Understanding OTDR

30149186.000.0807.otdr.po.fop.tm_ae.
qxd
10/12/07
8:55 AM
Page 1
FIBERCPDF!FIBERCPDF!FIBERCPDF!-
Understanding
Optical
Time
Domain
Reflectometry
5NDERSTANDING&IBER#HARACTERIZATION
'JCFS$IBSBDUFSJ[BUJPO5FTU3FRVJSFNFOUT
OTDR
Block
Diagram
/PTICAL2ETURN,OSS
/PTICAL2ETURN,OSS
/PTICAL2ETURN,OSS
OTDR Trace Analysis
dB
Laser
Diodes
/2,ISTHERATIOEXPRESSEDIND" OF
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The optical
time domainREFLECTEDPOWERTOINCIDENTPOWERFROMA
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flectometer
(OTDR) injects
INAFIBERDUETOTHEVARIATIONOFINDEXOFRE
FIBEROPTICSYSTEMORALINK4HEREFLECTED
4 EST
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'PBS
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%QUIPMENT
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4ESTING4ESTING
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'BPS
'BPS
'BPS
)45 4'n$EFINITIONSANDTESTMETHODSFORLINEARDETERMINISTICATTRIBUTES
1
Front
end
reflective
event
Photodiode
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dB
FRACTION)TINDUCESAPULSEWIDTHVARIATION
an optical
pulse into POWERISDUETO&RESNELREFLECTIONSOR
one
POWERISDUETO&RESNELREFLECTIONSOR
POWERISDUETO&RESNELREFLECTIONSOR
34- /#
34- /#
34- /#
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34- /# 34- /#
34- /#
34- /# 34- /#
34- /#
34- /# 34- /#
34- /#
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2EQUIRED
2EQUIRED
2EQUIRED
2ECOMMENDED
2ECOMMENDED 2ECOMMENDED
%THERNET
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Detector
OFSINGLE MODEFIBREANDCABLE
2
Connection
between
end of
theCHANGESINTHEINDEXOFREFRACTION
fiber and analyzes
CHANGESINTHEINDEXOFREFRACTION
CHANGESINTHEINDEXOFREFRACTION

$7$-$7$$7$

$7$-$7$$7$$7$-$7$$7$the
OTDR and the
patchcord
Injection
Amplifier
#$,IMITS!CCORDINGTO"IT2ATE
4HEHIGHERTHE/2,VALUETHELOWERTHE
4HEHIGHERTHE/2,VALUETHELOWERTHE
the backscattered
and4HEHIGHERTHE/2,VALUETHELOWERTHE
re/#72-ETHOD
/#72-ETHOD
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/4$2-ETHOD/4$2-ETHOD
)NSERTION,OSS
)NSERTION,OSS )NSERTION,OSS
,43 ,430-,3OR
,43
NM
NM
NMNM
NM
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NM
NM
NM
NM
NM0-,3OR
NM
0-,3OR
5NI DIRECTIONAL
5NI DIRECTIONAL
5NI DIRECTIONAL
Level
or NM
launch cable. NM
REFLECTEDPOWER!N/2,VALUEOFD"
REFLECTEDPOWER!N/2,VALUEOFD"
REFLECTEDPOWER!N/2,VALUEOFD" /4$2 /4$2
/#72 /#72
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3/.%4
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#OEFFICIENT
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flected
signal
coming back.
RMS Dynamic
ATNM
ATNM
FORA'IVEN,INK
FORA'IVEN,INK
ATNM
FORA'IVEN,INK
ISBETTERTHAND"
ISBETTERTHAND"
ISBETTERTHAND"
Sampling
$ISTANCE
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$ISTANCE
2ETURN,OSS
2ETURN,OSS

2ETURN,OSSNM
NM
NM
NM
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NM
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NM
/4$2OR/2,-ETER
NM
/4$2OR/2,-ETER
/4$2OR/2,-ETER
5NI DIRECTIONAL
5NI DIRECTIONAL5NI DIRECTIONAL
Time Base
0ULSED 0ULSED
0ULSED
Loss
Range
,IGHT3OURCE
,IGHT3OURCE
&54
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ADC
2 Connector
'BPS
'BPS
34-
'BPS
34- /# 34-
/# Noise
TOPSNM
/#
TOPSNM
TOPSNM
Control
4ERMINATION4ERMINATION
4ERMINATION
,ASER3OURCE
,ASER3OURCE
,ASER3OURCE
An operator at one end of a
Level
(RMS)
Averaging
#OUPLER
#OUPLER
#OUPLER
7HYMEASURE#$
7HYMEASURE#$
7HYMEASURE#$
#OUPLER #OUPLER
#OUPLER
Unit
0LUG
0LUG
0LUG
'BPS
'BPS
34-
'BPS
34- /#
34-
/# (SNR
TOPSNM
TOPSNM
TOPSNM
/PTICAL#OMPONENT
/PTICAL#OMPONENT
Processing
=/#
1)
A connector
mechanicallyORWAVELENGTHS
mates
fiber span, can/PTICAL#OMPONENT
measure
and
0HYSICAL0LANT6ERIFICATION
NM
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ORWAVELENGTHS
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'BPS
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34-
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34- /#
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EGCONNECTOR
EGCONNECTOR EGCONNECTOR
#$MUSTBEMEASUREDTOINSURETHECOMPATIBILITY
0OWER-ETER
0OWER-ETER
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2 fibers together
2ECEIVER 2ECEIVER
2ECEIVER
)NC#ONNECTOR3PLICE,OSS
/4$2/4$2
/4$2
localize Attenuation, Event
'BPS
'BPS
%THERNET
'BPS
%THERNET n
%THERNET
n
PSNM
nPSNM
PSNMkm
OFTHEFIBERLINKWITHTHEHIGHBITRATETRANSMISSION
0
0
0
and
creates
a
reflective
event.
0
0
0

0OINT2EF$ISTANCE
0OINT2EF$ISTANCE
0OINT2EF$ISTANCE
0
0
0
Loss, Reflectance and ORL.
Loss
ANDTHENETWORKEQUIPMENTMANUFACTURING
REFL
TRANS
/2,LOG00
/2,LOG00
/2,LOG00
INC
REFL INC
REFL
INC
REFL
Reflectance:
&IBER4YPES
&IBER4YPES &IBER4YPES
CONSTRAINTS)THASTOBEPERFORMEDDURINGMANU
2EQUIRED
2EQUIRED
2EQUIRED
2EQUIRED
2EQUIRED
2EQUIRED - Polished
2EQUIRED
2EQUIRED
2EQUIRED ~ -45
""3OURCE
2EQUIRED
5NI DIRECTIONAL
Connector:
dB""3OURCE ""3OURCE
Mechanical
splice
7
FACTURINGPROCESSFIBERINSTALLATIONANDSYSTEM
0-$!NALYZER
0-$!NALYZER
0-$!NALYZER
- Ultra Polished Connector:
~ -55
dB
A mechanical splice mechanically
UPGRADE
UPGRADE
UPGRADE
- Angled Polished Connector: up to -65 dB
2 fibers together,
Loss
#HROMATIC$ISPERSION
#HROMATIC$ISPERSION
#HROMATIC$ISPERSION
.OTREQUIREDIFLESS
.OTREQUIREDIFLESS
.OTREQUIREDIFLESS
.OTREQUIREDIFLESS
.OTREQUIREDIFLESS
.OTREQUIREDIFLESS
2ECOMMENDED
2ECOMMENDED
2ECOMMENDED
2ECOMMENDED
2ECOMMENDED
2ECOMMENDED
2ECOMMENDED
2ECOMMENDED
2ECOMMENDED
2ECOMMENDED
2ECOMMENDED
2ECOMMENDED
,AMBDA/4$2OR
,AMBDA/4$2OR
5NI DIRECTIONAL
Insertion
loss:
~0.5 dB ,AMBDA/4$2OR
4YPICAL6ALUES
4YPICAL6ALUES
4YPICAL6ALUES aligns
Ghost
(L)
(L)
using
a
self-contained assembly.
THANKM
THANKM THANKM
THANKM
THANKM THANKM
(Loss = 0.2 dB with a very 0HASE3HIFT!NALYZER
good0HASE3HIFT!NALYZER
connector) 0HASE3HIFT!NALYZER
)45 4'^PSNMKM ATNM
)45 4'^PSNMKM ATNM
)45 4'^PSNMKM ATNM
Reflectance:
~ -55 dB
A ghost is a unexpected event
)45 4'PSNMKM ATNM
)45 4'PSNMKM ATNM
)45 4'PSNMKM ATNM
Insertion loss: ~ 0.5 dB
resulting
from a strong reflection
causing TONM
!TTENUATION0ROFILE
!TTENUATION0ROFILE
!TTENUATION0ROFILE
.O .O
.OTONM
TONM
TONM
.O .O
.O
TONM
TONM
.O .O
.OTONM
TONM
""3OURCEAND/3!
TONM
""3OURCEAND/3!
""3OURCEAND/3!
5NI DIRECTIONAL
)45 4'^PSNMKM ATNM
)45 4'^PSNMKM ATNM
)45 4'^PSNMKM ATNM
echoes on the trace.
4HE/4$2LAUNCHESLIGHTPULSESINTOTHEDEVICE
4HE/#72LAUNCHESASTABLECONTINUOUSWAVE
0OLARIZATION-ODE
0OLARIZATION-ODE
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2EQUIRED
UNDERTESTANDCOLLECTSBACKSCATTERINFORMATION
SIGNALINTOTHEOPTICALFIBERANDMEASURESTHE
$ISPERSION
$ISPERSION
$ISPERSION
UNLESSPRE FIBERUNLESSPRE FIBER
ASWELLAS&RESNELREFLECTIONS
ASWELLAS&RESNELREFLECTIONS
ASWELLAS&RESNELREFLECTIONS STRENGTHOFTHETIME INTEGRATEDRETURNSIGNAL
STRENGTHOFTHETIME INTEGRATEDRETURNSIGNAL
STRENGTHOFTHETIME INTEGRATEDRETURNSIGNAL
7HYMEASURE/2,
7HYMEASURE/2,
7HYMEASURE/2,
What
Does
an
OTDR
Measure?
)TISESSENTIALTOMEASUREBACKREFLECTION
/4$2
Loss
)NSERTION,OSS"I DIRECTIONAL)NSERTION,OSS
#-
#-
#-
-9
-9
-9
#9
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#9
#-9
#-9
#-9
3PLICESANDCONNECTORSAREIMPORTANTCOMPONENTSTOBETESTEDAS
3PLICESANDCONNECTORSAREIMPORTANTCOMPONENTSTOBETESTEDAS
from physical3PLICESANDCONNECTORSAREIMPORTANTCOMPONENTSTOBETESTEDAS
constraints on the fiber.
THEIRLOSSESANDREFLECTANCESHAVEASTRONGIMPACTONTHELINKQUALITY
1550 nmTHEIRLOSSESANDREFLECTANCESHAVEASTRONGIMPACTONTHELINKQUALITY
Bending loss THEIRLOSSESANDREFLECTANCESHAVEASTRONGIMPACTONTHELINKQUALITY
is higher as
4ESTSCANBEPERFORMEDDURINGINSTALLATIONORFORCOMMISSIONING!N
4ESTSCANBEPERFORMEDDURINGINSTALLATIONORFORCOMMISSIONING!N
4ESTSCANBEPERFORMEDDURINGINSTALLATIONORFORCOMMISSIONING!N /4$2
wavelength increases.
1310 nm/4$2ENABLESTODETECTLOCALIZEANDMEASUREEVENTSALONGAFIBERLINK
/4$2ENABLESTODETECTLOCALIZEANDMEASUREEVENTSALONGAFIBERLINK
/4$2ENABLESTODETECTLOCALIZEANDMEASUREEVENTSALONGAFIBERLINK
)NSERTION,OSSISTHELOSSINTHE
n
n
n
)%# n#ONNECTORSFORELECTRONICEQUIPMENTn4ESTSANDMEASUREMENTS
0ART 4ESTB !TTENUATIONINSERTIONLOSS
0ART 4ESTB !TTENUATIONINSERTIONLOSS
POWEROFASIGNALTHATRESULTS
POWEROFASIGNALTHATRESULTS
POWEROFASIGNALTHATRESULTS0ART 4ESTB !TTENUATIONINSERTIONLOSS
)%# n&IBEROPTICINTERCONNECTINGDEVICESANDPASSIVECOMPONENTS
)%# n&IBEROPTICINTERCONNECTINGDEVICESANDPASSIVECOMPONENTS
n "ASIC
n "ASIC
n "ASIC
FROMINSERTINGAPASSIVECOM
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PONENTCONNECTORSSPLICES
)45 4'n$EFINITIONSANDTESTMETHODSFORLINEARDETERMINISTICATTRIBUTESOFSINGLE
INTOACONTINUOUSPATH
INTOACONTINUOUSPATH
INTOACONTINUOUSPATH
MODEFIBREANDCABLE
MODEFIBREANDCABLE
MODEFIBREANDCABLE
How to Configure the Main OTDR Settings
Pulse7HYMEASURE),
Width
7HYMEASURE),
7HYMEASURE),
0OWER-ETER
0OWER-ETER
The pulse width controls the amount of light injected into a fiber.
&54
&54
0OWER-ETER
-EASURINGINSERTIONLOSSWILLGIVETHE
A short
pulse
width enables
high resolution and short dead zones but
ATTENUATIONACROSSAFIBERAPASSIVE
less dynamic
range.
COMPONENTORANOPTICALLINK4HEVALUE
OBTAINEDHASTOBETAKENINTOACCOUNT
OBTAINEDHASTOBETAKENINTOACCOUNT
A longOBTAINEDHASTOBETAKENINTOACCOUNT
pulse
width enables
high dynamic range but less resolution and
INTRANSMISSIONSYSTEMDESIGNINPUT
0OWER-ETER
0OWER-ETER
large dead zones.
POWERRECEIVERSENSITIVITY
,IGHT3OURCE
,IGHT3OURCE
&54
&54
0OWER-ETER
,IGHT3OURCE
Acquisition time
This is the time during which the OTDR acquires and averages data points
from the fiber under test. Increasing the acquisition time improves the
4YPICAL6ALUES
4YPICAL6ALUES
4YPICAL6ALUES
dynamic
range
without affecting
the resolution and dead zones.
Using a launch cable allows the

characterization of the connector at the
&54 origin of the link, by moving it outside
!UTOMATICBI DIRECTIONAL
the dead zone
of
the OTDR connector.
0OWER-ETER
0OWER-ETER
0OWER-ETER
)NSERTION,OSSTESTINGWITH
The last connector
can also be tested
,IGHT3OURCE
,IGHT3OURCE
,IGHT3OURCE
ALOSSTESTSETCOMBINED
by using a receive
cable.
LIGHTSOURCEANDPOWERMETER
4YPICAL6ALUES
4YPICAL6ALUES
4YPICAL6ALUES
-ECHANICALSPLICED"
-ECHANICALSPLICED"
-ECHANICALSPLICED"
&USIONSPLICED"
&USIONSPLICED"
&USIONSPLICED"
50#CONNECTOR,OSSD"2EFLECTANCE D"
> 0.5dB
!0#CONNECTOR,OSSD"2EFLECTANCE D"
3PLICELOSS
3PLICELOSS
$UETOFIBERBACKSCATTERCOEFFICIENTMISMATCHESASPLICECANAPPEAR
ASAGAINORASALOSSDEPENDINGONTHETESTDIRECTION"I DIRECTIONAL
3PLICELOSS
ANALYSISISUSEDTOMINIMIZETHISPOSSIBLEMISMATCHBYMEASURING
THESPLICELOSSINBOTHDIRECTIONSANDAVERAGINGTHERESULTTOOBTAIN
THETRUESPLICELOSS
THETRUESPLICELOSSTHETRUESPLICELOSS
3PLICEGAIN
Splice gain
"IT2ATE"IT2ATE 3$( 3$(

"IT2ATE 3/.%4 3/.%4
3$(
0ER#HANNEL
0ER#HANNEL
0ER#HANNEL
mismatch by measuringWAVELENGTHANDTHEREFOREISINTERESTINGTOKNOWFOR$7$-SYSTEMS3ECONDORDER

theWAVELENGTHANDTHEREFOREISINTERESTINGTOKNOWFOR$7$-SYSTEMS3ECONDORDER
splice loss in both
directions
WAVELENGTHANDTHEREFOREISINTERESTINGTOKNOWFOR$7$-SYSTEMS3ECONDORDER
0-$HASTOBEADDEDTOCHROMATICDISPERSIONFIGURESANDTHEREFOREISLIMITINGTHELINK
0-$HASTOBEADDEDTOCHROMATICDISPERSIONFIGURESANDTHEREFOREISLIMITINGTHELINK
and averaging the result
to obtain
the true0-$HASTOBEADDEDTOCHROMATICDISPERSIONFIGURESANDTHEREFOREISLIMITINGTHELINK
splice loss.
DISTANCE
DISTANCE
DISTANCE
&54 &54
&54
/PTICAL/PTICAL
0OLARZIZED
0OLARZIZED
0OLARZIZED
3PECTRUM
3PECTRUM
"ROADBAND3OURCE
"ROADBAND3OURCE"ROADBAND3OURCE
!NALYZER
!NALYZER
7HYMEASURE0-$
7HYMEASURE0-$
7HYMEASURE0-$
4YPICAL6ALUES
4YPICAL6ALUES
4YPICAL6ALUES
&ORANEWFIBER -AX0-$PS
KM)45 4'$
KM)45 4'$KM)45 4'$
Scalable Optical Test Platform
4YPICAL6ALUES
4YPICAL6ALUES
4YPICAL6ALUES
NMnNMD"KM
NMnNMD"KM
NMnNMD"KM
NMnNMD"KM
NMnNMD"KM
NMnNMD"KM
NMnNMD"KM
NMnNMD"KM
NMnNMD"KM
Connector pair
Macro bend
Front end reflective event
Compact Optical Test Platform

7AVELENGTHNM
8 Event Dead Zone

The Event Dead Zone (EDZ)
is the minimum distance where two
consecutive unsaturated reflective
events can be distinguished.
EDZ
Event is hidden
In this case, the events are more closely

spaced than the EDZ and shown as one event.

4 "%2$
4 "%2$
4 "%2$
4 "%2$
4 "%2$
4 "%2$ 3-!24
3-!24
It can be
reduced
using
smaller pulse
widths.
-43
-43 -43
-43
-43
-43
3-!24
/6)0
/6)0
Noise
/6)0
/6)0
/6)0
/6)0
Distance Range specifies the distance that the OTDR will display on the X axis
/PTICAL
3PECTRUM
!NALYZER
km
3CALABLE/PTICAL4EST0LATFORM
#OMPACT/PTICAL4EST0LATFORM
/PTICAL(ANDHELD-ETERS
/PTICAL6IDEO)NSPECTION0ROBES
/PTICAL6IDEO)NSPECTION0ROBES
/PTICAL6IDEO)NSPECTION0RO
Fiber link
4 !POLARIZEDLIGHTISSENTOVERTHE&54ANDTHETRANSMITTEDSPECTRUMISANALYZEDTHROUGHAPOLARIZER4HEANALYSISOF
5
6
!POLARIZEDLIGHTISSENTOVERTHE&54ANDTHETRANSMITTEDSPECTRUMISANALYZEDTHROUGHAPOLARIZER4HEANALYSISOF
!POLARIZEDLIGHTISSENTOVERTHE&54ANDTHETRANSMITTEDSPECTRUMISANALYZEDTHROUGHAPOLARIZER4HEANALYSISOF
THEFIXED ANALYZERRESPONSEISSHIFTEDTOTHETIMEDOMAINBYTAKINGTHE&OURIERTRANSFORM4HEMEAN$'$ISCALCULATED
FROMTHE'AUSSIANDISTRIBUTION
Connector pair

7ATERPEAKAROUNDNM
7ATERPEAKAROUNDNM
7ATERPEAKAROUNDNM
'JCFS5FTU1SPEVDUT
'JCFS5FTU1SPEVDUT
'JCFS5FTU1SPEVDUT
0-$
$ELAY,IMIT
PS
PS
PS
PS

PERFORMEDUSINGABROADBAND
SOURCEANDOPTICALSPECTRUM
&54
&54 /PTICAL /PTICAL &54
/PTICAL
ANALYZER4HE/3!ISLIKEA
"ROADBAND 3PECTRUM3PECTRUM
3PECTRUM
3OURCE !NALYZER !NALYZER
WAVELENGTH SELECTIVEPOWERMETER
!NALYZER
)TRECORDSTHESOURCESPECTRUM
TAKENASREFERENCE ANDCOMPARES
ITWITHTHESPECTRUMOFTHESOURCE
ATTHELINKOUTPUT
ATTHELINKOUTPUTATTHELINKOUTPUT
7AVELENGTHNM
7AVELENGTHNM
&IELD0-$4EST%QUIPMENT
!FTERCLEANING
0-$MEASUREMENTSHALLBEATLEASTPERFORMEDWHENTHEBITRATEISEQUALORHIGHERTHAN
MTS-6000
)TISVERYIMPORTANTTOCLEANCONNECTORS
'BPS(OWEVERFORSOMEAPPLICATIONSSUCHASANALOGCABLE46APPLICATIONSLOWER
T-BERD 6000
!DIRTYCONNECTORWILLDRAMATICALLYINCREASETHEPOWERLOSS
TRANSMISSIONBITRATESCANBEAFFECTEDBY0-$
Launch
cable
)NSPECTYOURCONNECTORBEFOREANDAFTERCLEANINGUSINGAVIDEOSCOPE
0-$ 0-$
3/.%4
$ELAY,IMIT
$ELAY,IMIT
"ROADBAND
"ROADBAND
&OR$7$-SYSTEMSITISIMPORTANTTOOBTAINTHEATTENUATION
3OURCE 3OURCE
PROFILEOFTHEBANDUSEDFORTRANSMISSIONASTHISWILLHAVE
ANIMPACTONCHANNELEQUALIZATIONASWELLASAMPLIFIER
SPECIFICATIONSIFTHEYAREIMPLEMENTEDINTHENETWORK&OR

#7$-SYSTEMSWHICHCOVERTHEBANDFROMNMTO
NMTHEFIBERSUITABILITYINTHISENTIRERANGEESPECIALLY
WITHINTHEhWATERPEAKvREGIONAROUNDNMMUSTBE

CHECKED
CHECKED
CHECKED
1310 nm
0.33 dB/km
'BPS
'BPS 34-
34-
'BPS
/#
/#
34-
PSPS
/#
'BPS
'BPS 34-
34-
'BPS
/#
/#
34-
PSPS
/#
'BPS
'BPS 34-
34-
'BPS
/#
/#
34-
PSPS
/#
Bi-directional analysis is
used
to minimize
this possible
4HESECONDORDER0-$GIVESTHEDELAYCREATEDBYTHE0-$VARIATIONLINKEDTOTHE
'BPS
'BPS %THERNET
%THERNET
'BPS

%THERNET
PS PS

&IBERINSPECTIONMUSTBEUTILIZEDTOENSURETHEOPTICALCONNECTORSAREOPERATIONALANDFREEFROMANYCONTAMINATION
0ARTICULESDUSTx CONTAMINATIONISTHE
FIRSTSOURCEOFTROUBLESHOOTINGINOPTICALNETWORKSCAUSINGBACKREFLECTIONSIGNALLOSSAND
EQUIPMENTDAMAGE
EQUIPMENTDAMAGE
EQUIPMENTDAMAGE
MTS-8000
7HENCONTAMINATEDCONNECTORSAREMATEDDEBRISISEMBEDDEDINTOTHEGLASSCAUSINGPERMANENTDAMAGE
&IBERCONNECTORSSHOULDALWAYSBEVISUALLYINSPECTED
BEFOREMATING
BEFOREMATING BEFOREMATING
7HYMEASUREATTENUATION
0-$,IMITS!CCORDINGTO"IT2ATE
6
L REF
!TTENUATION0ROFILEISTHELOSSOFSIGNALPOWERNORMALIZEDTO
)%# n-EASUREMENTMETHODSANDTESTPROCEDURES
KMCAUSEDBYMATERIALABSORPTIONIMPURITIESWAVEGUIDE
GEOMETRYANDSCATTERING
3PECTRAL!TTENUATIONTESTINGIS
0OLARIZATION-ODE$ISPERSION
L REF
A fiber end or break is when the fiber terminates.

The end reflection depends on the fiber end
cleavage and it's environment.
Reflectance:
- PC open to air: ~ -14 dB
- APC open to air: ~ -45 dB
Insertion loss: high (generally)
!TTENUATION0ROFILE
!TTENUATION0ROFILE
!TTENUATION0ROFILE
5 Fusion splice
The Attenuation Dead Zone (ADZ)
A fusion splice thermally
is the minimum distance after
fuses 2 fibers together,
a reflective event where a
Loss
using
a splicing machine.
non-reflective event (splice)
Reflectance: none
can be measured (usually 0.5 dB).
Insertion loss: < 0.1 dB
In
this
case,
the
events
are
more
0-$ORAVERAGE$'$ ISCAUSEDBYTHEDIFFERENTIALARRIVALTIMEOFTHEDIFFERENTPOLARIZATION
)%# n/PTICALFIBERS 0ART -EASUREMENTMETHODSANDTESTPROCEDURESn
closely spaced than the ADZ and
MODESHORIZONTALANDVERTICAL TRANSMITTEDINTOAFIBERCAUSEDBYITSBIREFRINGENCE0-$
0OLARIZATIONMODEDISPERSION
shown as one event. ADZ can be
BROADENSTRANSMISSIONPULSEANDISCRITICALFORHIGHBITRATETRANSMISSION
)45 4'n$EFINITIONSANDTESTMETHODSFORSTATISTICALANDNON LINEARATTRIBUTESOFSINGLE
reduced using smaller pulse widths.
MODEFIBREANDCABLE
MODEFIBREANDCABLE
MODEFIBREANDCABLE
Splice loss
L REF
Noise
1550 nm
0.19 dB/km
4 Attenuation Dead Zone
Due to fiber backscatter coefficient mismatches,

a splice
6
6
can appear as a gain or as a loss depending on the test
direction.
0HASE-ETER
low injection levels, are the primary

reason for reductions in dynamic
0HASE3HIFT
0HASE3HIFT
0HASE3HIFT
and therefore
accuracy of the
$F range,
$F
$F
measurements.

/4$2
1.5 dB
/PTICAL#ONNECTION)NSPECTION
Optical Test Unit for the ONMS
/4$2
Event is hidden
Bi-directional Analysis
/4$2
4RUE3PLICE,OSS"I DIRECTIONAL/4$2-EASUREMENT
6
&54
"ROADBAND
"ROADBAND
)NTENSITY )NTENSITY"ROADBAND
)NTENSITY
0HASE-ETER
0HASE-ETER
Poor
launch
3OURCE 3OURCE
-ODULATOR
-ODULATOR
3OURCE conditions,
-ODULATOR resulting in
9 Fiber end or break
3PLICEGAIN
3PLICEGAIN
6

the fiber&54under
&54 test.
&54
&USION #ONNECTOR
&USION #ONNECTOR
#ONNECTOR #ONNECTOR
&IBER -ECHANICAL
#ONNECTOR
&IBER -ECHANICAL
&IBER&USION &IBER
#ONNECTOR &IBER -ECHANICAL &IBER
3PLICE
3PLICE "END
3PLICE
3PLICE %ND0AIR
0AIR
0AIR
0AIR
0AIR 3PLICE
"END
0AIR %ND
"END 3PLICE %ND
ADZ
6
/4$2
&54
0HASE3HIFT-ETHOD
0HASE3HIFT-ETHOD
0HASE3HIFT-ETHOD
in which the OTDR injects light into
4HE/4$2SENDSFOURORMORE WAVELENGTHSOVERTHE&544HETIMEDELAY
4HEMODULATEDLIGHTISSENTOVERTHE&544HEPHASEOFTHETESTSIGNALIS
BETWEENTHEDIFFERENTWAVELENGTHSATTHEENDOFTHELINKISMEASURED4HE
COMPAREDTOTHEPHASEOFTHEREFERENCESIGNALUSEDTOMODULATETHEINPUT
CHROMATICDISPERSIONOFTHETESTEDFIBERISTHENCALCULATEDUSINGTHERIGHT
SIGNAL4HEPHASEMEASUREMENTISPERFORMEDOVERTHEENTIREWAVELENGTH
NONLINEARREGRESSION
NONLINEARREGRESSION
NONLINEARREGRESSION
RANGEOFTHEBROADBANDSOURCE
4)!%)! &/0

4)!%)! &/0
4)!%)! &/0
In order to obtain accurate measurements, connectors must

always be cleaned prior to OTDR testing!
OTU-8000
Therefore to distinguish a bend

from a splice,
2 different wavelengths are used.
Reflectance: none (generally)
Insertion loss: varies according
to wavelength
)NSERTION,OSSTESTINGISTYPICALLY
PERFORMEDWITHAPOWERMETER
,IGHT3OURCE
,IGHT3OURCE
,IGHT3OURCE
ANDA LAMBDAORA LAMBDA
LIGHTSOURCE
LIGHTSOURCE
LIGHTSOURCE
Launch cable
Entering the appropriate value for the fiber under test will ensure accurate length measurements of the fiber.
T-BERD 8000
"EFORECLEANING
"EFORECLEANING "EFORECLEANING
!FTERCLEANING
!FTERCLEANING
/4$2
&54
-ECHANICALSPLICED"
-ECHANICALSPLICED"
-ECHANICALSPLICED"
Index&USIONSPLICED"
of Refraction
(loR)&USIONSPLICED"
&USIONSPLICED"
The IoR
converts
the time,
measured by the OTDR, to distance, displayed
0#CONNECTORD"
0#CONNECTORD"
0#CONNECTORD"
on the!0#CONNECTORD"
trace.
!0#CONNECTORD"
!0#CONNECTORD"
/4$2
0ULSED
4HE/4$2INJECTSASHORTINTENSELASERPULSEINTOTHEOPTICALFIBERAND
&54
&54
&54
,ASER3OURCE
MEASURESTHEBACKSCATTERANDREFLECTIONOFLIGHTASAFUNCTIONOFTIME
MEASURESTHEBACKSCATTERANDREFLECTIONOFLIGHTASAFUNCTIONOFTIME
#OUPLER #OUPLER
#OUPLER MEASURESTHEBACKSCATTERANDREFLECTIONOFLIGHTASAFUNCTIONOFTIME
/PTICAL /PTICAL
/PTICAL
)TSTHENANALYZEDTODETERMINETHELOCATIONOFANYFIBEROPTICBREAKS
2ECEIVER 2ECEIVER
2ECEIVER
ORSPLICELOSSES
ORSPLICELOSSES ORSPLICELOSSES
Macro bending results
ORL (Optical Return Loss)

Ratio of the reflected power to the incident power from a fiber optic link
or system, expressed as a positive dB value.
/4$2
coefficients are spliced together.

Reflectance: none
Insertion Loss: small gain
0ULSED 0ULSED
,ASER3OURCE
,ASER3OURCE
37HYMEASURELOSSANDREFLECTANCE
Macro bend
Loss
&54
A gainer is a splice gain
2EQUIREMENTD"
2EQUIREMENTD"
2EQUIREMENTD"
/BJECTIVED"
/BJECTIVED"
/BJECTIVED"
Reflectance
Ratio of reflected power to incident power of an event, expressed as a negative
dB value.
6 Gainer
&IBERSJOINEDUSINGSPLICESANDCONNECTORSPROVOKETWOTYPES
&IBERSJOINEDUSINGSPLICESANDCONNECTORSPROVOKETWOTYPES
&IBERSJOINEDUSINGSPLICESANDCONNECTORSPROVOKETWOTYPES )%#n#ALIBRATIONOFOPTICALTIME DOMAINREFLECTOMETERS/4$2
)%#n#ALIBRATIONOFOPTICALTIME DOMAINREFLECTOMETERS/4$2
)%#n#ALIBRATIONOFOPTICALTIME DOMAINREFLECTOMETERS/4$2
that appears when two fibers
'2 n'ENERIC2EQUIREMENTSFOR/PTICAL4IME$OMAIN2EFLECTOMETER/4$2 4YPE%QUIPMENT
OFATTENUATIONLOSSANDREFLECTANCE4HEREAREBOTHDUEESSENTIALLY
with different backscatter
)45 4'n$EFINITIONSANDTESTMETHODSFORLINEARDETERMINISTICATTRIBUTESOFSINGLEMODEFIBREANDCABLE
Gain
TO&RESNELREFLECTIONS
D"
4OTALLINK/2,
!CCURATE
&ASTANDREALTIMEINFORMATION
0OSSIBILITYTOMEASURESHORTLINK
3TRENGTH
3TRENGTH2EFLECTIVEEVENTLOCALIZATION
2EFLECTIVEEVENTLOCALIZATION
3TRENGTH
2EFLECTIVEEVENTLOCALIZATION
DEFINEDBY4ELCORDIA
DEFINEDBY4ELCORDIA
DEFINEDBY4ELCORDIA
Event'2 #/2%
Loss
7EAKNESSES
7EAKNESSES
.OREFLECTIVEEVENTLOCALIZATION
.OREFLECTIVEEVENTLOCALIZATION
7EAKNESSES .OREFLECTIVEEVENTLOCALIZATION
'2 #/2%
'2 #/2%
7EAKNESSES
7EAKNESSES
!CCURACY!CCURACY
7EAKNESSES !CCURACY
,ONGERACQUISITIONTIME,ONGERACQUISITIONTIME
Difference of optical power level before and after an event,expressed,ONGERACQUISITIONTIME
in dB.
Dynamic range determines the

observable length of the fiber and
depends on the OTDR design and settings.
The injection level is the power level
0ROPAGATION4IME-ETHODPULSEDELAY
/PTICAL4IME$OMAIN
/PTICAL4IME$OMAIN
/PTICAL4IME$OMAIN
2EFLECTOMETRY
2EFLECTOMETRY
2EFLECTOMETRY
!CCURACY
!CCURACYD"D"
!CCURACY
!CCURACY
!CCURACYD" D"!CCURACY
D"
Attenuation (also called fiber loss)
4YP!PPL
4YP!PPL
3PATIALCHARACTERIZATIONOFREFLECTIVE
4YP!PPL
4YP!PPL
4YP!PPL
4OTALLINK/2,
4OTALLINK/2,
4YP!PPL
Expressed in dB or dB/km, this represents the loss or the rate of loss
beEVENTSESTIMATIONOFSECTIONALAND
EVENTSESTIMATIONOFSECTIONALAND
EVENTSESTIMATIONOFSECTIONALAND
3TRENGTHS
3TRENGTHS!CCURATE!CCURATE
3TRENGTHS
tween
2 points
along the4YPICAL6ALUES
fiber span.
4YPICAL6ALUES
4YPICAL6ALUES
TOTALLINK/2,
TOTALLINK/2,
TOTALLINK/2,
Dynamic Range
and Injection Level
&IELD#$4EST%QUIPMENT
When it appears, it is often seen

after the fiber end.
Reflectance: lower than echo source
Insertion loss: none
WHENINSTALLINGANDMAINTAINING
NETWORKSESPECIALLYIN$7$-ORANALOG
An OTDR detects, locates, and measures events on fiber links. It
#!46TRANSMISSIONSYSTEMS
requires
access
to
only
one end of the fiber.
!HIGHLEVELOF/2,WILLDECREASETHE
PERFORMANCEOFTHISTYPEOFSYSTEMS
!TTENUATIOND"KM
TRANS
!TTENUATIOND"KM
TRANS
INC
!TTENUATIOND"KM
REFL
!TTENUATIOND"
REFL
!TTENUATIOND"
INC
!TTENUATIOND"
INC
Fusion splice
Fusion splice
Mechanical splice
Understanding
Optical Time
Connector pairs
Fiber end
Domain Reflectometry
To
learn
more, visit www.jdsu.com/fibertest
4OLEARNMOREVISITWWWJDSUCOMFIBERTEST
Note:.OTE3PECIFICATIONSTERMSANDCONDITIONSARESUBJECTTOCHANGEWITHOUTNOTICE
Specifications,
terms, and conditions
are subject to change without notice.
.OTE3PECIFICATIONSTERMSANDCONDITIONSARESUBJECTTOCHANGEWITHOUTNOTICE
.OTE3PECIFICATIONSTERMSANDCONDITIONSARESUBJECTTOCHANGEWITHOUTNOTICE
30149186
000
0907 OTDR.PO.FOP.TM.AE
&)"%2#(!20/&/04-!%
&)"%2#(!20/&/04-!%
&)"%2#(!20/&/04-!%
4338_Poster 1-3.indd 2
10/16/07 3:34:51 PM

Understanding OTDR

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Understanding OTDR

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30149186.000.0807.otdr.po.fop.tm_ae.

OTDR Trace Analysis

)%#  n/PTICALFIBRES 0ART -EASUREMENTMETHODSAND

How to Configure the Main OTDR Settings

Using a launch cable allows the

"IT2ATE"IT2ATE 3$( 3$(

mismatch by measuringWAVELENGTH ANDTHEREFOREISINTERESTINGTOKNOWFOR$7$-SYSTEMS3ECONDORDER

Scalable Optical Test Platform

Front end reflective event

Compact Optical Test Platform

8 Event Dead Zone

In this case, the events are more closely

A fiber end or break is when the fiber terminates.

4 Attenuation Dead Zone

Due to fiber backscatter coefficient mismatches,

low injection levels, are the primary

Optical Test Unit for the ONMS

9 Fiber end or break

4)!%)!  &/0

In order to obtain accurate measurements, connectors must

Therefore to distinguish a bend

Macro bending results

ORL (Optical Return Loss)

coefficients are spliced together.

A gainer is a splice gain

Dynamic range determines the

When it appears, it is often seen

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)%# n/PTICALFIBRES 0ART -EASUREMENTMETHODSAND

mismatch by measuringWAVELENGTHANDTHEREFOREISINTERESTINGTOKNOWFOR$7$-SYSTEMS3ECONDORDER

4)!%)! &/0