Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Guide
Follow the yellow brick road.
To a passing VOCATS score!
Energy Levels
Two
The Atom
What is electricity?
Current
http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=
ENG902
Magnetism
Magnetism Continued
Lines of force
Electronic devices utilize magnetism
in a lot of different
leave the north
applications.
pole
And enter the
south.
REPEL
OPPOSITES
LIKE
ATTRACT
of electrical work
Class
Class
Class
Class
A:
B:
C:
D:
Shock:
Digital Meter
Analog Meter
Volt, ohm, milliameter
Digital Meters
Digital meters use digital readouts
Usually have jacks for volts/ohms
Capacitors: BABY
ABATTERIES
capacitor is simply two metal plates
Mylar
Ceramic
Disc
store a charge.
Capacitors can be used to BLOCK low
frequencies.
Capacitors are often used to manipulate
AC waves in radio tuners and such.
Capacitors do NOT PASS DC current.
Capacitors are used to filter power
supplies, they do this by smoothing out
voltage.
Electrolytic capacitors that look like
little cans can explode if hooked up
backwards.
Capacitor Math
Used
SCHEMATICS for
Capacitors
Total
Electrical Insulators
Insulators
Electrical Conductors
Conductors
Switches
Some examples of
switches
FUSE SAFETY:
ALWAYS
Double AA 1.5 V
9V
C battery 1.5V
Finding Current
Example
PROBLEM 2
A CD player with a resistance of 40 ohms has a current of 0.1 amps flowing through
it. Sketch the circuit diagram and calculate how many volts supply the CD player?
UNITS OF POWER!
Power is energy converted
In electronics we measure power in Watts.
1 Watt = 1 Volt x 1 Ampere for 1 second.
We measure energy USED in Kilowatt-
hours
A kilowatt-hour is 1000 watts used over 1
hour.
A joule is the SI unit for measuring energy.
One kilowatt hour is 3.6mega joules,
which is the amount of energy converted if
work is done at an average rate of one
thousand watts for one hour.
P=IxE
Remember
PIE Power!
Power problems
A car stereo draws 10 amps at 12 volts. What is the wattage being
Used by the system?_______________________
If your 220 volt water heater has a 20 amp fuse on the power
Supply, what is the max power possible?_________________
Scientific Calculator in Oz
A
Scientific symbols in
electronics
Symbols used in electronics study include:
Omega, = OHMS, the unit of measure for
resistance, reactance, and impedance
Lambda, = wavelength, the distance a
waveform travels through space, in meters or
fractions of
Beta, = ratio of collector current to base
current in Bipolar Junction Transistor circuits.
Delta, means DIFFERENCE or change in.
Theta, represents angular displacement in
vector diagrams. In phasor graphs for RCL
circuits, there is an angular displacement
between vectors for XL and XC. Recall Series
RCL circuits on the computers.
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=DCE
8604
Square Roots
The
Scientific Notation
In
Engineering Notation
Engineering notation is very similar to
scientific notation, except that the power
of ten can only be a multiple of three and
the whole number can be any number
from 1-999.
Remember: Moving the decimal place to
the right makes the exponent move in a
negative direction, conversely moving the
decimal place to the left makes the
exponent move in a positive direction.
A.S. WSHS
10006
1018
1000000000000000000
Quintillion
peta
10005
1015
1000000000000000
Quadrillion
tera
10004
1012
1000000000000
Trillion
giga
10003
109
1000000000
Billion
mega
kilo
hecto
deca
M
k
h
da
106
103
102
101
100
101
102
103
106
1000000
1000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.000001
Million
Thousand
Hundred
Ten
One
Tenth
Hundredth
Thousandth
Millionth
deci
centi
milli
micro
d
c
m
10002
10001
10002/3
10001/3
10000
10001/3
10002/3
10001
10002
nano
10003
109 0.000000001
Billionth
pico
10004
1012 0.000000000001
Trillionth
Measurements
Current
Current measurement
diagram
The current in
the circuit
will go thru
THE METER to
be measured
Voltage Measurement
Voltage
Measure DC and AC
Voltage
Remember!
You can only test voltage when the circuit is powered If there is no
voltage coming in (power supply) then there will be no voltage in the circuit
to test! It must be plugged in (even if it doesn't seem to be working)
Voltage is always measured between two points There is no way to
measure voltage with only one probe, it is like trying to check continuity with
only one probe. You must have two probes in the circuit. If you are told to
test at a point or read the voltage at this or that location what it really
means is that you should put the negative (reference, ground, black) probe at
ground (which you must determine by a schematic or somewhere else in the
instructions) and the positive (red) probe at the point you would like to
measure.
If you're getting odd readings, use a reference voltage (even a 9V
battery is a reasonable one) to check your voltage readings. Old meter
batteries and wonky meters are the bane of your existence but they will
eventually strike! Good places to take reference voltages are regulated wall
plugs such as those for cell phones. Two meters might also be good :)
Voltage is directional If you measure a battery with the red/positive probe
on the black/negative contact and the black probe on the positive contact
you will read a negative voltage. If you are reading a negative voltage in your
circuit and you're nearly positive (ha!) that this cannot be, then make sure
you are putting the black probe on the reference voltage (usually ground)
DC voltage and AC voltage are very different Make sure you are testing
the right kind of voltage. This may require pressing a mode button or
changing the dial.
Unless otherwise indicated, assume DC voltages
Volts DC Function
V with two lines
Volts AC Function
Wavy line
20 V range selected
For expected values
UP TO 20V
Find the RANGE that will be LARGER than the voltage you ex
If unknown voltage is expected, use HIGHEST RANGE!
Voltage measurement
Examples
Measuring adapters AC
AC output, use the Volts
AC function
Measuring adapters DC
9 Volts DC output
Use 20 Volt DC functio
Note: an unloaded pow
Adaptor usually reads
Higher than rated. You
Might see 11 or 12 volt
Here.
OBSERVE POLARITY
Measuring RESISTANCE
Measuring Resistance
Remember!
You can only test resistance when the device you're
testing is not powered. Resistance testing works by poking a
little voltage into the circuit and seeing how much current
flows, its perfectly safe for any component but if its powered
there is already voltage in the circuit, and you will get incorrect
readings
You can only test a resistor before it has been
soldered/inserted into a circuit. If you measure it in the
circuit you will also be measuring everything connected to it. In
some instances this is OK but I would say that in the vast
majority it is not. If you try, you will get incorrect readings and
that's worse than no reading at all.
You can make sure your meter is working well by having
a 'reference resistor' to test against. A 1% 1K or 10K
resistor is perfect! Low batteries can make your multimeter
inaccurate.
Resistance is non-directional, you can switch probes and
the reading will be the same.
If you have a ranging meter (as most inexpensive ones are),
you'll need to keep track of what range you are in. Otherwise,
you will get strange readings, like OL or 1., or similar, or you
Jack it up for
Resistance
Example: checking a
resistor
Continuity IS a resistance
check
Measuring Power
Since
Wattmeters
Read more:
How to Read a Wattmeter | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/how_
6158336_read-wattmeter.html#ixzz1M3XlqZUs
NOTE: Some watt meters actually send a reading via radio signal.
Wattmeter test
equipment
Specialized hand held
wattmeter used to
measure power. Uses
special breakout
connectors to measure
current AND voltage
simultaneously. These are
NOT commonly used and
are expensive tools.
SERIES DC Circuits:
1Path!
Series Example
Kirchoffs V
Law
FIRES!!!!!!
Series Circuit
Resources
Parallel DC Circuits
A parallel DC circuit has 2 or
more paths for current to flow.
The current flow through each
branch adds up to equal the
total in the circuit
IT = IR1 + IR2 + IR3
The resistances will NOT add up
to a total:
1/RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3
(this is called the reciprocal
method)
Each Branch is connected to
both sides of the battery so
VOLTAGE IS THE SAME for
each load
Parallel Example
Parallel Pictorial
NODE
NODE
One important thing to notice from this last equation is that the
more branches you add to a parallel circuit (the more things you
plug in) the lower the total resistance becomes. Remember that as
the total resistance decreases, the total current increases. So, the
more things you plug in, the more current has to flow through the
wiring in the wall. That's why plugging too many things in to one
electrical outlet can create a real fire hazard.
http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=
HVC403
http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=
DCE14705
http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=
Series/Parallel Circuits
Many times a circuit will contain some
components in series and some in parallel, these
are referred to as series parallel or combination
circuits.
R2, R3, and R4
are in series with
each other!
Finding POWER is
the same for every
circuit and is
actually quite
simple. For each
component, take
Voltage x Current
to find the power
for that
component. For
TOTAL power,
simply use Total
Examples:
PR2 =Voltage
.001745 and
Amp Total
x 8.2015
Volts Current.
= .0143 watts or 14.3
mWatts
Series Parallel
conclusion
Series
http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=
DCE12904
Note that there are several good labs that allow you
to practice Series Parallel at the same web site.
Remember: You may have to redraw them to solve
them.
The
Circuit simplification
example
The Wheatstone
continued
To see a simulation of how the Wheatstone MEASURES
resistance Visit the following hyperlink. Vary the R3
variable resistor and see what happens.
http://www.magnet.fsu.edu/education/tutorials/java/wheatstoneb
ridge/index.html
Thevenins theorem
In circuit theory, Thvenin's theorem for linear
electrical networks states that any combination of
voltage sources, current sources, and resistors with two
terminals is electrically equivalent to a single voltage
source V and a single series resistor R.
This is used to solve circuits with multiple voltage
sources or current sources.
Follow the pattern on the next slide to see how
Thevenins
theorem works in a simple circuit.
To calculate the equivalent circuit, the resistance and voltage are needed, so two
equations are required. These two equations are usually obtained by using the following
steps, but any conditions placed on the terminals of the circuit should also work:
1.Calculate the output voltage, VAB, when in open circuit condition (no load resistor
meaning infinite resistance). This is VTh.
2.Calculate the output current, IAB, when the output terminals are short circuited (load
resistance is 0). RTh equals VTh divided by this IAB.
The equivalent circuit is a voltage source with voltage VTh in series with a resistance RTh.
Step 2 could also be thought of as:
2a. Replace voltage sources with short circuits, and current sources with open
circuits.
2b. Calculate the resistance between terminals A and B. This is RTh.
Example of Thevenins
Theorem
Original circuit
Continued
Seems confusing?
For
http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?
ID=DCE5903
Another Voltage
Divider
age!
Digital
Decimal Examples
The
The
Decimal Math
examples
Practice converting
Binary
Convert
10
1112 = _____10
10002 = _____10
1111002 = _____10
111111112 = ______10
Decimal to Binary
conversion
Draw the binary
Gotta go both ways.
equivalent
chart to the left and
find the first
number LESS than
the number you are
converting. Then,
moving left to right,
subtract the first
number smaller
than that. If the
next digit will fit in,
subtract it. If not,
place a zero in that
place. For every
number used put a
one and for every
number skipped,
Binary numbers in
review
Binary conversions
practice
For
http://www.mathebook.net/middleschool/eworkbook/bina
rytodecimalconversion.pdf
Octal Numbers8
Octal
Octal conversions
worksheets
For practice visit the following link:
http://www.mathebook.net/middleschool/eworkbook/octaltodecimal
conversion.pdf
Because
Hexadecimal continued
Now
The wonder of
Hexadecimal
A16 = 10 10
B16 = 11 10
C16 = 12 10
D16 = 13 10
E16 = 14 10
F16 = 1510
Hexadecimal
place values
EXAMPLE 12F16
THE F means number of 1s
The 2 is number of 16s (the base)
The 1 is number of 162 or 256s
Therefore: (1 x 256) + (2 x 16) + (15 x
1) = 30310
REMEMBER the letter F16 is the same as
15 in decimal.
12F16 = 30310
Method
Binary
Octal
Hexadecimal
Base-10
Base-2
Base-8
Base-16
10
11
100
101
110
111
1000
10
1001
11
10
1010
12
11
1011
13
12
1100
14
13
1101
15
14
1110
16
15
1111
17
16
10000
20
10
17
10001
21
11
18
10010
22
12
19
10011
23
13
20
10100
24
14
21
10101
25
15
22
10110
26
16
23
10111
27
17
24
11000
30
18
25
11001
31
19
26
11010
32
1A
27
11011
33
1B
28
11100
34
1C
29
11101
35
1D
30
11110
36
1E
31
11111
37
1F
32
100000
40
20
of a decimal number
displayed in BCD: 9110
Decimal: 9110 UNCOMPRESSED
BCD
Binary : 0000 1001/ 0000 0001
9
= 9110
MORE BCD
As you can see, the highest number that BCD can represen
Since many devices use BCD, knowing how to handle
this system is important. You must realize that BCD
and binary are not the same. For example, 4910 in
binary is 1100012, but 4910 in BCD is 01001001BCD.
Each decimal digit is converted to its binary
equivalent. 4 BITS per BCD number
NOTE the SUBSCRIPT
BCD
Decisions, decisions,
decisions
It
We
Y means output or
YES Its time to EAT!
Y means output or
YES Its time to EAT!
Looks like a
bullet
Y means output or
YES Its time to EAT!
INPUT
OUTPUT
A AND B
Only high
output
I need to
go to
sleep!
A OR B
High output
for ANY
high input
or both
Exclusive Or Gate?
For
XOR or exclusive or
The
Boolean expression:
INPUT
A
A XOR B
A or B,
but NOT
Both
NOR: NOT OR
Boolean expression:
OUTPUT
A NAND B
Opposite
Of And!
The Boolean
expression is:
Just like the other not gate, you can solve this by seeing what
would be there if it were an OR gate and just flip the output.
INPUT
OUTPUT
A NOR B
Opposite of
An OR gate
Common Schematic
Symbols
Schematic Diagram
continued
Block Diagram
A block diagram is used for troubleshooting
purposes and does NOT show individual
components.
Rather, it shows the functional units of a
device.
The input usually enters at the left and top,
and ground connections are usually at the
bottom.
A technician can look for signals at the output
side of a block and if they are there, the
problem is after that module.
Example below: Say a technician does not GET
an IF signal to demodulator. He can assume his
fault is before that block.
Some times block diagrams will show test
points between modules
Shows
components
and
connections
Shows
functional
units
Block to schematic!
A technician would use the block diagram to find out
where the signal needed is no longer present and then
using the schematic investigate specific components
and signal paths.
The more complex a piece of equipment the more
functional modules it will have.
Another Block diagram is shown below. (LCD Display)
TTL or CMOS
Ind
ica
te
Lo s Hi
w
or
Pulse per
second switch
External
Trigger input
Uses Circuit
power
ESD procedures.
Antistat
Al
lig
G ato
rn r
d to
Computer Technology
Computers
ASCII Exercise
Convert the binary words below to decimal numbers first,
then using the code on the next page, decimal to words.
Solve the caption
In Decimal:
____
____
ASCII exercise
Now convert the decimal numbers into ASCII symbols (Lette
continued.
An RS Flip flop is
made of two NOR
gates wired together.
R stands for Reset
and S stand for Set.
Also called an RS
LATCH because of
the output pattern
holding or latching
based on inputs.
Schematic for an RS
Flip Flop. Notice the
outputs are Q and
QNOT. (opposites)
SR latch operation
S
Action
No Change
Q=0
Q=1
Restricted combination
Excitation table
Qnext
Comm
ent
Qnext
Comm
ent
hold
state
No
chang
e
reset
Set
set
Reset
toggle
No
chang
e
Inputs
S
>
Q'
Digital Timing
Flip
Output! (hi)
Tsu = SET UP TIME
Th = HOLD TIME
Tco = Propagation delay (Time from
clock to output) Essentially, how fast the
flip flop changes state.
Digital Counters
In
Count em up in binary
fellas!
Ripple Counter
(asynchronous)
An
Cycle of clock
pulses
Cycle
Q1
Q0
(Q1:Q0)dec
Synchronous Counters
A
Synchronous counter 4
Bits
Output is BINARY, this
display converted it for
us
Decade Counter in
action
Ring Counters
A
Twisted ring/Johnson
counter
St
Q0
ate
Q1
Q2 Q3
St
Q0
ate
Q1
Q2
Q3
Cascading counters!
If
Oscillators dont go
upstairs?
An
SINE WAVE
SQUARE WAVE
Types of Oscillators
The
Multivibrators???? Yea, so
what?
A
multivibrator is an electronic
circuit used to drive a variety of
simple two-state systems such as
oscillators, timers and flip-flops. It is
characterized by two amplifying
devices, cross-coupled by resistors or
capacitors. The name "multivibrator"
was initially applied to the freerunning oscillator version of the
circuit because its output waveform
was rich in harmonics.
Three Types of
Multivibrators.
astable,
Output
Puts
Microprocessors
Microprocessor
is a term used to
described the central processor for
computers and other smart
devices.
Micro means tiny and processor
means it performs processes (does
math)
Micro processors we will look at
primarily are computer
microprocessors.
Microprocessors, the
guts
units.
Cache: newer processors have special
memory just for math it performs over
and over again.
Microprocessor Parts
Pic
Examples of Processors
ACTUAL CPU
PIN 1, notch
The Computer:
motherboard
The
Example Motherbaord
Computer memory:
RAM
RAM CHIPS
CMOS BATTERY
CMOS
JUMPER
Computer Power
Supply
Computer Power
supplies
Computer Power Supply
With Light effects
Optical Drives
Optical
194 MB (8 cm)
650900 MB (12 cm)
DVD:
Expansion Cards
Computers
AGP SLOT
GRAPHICS
ONLY
Expansion Cards
Computer peripherals
Peripherals means stuff that hooks up to
the PC.
Programming
continued
As
PLCs Continued
Newer
devices.
In manufacturing settings there are smart
devices to operate equipment.
They are called Programmable Logic
Controllers (PLCS)
They are programmed one step at a time
to make a machine perform certain
functions.
The run on digital commands but OFTEN
operate Analog AC and DC equipment.