Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Instead
Likewise
Meanwhile
Moreover
Nevertheless
ListofTransitionalExpressions:
Ontheotherhand
Incontrast
Onthecontrary
Forthatreason
Forexample
Forinstance
Otherwise
Similarly
Still
Subsequently
Then
Atthesametime
Asaresult
Inotherwords
Therefore
Thus
Forthispurpose
Inaddition
Infact
Inparticular
ColonUses:
1. Beforealistthatisintroducedbyaclause:Youneedthefollowingitems:pens,paper,andbooks.
IloveGeneralMillsCereals:LuckyCharms,RiceKrispies,andFrootLoops.
2. Beforeaquotationlongerthan4lines:
Spartacusralliedhistroopsupforbattlewithhisspeech:
Men,youaregreatfighters.Youaregreatcitizens,whodeservemorethan
captivity.Joinmeinthegreatfightagainstourenemy;thisfightforour
freedom.Freedomdoesnotcomeatafreecost,butitisliberating.Inour
liberation,wecanraiseourchildreninacountrythatisourown.
3. Toendthesalutation(greeting)ofabusinessletter:DearMr.Smith:
CommaUses:
1. Betweenitemsinaseries:John,Perry,andTariqslept.
2. Afteranintroductoryprepositionalphrase:Afterthegame,Johnslept.
3. Afteranintroductoryadverbialclause:Whenthegameended,Johnslept.
4. Afterintroductorywords:Yes,Johnslept./However,Johnslept.
5. Afterintroductoryphrases:Snoringloudly,Johnslept.
6. Before/afteradjectiveclause:John,whowenthome,slept.
7. Beforeacoordinatingconjunction:Johnwenthometosleep,buthismomlockedhimout.
8. Before/afterappositivephrase:John,anartist,sleptathome.
9. Afterthedate:OnMarch12,2000,Johnslept.
10. Afteryear:March12,2000,iswhenJohnslept.
11. Beforequotations:Johnsaid,Ineedsleep./Johnsbookstates,Everybodyneedssleep(p.18).
12. Before/Afternonessentialphrases/clauses:John,infact,slept./Twohundred,Ithink,isenough.
13. Betweenadjectives:Johnisadifficult,meansleeper.
14. Betweencityandstate,orcountryandstate:JohnsleptinMiami,FL./JohnsleptinTexas,USA.
List of Prepositions- these are used in PHRASES:
Around
At
But
About
With
Within
Aboard
Before
By
In
Without
Inside
Onto
Unto
Out
Till
Since
To
Above
Across
After
Behind
Below
Between
Despite
Down
During
Into
Off
Near
Outside
Over
Past
Toward
Under
Up
Against
Beside
For
Of
Since
Until
After
Although
As
As far as
As if
-
Adverbial Clause: A clause that describes the VERB- tells how, why, when, where
o The crowd erupted in excitement when Josh scored a goal.
Josh=subject, scored=verb- with the clause alone, you dont fully
understand what happened when Josh scored the goal
o Because Kentucky lost to VCU, they were eliminated from the tournament.
Kentucky= subject, lost=verb- with the clause alone, you
dont fully understand what happened because Kentucky lost
List of ADVERBIAL CLAUSE BEGINNING (adv. clause=dependent clause):
As soon as
Even though
Now that
That
Whenever
As though
If
Once
Though
Where
Because
In order
Provided that
Unless
Wherever
Before
In that
Since
Until
Whether
Even if
Lest
So that
When
While
Adjective Clause: A clause that describes the NOUN- gives a detail about it
o The crowd, which was excited, erupted when Josh scored a goal.
Which= subject, was excited=verb- with the clause alone, you dont fully
understand who was excited
o Before the dog caught the ball, Josh, who chased the dog, tripped over it.
Who= subject, chased= verb- with the clause alone, you dont fully
understand who was chasing the dog.
List of ADJECTIVE CLAUSE BEGINNING (adjective clause= dependent clause):
Who
Whom
Whose
Which
That
Whoever
Whomever
Where
When
Is
Has
Had
Have
May
Shall
Should
Was
Were
Would