotoccurwithinphrases.
Toostrongaprinciple.Counterexamples:

Interestingpatternswithnumeralsandthe
followingnouns.
.computers Ibought4computers.
.computer Ibought14computers

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Question#5

TheMatrixLanguageFramework

Readsections2.4.1.3and2.4.2onpp.3758carefullyand
answerthefollowingquestions:
Definethebestyoucanthefollowingterms:MatrixLanguage
(ML) EmbeddedLanguage(EL) systemmorphemes
contentmorphemes MLisland.
Inacodeswitchingsituation,whattypeofmorphemescomes
fromMLandwhattypecomesfromEL?
WhydoesnttheMLmodel workwellfordiglossicswitchingin
Arabicspeakingcommunities?Explainwithexamples.

Doesthe4Mmodel overcometheproblemsraisedby
ArabicdiglossicswitchingtotheclassicalMLmodel?Ifnot,
explainwhynot,andmentionanypossiblesolutions
discussedinthechapter.

Thematrixlanguageisthedominantlanguage
inaCSdiscourse.Itprovidesanunderlying
structurewithsystemmorphemes.Ofcourse,
italsoprovidescontentmorphemes.
TheMLthusprovidesaframetohost
contentmorphemesfromtheEL.
Remember,systemmorphemesprovide
grammaticalinformation,whereascontent
morphemesprovidesemanticcontent.

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Intrasentential CS

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Intersentential CS

attu:li BRANDNEWENGINE
waimlu:li REBUILD lil TRANSMISSION
Theyputinabrandnewengineand
rebuiltthetransmissionforme.

WHATKINDOFCHEESECAKE? kiif bitimaliih?

Whatkindofcheesecake?Howdoyou
makeit?

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TheSystemMorphemePrinciple

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Matrixlanguageislands
Thesearemaximalprojections(awholenounphrase
orverbphrase)entirelyintheMLandwellformed
accordingtoMLspecifications.
InthefollowingexampleofCSbetweenLebaneseand
English,thesubjectisanMLisland,asisthePPinhis
absence.
soquiet lbe:t ka:n SOQUIET fija:bu
Thehousewassoquietinhisabsence.
Thestringsoquiet,bycontrast,isanELisland.
Definitionisonnextslide.

TheSystemMorphemePrincipleintheMLF
model:
WithinML+ELconstituents,allactive
systemmorphemesarefromonlyoneof
thelanguagesparticipatinginCS,theML.

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Embeddedlanguageislands

TheMLsetstheframe

ELisalnds parallelMLislandsinthattheyare
maximalprojections,butentirelyintheEL,and
wellformedaccordingtoELrules.
FromLebaneseEnglishCS:
tooboring everytime lawtiabli nafs elwugu:h EVERYTIME
bitsiir TOOBORING
Ifyousee/meetthesamefacesevery
time,itbecomestooboring.

NoticethattheMLsetstheframeforEL
islands.Forexample:
( ) dak LASEMAINE -

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MixedconstituentsfromML+EL

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MixedconstituentsfromML+EL
FromLebaneseArabicCSwithEnglish.

Theseincludemorphemesfromboth
languages,buttheMLsetsthe
morphosyntacticframe.
.member ana mi MEMBER
Iamnotamember.
Notethatthereisnoindefinitearticleon
member.

insulation foundation specification -

huwwe ra yamil SPECIFICATION lil

FOUNDATION welINSULATION
Hewilldothespecificationsforthe
foundationandtheinsulation.

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Diglossicswitching

TheMLmodelfordiglossicswitching

FromEgyptianArabicdiglossic CS.Blueis
MSA,redisEgyptian.

Thispositionhasadoublestandard.
Howyoupronouncethedefinitearticleonthe
firstnouncouldmakeadifference.

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Challengesfromdiglossicswitching

bijuqaal
aspectsay.passive
Itissaid

The4MmodeloftheMLapproach
Refinetheframework:The4Mmodel.
Fourtypesofmorphemes:
Contentmorphemes
Earlysystemmorphemes(e.g.,pluralortense)
Bridgesorlatesystemmorphemes(e.g.,
possessivemarkers)
Outsiderlatesystemmorphemes.(e.g.,case,
mood,andpassivemorphemes;KEY toidentifying
theML)

(notetheqaaf wouldbepronounced[q]here)

Bimorpheme fromEgyptian,andpassivemorpheme
fromMSA.Howcome?

Islands?
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Solution?

The4MmodeloftheMLapproach

Insomecases,theMLisacomposite fromboth
codessignalingatransitionstageinaparticular
speechcommunity.

The4Mmodelwouldwork,butitwould
predictthattheMLisMSA.

Problems?
Thisdiglossicsituationhasbeengoingonfor
centuries.Whatkindoftransitionperiodwould
thatbe?
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Nextclassagenda
PresentationsoncasestudiesofCS.
Familiarizeyourselfwiththethreearticlesto
bepresented.Youcanfindlinkstoallthe
articlesonthesyllabustablepage.
TheoriesexplainingthemotivationsforCS.
ReadSection2.5onmotivationsforcode
switching,pp.5987.
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