INDEX

S.No

Particulars

Introduction

Results of FLDs on Oil Seeds & Pulses

Page No.
1-2

a. Groundnut

3-8

b. Sunflower

9-12

c. Redgram

13-16

d. Bengalgram

17-20

Crop wise feed back

23-25

Success Stories

a. Groundnut

28-30

b.Redgram

30-32

Impact Studies
a. Bengalgram

32-39

b. Sunflower

40-45

STATUS AND IMPACT OF

FRONT LINE DEMONSTRATIONS
OIL SEEDS & PULSES
2003-07
India is a major grower of oil seeds (area wise) in the world and also major importer
of oil seeds during mid 80s. This was due to low productivity, further there was heavy
demand for vegetable oil because of increased population. During 2007-08 India imported
vegetable oils of 63 lakh tones at the expense of huge valuable foreign exchange .Realising
the critical situation created by supply and demand of vegetable oils and heavy reliance on
imports, the Government of India has initiated Technology mission on oil seeds (TMO)
during VII plan period with four micro missions. The first micro mission was to transfer
improved technologies to the farmers through front line demonstrations (FLD) to fulfill the
nations need for increasing oil seeds production and productivity. Krishi Vigyan Kendras
became one of the stakeholder in responsibility of organizing the FLDs on oil seeds and
pulses in the farmers field. In Kurnool district Groundnut & Sunflower are the major oil seed
crops grown besides other oil seeds crops like Castor, Seasamum andSafflower. Groundnut
is the main oil seed crop in kharif.

DESCRIPTION OF AGRO CLIMATIC ZONE

Scarce rainfall zone of Rayalaseema region of A.P is one of the seven agro climatic zone of
the state characterized by a low, scanty and erratic rainfall due to which successful crop
production with good yields is unexpectable and dryland agriculture is predominant with
variety of rainfed crops in the zone. The scarce rainfall zone of Rayalaseema region occupies
an area of 47659s.q km constituting 17.4% of the states total geographical area. Apart from
parts of the district of Rayalaseema region and parts of Mahaboob Nagar district of
Telengana region, the whole of Kurnool district with 53 mandals falls with in the scarce
rainfall zone. This zone supports a total population of 60.15 lakhs and mainly agrarian in
character with about 38% of the geographical area under cultivation with 3/4 th of the
population depending upon agriculture.
1

Area and productivity oilseeds and pulses in the district:

OILSEEDS:

Reference Year:2006-07

S.No

CROP

Area (ha)

Groundnut (Kharif)

187000

Productivity
(kg/ha)
612

Groundnut (Rabi)

24000

1865

Castor

10000

502

Sunflower (Kharif)

77000

404

Sunflower (Rabi)

97000

838

Redgram

33000

208

Bengalgram

218000

952

PULSES

OBJECTIVES OF FRONT LINE DEMONSTRATIONS

To create awareness among the farmers about the new varieties and production
technology of oil seeds
Motivating the farmers by demonstrating the latest technologies of oil seeds for
adoption in their field.
Training of field level extension functionaries and farmers in large number in the
latest technological know-how of and assisting them in scientific management of crop
through cost benefit analysis.
Developing suitable communication supported by publishing technical, extension
publications, discussion on radio, T.V farmers conventions and field days etc.
Getting feed back for refining the technologies.

The demonstrations belong to three different categories:

Whole (complete) package oriented demonstrated

Component

technologies

oriented

demonstrations

example

improved

variety/hybrid seed, INM,IPM etc and

Cropping systems oriented demonstrations.

2

GROUNDNUT
Groundnut is the major oil seed crop in the district grown in an area of 1.87 lakh ha.
in Kharif season under rainfed situation. Low and erratic rainfall with continued dry spell
and biotic stress factors discourage investments on technological inputs. Survey on the
adoption levels of package of practices in different Mandals of Kurnool District indicated that
the low productivity of Groundnut was due to the following gaps in adoption of
recommended technologies.
Lack of awareness on recommended improved varieties of groundnut
Non adoption of Gypsum application.
Use of low seed rate in rainfed condition and high seed rate in irrigated
conditions.
Lack of awareness on micro nutrient deficiencies particularly Fe chlorosis in
irrigated conditions.

Non adoption of need based PP measures in rainfed condition and effective PP

measures against spodoptera in irrigated condition
Based on aforesaid gaps KVK made an intervention in terms of trainings

/demonstrations. Through demonstrations production potentials of the following critical

inputs in increasing yields of Groundnut was demonstrated.

Introduced improved variety of Groundnut variety-TAG-24,TCGS-29, K-6

Seed treatment with Mancozeb to prevent seedling diseases (Collar rot)

Application of Gypsum @ 500 Kg/ha

Need based plant protection measures against sucking pests (Aphids) and
diseases(Tikka leaf spot)

Cropping system Oriented demonstrations with (Groundnut + Redgram at 11:1

ratio).

Table 1: Yield performance of FLD Groundnut

Crop:Groundnut

S.
No.

Year

Name of the
Villages&
(Taluq/Mandal)

2007-08

Arekera
Aluru

2006-07

Bethamcherla

2005-06

Perusahabpet

2004-05

2003-04

K.Kottala
Bethamcherla

Madavaram
Dhone

Season:Kharif

Rainfed

Name of
No. of
the
Demonstrat
Component
ions
& variety
K-6
6

Avg. yield q/ha

Area
(ha)
2.4

Demo
Max.
16.46

Avg.
15.63

Control
/Check
Avg.
11.56

%
increase
35.2

TPT-25
K-6 (RF)
K-6 (CS)
Cropping
System
TCGS-29
K-6

6
12
7
6

2.6
6.0
3.4
3.2

15.35
10.82
13.78
11.2
2.2

14.73
10.57
13.14
10.86
1.7

11.64
8.42
10.54
9.42

26.5
25.5
24.6
15.0

24

11.8

23.0

17

8.6

11.43
2.10
9.95
2.77

9.32

Cropping
system
TCGS-29
TPT-4

12.40
2.8
10.4
3.75

8.21

21.0

1.4

10.2
3.75
8.25

10.03
2.50
7.89

8.50
5.51

18.0
43.25

9.50

9.18

6.26

46.25

Variety
TAG_24
Variety
TAG-24 ID

33

13.4

1.6

Remarks

Table 2: Economics of Front Line Demonstrations on Oilseeds & Pulses

Crop:Groundnut

S.No.

Year

2007-08

Season: Kharif

Irrigated/Rainfed

Demo
Control
Total Cost of
Gross
Total Cost of
Gross
Cultivation
Returns(Rs/ha) Cultivation (Rs/ha) Returns(Rs/ha)
(Rs/ha)
11,952-00
43,764-00
10,687-00
28,900-00

CB Ratio
Demo

Check

1:3.6

1:2.7

2007-08

9,217-00

29,840-00

8,145-00

23,883-00

1:3.23

1:2.93

2006-07

9,396-00

27,927-00

9,225-00

22,397-00

1:2.9

1:2.3

2005-06

9,207-00

21,240-00

7,215-00

14,912-00

1:2.3

1:20

2004-05

8,730-00

20,560-00

7,270-00

13,576-00

1:2.3

1:1.8

2003-04

10,327-00

20,584-00

9,537-00

15,775-00

1:1.9

1:1.65

Table 1: Yield performance of FLD Groundnut

S.
No.

Year

2007-08

2006-07

2004-05

Crop: Groundnut
Name of
Name of the
No. of
the
Villages&
Demonstrat
Component
(Taluq/Mandal)
ions
& variety
Kadimetla
Variety K-6
35
Yemmiganur
Variety
R.S Rangapuram
8
TPT-25
Variety K-6
12
IPM
7
TMV-2
Variety
24
Lingambodu
TCGS-29

Area
(ha)
15
3.8
6.2
5
10

Season: Rabi
Avg. yield q/ha
Control
Demo
/Check
Max.
Avg.
Avg.
34.25
30.84
23.68

%
increase

Remarks

30.23

26.62

25.74

20.73

24.1

29.07
22.25

26.84
20.37

20.57
19.92

30.4
2.25

29.40

28.40

22.45

24.8

Table 2: Economics of Front Line Demonstrations on Oilseeds & Pulses

Crop:Groundnut

Season: Rabi
Demo

S.No.

Year

2007-08
2007-08
2006-07
2005-06

2
3

Total Cost
of
Gross
Cultivation Returns(Rs/ha)
(Rs/ha)
18,728-00
73,245-00
12,560-00
67,620-00
11,815-00
66,050-00
8,989-00
45,565-00

Irrigated/Rainfed:
Control
CB Ratio
Total Cost
of
Gross
Demo Check
Cultivation Returns(Rs/ha)
(Rs/ha)
19,119-00
53,280-00 1:3.9
1:2.7
11,850-00
53,640-00 1:5.38 1:4.52
11,075-00
52,591-00 1:5.5 1:4.74
8,650-00
36,481-00
1:5
1:4.2
6

Summary of FLDs on Groundnut

Performance of FLDs on Groundnut Variety K-6

Farming Situation: Rainfed

2005-06

24

Mean Yield
(q/ha)
Demo
Local
check
11.43
9.32

2006-07

12

10.57

8.42

25.5

18,562-00

13,172-00

2007-08

15.63

11.56

35.2

31,812-00

18,213-00

Total /Wt.A.V

42

12.54

9.76

27.9

20,790-00

13,027-00

% of
increase

Net returns (Rs/ha)

S.No Year

No. of
Demos

% of
increase

Net returns (Rs/ha)

Demo

Local check

23.0

12,033-00

7,697-00

Performance of K-6 variety under ID situation

2006-07

No. of Mean Yield (q/ha)

Demos
Demo
Local
check
12
20.57
26.84

2007-08

35

34.25

30.84

30.23

54,517-00

34,161-00

Total /Wt.A.V

47

30.54

25.7

30.31

54,376-00

37,838-00

% of
increase

Net returns (Rs/ha)

S.No Year

Demo

Local check

30.4

54,235-00

41,516-00

Performance of TCGS-29 under rainfed situation

2004-05

No. of Mean Yield (q/ha)

Demos
Demo
Local
check
17
8.21
9.95

2005-06

10.86

9.42

15.0

10,559-00

7,866-00

2005-06 (ID)

24

29.4

28.4

24.8

36,576-00

27,831-00

Total /Wt.A.V

41

10.40

8.81

18.0

11,194-00

7,086-00

S.No Year

Demo

Local check

21.0

11,830-00

6,306-00

Performance of FLDs on Groundnut variety TAG-24

Farming situations: Rainfed with protective irrigation

S.No Year

1
2

2003-04
2006-07
Total /Wt.A.V

No. of Mean Yield (q/ha)

Demos
Demo
Local
check
33
7.89
5.51
20
14.66
10.78
53
11.27
8.14

Performance of TPT-25 variety

No. of
Mean Yield (q/ha)
S.No Year
Demos
Demo
Local
check
1
2006-07 (ID) 8
25.74
20.73
2
2007-08
6
14.73
11.64
Performance of FLDs on IPM in Groundnut
No. of Mean Yield (q/ha)
S.No Year
Demos
Demo
Local
check
1
2006-07
7
20.37
19.92
2
2007-08
16
12.67
11.90
Total /Wt.A.V 23
16.52
15.91

% of
increase

Net returns (Rs/ha)

Demo

Local check

43.25
35.9
39.5

10,257-00
19,478-00
14,867-00

6,238-00
12,932-00
9,585-00

% of
increase

Net returns (Rs/ha)

Demo

Local check

24.1
26.5

52,535-00
31,812-00

40,750-00
18,213-00

% of
increase

Net returns (Rs/ha)

2.25
6.47
4.36

Demo

Local check

29,100-00
19,890-00
24,495-00

25,990-00
19,115-00
22,552-00

Groundnut is major oil seed crop in an area of 1.87 lakh ha in kharif 0.24 lakhs ha in
rabi with productivity of 612 Kg and1865 kg in kharif and rabi respectively.
The low productivity in groundnut is mainly due to cultivation of local varieties,
Nutrient deficiencies, non adoption of effective PP measures against pest and diseases. With
a view to solve the production problems Krishi Vigyan Kendra organized 124 demonstration
during kharif and 79 demonstration during rabi under ID and 23 demonstrations on IPM
during last 5 years.
The result indicated that with improved varieties i.e K-6, TAG-24, TPT-25 and
TCGS-29 the yield increased up to 18 to 39.5% with net returns ranged from 11,194-00 to
31,812-00/ha as against 7,086-00 to 13,027-00 in local check under rainfed situation.
In irrigated situation the yield increased from 24.1 to 30.31 with net returns of
Rs.54,376-00/ha against 37,838-00/ha in local check
In IPM demonstrations the yield was by increased by 4.36% with additional returns
Rs.1,934-00/ha.

Sunflower
In kurnool district sunflower crop is grown in 1,21,000 ha area covering nearly 36.3
percent of state cultivated area i.e (3,33,000) besides Kurnool, crop is grown in Kadapa,
Anantapur and Mahaoobnagar district. The productivity of the crop is 465 and 571 Kg/ha
in kharif and rabi respectively. The research data indicated that the higher yields of
Sunflower could be obtained through improved technologies.
To know the production problems of the sunflower crop survey was conducted
through field visits, group discussions and other PRA techniques. Some of the constraints
and technical gaps are listed below.

Agrotechnological constraits:
Poor emergence of seed due to lack of sufficient soil moisture
Poor seed setting
Pollen shedding
Problems of insects, like whitefly, Jassids, heliothis and diseases like bud necrosis
and alterneria
Sensitive to external moisture
Technological gaps in Sunflower:
Non adoption of recommended spacing (60cm) and thinning.
Non adoption of recommended management practices against bud necrosis.
Inadequate and imbalanced use of fertilizers has been identified as one of the
critical constraint in Sunflower production.
Non application of S and Boron which are responsible increased oil content
and test weight.

Table 1: Yield performance of FLDs

Crop: Sunflower

Season: Rabi

Year

Name of the
Villages&
(Taluq/Mandal)

Name of the
Component &
variety

2007-08

Yenugubala

2006-07

Panyam

INM
Spacing &
Thinning
Necrosis
management
Spacing +
Nutrient
management
Spacing

S.
No.

2005-06

Bhupanapadu
Panyam

2004-05

Palkur
Banaganapalle

No. of
Demonstrations

Area
(ha)

25

10

2.4

2.6

13

10

Rainfed
Avg. yield q/ha
Demo
Control/Check
Max.
Avg.
Avg.

12.86
13.75

10.47
12.38

8.38
9.73

24.9
27.2

12.0

11.02

9.70

13.6

15.85

14.58

12.50

16.6

14.50

13.25

11.35

16.0

Table 2: Economics of Front Line Demonstrations on Oilseeds & Pulses

Crop: Sunflower

Season: Rabi

Demo
S.No.

Year

1
2

2007-08
2006-07

2
3

2005-06
2004-03

Total Cost
of
Cultivation
(Rs/ha)

9,217-00
6,516-00
5,908-00
6,667-00
5,205-00

Gross
Returns(Rs/ha)

29,840-00
24,414-00
21,489-00
25,515-00
20,140-00

%
increase

Rainfed:

Control
Total Cost
of
Gross
Cultivation Returns(Rs/ha)
(Rs/ha)

8,145-00
5,404-00
5,404-00
5,640-00
4,885-00

CB Ratio
Demo

Check

23,883-00 1:3.23 1:2.93

18,973-00 1:3.7 1:3.5
18,915-00 1:3.6 1:3.5
21,875-00 1:3.8 1:3.8
15,322-00 1:3.8 1:3.1
10

Remar
ks

Table 1: Yield performance of FLDs

Crop: Sunflower
Irrigated : Rabi
S.
No.

Year

Name of the
Villages&
(Taluq/Mandal)

Name of the
Component &
variety

INM
Spacing &
Thinning
Necrosis
management
Spacing &
Nutrient

2007-08

Kadimetla

2006-07

R.S.Rangapuram

Palukur

2004-05

Avg. yield q/ha

No. of
Demos

Max.

Avg.

Control/
Check
Avg.

24.42
22.82

22.54
121.33

17.88
17.02

26.1
25.3

20.30

18.37

17.31

11.0

16.55

15.88

13.12

21.0

Area
(ha)

25

10

10

10

11

Demo

%
increase

Table 2: Economics of Front Line Demonstrations on Oilseeds & Pulses

Season: Rabi

Irrigated:

Demo
S.No.

Year

2007-08
2006-07

2004-05

Total Cost
of
Cultivation
(Rs/ha)

12,560-00
8,473-00
8,149-00
5,205-00

Gross
Returns(Rs/ha)

67,620-00
34,128-00
30,736-00
24,137-00

Control
Total Cost
of
Gross
Cultivation Returns(Rs/ha)
(Rs/ha)

11,850-00
7,670-00
7,670-00
4,885-00

CB Ratio
Demo

Check

53,640-00 1:5.38
27,232-00
1:4
27,696-00 1:3.7
17,712-00 1:4.6

1:452
1:3.5
1:3.6
1:3.6

Remarks

Summary of FLDs on Sunflower

FLDs on spacing, thinning and Boron application in Sunflower
S.No Year

No. of
Demos

Mean Yield (q/ha)

Demo

2004-05

2
3

2005-06
2006-07

10
11(PI)
13
6
10 (ID)

Total/Wt.A.V 50

% of
increase

Net returns (Rs/ha)

13.25
15.88
14.58
12.38
21.33

Local
check
11.35
13.12
12.50
9.73
17.2

Demo
16.0
21.0
16.6
27.2
25.3

14,935-00
18,932-00
18,908-00
17,898-00
25,655-00

Local
check
10,437-00
12,827-00
16,235-00
13,569-00
19,562-00

15.48

12.74

21.2

19,265-00

14,526-00

% of
increase

Net returns (Rs/ha)

FLDs Necrosis Management in Sunflower

S.No Year

No. of
Demos

Mean Yield (q/ha)

Demo

2006-07

6
10
Total/Wt.A.V 16

11.02
18.37
14.69

Local
check
9.70
17.31
13.5

Demo
13.6
11.0
12.3

15,581-00
22,587-00
19,084-00

Local
check
13,511-00
20,026-00
16,768-00

Performance of FLDs on Nutrient Management in Sunflower

S.
No

Year

2007-08 (Kharif)
(Rabi)

No. of
Demos

25
25

Mean Yield
(q/ha)
Demo Local
check
10.47
8.38
22.54
17.88

% of
increase

24.9
26.1

Net returns (Rs/ha)

Demo

Local check

20,623-00
55,060-00

15,738-00
41,790-00

Low productivity in Sunflower was mainly due to improper agronomic practices i.e
non adoption of recommended spacing, thinning and poor seed set. Based on afore said
production problems Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Organised 116 demonstration on spacing and
thinning, application of Sulphur, Boran and Necrosis management practices. The result
indicated that 12.3 to 26.1% increased in yield was recorded with net returns of Rs.19,084-00
to 20,623-00/ha as against 14,526-00 to 16,678-00 in local check .

12

REDGRAM
Redgram is one of the most widely cultivated pulse crop. It is rich source of protein,
Iron and Iodine and mainly eaten in the form of dal. About 90 percent of the world pigeonpea
is produced in India. It accounts about 11.8percent of total pulse area and 17 percent of total
pulse production of the country.

In Andhra Pradesh the crop is grown in an area of 4.8 lakhs with production of 2.18
lakhs tones annually. The productivity of the crop 456 Kg/ha. Out of 4.8 lakhs ha of cropped
area Kurnool district occupies 33,000 ha. The productivity of the crop in the district is
441Kg/ha. The productivity of the crop is low mainly due to the following technological
gaps in redgram cultivation.

Crop is grown on marginal/sub marginal lands characterized by moisture and

fertility stress.

Certified seeds of high yielding and short duration varieties of redgram are not
available to the farmers in sufficient quantity.

Mainly grown as a rainfed crop

Non-adoption of seed treatment against wilt

Little/no care taken after sowing and mainly left to nature to grow and mature.

Adoption of wider row spacing.

13

Table:1 Performance of FLDs

Crop: Redgram
S.
No.

Year

2007-08

Name of the
Villages&
(Taluq/Mandal)

Aluru

2007-08

Cherukucherla

2006-07

Pinnapuram

2004-05

Nandavaram

2003-04

Bijinavemula

Name of the
Component
& variety
Variety
PRG-158
(M.Black
Soil)
Variety
PRG-148
(Red soil)
IPM in
LRG-41
Variety
LRG-41
Variety
LRG-41
Variety
PRG-100
ICPL-85063

Season: Kharif
No. of
Demonstrati
ons

Rainfed
Avg. yield q/ha

Max.
13.15

Avg.
12.01

Control/
Check
Avg.
9.54

12.0

11.34

9.33

21.5

12.50

11.56

10.93

5.73

11.95

10.81

7.80

38.5

14.50

13.86

10.90

27.0

12.25

11.57

9.36

23.6

12.00

11.02

8.8

25.2

Area
(ha)

Demo

%
increase

Remarks

25.8

4.8

5.2

5.0

10

25

13

13

5.2

12

4.8

14

Table 2: Economics of Front Line Demonstrations on Oilseeds & Pulses

Crop:Redgram

S.No.

Year

2007-08

Season: Kharif

Demo
Total Cost of
Gross
Cultivation
Returns(Rs/ha)
(Rs/ha)
5,046-00
24,020-00

Rainfed

Control
Total Cost of
Gross
Cultivation
Returns(Rs/ha)
(Rs/ha)
4,619-00
19,080-00

CB Ratio
Demo

Check

1:4.7

1:4.1

5,046-00

22,680-00

4,619-00

18,660-00

1:4.4

1:40

5,308-00

25,432-00

5,500-00

24,046-00

1:4.8

1:4.4

2006-07

4,193-00

22,701-00

4,475-00

16,380-00

1:5.4

1:3.6

2004-05

3,915-00

20,790-00

3,072-00

16,350-00

1:5.3

1:4.3

2003-04

5,035-00

16,776-00

5,787-00

13,572-00

1:3.3

1:2.3

5,035-00

15,979-00

5,787-00

12,760-00

1:3.1

1:2.2

15

FLDs on performance Redgram Variety LRG-41

S.No Year

No. of
Demos

Mean Yield (q/ha)

Demo

% of
increase

Net returns (Rs/ha)

2003-04

12

12.12

Local
check
8.80

Demo
37.7

11,741-00

Local
check
7,785-00

2004-05

13

13.86

10.90

27.0

16,875-00

13,278-00

2006-07

25

10.81

7.80

38.5

18,508-00

11,905-00

Total/Wt.A.V 50

12.26

9.16

34.4

15,708-00

10,989-00

% of
increase

Net returns (Rs/ha)

FLDs on performance of PRG-158

S.No Year

No. of
Demos

Mean Yield (q/ha)

Demo

2007-08

12

11.67

Local
check
9.43

Demo
23.65

18,304-00

Local
check
14,201-00

In Redgram 62 demonstrations were organize during last 5 years with improved

varieties i.e PRG-100, ICPL-85063, LRG-41 and PRG-158 with adoption of IPM practices.
The result indicated that 23.65 to 34.4% increased yield was recorded with net returns of
Rs.15,708-00 to 18,304-00 as against 10,989-00 to14,201-00/ha.

16

BENGALGRAM

In Andhra Pradesh chick pea (Cicer aeritinum) is grown in 6.02 lakhs ha with
production of 653 mt tones. The productivity of the crop in the state is 1012Kg/ha. Out of
6.02 lakhs ha cropped area, the Kurnool district occupies 1.11 lakhs ha covering 32.5 percent
of the state area.
The crop cultivated in vertisols under residual moisture regime through mono
cropping system. The crop is mainly grown in southern parts of the district covering
Koilkuntla, Uyyalawada, Sanjamala, Dornipadu and other mandals.

Due to continuous cultivation of chick pea crop in the area, production and
productivity was stagnated and prone to insect, pests and diseases.

KVK, Yagantipalle, intiated efforts to improve the production and productivity of the
crop through dessimination of improved and high yielding technologies.

To find out causes for low productivity of the crop, bench mark survey was carried
out through PRA techniques and following production problems were identified.

Low yielding varieties were used by the farmers which are succeptible to pest and
diseases.

Use of high seed rate

Terminal moisture stress due to failure of N-E monsoons

Non adoption of seed treatment

Imbalanced fertilization

17

Table:1 Performance of FLDs

Crop: Bengalgram

Season: Rabi

S.
No.

Year

Name of the
Villages&
(Taluq/Mandal)

2007-08

Pedda Hothur &

Manekurty
kalugotla

2007-08

Cherukucherla

2006-07

Balapanur
I.K.Peta
Balpanur

2005-06

Perusahebpet

2004-05

Kalugotla

2003-04

Tangutur

Name of the
Component &
variety
Variety
JG-11
Sulphur+
variety
JG-11
IPM in
JG-11
Sulphur +
variety JG-11
Variety
JG-11
IPM
Variety JG11+Protective
irrigation
Variety JG-11
IPM
Variety + IPM
Variety ICCC37+IPM
IPM

No.of
Demos

Area
(ha)

25

10

Avg. yield q/ha

Control/
Demo
Check
Max.
Avg.
Avg.
19.41
1843.5
1535.5

%
increase
20.01

21.67

20.68

19.30

7.1

15.63

14.08

13.35

5.24

19.65

18.53

15.92

16.3

16.95

16.55

13.36

23.8

12

5.0

5.0

11

6.0

4.0

11
5

10.0
2.4

17.50
21.15

13.75
20.76

13.75
18.52

14.25
12.0

4
4
16

2.4
5.2
10

19.05
17.15
18.95
14.0

18.73
16.63
17.60
12.97

15.74
16.21
14.25
11.10

18.9
2.5
23.0
16.8

12.5

11.60

11.10

4.5

10

Remarks

(-) 3.5

18

Table 2: Economics of Front Line Demonstrations on Oilseeds & Pulses

Crop:Bengalgram

Season: Rabi

Demo
S.No.

Year

2007-08

2006-07

2005-06

Rainfed

Control

Total Cost
of
Gross
Cultivation Returns(Rs/ha)
(Rs/ha)
10,263-00
46,062-00

Total Cost of
Cultivation
(Rs/ha)

CB Ratio

Gross
Returns(Rs/ha)

Demo

Check

9,826-00

35,316-00

1:4.7

1:4.1

11,363-00

51,700-00

10,263-00

48,250-00

1:4.5

1:4.7

10,119-00

35,200-00

10,525-00

33,375-00

1:3.5

1:3.2

8.522-00

40,766-00

8,622-00

40,766-00

1:4.8

1:4.7

8,390-00

36,410-00

8,622-00

36,410-00

1:4.3

1:4.2

7,404-00

29,563-00

8,845-00

29,563-00

1:3.9

1:3.3

7,762-00

43,439-00

7,104-00

30,834-00

1:5.5

1:4.3

6,847-00

29,934-00

7,104-00

29,178-00

1:4.3

1:4.1

2004-05

6,693-00

27,280-00

6,090-00

22,087-00

1:4.0

1:3.6

2003-04

6,328-00

18,806-00

7,525-00

16,095-00

1:2.9

1:2.1

5,918-00

16,820-00

7,525-00

16,095-00

1:2.8

1:2.1

19

Summary of FLDs on Bengalgram

Performance of FLDs on Bengalgram Variety JG-11

S.No Year

No. of
Demos

Mean Yield (q/ha)

Demo

1
2
3
4

2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
Total
/Wt.A.V

16
9
9
25
59

17.60
18.73
16.55
18.43
17.82

Local
check
14.25
15.74
13.36
15.35
14.67

% of
increase

Net returns (Rs/ha)

Demo

Local check

23.0
18.9
23.8
20.0
21.42

20,587-00
35,677-00
28,020-00
35,799-00
30,020-00

15,997-00
23,730-00
18,098-00
25,490-00
20,828-00

% of
increase

Net returns (Rs/ha)

Performance of FLDs on Sulphur application

S.No Year

No. of
Demos

Mean Yield (q/ha)

Demo

1
2

2006-07
2007-08
Total
/Wt.A.V

11
12
23

18.53
20.68
19.60

Local
check
15.92
19.30
17.61

Demo

Local check

16.3
7.1
11.7

32,244-00
40,337-00
36,290-00

26,402-00
37,987-00
31,194-00

% of
increase

Net returns (Rs/ha)

Performance of FLDs on IPM in Bengalgram

S.No Year

No. of
Demos

Mean Yield (q/ha)

Demo

1
2
3
4

2003-04
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
Total
/Wt.A.V

9
4
11
6
30

11.60
16.23
14.25
14.08
14.04

Local
check
11.10
16.21
13.75
13.35
13.60

4.5
2.5
3.5
2.25
3.18

Demo

Local check

10,902-00
23,087-00
22,159-00
25,041-00
20,297-00

8,570-00
22,074-00
21,793-00
22,850-00
18,821-00

In Bengalgram 112 demonstrations were organize during last 5 years with improved
varieties i.e ICCC-37 and JG-11 with adoption of IPM practices. The result indicated that
there was an increase in yield from 3.18% to 21.42% with net returns of Rs.20,297-00 to
36,290-00 as against the local check i.e18,821-00 to 31,194-00/ha.
20

Table 3: FLD Yield comparison with District & State Averages (Crop wise)
Crop: Groundnut (Kharif)

S.
No.

Year

1
2
3
4
5

2007-08
2006-07
2005-06
2004-05
2003-04

Demo Yield
(q/ha)

Dist.
Avg.(q/ha)

%
increase
on Dist.
Avg.

15.138
12.79
11.14
9.99
8.53

6.12
10.85
9.35
5.75

108
2.6
6.8
48

State
Avg.(q/ha)

% increase
on State
Avg.

3.01
5.65
7.79
-

324
97.1
28.4
-

State
Avg.(q/ha)

% increase
on State
Avg.

18.01
17.39

45.9
63.3

Crop: Groundnut (Rabi)

S.
No.

Year

1
2
3

2007-08
2006-07
2005-06

Demo Yield
(q/ha)

Dist.
Avg.(q/ha)

30.84
26.29
28.4

18.65
20.01

%
increase
on Dist.
Avg.
40.9
41.9

Crop: Sunflower (Kharif)

S.No.

Year

Demo
Yield
(q/ha)

1
2
3
4

2007-08
2006-07
2005-06
2004-05

10.47
11.76
14.58
13.25

Dist.
Avg.(q/ha)
4.04
4.22
4.65

%
increase
on Dist.
Avg.
191
245
184

State
Avg.(q/ha)
4.05
3.49
5.53

%
increase
on State
Avg.
190
317
139

Crop: Sunflower(irrigated)

S.No.
1
2
3

Year

Demo
Yield
(q/ha)

Dist.
Avg.(q/ha)

2007-08
2006-07
2004-05

22.54
21.33
15.88

8.38
5.71

%
increase
on Dist.
Avg.
154
178

State
Avg.(q/ha)
8.74
6.34

%
increase
on State
Avg.
144
150
21

Crop: Redgram

S.
No.
1
2
3
4

Year
2007-08
2006-07
2004-05
2003-04

Demo Yield
(q/ha)

Dist.
Avg.(q/ha)

11.67
10.81
13.86
11.29

2.08
7.30
4.41

Demo Yield
(q/ha)

Dist.
Avg.(q/ha)

19.55
17.54
19.74
18.95
12.97

9.52
16.41
10.89
10.91

%
increase
on Dist.
Avg.
419
89.8
156

State
Avg.(q/ha)

% increase
on State
Avg.

4.09
456
418

169
203
170

State
Avg.(q/ha)

% increase
on State
Avg.

10.87
15.90
10.12
10.81

61.3
24.1
87.2
19.9

Crop: Bengalgram

S.
No.
1
2
3
4
5

Year
2007-08
2006-07
2005-06
2004-05
2003-04

%
increase
on Dist.
Avg.
84.2
20.2
74.0
18.8

22

Table 4: Feed Back Crop wise

Crop: Groundnut
S.No.
Year
1
2003 (TAG-24)

2004
(TCGS-29)

2005-06
(TPT-25 & K-6)

Variety: TAG-24
Feed back
In TAG-24 Groundnut variety the vegetative growth
was less compared to local variety (TMV-2)
The No. of pods/plant are more in TAG-24 (16-20), but
due to prolonged dry spell more no of unfilled pods
were recorded.Its performance is poor in rainfed
situation particularly in scarce rainfall zone.
The plant foliage also remain green even at the time of
harvest. But due to less vegetative growth low haulm
yield was recorded.
Farmers opinioned that it is good high yielding variety
under irrigated conditions.
The pod size is bold compared to TMV-2 variety.
Though TMV-2 has less number of pods per plant
percent of filling was good compared to TAG-24
No incidence of bud necrosis was noticed in TAG-24
variety.But incidence of stemrot was observed.
In TCGS-29 groundnut variety the vegetative growth
was more compared to local variety
The no. of pods/plant were more in TCGS-29 pod size
and shelling percentage was more in TCGS-29
The incidence of tikka leaf spot was less in TCGS-29
and more haulm yield was also obtained. It is good
high yielding variety suitable both for rainfed and
irrigated condition.
Due to scattered cultivation of this variety farmers are
facing marketing problem in kurnool dist.
Among the varieties demonstrated i.e TPT-25 and K-6,
no significant difference was observed in crop duration
when compared with local variety i.e TMV-2.
TPT-25 remains green up to harvesting stage
Plant height no. of branches/plant, no. of pods/plant
were more k-6 variety than TPT-25 and local check
Haulm yield was also more K-6 variety
100 pods weight, shelling % is more in K-6 variety
compared TPT-25 & local check
Pod size and seed size were bold and attractive in K-6
variety
Over all farmers were impressed with K-6 variety
23

Crop: Sunflower
S.No.
1

Year
2003 07

Feed back
There is no significant difference in duration of
Sunflower hybrids cultivated by farmers
In farmers field with 30Xsolid row spacing the head
diameter is 8.7cm where as in demonstration plots
60X30cm the average head diameter is 13.6cm
The crop in farmers field is effected due to moisture
stress shriveled head.
Sulphur @ 25kg/ha as basal &Boran application at ray
floret opening stage @ 0.2% spray had positive effect
on seed filling and test weight.
The incidence of necrosis diseases in the border is
visibly less when compared to unbordered crop
Seed treatment with gaucho followed by two sprayings
of neem oil at 20 DAS and 40 DAS control of sucking
pests, was noticed hence incidence of necrosis (1.87%)
was less compared to farmers fields (2.6%)

Crop: Redgram
S.No.
1

Year
2003 05

2006

Feed back
In LRG-41 Redgram variety the incidence of pod borer
damage was less compared to local check (LRG-30)
The incidence of wilt was comparatively less in PRG100 & ICPL-85063 variety of Redgram
The PRG-100 redgram variety seed size was bold, and
attractive
Sprayinjg of NPV @ 250LE/ha was effective at early
instar larvae.
The redgram variety LRG-41 has bushy growth with
more no. of branches/plant
It is not suitable for light soils due to its longer
duration
The variety (LRG-41) was affected with moisture
stress in light soils.
Flowering was delayed by 15 to 20 days.
The incidence of wilt was comparatively less in LRG41
In LRG-41 pods are dark red in colour
The incidence of pod borer damage was less
24

Crop: Bengalgram
S.No.
1

Feed back

Year
2003 07

JG-11 variety has recorded increased yield over local

check
The variety (JG-11) tolerant to drought
Plant has bushy with top branching habit
Plant height was more than Annegiri
Uniform maturity with medium seed size .
Tolerant to wilt
Harvesting easy (Mechanical) in JG-11 vareity due to
its top branching.
Sulphur Nutrition
Application of sulphur @ 15kg/acre has positive effect
on seed size and test weight
Seed was with less wrinkled
IPM
Seed treatment with T.viridae, slightly effective for
managing wilt at flowering and post flowering stages
By use of ph traps, monitoring of adult emergence was
made and before moths laid eggs, Azadarachtin
300ppm spraying was taken up
By establishing bird perches, bird flights to crop
increased and birds seen eating grown up larvae in the
field
Spraying of neem formulation gave good repellent
action and reduced feeding activity of larvae..

Table 5: Constraints in adoption of Technologies

Availability of quality seed in time for adoption of new varieties.
Availability and Viability of bio agents is a bottle neck in adoption of eco friendly
technologies.
Market threat for new varieties
Poor Socio-economic and literacy levels of the farmers.
25

Table 6: Suggestions for increasing production/productivity in the districts

Promoting the cropping system approach for increasing the production and
productivity of crops as a whole against the individual crop approach.
Bringing latest crop production technologies to the doorstep of the farmers.
The field functionaries should be well equipped with information about the recent
advances in production technology.
Participatory research with farmers should be promoted
Encourage Varietal Replacement and Propagation of newer location specific high
yielding varieties with resistance to insect pests and diseases as well as to various
abiotic factors.
More emphasis on the adoption of non-monetary inputs like timely sowing,
maintaining optimum plant population, timely irrigation at critical stages of crop
growth and efficient use of fertilizers.
Propagate balanced use of fertilizers (NPK) and also micronutrients in different
areas.
Encourage the use of bio-fertilizers, organic manures and green manuring so as to
maintain soil health and sustain the high productivity levels.
Popularize the use of various improved farm implements so that field operations
could be carried out effectively in time.
Encourage cultivation of pulses and oilseeds as inter crop in rain fed farming system

Table 7: Training programmes organized

S.
No.
1
2
3
4

Year

Crop

2003-07 Groundnut
2003-07 Sunflower
2003-07 Redgram
2003-07 Bengalgram

No. of
Programmes
16
9
8
10

No. of
Participants
481
143
126
288

Title/Topic of the
Training
*Low cost Production
technologies
* Nutrient Management
practices
* IPM practices

26

Table 8: Field days/other activities organized under FLD programmes

S.No.

Year

Name of
the activity

No. of
Programmes

2003-07
Groundnut

Field Days

Field Visits
Interaction
Programmes
Group
discussions
Field Days

24

558

Field Visits
Interaction
Programmes

17
4

285
224

231

10
2

157
75

407

22
3

240
272

2003-07
Sunflower

2003-07
Redgram

Field Days
Field Visits
Interaction
programmes

2003-07
Bengalgram

Field Days
Field Visits
Interaction
programmes

5
3

No. of
Participants
677

Remarks/
Highlights

255
357
160

27

Table 9: Highlights, Success Stories/Impact Studies/Seed production

programmes if any
Kadiri-6 A promising variety boon for Rainfed Farmer
About 88 percent of area and production of kharif groundnut is confined to the states
of A.P, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra. The productivity of kharif groundnut is the
lowest (1041Kg/ha). Among different components, improved variety contributes upto 30
percent to the overall yield.Groundnut is major oil seed crop of Kurnool district grown in an
area of 2.08 lakh ha with productivity of 612kg ha. The crop is grown as rainfed in kharif
and under ID situation during rabi. Farmers normally grow TMV-2, JL-24, and other non
descriptive varieties, which are low yielders and susceptible to pest and diseases. Farmers are
in need of a variety tolerant to moisture stress, bold in seed size with more haulm yield under
rainfed situation.
Role of KVK in popularizing the variety-K-6
Keeping the problems in view three varieties (K-6, TAG-24 & Narayani) were
introduced through front line demonstrations in Bethemcherla and Aluru mandals of Kurnool
district. The results revealed that K-6 proved better alternative to TMV-2, with 30.9 percent
additional yield, with bold kernel size, more shelling percentage and more haulm yield in
kharif season.
As ground nut is the major oil seed crop in kharif season(2.2 lakh hac) there is a
great need for the farming community for want K-6 variety in right time. To the meet
needs of farming community, KVK took up seed production at farm, and procured seed from
FLD farmers in order to supply to the other villages of Kurnool district .The popularity of this
variety was spread to other districts like Kadapa, Guntur Mahabbobnagar and Vizag. The
enquires about the performance of K-6 variety for different locations and indent for seed has
become regular phenomenon from other districts and Karnataka state.

28

Performance of K-6 variety under rainfed situation in Kurnool district

.Year

Mean yield Kg ha

% increased in yield

K-6

TMV-2

2005

1057

842

25.5

2006

1563

1156

35.2

2007

1674

1268

32.0

Case Study of K-6:

During the last three years K-6 variety was introduced in Bethamcherla and Aluru
mandals of Kurnool district through front line demonstrations. Farmers were very much
pleased with the performance of K-6 variety. Field days were also organized in the villages.
Through Seed village concept farmers are mobilized to save some of the produce for seed
purpose for next season. One of the FLD farmer Sri G.Ravi Kumar procured 213 q of seed
from other farmers and sold the same to the adjacent village farmers for seed purpose .Later
on he took land on lease and started seed production in 10 acres. Thus he became K6 farmer
of Betamcherla mandal.The spread of the variety took momentum and at present the seed
which is being produced by the farmer is going only as seed material.
29

LRG-41 A promising Helicoverpa tolerant variety

Redgram is one of the major legume grown under rainfed conditions during khairif in
Kurnool district with an area of 33,000 ha. The crop is also grown during September
October with supplemental irrigations. Farmers are normally grown LRG-30 variety.
The crop is being severely damaged by Helicoverapa armigera at flowering to pod
development stages. Due to non adoption of control measures against Helicoverapa severe
pod damage and finally very poor yields are obtained by the farmers. Some farmers are
spending a lot of amount on insecticides to control Helicoverpa (2500 to 3000).
Based on aforesaid problems in view KVK introduced a variety LRG-41, which is
tolerant to Helicoverapa with yield potential of 20-22 q/ha.

Role of KVK in popularisig LRG-41 Redgram variety

Krishi Vigyan Kendra organized 50 front line demonstrations with LRG-41 variety of
Redgram in different villages i.e Palukur, Nandavaram Aluru, Panyam of Kurnool district.
The results indicated that the yields and tolerance to Helicoverapa was good and farmers
were impressed with performance of LRG-41. During the crop period field days were also
organized in the villages in order to educate the farmers. In some villages LRG-41 replaced
the LRG-30 variety completely.

30

Comparative performance of LRG-41 V/s LRG-30

Year

Mean yield Kg ha
LRG-41

LRG-30

% increased in yield

2005

1212

880

37.2

2006

1081

780

38.5

2007

1134

933

21.5

The results indicated that on an average 32.4% increased yield over LRG-30 and
additional income of Rs. 7,400/-

was obtained.

LRG-41 with protective

irrigations in Medium black soils.

To counter the needs of farmers, seed production at KVK farm was taken up and supplied to
the farmers. The variety gained popularity in different mandals of Kurnool district. Due to
this intervention the farmers are able to save an amount of Rs.1200-00 1500-00 ha on
Helicoverapa control.

31

LRG-41 in Rainfed situation

at Aluru mandal after
withdrwal of FLDs from
Village

IMPACT OF FLDs ON BENGALGRAM PRODUCTION

TECHNOLOGIES
In Andhra Pradesh chick pea (Cicer aerietinum) is grown in 0.48m ha with production
of 1.44MT. The productivity of the crop in the state is 1200Kg/ha out of 0.48mha of
cropped area, the Kurnool district occupies 0.14mha covering 30 percent area.
The crop is cultivated in vertisols under residual soil moisture regime through mono
cropping system. The crop mainly grown in southern parts of the district covering
Koilkuntla, Uyyalawada, Sanjamala, Dornipadu and other mandals.

Due to continuous cultivation of chick pea crop in the area, the production and
productivity was stagnated and prone to insect pests and diseases.
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Yagantipalle initiated efforts to improve the production and
productivity of the crop through dissemination of improved and high yielding
technologies.
To find out the causes for low productivity of the crop, bench mark survey was
carried out through PRA techniques and following production problems were identified.

Low yielding susceptible to pest and diseases varieties are used by the farmers

Use of high seed rate

Terminal moisture stress due to failure of N-E monsoons

Non adoption of seed treatment

Imbalanced fertilization

32

Among the socio-economic causes lack of knowledge, lack of credit facilities, nonavailability of other crop inputs and storage facilities were identified.

With a view to solve the above production problems, Krishi Vigyan Kendra
Yagantipalle disseminated the improved production technologies through organization of
training programmes, FLD and other extension activities in chick pea growing areas

Training Programmes Orgnised for chick pea farmers in Kurnool District

S.No

Year

Mandal

No. of
Training
Programme
2

No. of
participants

2001

Sanjamala

60

2002

Banaganapalle

120

2003

Banaganapalle

140

2004

Koilkuntla

75

2005

Midthur

140

A total of 18 no. of training programmes were conducted for chick pea farmers during
last five years (2001-2005).

During the training programmes improved package of

practices were disseminated through skill oriented trainings in off and on campus.

33

Productivity potential of FLD during the period (2001-2005)

S.No

Year

No. of
Demo

Variety

Area
(ha)

Average yield
Kg/ha
Demo
F.P

%
increase

2001

10

ICCC-37

1333

1125

18.4

2002

11

ICCC-37

1477

1240

19.0

2003

10

ICCC-37

1297

1110

16.8

2004

16

JG-11

10

1760

1425

23.0

2005

JG-11

2.5

2076

1852

12.0

2006

JG-11

2.5

1875

1574

18.9

Under FLD programme improved high yielding varieties Viz JG-11, ICCC-37,ICCV42 and among kabuli types ICCV-2, KAK-2, Phule-G (ICCV-95311) and Mexican dollar,
and other package of practices Viz, seed treatment with trichoderma viridae, balanced
fertilization and IPM measures against Helicoverapa etc., were demonstrated.
The result of FLDs indicated that due to use of improved technologies the
yield was increased upto 20 per cent

against existing local variety Annegiri

34

Impact on Adoption of different components of Bengalgram Production

Technology
To know the impact FLD programme a survey was conducted in Kalugotla village to
study the adoption of deferent components of Bengalgram production technologies after
with drawl of FLD programme from thevillage.

Objectives:
1. To study the impact on adoption of demonstration technologies.
2. To study impact on replacement of local variety.
3. To study impact of exposure visit in spread of improved variety
4. To study the economics of improved variety in different farming situations.

Methodology:
The study was conducted in Kalugotla village and data was collected from
40 farmers through structured interview schedule.
The data pertaining the exposure visits were collected by enquiry with the
farmers of selected villages.
The impact on varietal replacement was calculated in terms of percentage
by taking actual area of bengalgram in the village and area with JG-11
variety and Ecoconomics were worked out based yield and cost of
cultivation.

Table:1 Crop wise area and productivity of major crops in Kalugotla village
Productivity
(kg/ha)
6562

S.No

Crop

Area (ha)

Paddy

60

Jowar

40

1750

Sunflower

60

1225

Bengalgram

1200

1315

35

Table:2 Year wise are and productivity of Bengalgram in Kalugotla village

Table:3

S.No

Year

Area (ha)

2001

600

Productivity
Kg/ha
1125

2002

680

1050

2003

600

1375

2004

800

1450

2005

1000

1575

Impact on adoption of different components in Bengalgram production

technology

S.No

Technology adopted

Variety

Seed treatment

Seed rate

Balanced
Fertilization

IPM component

Adoption
categories
F
P
N
F
P
N
F
P
N
F

Number of
respondents
35
05
27
10
03
34
06
26

% adoption

P
N
F
P
N

14
12
28

35.0
-

87.5
12.5
67.5
25.0
7.5
85.0
15.0
65.0

30
70

The extent of adoption of individual technological components was measures in terms

of percentage of sample farmers adopting the particular component completely (or)
partially. The results presented in table.3. Indicate that even after withdrawal of facilities
offered to frontline demonstrations the adoption was higher in respect of improved
variety, followed by spacing, seed rate (85%), seed treatment (67.5%) and balanced
fertilizer application (65.0%).
In case of IPM components adoption was moderately partial and farmers did not
adopt this technology, due to non-availability of phoromone traps, lures, NPV etc
36

Table:4 Impact on varietal replacement in Kalugotla village

S.No

Year

1
2
3
4
5

2004
2005
2006
2007
2008

Area under
Bengalgram in
(ha)
800
1000
1080
1200
1400

Area under
JG-11 variety

% of
replacement

4
48
740
1000
1400

0.5
4.8
68.5
83.3
100

The data indicated that the area under JG-11 variety is increasing yearly by year, due
to is high yield potential and net returing/ha. The replacement of Annegeri is higher
(68.5) in the village.
The farmers were taken to the villages where FLDs and improved technology were
demonstrated. Due to there exposure visit the spread of improved variety were taken
place the data was shown in table
Table5
S.No

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Impact of exposure visits on varietal spread to other villages

Village

Annavaram
Nandavaram
Gulladurthy
Vittalapuram
Tangutur
Revanur
Joladarasi
Gundupapala
Vantivelagala

No. of
farmers
visited
18
20
25
16
18
30
20
16
24

Area under
Begalgaram
(ha)
80
100
2000
200
240
1000
1200
800
720

Area under
JG-11
variety (ha)
16.8
2.4
800
120
160
400
200
200
200

% of
replacement
local variety
21%
24%
40%
60%
66%
40%
16.6%
25%
27.7%

Some other villages: Valmpadu, Mudigedu, Mukkamalla, Alluru, Kamalpuri,

Bhemunipadu, Kampamalla, Kristipadu, Harivaram, Sowdaradinne and Amadala.

The data revealed that on an average 35% percent replacement of annegiri variety was
observed in nine villages, but is also spreading fastly in other villages of Kurnool district.
During interaction with farmers opinined that 15-20 per cent the variety spread is upto

37

The following technologies identified for

Kurnool District
Varieties :
Cultivation of improved varieties like JG-11, ICCC-37 and also bold seeded kabuli
varieties like PhuleG, KAK-2 and Mexican dollar to get more net returns/ha

Seed Treatment with Trichoderma viride @ 8gm/Kg

Seed Rate use of seed rate @ 25-30Kg/ac with ferti cum seed drill and seed rate also
varies with seed size and test weight. For bold Kabuli types a seed rate of
40 50Kg/ac is required.
Fertilizers: Balanced fertilizers application of 8KgN, 20KgP and 16Kg Sulphur
.Application of P in form of SSP to reduce cost on fertilizer or basal application gypsum
@ 200Kg/ac.

Top dressing of 4KgN/ac., if Chick pea grown with protective or two irrigations at
before flowering and pod development stage.

Irrigation: One light irrigation with pipes or sprinklers before flowering stage of the crop
to get 20-25 % increased yield.
Growing of green gram before Bengalgram to get additional returns/ha. if early on set of
South West Monsoon.
Adoption need based PP measures against Helicoverapa

38

Impact on productivity and Economic of JG-11 under different farming situations

S.
No

Mean yield
Farming Kg/ha
Situation Annegiri JG-11

Cost of cultivation
Rs/ha
Annegiri JG-11

Addinal
cost
Rs/ha

Gross returns
Rs/ha
Annegiri JG-11

Net returns Rs/ha

Annegiri

JG-11

16250

825

30366

37350

14941

21100

Additio
nal
Returns
Rs/ha
6159

Rainfed

1687

2075

15425

With one
protect
irrigation

2575

2937

15925

16750

825

46710

52866

30785

36116

5331

The results indicated that due to replacement of local variety i.e Annegiri with JG-11 farmers are getting the additional net return of
Rs. 6,055-00 and Rs.5,331-00 under rainfed and protective irrigations respectively.

39

IMPACT ON ADOPTION OF SUNFLOWER PRODUCTION

TECHNOLOGIES
In Kurnool district the Sunflower crops is grown in 1,92000ha area covering nearly
fifty percent of the state cultivated are i.e (4,16000). Besides Kunrool, the crop is grown in
Kadapa, Anantapur, and Mahaboobnagar districts. The productivity of the crops is 695 and
855Kg/ha in kharif and rabi respectively. The research data indicated that the higher yields
of sunflower can be obtained through improved technologies.

Therefore Krishi vigyan

kendraYagantipalle operating in Kurnool district transferred the improved technologies for

increased productivity and income to the sunflower growers
To know the production problems of the sunflower crop surrey was conducted through field
visits, group discussions and other PRA techniques.

During the survey the following production problems were identified

Agrotechnological constraints:
Poor emergence of seed due to lack of sufficient soil moisture
Poor seed setting
Pollen shedding
Problems of insects, like white fly, Jassids and heliothis & diseases like bud
nicrosis and alternaria
Sensitive to external moisture
Technological gaps in Sunflower cultivation:
Non adoption of recommended spacing (60mm) and thinning
Non-adoption of recommended management practices against bud necrosis
Inadequate and or imbalanced use of fertilizers has been identified as one of the
critical constraint in sunflower production.
Non application S and Boran which are responsible for increased oil content
and test weight.
Based on above problems training programmes, frontline demonstrations and other extension
activities were conducted in the district.

40

Training Programmes Organised during the period (2001-2005) on Sunflower

production technologies
S.No

Year

1
2
3
4
5

2001
2002
2003
2004
2005

No. of Training
organized
4
2
4
3
3

No. of
Participants
120
80
80
67
74

A total of 16 number of training programmes conducted for sunflower growers during the
last 5 years. During the training programme improved production technologies were
disseminated through skill oriented training programme

41

Results on FLD Sunflower production technologies during the

Last 5 years 2001-2005
S.No

Year

No. of
Demo.

Area
(ha)

Average of yield
Demo.

1
2
3
4

2001
2002
2003
2004

2005

10
11
10
10
11
13
20

4
5
4
4
6
5
10

1060
1187
1265
1325
1588
1458
2134

% of
increased

FP
875
917
1050
1135
1312
1250
1785

The result indicated the irrespective of hybrid adoption of

17.4
29.7
20.4
16.0
21.0
16.6
19.5
improved agronominic

practices like spacing, thinning and Boran and Sulphur nutrition increased the yield up to 20
per cent over farmers practice.
The data generated through the front line demonstrations conducted during the period
have shown the potentialities of various improved technologies in Sunflower.

The

interventions that can brought the substantial productivity improvement are identified.
Knowledge and adoption of different components of Sunflower production technology
A survey was conducted to under stand the adoption of different components of
improved production technologies in sunflower after with drawl of the FLD programme from
the village. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Yagantipalle is playing a great role in transferring the
technology with the objective to provide need based training to farmers about latest
technologies. The present investigation was carriedout to study the extent of knowledge and
adoption of demonstrated technologies among the farmers of selected villages of Kurnool
district.
Objectives:
To study the extent of knowledge on improved production technologies in Sunflower.
To study the impact on adoption of demonstrated technologies.
To study the impact on Economics of improved technologies.
Methodology:
The study was conducted in four villages i.e Pasupula, Gulladurthy, Palkur and
Bhupanapadu from each village 20 farmers were selected randomly. Thus the sample
size was 80. The data was collected through structured interview schedule.
42

Table:1 Knowledge regarding improved sunflower production technologies

(Rainfed)
S.
No

Rainfed

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Knowledge

Technologies

Yes

No

Spacing (60cm)
Thinning at 10-15 DAS
Seed treatment
Growing of Jowar as border crop
Recommended dose of fertilizers (NPK)
Use Sulphur
Boran application at ray floret stage
Need based PP measures

76
68
53
12
68
34
63
64

95
85
66.2
15
85
42.5
78.7
80

4
12
27
65
12
46
17
16

5
15
33.7
81.25
15
57.5
21.25
20

Knowledge regarding improved production technologies in Sunflower revealed that

95%

of respondents have knowledge about spacing under rainfed and irrigated

conditions.

Majority of respondents (85%) have knowledge about importance of

thinning, recommended dose of fertilizers and 80% of respondents have knowledge about
need based PP measures. However 81.25% of the respondents have no knowledge about
necrosis management practices. Most of the farmers were also knowledge regarding
boran and sulphur nutrition.
Table-2

Impact on Adoption of different component in Sunflower production

technology
Farming Situation-Rainfed
S.
Technology adopted
Adoption
Number of
%
No
categories
respondents
of adoption
1
Seed treatment
F
26
32.5
P
N
54
67.5
2
Spacing (60mm)
F
73
91.25
P
N
07
8.75
3
Thinning at 10-15 DAS
F
38
47.5
P
N
42
52.5
4
Seed rate
F
72
90
P
10
N
08
10
5
Balanced fertilizer application
F
P
N
80
100
6
Application of sulphur
F
27
33.75
P
N
53
66.25

Application of boran

Herbicides use

F
P
N
F
P
N

27
53
05
75

33.75
66.25
6.25
93.75

The results presented in table indicated that even after withdrawl of the facilities
offered to FLDs the adoption is higher in respect of spacing 91.25%, seed rate 90%
Boran application 33.7% and seed treatment 32.5% in case of balanced application of
fertilizers adoption was more partial and every low adoption of observed in case of
herbicides use.
Table 3 Impact on Adoption of different component in Sunflower production
technology
Farming Situation: ID
S.

Technology adopted

No
1

Seed treatment

Seed rate

Spacing

Thinning at 10-15
DAS

Balanced pertilizer
application

Application of sulphur

Application of boran

Herbicides use

Adoption
categories

Number of
respondents

% of adoption

F
P
N
F
P
N
F
P
N
F

63
17
80
78
02
69

78.75
21.25
100
97.5
2.5
86.25

P
N
F

11
28

13.75
35

P
N
F
P
N
F
P
N
F
P
N

52
37
18
25
24
12
44
16
64

65
46.25
22.5
31.25
30.0
15.0
55.0
20
80
44

The result indicated that the extent of adoption was higher in ID Sunflower in case of
seed rate (100%), spacing 97.5%, Thinning 86.5% and seed treatment is 78.75% followed
by Sulphur and Boran application.

Impact of productivity and Economic of improved technologies in Sunflower

Mean yield

Net returns

Rainfed

40

1310 1027 5335 4266 1069

Add
IB
net
returns CR
IT
FP
Rs/ha
16935 11652 5283
5.9

Irrigated

40

2087 1782 6571 5258 1313

28908 22363 6545

S.No

Farming No. of
situation farmers

Cost of
cultivation

Kg/ha
IT

FP

IT

Market Price :

IT - 1700-00

FP -1550-00

FP

Additional
cost
Rs/ha

Rs/ha

5.9

The result indicated that the due to adoption of improved Sunflower technologies the
productivity of Sunflower is increased under rainfed and irrigated condition.

The

additional net returns accrued due to adoption of improved technologies account for
Rs.5283-00 and 6545-00/ha under rainfed and irrigated condition respectively.
45