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[VOICE]
[+VOICE]
[NASAL]
[NASAL]
Sometimes, a sound may or may not have a particular feature and is hence , e.g.:
/d/
//
/n/ is [SYLLABIC]
is
is
[SYLLABIC]
[+SYLLABIC]
Sounds are analyzed in terms of a unique set, or bundle, of features. Each sound is
distinguished from every other sound by a least one feature, e.g.:
/b/
/m/
[+VOICE]
[+VOICE]
[+LABIAL]
[+LABIAL]
[NASAL]
[+NASAL]
The sounds of a language can be arranged in a grid or matrix, in which the features are
listed along one axis and the sounds along the other, as we shall see below. Phonological
features are assumed to be universal; that is, there exists only a limited number of features,
and languages select among the possible features and combine them in language-specific
ways. The distinctiveness of the features lies in the fact that they combine both articulatory
and acoustic information. In the speech situation, there is a balance between the needs of
the hearer, who perceives only those features necessary for deciphering the sounds
(overlooking many other features), and the needs of the speaker, who for ease of
1
articulation often omits features of sounds. Distinctive features are, thus, those features
required by both speaker and hearer.
While the inventory of features is continually undergoing revision, we may identify the
following features of consonants, many of which we have encountered before:
[CONSONANTAL]
[SONORANT]
[SYLLABIC]
[CONTINUANT]
[NASAL]
[LATERAL]
[VOICE]
[SIBILANT]
[ANTERIOR]
[CORONAL]
[HIGH]
[BACK]
[CONSONANTAL]
+++ +++++++++++++++ + ++
[SONORANT]
+ + + ++++
[NASAL]
+ + +
[ANTERIOR]
[CORONAL]
+++ +++++++ + ++
[HIGH]
+++ ++
[BACK]
+++ +
[CONTINUANT]
++++++++ ++++ +
[DELAYED RELEASE] + +
[SIBILANT]
++ +++ +
[VOICE]
++ ++ ++ + + + + + ++++
[LATERAL]
Note that all consonants except the glides and /h/ are [+CONSONANTAL]. Nasals,
liquids, and approximants are [+SONORANT], while fricatives, liquids, and approximants
are [+CONTINUANT]. The four major classes of consonants can be differentiated as
follows:
stops
[CONTINUANT]
[SONORANT]
fricatives [+CONTINUANT]
[SONORANT]
nasals
[CONTINUANT]
[+SONORANT]
approximants [+CONTINUANT]
[+SONORANT]
For vowels, the following features may be identified, which are used along with the place
features [HIGH] and [BACK]:
[LOW]
made with the tongue lowered from the neutral, central position
[ROUND]
[TENSE]
[REDUCED]
//
See the feature grid for the basic English vowels below:
i e u o
[HIGH]
++ ++
[LOW]
+ +
[BACK]
+++++++
[ROUND]
+++++
[TENSE]
+ + + ++
[REDUCED] +
Note that vowels are all [+VOCALIC] (an open oral cavity with voicing) as well as [
CONSONANTAL, +SONORANT, +VOICE, +CONTINUANT]. The diphthongs /e, u,
a, a, o, / cannot be distinguished by these features but must be treated as a
combination of vowel + glide. A way of grouping vowels according to features is as
follows:
(
//
a)
d)
/b/, //, //,
(
//
b)
c)
/n/
(
e)
/f/, //, //,
/j/
f)
/v/,
//
a)
(
b)
f)
/f/,
c)
//
(
//
e)
/z/,
h)
/f/,
//
(
/j/
d)
/u/,
g)
/r/,
/j/
(
/v/
(
/i/,
/g/,
//
i)
/e/,
/o/
/t/,
j)
/s/
3. Give a list of distinctive features for each of the following sounds. Which are necessary
to distinguish the sound from all other sounds?
(
a)
5
/
w/
(
c)
/
l/
(
b)
/
d/
(
d)
/
/
[+CONSONANTAL,
+BACK]
+HIGH,
+SONORANT,
b)
c)
(
d)
[+ANTERIOR,
VOICE]
SIBILANT,
+CORONAL,