WAPDA Distribution Rehabilitation Guidelines9091

WATER AND POWER DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
DISTRIBUTION REHABILITATION
GUIDELINES
GENERAL MANAGER (OPERATION) WAPDA

SEPTEMBER 2003
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE
PAGE
FOREWORD..........................................................................................................
1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................
1.1 Significance of Reduction of Losses and Voltage Drop in
Distribution System .......................................................................................
1.2 Objectives of Distribution Rehabilitation .......................................................
1.3 Procedure for Distribution Rehabilitation .......................................................
1.4 Factors Affecting Energy Losses & Voltage Drop .........................................
1.5 Planning Tools (Hierarchy) .............................................................................
1.5.1 Reducing the Units Receipt ................................................................
1.5.2 Increasing the Units Sold ....................................................................
1.6 Different Computer Softwares Used for Load Flow Studies ..........................
2. DISTRIBUTION REHABILITATION MEASURES ........................................

2.1 11 kV Distribution Network ..........................................................................
2.1.1 Area Planning without Addition of New Feeders ...............................
2.1.2 Installation of Shunt Capacitors ..........................................................
2.1.3 Reconductoring of 11 kV Feeders ......................................................
2.1.4 Bifurcation of 11 kV Feeders ..............................................................
2.1.5 Area Planning with Addition of New Feeders ....................................
2.1.6 Installation of 11 kV Sectionalizers ....................................................
2.1.7 Replacement of Deteriorated 11 kV Cables........................................
2.2 LT Distribution Network ................................................................................
2.1.1 Load Balancing of Distribution Transformers ....................................
2.1.2 Relocation of Distribution Transformers ............................................
2.1.3 Installation of LT Shunt Capacitors ....................................................
2.1.4 Reconductoring of LT Lines ...............................................................
2.1.5 Replacement of Deteriorated PVC Cables ..........................................
2.1.6 Replacement of Non-standard Fuses ..................................................
2.1.7 Augmentation of Overloaded Transformers .......................................
2.1.8 Addition of New Transformers ...........................................................
4
4
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4
5
5
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5
6
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6
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7
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ii
1
1
1
2
2
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3
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TITLE
2.3
PAGE
2.1.9 Addition of New LT Lines ..................................................................

2.1.10 Use of Connectors ...............................................................................
2.1.11 Replacement of Earthings ...................................................................
2.1.12 Elimination of Loose Joints ................................................................
Replacement of Defective/Sluggish Metering Equipment .............................
7
7
7
8
8
3. CAPCITOR APPLICATIONS .............................................................................

3.1 Power Factor ...................................................................................................
3.2 Power Triangle ................................................................................................
3.3 Disadvantages of Low Power Factor ..............................................................
3.4 Power Factor Improvement.............................................................................
3.5 Power Factor Improvement with Capacitors ..................................................
3.6 Benefits of Shunt Capacitors on Distribution System ....................................
3.7 Vector Representation of Power Factor Improvement ...................................
3.8 Effect of Shunt Capacitor on Feeder Voltage Profile .....................................
3.9 Effect of Series Capacitors on Feeder Voltage Profile ...................................
3.10 Effect of Voltage Regulator on Feeder Voltage Profile..................................
3.11 Common Methods of Connecting Capacitors .................................................
3.12 How Many Capacitors to Install? ...................................................................
3.13 How to Select the Location of Capacitor? ......................................................
3.14 Capacitor Applications in LT Circuits ............................................................
9
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10
11
13
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15
16
17
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20
23
24
4. PLANNING PROCEDURE ..................................................................................

4.1 Rehabilitation/Renovation/Augmentation of
11 kV Distribution Network ...........................................................................
4.1.1 Selection Criteria / Guidelines for 11 kV Network to be
rehabilitated.........................................................................................
4.1.2 Development of HT Proposal (Phase-I) ..............................................
28
4.1.3
4.1.4
4.1.5
28
28
30
Data/Information Collection ............................................................
30
Technical Analysis ...........................................................................
31
Cost Estimation ................................................................................
32
Benefit/Cost Analysis ......................................................................

Approval of the Proposal (Phase-II) ...................................................
Execution of Proposal (Phase-III) .......................................................
Completion Report (Phase-IV) ...........................................................
33
34
35
35
iii
TITLE
4.1.6
PAGE
Inspection/Completion Certificate (Phase-V) .....................................
35
INFORMATION/DATA (SAMPLE FORMATS

OF DATA SHEETS/SKETCHES FOR HT PROPOSALS) ..............................
36
o
HT Format-I: Single Line Diagram (90 ) of Existing and Proposed Network 37
HT Format-II: Single Line Diagram of Existing & Proposed Network

(A&B)
marked on S.O.P Maps or on Geographical Maps............... 38-39
HT Format-III: Pole-to-Pole Geographical Sketch of Existing Situation ....
40
HT Format-IV: Input Data Form of existing & Proposed Situation ...........
41
HT Format-V: Month-wise Max/Min Load of Grid Station Power T/F

Involved in the Proposal ...................................................
42
HT Format-VI: Month-Wise technical Data of 11 kV Feeder Involved

in the Proposal ...................................................................
43
HT Format-VII: Data Authenticity Certificate .............................................
44
HT Format-VIII: Summary of Technical Analysis Report (Existing Position

(A&B)
HT Format-IX: Summary of Technical Analysis Report (Proposed Position

(A&B)
-- with & without Growth) ................................................ 45-46
-- with & without Growth) ................................................ 47-58
HT Format-X:
Benefits to be Achieved with & without Growth
(A&B)
.......................................................................................... 59-60
HT Format-XI: Geographical Sketch (Pole to Pole) Showing the Complete

Scope of Work .................................................................
61
HT Format-XII: HT Distribution Work Order ............................................. 62-72
HT Format-XIII: Benefit/Cost Calculation ..................................................
HT Format-XIV: Completion Report ........................................................... 74-78
HT Format-XV: Inspection Certificate ........................................................ 79-80

4.2 Rehabilitation/Renovation/Augmentation of LT Distribution
Network...........................................................................................................
4.2.1 Selection Criteria / Guidelines for LT Network to be
Rehabilitated .......................................................................................
iv
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81
81
TITLE
4.2.2
PAGE
Development of LT Proposal (Phase-I) ..............................................
82
Data/Information Collection ............................................................
82
Technical Analysis ...........................................................................

Cost Estimation ................................................................................
83
84
Benefit/Cost Analysis ......................................................................

Approval of Proposal (Phase-II) .........................................................
Execution of Proposal (Phase-III) .......................................................
Completion Report (Phase-IV) ...........................................................
Inspection/Completion Certificate (Phase-V) .....................................
84
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86
INFORMATION/DATA (SAMPLE FORMATS

OF DATA SHEETS/SKETCHES FOR LT PROPOSALS) ..............................
LT Format-I: Pole-to-Pole Geographical Sketch of Existing LT Network .
88
89
4.2.3
4.2.4
4.2.5
4.2.6
LT Format-II: Pole-to-Pole Geographical Sketch of Proposed LT Network

Showing the Complete Scope of Work ..................................
LT Format-III: Input Data Form of existing & Proposed Situation ................
LT Format-IV: Month-Wise Loading Data of 11/0.4 kV Distribution
90
91
Transformer Involved in the Proposal ...................................
92
LT Format-V: Data Authenticity Certificate .................................................
93
LT Format-VI: Summary of Technical Analysis Report (Existing Position-(A&B)
LT Format-VII: Summary of Technical Analysis Report (Proposed Position-(A&B)
with & without Growth) ......................................................... 94-95
with & without Growth) ....................................................... 96-97
LT Format-VIII:Benefits to be Achieved (with& without Growth)

(A&B)
............................................................................................. 98-99
LT Format-XI: LT Distribution Work Order................................................. 100-104
LT Format-X: Benefit/Cost Calculation .......................................................
LT Format-XI: Completion Report ............................................................... 106-110
LT Format-XII:Inspection Certificate ........................................................... 111-112
4.3
Selection Criteria / Guidelines for Distribution Network to be

Rehabilitated Under DOP .................................................................................
105
113
TITLE
PAGE
5. PLANNING CRITERIA .......................................................................................

5.1 Power Factor .....................................................................................................
5.2 Recommended Feeder Loading ......................................................................
Maximum Permissible VD & Losses-Table 5 ...............................................
114
115
115
116
Economic Conductor Sizes for New HT Line-Table 6 ..................................
117
Economic Conductor Sizes for Replacement in HT-Table 7 .........................
118
Economic Conductor Sizes for New LT Line-Table 8 ..................................
119
Economic Conductor Sizes for Replacement in LT-Table 9 .........................
120
Procedure for Determination of Economic Transformer Size ...................... 121-126
11 kV Transformer Loading ...........................................................................
123
Max Allowable Service Length at Different Loads-Table 10 ......................
127
Max Span Length for New HT, Composite, & LT Lines-Table 11 ............. 129-130
Construction of 11 kV Multiple Circuits ........................................................
131
11 kV Capacitor Judgement Factors-Table 12 ...............................................
132
ANNEXURES .........................................................................................................
133
ANNEXURE-I: Some Important Definitions .............................................. 134-137
ANNEXURE-II: Some Important Formulas ............................................... 138-143
ANNEXURE-III: Sample Calculation of Demand Factor, Power Factor,

& Load Factor For HT Feeder .......................................
144
ANNEXURE-IV: Characteristics of Conductors Aluminum and ACSR......
145
ANNEXURE-V: Copper Conductor Characteristic, and Current

Carrying Capacity ..............................................................
146
ANNEXURE-VI: HT Cables Current Carrying Capacity .............................
147
ANNEXURE-VII: LT Cables Current Carrying Capacity ............................
148
ANNEXURE-VIII: Secondary Loading-Number of Spans (60 m Each) .....
149
ANNEXURE-IX: Typical Core and Winding Losses in Distribution

Transformers ...................................................................
150
ANNEXURE-X: Fuse Ratings For Distribution Transformers and

11 kV Capacitors................................................................
vi
151
TITLE
PAGE
ANNEXURE-XI: Fuse Ratings for LT Capacitors .......................................
ANNEXURE-XII: Typical Power Factors of Different Equipment
152
/ Installations ................................................................. 153-154
ANNEXURE-XIII: Typical Load Factors of Different Equipment

/ Installations .................................................................
ANNEXURE-XIV: Typical Coincidence Factors Between Different

Elements of Power System ...........................................
155
156
ANNEXURE-XV: Volume of Mixture For:
LT (31 Feet) Steel Structure Foundation .......................
157
HT (36 Feet) Steel Structure Foundation .......................
157
158
158
ANNEXURE-XVI: Growth Factors ..............................................................
159
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TITLE
PAGE
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: How Many Capacitors to Install ...................................................... 21-22
Table 2: Capacitor Application in LT Circuits ..............................................
27
Table 3: Proposal Prioritization for HT .........................................................
29
Table 4: Proposal Prioritization for LT .........................................................
81
Table 5: Maximum Permissible VD & Losses ..............................................
116
Table 6: Economic Conductor Sizes for New HT Line .................................
117
Table 7: Economic Conductor Sizes for Replacement in HT ........................
118
Table 8: Economic Conductor Sizes for New LT Line .................................
119
Table 9: Economic Conductor Sizes for Replacement in LT ........................
120
Table 10: Max Allowable Service Length at Different Loads .....................
127
Table 11: Max Span Length for New HT, Composite, & LT Lines ............ 129-130
Table 12: 11 kV Capacitor Judgement Factors ..............................................
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132
TITLE
PAGE
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Vector Representation of PF Improvement....................................
15
Figure 2: Voltage Profile of a Feeder with and without Shunt Capacitor .....
16
Figure 3: Voltage Profile of a Feeder with and without Series Capacitor .....
17
Figure 4: Voltage Profile of a Feeder with and without Voltage Regulator ..
18
Figure 5: Common Methods for Connecting Capacitors ...............................
19
Figure 6: Capacitor Application in LT Circuits .............................................
26
Figure 7: 4% Impedance of 3-Phase Dist.T/F (25 to 100 kVA) ....................
124
Figure 8: 4% Impedance of 3-Phase Dist.T/F(100 to 630 kVA) ...................
125
Figure 9: Estimation of Dist. T/F at 9 % Growth Rate ..................................
126
Figure 10: Max Allowable Service Length at Different Loads .....................
128
ix
FOREWORD
Standards and criteria are revised, amendments are issued, but unfortunately, do not reach
the proper personnel, and if it does, is misplaced/missed and thus remains un-followed
/unimplemented. This is an effort to compile the information scattered, lying in the
personal files / drawers, or in the minds, undocumented and unorganized, related with
rehabilitation of distribution system to make a guideline.
This guideline describes the significance of power distribution system
rehabilitation. Its purpose is to provide planning procedures (with all the necessary
sample formats of data sheets, maps, and sketches), the revised criteria, necessary
definitions, formulas, as well as tabulated information that are needed while developing
the HT and LT proposals.
This will serve as a practical guide for the distribution system planner. It is dared
not to say that all the necessary / important information, in this regard, has been
compiled; but it can serve as a basis to be updated and improved regularly to become a
complete handbook in this regard. The guidelines and criteria described in this guideline
are strictly related with the distribution system rehabilitation / renovation (and is not
meant for dealing with new connections, extension of load, reduction of load, and new
housing schemes, etc.)
On blank side of the pages of this guideline you can write down relevant notes,
cut and paste amendments issued in the subsequent years, and important tables, etc. with
references. Kindly send additional information, suggestions, improvements, and
corrections if any, to the o/o C.E. (D.E.) WAPDA, 17/C-1, IEEEP Building, Faisal Town,
Lahore. Any such information, with references, and solutions of problems in this regard
will be welcomed. This will help updating and making the guideline more useful and self
sufficient.
xi
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1
Significance of Reduction in Energy Losses and Voltage Drop in Distribution

Network
The distribution network is planned for a limited period of time (5 years) and when the
network is extended, its old (existing) part must also be augmented accordingly.
However, to meet with the increasing demand of power, distribution network has been
extended without augmenting the existing network accordingly, as a result energy losses
and voltage drop have been increased beyond permissible limits. The engineering
economics and finance both indicate toward their reduction in the existing as well as
future extensions. For the reduction in energy losses and voltage drops some means are
adopted to augment and rehabilitate the existing distribution system.
1.2
Objectives of Distribution Rehabilitation

The main objectives are:
1.3
Reduction of power losses
Improvement of voltage conditions
Improvement of power factor
Accommodation of future load growth
Shifting of the load from overloaded grid station to lightly loaded grid station
Improvement of quality of energy supply and reliability
Improvement of system stability and continuity of supply
Improvement in safety
Improvement of customer service
Reduction in cost of operation and maintenance
Improvement of equipment life

Procedure of Distribution Rehabilitation
A distribution network is selected for rehabilitation on the basis of certain planning
criteria such as voltage drop, power loss, equipment loading, Benefit/Cost ratio, etc. For
each selected network, a planning proposal for Energy Loss Reduction (ELR) is prepared
to achieve the desired benefits.
1.4
Factors Affecting Energy Losses & Voltage Drop in Distribution Network

Impedance of line conductor
Loading of line conductor
Power factor
Poor maintenance
Defective/Sluggish meters
Theft of electricity
1.5
Methods/Tools of Distribution Rehabilitation (Hierarchy)

1.5.1 By Reducing the Units Receipt
A.
Rehabilitation/Augmentation of HT Distribution Network
Area Planning without addition of new feeder i.e. shifting of load from heavily
loaded feeders to the adjoining lightly loaded Feeders in the vicinity.
Installation of HT shunt capacitors:
i. Fixed
ii. Switched
Reconductoring i.e. replacement of existing conductor with higher capacity
conductor
Bifurcation of feeder i.e. addition of new feeder, to shift some of the load of
existing feeder
Area Planning with addition of new feeders
Sometimes, Area Planning at grid station level is also required to provide relief to
the over loaded grid stations by shifting its load to nearby under loaded or newly
constructed grid stations. Area Planning may or may not involve new feeders.
B.
Rehabilitation/Augmentation of LT Distribution Network

Load balancing of distribution transformers
Relocation of distribution transformer i.e. shifting of transformer to load center
Installation of LT shunt capacitors on tube wells and industrial loads
Reconductoring of LT line
Augmentation of existing transformer (its replacement with higher capacity one)
Addition of new transformers
New LT lines
The above techniques reduce the unit receipt; and hence, reduce the energy losses
and voltage drops.
1.5.2 Increasing the Units Sold
Shifting of meters outside the customer premises
Proper vigilance by the officers/officials to avoid theft of electricity
Detection of units through checking/surveillance by officers

Combing of feeders
Installation of check meters
Replacement of old and defective/sluggish meters

It is pertinent to note that reduction in theft of electricity and its measures are not
in the scope of this guideline.
1.6
Different Software Used For Load Flow Studies of Distribution Network

Feeder Analysis program (FDRANA)
Power System Simulator for Advanced Distribution Engineering Productivity
Tool (PSS/Adept)
The above programs are used for:
Simulation of existing distribution network for load flow studies
Simulation of proposed distribution network for load flow studies on the basis of
existing analysis results for future planning
Simulation of optimal capacitor placement
2. DISTRIBUTION REHABILITION MEASURES

Different distribution system rehabilitation measures are briefly discussed in the
following sub sections.
2.1
11 kV Distribution Network
2.1.1 Area Planning of 11 kV Network Without Addition of New Feeders
In this case, heavily loaded feeders are selected and their load can be shifted to nearby
lightly loaded feeders to balance the load amongst them.
In some cases, due to overloading of grid stations, area planning of feeders is
exercised for shifting of load from one grid station to another grid station by making
links between the grids. This will not only provide relief to the grid station equipment
but also will accommodate the future expected load growth. Area Planning may or
may not involve new feeders.
2.1.2
Installation of Shunt Capacitors

Installation of capacitors on HT lines results in primary loss reduction in HT lines and
improvement in the voltage drop conditions. Losses in distribution transformers, LT
lines, and service cables are also reduced marginally.
2.1.3 Reconductoring of 11 kV Feeders

In this case, only those feeders are selected, where
1. Percentage loading of conductor exceeds economic loading
2. Reconductoring due to replacement of deteriorated/off size conductor
Studies of different conductor sizes have indicated that in many cases, it is more
economical to use conductors of higher cross sectional area. Replacement of existing
line conductors by bigger sized conductors will result in reduction of technical losses
in direct proportion to the ratio between the resistance of the new and existing
conductor. The cost of reconductoring must be compared with the savings due to
reduction in losses, increase in revenues, and release of distribution system capacity.
Evaluation of reconductoring must also take into account the improvement of
power factor, voltage regulation, and increase in demand over the life of the
conductor.
2.1.4 Bifurcation of 11 kV Feeders
In this case, overloaded or lengthy feeders are selected. Only one feeder is selected
for bifurcation and a new feeder is essentially involved in this case.
In many urban and rural areas, the existing HT lines/feeders are extremely
overloaded and lengthy. Replacement of these lines with new 11 kV lines can result
in considerable loss reduction.
In addition to above the introduction of new HT line/feeders can result in
improvement of quality of supply and reduction in losses.
2.1.5 Area Planning of 11 kV Network with Addition of New Feeders
This case is almost similar to above mentioned Area Planning (in article 2.1.1) except
that in this case one or more new feeders are proposed to share some of the load of
the over loaded feeders.
2.1.6 Installation of 11 kV Sectionalizers
In order to isolate the faulty portions of feeders under fault conditions proper
sectionalization of 11 kV network should be carried out to minimize the number of
customers affected.
2.1.7 Replacement of Deteriorated 11 kV Cables (500MCM/240 mm2)
For new 11 kV feeders, it is suggested to use 500 MCM cable at grid end and to
replace the under-sized / deteriorated cable, where required.
2.2
LT Distribution Network
2.2.1 Load Balancing of Distribution Transformers
A large number of transformers are damaged due to un-balancing of load amongst
phases. Therefore, with proper attention to load balancing of distribution transformer,
not only transformer damage rate can be reduced but also the technical losses and the
voltage drops are reduced.
2.2.2 Relocation of Distribution Transformers
In a large number of areas, particularly in villages, relocation (i.e. shifting and
placement of transformers to the load center of the area) can reduce the losses in LT
lines and cables.
2.2.3 Installation of LT Shunt Capacitors
Installation of LT capacitors can result in PF improvement of loads. It also results in
voltage improvement and reduction in energy losses. It, thus, releases the LT lines
capacity; and its effect will be on the source as well as remote end side.
2.2.4 Reconductoring of LT Lines
In certain cases, replacement of existing overloaded LT conductor with bigger
conductor size is another option. Evaluation of LT line reconductoring should be
compared with the other possible measures such as installation of larger number of
transformers (including shifting of load to another one) and upgrading LT lines to HT
lines.
2.2.5 Replacement of Deteriorated PVC Cables
Overloaded, aged, and deteriorated service cables are another major cause of
technical losses. Existing overloaded service cables need to be replaced to reduce
their losses.
2.2.6 Replacement of Non-standard Fuses

Protection of distribution transformers is improved with the replacement of nonstandard fuses with standard dropout fuses. It also results in reduction of distribution
transformer failures.
2.2.7 Augmentation of Overloaded Distribution Transformers
Transformers are damaged due to overloading. Consequently, the voltage level
decreases and technical losses rise. This condition can be improved by replacing of
overloaded transformers with higher capacity ones.
2.2.8 Addition of New Power Transformers
Losses in overloaded and overextended LT circuits can also be reduced by bifurcating
them and by installing a new power transformer (at the grid station).
2.2.9 Addition of New LT Lines
Conversion of existing overloaded, extended, and deteriorated LT cables into single
phase and three phase LT lines can also result in substantial reduction of losses and
improvement of system reliability. New LT lines may be required even in the case of
bifurcation of existing LT circuits through installing new transformers. In many
residential areas, particularly in villages, vast networks of LT cables and service cable
chains (service to service connections) should be rehabilitated.
2.2.10 Use of Connectors
While replacing of overloaded service cables, proper connectors must be used for all
joints. Connectors not only reduce losses in loose jumpers but also improve the
system reliability.
2.2.11 Replacement of Earthings
A large number of fatal and non-fatal accidents of DISCO employees, public, and
animals is partly a consequence of deteriorated earthing (which may be due to
chemical changes in the earth and poor workmanship.) By replacing faulty earthings
or by installing new ones (where it does not exist), the number of accidents can be
reduced.
2.2.12 Elimination of Loose Joints
Considerable energy losses can be reduced in power distribution by introducing
aluminum connectors, especially of compression and bolted types. Infra red sensors
should be used to detect hot spots.
2.3
Replacement of Defective/Sluggish Metering Equipment

At present, a large number of single as well as three phase meters are defective in the
distribution system. Replacement of meters helps reducing the technical losses, and
increase revenues. At the same time, more accurate energy consumption data becomes
available for planning purposes.
3. CAPACITOR APPLICATION
Power factor improvement is an important distribution rehabilitation measure, which
gives a high rate of return on investments. The losses in a distribution system are reduced
with respect to the power factor as follows:
1
Reduction in losses
(Cos 2)
)
2
(Cos 1)
Where, stands for directly proportional to,

Cos 2 is the PF after installing the capacitor, and
Cos 1 is the PF before installing the capacitor.
For example, if the power factor is improved from 0.7 (power factor square =
0.49) to 0.95 (power factor square =0.90), the new losses will be about 54% of the
original losses and the savings will be about 46%.
Benefits from capacitor applications are substantial if the capacitor is installed
close to the load. For instance, installation of capacitors on individual motors will result
in off setting the low motor power factor and efficiency, as well as in reduction of losses
in service cables, LT Lines, transformers and HT lines.
Installation of capacitors can be categorized into fixed and switched (which can
be disconnected during off-peak periods) capacitors to avoid voltage increase during
periods of low demand, especially at night. Furthermore, capacitor installation in
transmission network and grid station must also be taken into account while estimating
the maximum capacity of distribution capacitors that can be installed without resulting in
leading power factor in the power generators.
3.1
Power Factor
Irrespective of the nature of voltage and current, the power factor may be defined as:
i. Cosine of angle of lead or lag
9
ii. The ratio
R
Z
iii. The ratio
Resistance
Impedance
True Power _
Apparent Power
If the voltage and current are both sinusoidal then

Power Factor =
kW =
kVA
kVA Cos
kVA
= Cos
Where, is phase (angle) difference between voltage and current.
3.2
For an ideal power distribution system, the power factor should be close to (less than
but not greater than) unity. If power factor is low i.e. less than unity, it means total
power is not being consumed.
Usually, the power factor of distribution system is lagging which is due to inductive
behavior of the load.
Leading power factor also increases energy loss of the system. Therefore, the PF
should be maintained close to unity.
Power Triangle
For three phase system:
Active or True Power
P =
3 VI Cos
Reactive Power
Q =
3 VI Sin
Apparent Power
S =
3 VI
These three powers are shown in power triangle as below:

Where, S = (P + Q)
P
Q
S
10
Example:
Effect of PF on release of active power
S
PF
P
Q
Generator
Generator
= 100 kVA
= 0.8
= 80 kW
= 60 kVAR
S
PF
P
Q
= 100 kVA
= 1.0
= 100 kW
= 0 kVAR
The above example clearly indicates that a generator of total power 100 kVA will supply
maximum of 80 kW of active power to load with PF = 0.8 and the same generator will
supply maximum of 100 kW of active power to a load with PF = 1.
3.3
Disadvantages of Low Power Factor

As we know
PF = Cos
= kW
kVA
or
In case of three phase system kVA =
therefore,
kVA ,
3 V
kVA
kVA
3 VI,
= kW
Cos
or
From above, it reveals that kVA is directly proportional to current. The major
disadvantage of low PF is that current required for a given useful (kW) power will be
high.
Suppose a three phase balanced system is supplying a load W at voltage V and PF
Cos , then the current flowing through the conductor is
I
W
3 V Cos
11
A low PF obviously means a higher current and this fact leads to the following
undesirable results.
Increase in line losses

Line losses are proportional to I, which means proportional to 1/(Cos ). Thus losses at
Cos = 0.8 are 1/(0.8) = 1.57 times those at unity power factor.
Large kVA Supply Required for a Given Amount of kW Load

Rating of generators and transformers are proportional to current I, and
hence, to 1/Cos .
Thus kVA at Cos = 0.8 is 1/0.8 = 1.25 times that at unity power factor.
Therefore, large generators and transformers are required for the same amount of
active power at low PF
Poor Voltage Regulation

Low lagging power factor causes a large voltage drop.
VD
= (R x W) + (XL x VAR)
V
Low PF means more VAR in the system; hence, increase in voltage drop. Therefore,
additional equipment for regulation is required to keep the voltage drop within the
prescribed limits.
The disadvantages of low power factor are summarized below:
In transmission/distribution lines only the active component of the current is useful.
When PF is low, the phase (active) component is small but the reactive component is
large. Hence, large supply (of apparent) current is required for the same amount of active
(load) current. Large reactive component means, large voltage drop, and hence, greater
copper losses requiring voltage regulation equipment, and decreasing the power
equipment efficiency.
12
Electricity utilities usually are bound to maintain the voltage at customers terminals
within prescribed limits. They have to incur additional capital cost of tap changing gear
on transformers. So, the electricity authorities penalize the industrial customers for their
low PF by charging increased tariff for maximum kVA demand in addition to the kW
charges. Obviously, it is advantageous for the customer to improve his own (i.e. load) PF.
3.4
Power Factor Improvement

Power factor can be improved by supplying kVAR to the inductive load. The techniques
to improve the PF are:
With synchronous motors

With capacitors
Synchronous motors are not commonly used in distribution network for PF

improvement because they require regular maintenance and also are expensive. This
method can be used to raise PF of system having large induction motor loads.
In distribution system, capacitors are the most common method for power factor
improvement being the least expensive and almost maintenance free.
3.5
Power Factor Improvement with Capacitors

Capacitor is a static source of reactive power (i.e. leading reactive current). It
compensates the lagging current of load. There are two types of capacitors according to
their mode of installation:
i.
ii.
Series Capacitors
Shunt Capacitors
Series Capacitors have some drawbacks. First, all load current has to flow through
capacitors, so, when the load increases, larger capacitors are needed. Second, it boosts
the voltage up at the point of installation.
Shunt Capacitors are more suitable for installation on the distribution feeder as it
produces a uniform voltage boost per unit of length of line, out of its point of
application toward the remote end. Therefore, it should be installed as far out on the
distribution system as possible, close to the load requiring the kVAR. Shunt
13
capacitors have two advantages: Adding capacitors releases circuit capacity to

accommodate more load; and it relieves over loaded circuits.
There are two types of shunt capacitors:
i. Switched capacitors
ii. Fixed capacitors
Switched Capacitor
Switched capacitor banks are programmable capacitors and can be switched

on/off during load cycles by different program settings. Time clocks, temperature,
voltage, current, and reactive power controls are common actuators for capacitor
switching.
Switched capacitors are usually applied (if economical) to improve the power
factor to make it equal to 0.97 at peak load.
Fixed Capacitors
3.6
Fixed capacitor banks are usually applied (if economical) to improve the power
factor close to (or less than but not greater than) unity at light load and are
permanently connected to the system through fuses.
Proposed permanently connected capacitor application should be checked to make

sure that the voltage to some customers should not rise too high during light load
periods.
Fixed capacitors are quite cheap as compared to switched capacitors. Therefore,

more often these are used (in distribution network) rather than the switched
capacitors.
Benefits of Shunt Capacitors on Distribution System
Reactive power compensation i.e. reduction of kVA loading on the source; therefore,
more kW load can be added without augmenting the existing line conductors.
Power factor improvement
14
3.7
Reduction in line current i.e. reduction in lagging component of circuit current
Reduction in power system losses i.e. in both I R (the active power loss) and I X (the
reactive power loss)
Reduction in voltage drop i.e. increase in voltage level at the load end
Reduction in investment in system facilities per kW of load supplied
Advantage No.1 is a direct consequence of installing a shunt capacitor because the

same supplies the reactive demand to the load (kVAR), relieving the system from
extra burden of reactive power. Thus, with reactive power compensation, all other
advantages are automatically achieved.
Vector Representation of Power Factor Improvement

After improving PF from 1 to 2, kVAR is reduced from Q1 to Q2. The difference in
kVAR is due to the capacitor that supplies leading kVAR (Qc) to partially neutralize the
lagging kVAR of the system.
Qc = Q1 Q2
Leading kVAR supplied by capacitor is
Qc = P (tan 1 tan 2)
2
1
Q2 (kVAR)
S2 (kVA)
Q1
S1 (kVA)
Qc (kVAR)
Fig 1: Vector Representation of PF Improvement
15
Before Capacitor Installation
After Capacitor Installation
1= Phase angle before Improvement
2= Phase angle after improvement
P1 = Active power (kW) at 1
P2 = Active power (kW) at 2
S1 = Apparent power (kVA) at 1
S2 = Apparent power (kVA) at 2
Q1= Reactive power (kVAR) at 1
Q2= Reactive power (kVAR) at 2
3.8
Effect of Shunt Capacitors on Feeder Voltage Profile

The effect of shunt capacitor application on voltage profile of feeder with uniformly
distributed load is illustrated in the figure below:
Sub Station
Uniformly distributed Load
Capacitor
Rise produced
by Capacitor
Volts
Reference
Feeder Profile
with Capacitor
Feeder Profile
without Capacitor
Sub Station
Distance
Fig 2: Voltage Profile of Feeder With & Without Shunt Capacitor
Capacitors produce a voltage rise because of it supplies leading current that

compensates the inductive reactance of the feeder.
As is seen in the above figure, this voltage rise increases linearly from zero at sub
station to its maximum value at the capacitor location.
Between the capacitor location and the remote end (i.e. load end) of the feeder, the
voltage rise due to capacitor is at its maximum value.
16
3.9
When the capacitor voltage-rise profile is combined with the original feeder voltage
profile, the resulting net voltage profile is obtained.
The capacitor increases the voltage level all along the feeder, resulting also in
improved voltage spread.
Proposed permanently connected capacitor application should be checked to make

sure that voltage to some customers near the capacitor location should not exceed the
permissible limits during light load periods.
Switched capacitor application should be checked to minimize the voltage flicker

caused by the switching of the capacitor bank.
Effect of Series Capacitor on Feeder Voltage Profile

The effect of series capacitor application on voltage profile of a feeder with uniformly
distributed load is illustrated in the figure below:
Sub Station
Uniformly distributed Load
Series Capacitor
Rise produced by
Series Cap
Volts
Sub Station
Reference
Distance
Fig 3: Voltage Profile of Feeder With & Without Series Capacitor
17
Feeder Profile
with series Cap
Feeder Profile
without series
Capacitor
The series capacitor produces no voltage effect between the supply source and the
capacitor location and its entire boost effect is between the capacitor location and the
remote end of the feeder.
3.10
Effect of Voltage Regulator on Feeder Voltage Profile

The effect of feeder voltage regulator on voltage profile of a feeder with uniformly
distributed load is shown in the figure below:
Sub Station
Uniformly distributed
Load
Voltage Regulator
Rise produced
by regulator
Volts
Sub Station
Reference
Distance
Feeder Profile
with regulator
Feeder Profile
without regulator
Fig 4: Voltage Profile of Feeder With & Without Regulator

Like series capacitor, voltage regulator also produces no voltage effect between
the supply source and the regulator location and its entire boost effect is between the
regulator location and the remote end of the feeder.
3.11
Common Methods of Connecting Capacitors

Most common methods of connecting capacitors are as under:
3-Phase Grounded Wye

3-Phase Ungrounded Wye
3-Phase Delta
Single Phase
18
HT
LT
Fuse
Gnd
Grounded wye
Delta
Ungrounded wye
S/P Ground
to Neutral
Fig 5: Common Methods for Connecting Capacitors
Grounded wye and ungrounded wye connections are usually made on high voltage
(HT) circuits; whereas delta, and single-phase connections are usually made on low
voltage (LT) circuits.
Majority of capacitor equipment installed on distribution feeders is connected in

grounded wye.
Advantages of Grounded Wye Connection over Ungrounded Wye Connection
With grounded wye connection, capacitor tanks/frames are at ground potential. This
provides increased personnel safety.
Grounded wye connections provides faster operation of the series fuse in case of a
capacitor failure.
Grounded capacitors can bypass some line surges to the ground and, thus, to some
degree provide a self-protection from transient voltages and lightning surges.
Grounded wye connection also provides a low impedance path for harmonic currents.
19
3.12
If capacitors are electrically connected in ungrounded wye configuration, the

maximum fault current would be limited to three times line current. In case of large
fault current, generally 5000 A, current limiting fuses must be employed.
How Many Capacitors to Install?

The number of capacitors to install to raise the power factor from one value to another
can be computed by using Table-1.
20
TABLE -1
How Many Capacitors to Install

Capacitors are rated in kilovars. The number of capacitor kilovars to be installed can be computed simply from the
following table, For example, with a load of 200 kW at 77% power factor, how many capacitor kilovars are needed to
improve a power factor to 95%?
From the following table select the factor 0.500 that corresponds to the present 77% reading to the right and the
improve power factor 95% reading downward. Then 200 kW x0.500 = 100 kVAR required.
Corrected power factor percentage
Present
power factor
percentage
80
81
82
50
0.982
1.008
51
0.937
0.962
52
0.893
53
21
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
10.03
1.06
1.086
1.112
1.139
1.165
1.192
1.220
1.248
1.276
1.306
1.337
1.369
1.403
1.442
1.481
1.529
1.590
0.989
1.015
1.041
1.067
1.094
1.120
1.147
1.175
1.203
1.231
1.261
1.292
1.324
1.358
1.395
1.436
1.484
1.544
0.919
0.945
0.097
0.1
1.023
1.050
1.076
1.103
1.131
1.159
1.187
1.217
1.248
1.280
1.314
1.351
1.392
1.440
1.500
0.850
0.876
0.902
0.928
0.095
0.980
1.007
1.033
1.060
1.088
1.116
1.144
1.174
1.205
1.237
1.271
1.308
1.349
1.397
1.457
54
0.809
0.835
0.861
0.887
0.913
0.939
0.966
0.992
1.019
0.105
1.075
1.103
1.133
1.164
1.196
1.23
1.267
1.308
1.356
1.416
55
0.769
0.795
0.821
0.847
0.873
0.899
0.926
0.952
0.979
1.007
0.104
1.063
1.090
1.124
1.156
1.19
1.228
1.268
1.316
1.377
56
0.730
0.756
0.782
0.808
0.834
0.860
0.887
0.913
0.940
0.968
0.996
1.024
1.051
1.085
1.117
1.151
1.189
1.229
1.277
1.338
57
0.692
0.718
0.744
0.770
0.796
0.822
0.849
0.875
0.902
0.930
0.958
0.986
1.013
1.047
1.079
1.113
1.151
1.191
1.239
1.300
58
0.655
0.681
0.707
0.733
0.759
0.785
0.812
0.838
0.865
0.893
0.921
0.949
0.098
1.010
1.042
1.076
1.114
1.154
1.202
1.263
59
0.618
0.644
0.670
0.696
0.722
0.748
0.775
0.801
0.828
0.856
0.884
0.912
0.939
0.973
1.005
1.039
1.077
1.117
1.165
1.226
60
0.584
0.610
0.636
0.662
0.688
0.740
0.741
0.767
0.794
0.822
0.850
0.878
0.905
0.939
0.971
1.005
1.043
1.083
1.131
1.192
61
0.549
0.575
0.601
0.627
0.653
0.679
0.706
0.732
0.759
0.787
0.815
0.843
0.870
0.904
0.936
0.97
1.008
1.048
1.096
1.157
62
0.515
0.541
0.567
0.593
0.619
0.645
0.672
0.698
0.725
0.753
0.781
0.809
0.836
0.870
0.902
0.936
0.974
1.014
1.062
1.123
63
0.483
0.509
0.535
0.561
0.587
0.613
0.640
0.666
0.693
0.721
0.749
0.777
0.804
0.838
0.870
0.904
0.942
0.982
1.030
1.091
64
0.450
0.476
0.502
0.528
0.554
0.580
0.607
0.633
0.660
0.688
0.716
0.744
0.771
0.805
0.837
0.871
0.909
0.949
0.997
1.058
65
0.419
0.445
0.471
0.497
0.523
0.549
0.576
0.602
0.629
0.657
..685
0.713
0.740
0.774
0.806
0.84
0.878
0.918
0.966
1.027
66
0.388
0.414
0.44
0.466
0.492
0.518
0.545
0.571
0.598
0.626
0.554
0.682
0.709
0.743
0.775
0.809
0.847
0.887
0.935
0.996
67
0.358
0.384
0.410
0.436
0.462
0.488
0.515
0.541
0.568
0.596
0.624
0.652
0.679
0.713
0.745
0.779
0.817
0.857
0.905
0.966
68
0.329
0.355
0.381
0.407
0.433
0.459
0.486
0.512
0.539
0.567
0.595
0.623
0.650
0.684
0.716
0.75
0.788
0.828
0.876
0.937
69
0.299
0.325
0.351
0.377
0.403
0.429
0.456
0.482
0.509
0.537
0.565
0.593
0.620
0.654
0.686
0.72
0.758
0.798
0.84
0.907
70
0.270
0.296
0.322
0.348
0.374
0.400
0.427
0.453
0.480
0.508
0.536
0.564
0.591
0.625
0.657
0.691
0.729
0.769
0.811
0.878
71
0.242
0.268
0.294
0.320
0.346
0.372
0.399
0.425
0.452
0.480
0.508
0.536
0.563
0.597
0.629
0.663
0.701
0.740
0.783
0.850
72
0.213
0.239
0.265
0.291
0.317
0.343
0.370
0.396
0.423
0.451
0.479
0.507
0.534
0.568
0.600
0.634
0.672
0.712
0.754
0.821
73
0.186
0.212
0.238
0.264
0.290
0.316
0.343
0.369
0.396
0.424
0.452
0.48
0.507
0.541
0.573
0.607
0.645
0.685
0.727
0.794
74
0.159
0.185
0.211
0.237
0.263
0.289
0.316
0.342
0.369
0.397
0.425
0.453
0.480
0.514
0.546
0.58
0.618
0.658
0.700
0.767
75
0.132
0.158
0.184
0.210
0.236
0.262
0.289
0.315
0.342
0.370
0.398
0.426
0.453
0.487
0.519
0.553
0.591
0.631
0.673
0.740
TABLE -1
How Many Capacitors to Install

Capacitors are rated in kilovars. The number of capacitor kilovars to be installed can be computed simply from
the
following table, For example, with a load of 200 kW at 77% power factor, how many capacitor kilovars are needed to
improve a power factor to 95%?
From the following table select the factor 0.500 that corresponds to the present 77% reading to the right and the
improve power factor 95% reading downward. Then 200 kW x0.500 = 100 kVAR required.
Corrected power factor percentage
Present
power factor
percentage
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
76
0.105
0.131
0.157
0.183
0.209
0.235
0.262
0.288
0.315
0.343
0.371
0.399
0.426
0.460
0.492
0.526
0.564
0.604
0.652
0.713
77
0.079
0.105
0.131
0.157
0.182
0.209
0.236
0.262
0.289
0.317
0.345
0.373
0.400
0.434
0.466
0.5
0.538
0.578
0.620
0.687
78
0.053
0.079
0.105
0.131
0.156
0.182
0.210
0.236
0.263
0.291
0.319
0.347
0.374
0.408
0.440
0.474
0.512
0.552
0.594
0.661
79
0.026
0.520
0.078
0.104
0.130
0.156
0.183
0.209
0.236
0.264
0.292
0.320
0.347
0.381
0.413
0.447
0.485
0.525
0.567
0.634
80
0.000
0.026
0.052
0.078
0.104
0.130
0.157
0.183
0.210
0.238
0.266
0.294
0.321
0.355
0.387
0.421
0.459
0.499
0.541
0.608
0.000
0.026
0.052
0.078
0.104
0.131
0.157
0.184
0.212
0.240
0.268
0.295
0.329
0.361
0.395
0.433
0.473
0.515
0.582
0.000
0.026
0.052
0.078
0.105
0.131
0.158
0.186
0.214
0.242
0.269
0.303
0.335
0.369
0.407
0.447
0.489
0.556
0.000
0.026
0.052
0.079
0.105
0.132
0.160
0.188
0.216
0.243
0.277
0.309
0.343
0.381
0.421
0.463
0.530
0.000
0.026
0.053
0.079
0.106
0.134
0.162
0.190
0.217
0.251
0.283
0.317
0.355
0.395
0.437
0.504
0.000
0.027
0.053
0.080
0.108
0.136
0.164
0.191
0.225
0.257
0.291
0.290
0.369
0.417
0.478
0.026
0.053
0.081
0.109
0.137
0.167
0.198
0.230
0.265
0.301
0.343
0.390
0.451
0.027
0.055
0.082
0.111
0.141
0.172
0.204
0.238
0.275
0.317
0.364
0.425
0.280
0.560
0.084
0.114
0.145
0.177
0.211
0.248
0.290
0.337
0.398
0.028
0.056
0.086
0.117
0.149
0.183
0.220
0.262
0.309
0.370
0.028
0.058
0.089
0.121
0.155
0.192
0.234
0.281
0.342
0.030
0.061
0.093
0.127
0.164
0.206
0.253
0.314
0.310
0.063
0.097
0.134
0.176
0.223
0.284
0.032
0.066
0.103
0.145
0.192
0.253
0.034
0.071
0.113
0.160
0.221
0.037
0.079
0.126
0.187
0.042
0.089
0.150
0.047
0.108
81
82
83
84
85
22
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
0.061
3.13
How to Select a Location of a Capacitor?
The application of shunt capacitor to a distribution feeder produces a uniform voltage

boost per unit length of line, out of its point of application toward the remote end.
Therefore, it should be installed as far out on distribution system as possible, close to
load requiring the kVAR.
Many factors influence the location of capacitor such as the number of circuits, the
length of the circuits, variation in load, load factor, type of motors, distribution of
loads, and the load distribution (uniform or other wise).
Maximum loss reduction on a feeder with distributed load is obtained by installing

capacitor banks on the feeder where the capacitor kilovars is equal to twice the
load kilovars. This rule holds whether one or more than one capacitor bank is applied
to a feeder.
Thumb rule for locating a single capacitor bank on a feeder with uniformly
distributed load is that the maximum loss reduction can be obtained when capacitor
kilovars of the bank is equal to two thirds of kilovars load on the feeder. This
bank should be located at two third of the distance out toward the distributed loaded
portion.
To and fro shifting of the capacitor bank location, by as much as 10% of the total
feeder length, from the point of maximum loss reduction, does not appreciably affect
the losses.
Therefore, in order to make the most out of the capacitors loss reduction and voltage
benefits, it is a practice in view of future growth, to apply the capacitor bank just
beyond the optimum loss reduction location.
Computer softwares (mentioned in the chapter Introduction) are used to perform

capacitor placement optimization, to indicate the location where maximum reduction
in losses and voltage drops is achieved.
23
3.14
Capacitor Applications In LT Circuits

Use of shunt capacitors to raise the power factor and subsequently lowering the kVA
demand in LT circuits too, is also recommended.
Procedure for Capacitor Selection

The procedure to select shunt capacitors for LT circuits is explained through an example:
Example
GIVEN:
Existing LT circuit is shown in the Figure-6. Four customers, with

varying off peak loading and power factors, are situated at locations 5,
6, 7, and 8.
DESIRED:
Calculate the optimum number and sizes of fixed capacitors to raise

the power factor to 0.95. Find also the capacity released in kVA
demand.
SOLUTION
Refer the Fig-6 and the table 2.
STEP 1:
Measure sectional off peak kVA demand (or consider it as 40% of the
peak value.)
STEP 2:
Calculate off peak kW, power factor, and kVAR for each section
(table 2).
STEP 3:
Determine the kVAR demand of the sections exhibiting low power

factors.
(Sections 2-6, and 4-8 exhibit low power factor. The kVAR demand in
these sections is 6 kVAR and 28 kVAR respectively.)
STEP 4:
Select fixed capacitor banks of the appropriate size to compensate the

kVAR demand in the troubled sections.
24
(A 6 kVAR fixed capacitor bank is selected for section 2 - 6 and,

20 kVAR capacitor bank for section 4 - 8.)
STEP 5:
Calculate the new power factor in the affected sections and compare it
with the actual measurements.
(Power factor are improved from 0.80 to 1.0 in the section 2-6 and
from 0.70 to 0.95 in the section 4-8.)
STEP 6:
Calculate the new kVA demand in section 2-6 and 4-8 based on
improved power factors.
(This is 6 kVA and 29.5 kVA respectively.)
STEP 7:
Calculate the value of released kVA by subtracting new kVA demand

from the existing kVA demand.
(Existing kVA demand
= 60.0 kVA
New kVA demand
= 47.28 kVA
Net capacity released
= 12.72 kVA )
25
CAPACITOR APPLICATIONS IN LT CIRCUITS

FOR OFF PEAK CONDITIONS
SKETCH
10 kVA
at 0.80 PF
5 kVA
at 0.95 PF
6 kVAR
capacitor
5
50 m
0
100 m
26
150 m
150 m
1
150 m
75 m
150 m
50 m
200 kVA
sub station
40 kVA
at 0.70 PF
5 kVA
at 0.95 PF
7
Fig 6:
OFF PEAK TOTAL LOAD = 60 KVA
CONDUCTOR USED = ANT
20 kVAR
capacitor 8
TABLE-2
CAPACITOR APPLICATIONS IN LT CIRCUITS
Refer to Figure-6
ORIGINAL CONDITIONS
IMPROVED CONDITIONS
(OFF PEAK)
SECTION
SECTION
SECTION
OFF PEAK
P.F.
KVA
SECTION
FIXED
(OFF PEAK)
SECTION
CAPACITORS
NEW
NEW
KW
KVAR
APPLIED
SECTIONAL
SECTIONAL
SECTION
= KVA*PF
= KVA*SIN
(KVAR)
KVAR
P.F. *
KVA
1-5
0.95
4.75
1.56
0.00
1.56
0.95
5.00
2-6
10
0.80
8.00
6.00
6.00
0.00
1.00
8.00
3-7
0.95
4.75
1.56
0.00
1.56
0.95
5.00
4-8
40
0.70
28.00
28.57
20.00
8.57
0.96
29.28
Total:
60
47.28
Cos = Cos(tan-1(kVAR/kW))
27
4. PLANNING PROCEDURE
4.1
Rehabilitation/Renovation/Augmentation of HT Distribution Network

4.1.1 Selection Criteria / Guidelines for HT Network to be rehabilitated
i) The annual losses of a feeder include both technical as well as administrative losses,
and thus, do not give the true picture of losses to be reduced by technical measures. It
is possible that a feeder has more administrative loss but less technical loss and
similarly, there might be a feeder with less administrative loss but more technical
loss. Therefore, while bifurcating, reconductoring, or installing capacitor this should
be kept in view and selection must be based on technical loss of the feeder.
ii) The feeders selected for rehabilitation/renovation should be based on their peak load,
length, technical/geographical aspects and keeping in view the particular problems of
the area to achieve the maximum benefits not only in term of reducing losses and
improving in voltage drop but also to provide stable/uninterrupted power supply to
the customer.
It means that higher priority should be given to those 11 kV feeders, which are
heavily loaded and contribute high technical losses to the system and high voltage
drop at the customers end.
iii) No doubt, the load and the loss on a particular feeder are the main criteria for
bifurcation of a feeder but in some cases a lightly loaded but lengthy feeder also
requires bifurcation to reduce the line losses, improve the voltage drop and reliability
of supply.
iv) In some cases bifurcation of a feeder is required, where technical parameters i.e.
%AEL and % VD are almost within limits but the feeder is running over loaded (e.g.
near 400 A.) Here, bifurcation of the feeder is necessary in order to avoid unnecessary
trippings due to overloading.
v) Bifurcation of a feeder in some cases is also required at the time of creation of a new
sub division to avoid sharing of load between sub divisions or for inter-adjustment of
feeders of different divisions/sub divisions.
28
vi) Each and every feeder involved in the particular proposal should be evaluated
technically on the basis of latest data collected from field formation, and only those
feeders should be selected which contribute high energy loss and voltage drop. Thus
as per existing condition of the network, only those proposals should be executed
which give maximum technical as well as financial benefits.
The required Benefit/Cost ratio for HT proposals for the year 2003-04 is as under:
For Reconductoring, Bifurcation & Area Planning Proposals
> = 2.0
For the subsequent years the Benefit/Cost ratio for HT proposals may be taken as
under or as its amendment issued later on:
a) For Reconductoring Proposals
b) For Bifurcation & Area Planning Proposals
> = 1.5
> = 2.0
The main criteria for proposal selection is the B/C ratio, however, following
method may be adapted where needed, for prioritization of proposals:
TABLE 3: PRIORITIZATION OF HT PROPOSALS

% AEL
Share: 50 %
Value
Weight
34
1
45
2
56
3
67
4
78
5
89
6
9 10
7
> 10
10
% VD
Share: 30 %
Value
Weight
5 10
1
10 15
2
15 20
3
20 25
4
25 30
5
30 35
6
35 40
7
> 40
10
B/C Ratio
Share: 20 %
Value
Weight
12
1
23
2
34
3
45
4
56
5
67
6
78
7
>8
10
Over all weight of HT proposal = 50%(weight of % AEL)+ 30%( weight of % VD)

+ 20% (weight of B/C Ratio)
Thus, the proposals getting larger overall weight should be given higher priority.
In this way a list of proposals may be sorted out and prioritized.
vii) In certain cases where a feeder needs to be rehabilitated/renovated due to some
particular problems but it does not fulfill the above criteria of selection, then
29
proposal may be developed subject to the condition that benefit cost ratio as given
above is achieved, and in those cases where benefit cost ratio is not achieved, the
same may be carried out under DOP head, if at all considered essential /
inevitable requirement of the field. (See details on page 109.)
4.1.2 Development of HT Proposal (Phase-I)
i.
Operation formation will develop the HT proposal and submit to P&D directorate
along with following information/documents for further scrutiny/approval.
Data/Information Collection
(a) Purpose to generate the proposal
(b) Single line diagram (90) of existing and proposed network as per Format-I,
indicating conductor size, transformer rating, node to node distance, capacitor size
and disconnecting switch, etc.
(c) Survey of Pakistan (SOP) or geographical maps marked with single line diagram
indicating existing and proposed situations on separate sheets as per Format-II
(d) Pole-to-pole geographical map of existing and proposed situations of feeders as per
Format-III
(e) Input data sheet (stacking sheet) of existing and proposed feeders as per Format-IV
(f) Month-wise max/min load of grid station power transformers involved in the proposal
for last three years as per Format-V
(g) Month-wise technical data of 11 kV feeders involved in the proposal for last three
years as per Format-VI
(h) Indicate the category of 11kV feeder according to the following:
Urban / Rural / Industrial / Dedicated
(i) Availability of 11kV out going panels at the grid stations and identification of right of
way problems
30
(j) Certificate regarding the authenticity of data, indicating the verification of site from
Assistant/Dy manager concerned and countersigned by Dy manager (Technical) of
the Circle as per sample given under Format-VII
(k) Single geographical maps marked with all the feeders, one map each for existing and
proposed situations, in case of Area Planning proposal (where more than one feeders
are involved)
ii.
Technical Analysis and Other Important Parameters Kept in View for Technical
Analysis
(a) Load flow studies of existing and proposed situation of feeders (with and without
capacitor) should be carried at peak load (without growth) by using FDRANA or
PSS-Adept soft wares (already available in each DISCO.)
(b) The results of existing and proposed conditions (with and without growth) at zero
year study should be compiled as per Formats-VIII (A&B) & IX (A&B)
respectively.
(c) Net benefits/savings in losses that would be achieved (with & without growth) should
be calculated as per Formats-X (A&B).
(d) The average power factor of 11kV feeder may be calculated by taking the reading of
kWh and kVARh meters installed at grid stations or power factor meter, if available.
If power factor reading is not available, then assume the power factor as under:
0.80
0.85
0.95
for Rural feeder

for Urban feeder
for Under Ground System
(e) The average load factor may be calculated by using the formula as given below:
Units Sent
Average Load Factor
, or
8760 x PF x Peak kVA
Average Load
=
Maximum Load
31
If the actual load factor is not available, then it should be assumed as under:
i)
ii)
iii)
for Urban feeder

for Urban/Rural
for Rural
60%
50%
40%
For more than one feeders, having different load factors, overall weighted average
load factor should be calculated as below:
LF1 x PL1+LF2 x PL2+LF3 x PL3+

Weighted Load Factor =
PL1+PL2+PL3+
Where, LF stands for Load Factor,
and
PL stands for Peak Load and is taken in Amp.
In case actual load factor is not found to be close to the above-mentioned values,
the case shall be discussed with Director (Distribution Planning). For industrial
feeders and continuous process industries, especially where independent feeders are
proposed, the actual load factors shall be computed.
iii.
Cost Estimation
(a) Geographical (pole to pole) showing the complete scope of work involved in the
proposals as per Format-XI
(b) BOQ /Cost Estimate of proposed work in co-ordination with Construction formation
as per Work Order Format-XII
(c) Cost estimation is to be carried out according to the prevailing store issue rates of
each DISCO (i.e. 12% in built rates). Installation charges will be taken @ 8%.
(d) Dismantlement charges should be taken @ 5% and reinstallation of dismantled
material should be taken as 10%. All dismantled but not reusable material will be
taken as per respective DISCOs disposal rates. For all dismantled transformers
carrying no name plates, the cost will be taken as 50% of the current prices.
Transformers with name plates will have depreciated value, but not less than 50% of
the current price.
32
iv.
Benefit/Cost Analysis
Benefit /Cost calculation shall be carried out (as per Format-XIII) as follows:
Annual Benefits (Rs) 0.04 (NFC) (0.60 x 0.143) (RFC)
with Growth
B/C Ratio =
0.143 (NFC)
Where,
NFC
stands for New Facility Cost (Rs)
RFC
stands for Replaced Facility Cost (Rs)
0.04
O&M charges (4% per annum)
0.60
Depreciation Factor for Replaced Facility
0.143
Capital Recovery Factor (CRF) is the calculated @ 14% opportunity cost

of capital for equipment life of 30 years
(1 - i)n x i
CRF =
(1 + i)n i
n
is the period of study (here 30 years)
is the interest rate (here 14 %)
Benefit with Growth (Rs) = Valuation Factor x Benefit with Growth (kW)
Valuation Factor should be calculated as:
Valuation Factor = Loss Factor x 8760 x Unit Purchase Rate
Where,
Unit Purchase Rate is in Rs/kWh of the respective DISCO, and
8760 are number of hours in a year,
33
Loss Factor = 0.3 (Load Factor) + 0.7 (Load Factor) 2

Load Factor should be calculated as discussed above under item ii (d).
Benefit at growth should be calculated as:
Benefit with Growth (kW) = [((1/Loss Factor) x Savings with Fixed capacitor at off
peak load) + Savings with Switched capacitor at peak
load + (Growth Factor x Savings with Reconductoring
& Bifurcation at peak load )] ------(A)
Where Growth Factor
= 1.196 at 5% load growth for 5-year study period *
* Refer to Annexure-XVI for the Growth factors.

It is suggested that the load flow studies of existing and proposed systems
should be carried out at 5% load growth for 5 years study, and the savings / benefits
should be added directly (in formula A) without multiplying by the growth factor.
Benefit with Growth (Rs.) = Benefit with Growth (kW) x Valuation Factor
Note: As per prevailing practice, in case of reconductoring and bifurcation, load
flow studies of existing and proposed systems are carried out without growth,
and savings / benefits are calculated with growth by multiplying with the
growth factor (1.196) as mentioned above in formula (A).
4.1.3 Approval of Proposal (Phase-II)
a) The proposal supplied by operation staff will be scrutinized/checked by P&D section,
and within 14 days of receipt of proposal, P&D will be bound to submit the
proposal/B.O.Q to Manager Project Construction for any right of way or other
problems.
b) Manager Project construction will return the proposal in next one week.
c) After making necessary corrections pointed out by the Manager Project Construction
in the estimate, Sr Manager P&D will get approval of CE or CEO in next one week
and convey the formal approval along with the Work Order to Manager Project
34
Construction, Manager Operation Circle, Manager Material Management and Finance

Director of the company.
4.1.4 Execution of Proposal (Phase-III)
Manager Project Construction will be bound to complete the whole work within 60
days of issue of Work Order and to intimate to all the concerned.
4.1.5 Completion Report (Phase-IV)
After completion of the work, Manager Project Construction will energize/shift the
load as per approved plan in coordination with GSO/Operation formation within 10
days and hand over the work to Operation formation. After energizing/shifting the
load, Manager Project Construction will submit the completion report to P& D
Directorate for inspection as per Format-XIV.
4.1.6 Inspection/Completion Certificate (Phase-V)
All completed works will be finally checked/inspected 100% for all technical
parameters quality and quantity of ELR and DOP by Director (P&E).
He will check/inspect completed work within 30 days of receipt of completion
report from Manager Project Construction and issue completion certificate as per
Format-XV, if the work has been executed according to the approved plan and as per
WAPDA SDI. The check should not ignore even a single missing bolt.
Representatives of Chief Engineer (ELR), WAPDA & Director (Distribution
Planning), WAPDA may also check/inspect any work.
Total time will be restricted to 130 working days (i.e. from approval of proposal
to inspection/completion certificate); the officer mentioned above, will share any
delay beyond this.
35
INFORMATION/DATA
(SAMPLE FORMATS
OF DATA SHEETS/SKETCHES
FOR HT PROPOSALS)
38
39
40
HT FORMAT-IV
INPUT DATA FORM

OF EXISTING & PROPOSED SITUATIONS
Operation Circle_____________
Division__________________ Sub Division______________
Grid Station_________________
Power T/F Capacity ________
Power T/F # ________________
Feeder Type (R, U,D)_________
Feeder Name_____________
Feeder Code_______________
Peak Load________ Month____________ Off Peak Load___________

Node
From
To
Node
Distance Conductor Transformer CAPS/
(kVA)
(km)
Size
Switches From
To
Month_______________
Distance Conductor Transformer CAPS/

(km)
Size
(kVA)
Switches
Note: For PSS/Adept Software, columns for X & Y Coordinates should be incorporated in the format.
41
HT FORMAT-V
Month-Wise Maximum & Minimum Load of Grid Station Power T/Fs Involved in the Proposal
Name of Grid Station_____________________
Power T/F# (
MVA)
Power T/F# (
MVA)
Power T/F# (
MVA)
Off Peak Load (Amps) Peak Load (Amps) Off Peak Load (Amps) Peak Load (Amps) Off Peak Load (Amps)
Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-1 Year-2 Year-3
Peak Load (Amps)
Month
January
February
March
April
42
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Note:
Any Unusual/abnormal maximum/minimum loading of Power T/Fs should also be explained with reasons behind.
HT FORMAT-VI
Month-Wise Technical Data of 11 KV Feeder Involved in the Proposal

Name of 11 kV Feeder______________ Feeder Code_____________ Feeder Connected kVA____________
off Peak Load (Amps)
Peak Load (Amps)
Month
Year-1
Year-2
Year-3
Year-1
Year-2
Max Hour KWH Units Sent Units Sold

Reading in Year-3 in Year-3 in Year-3
Year-3
(kWH)
(kWH)
(kWH)
Losses
kWH
%age
*
Demand
Factor
(%age)
January
February
March
April
May
43
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Average
Total
Note:
Any Unusual/abnormal maximum/minimum loading of 11 KV Feeder should also be explained with reasons behind.
*
Demand Factor = (1.732 x Imax x 11kV) / Circuit's connected kVA
**
Power Factor = Max Hour kWh reading / (1.732 x Imax x 11 kV)
***
Load Factor (monthly) = kWh Units sent per month / (24 x 30 x Max Hour kWh reading)
Note:
Refer to Annexure-III, for calculation of Demand, Power, and Load Factors
**
Power
Factor
(%age)
***
Load
Factor
(%age)
HT FORMAT-VII
DATA AUTHENTICITY CERTIFICATE
Name of HT Proposal _________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________
Certified that I have personally checked the site and found that the Node to Node Length,
Conductor size & Capacity of Transformers shown on the site sketch and all other data related to
proposal are correct. The proposal has been checked at site and found as per actual requirement
of the area. It has not been prepared to benefit to any individual, especially industrial consumer
and is in the interest of maximum Nos. of consumers of the area. After execution it will
definitely reduce energy loss. The proposal has not been prepared in any Private Housing
Scheme/Colonies where the sponsors are required to deposit full amount for its electrification.
Assistant Manager Operation Sub Division
Deputy Manager Operation Division
_____________________
_________________
Deputy Director (Technical) Circle

__________________
44
HT FORMAT-VIII (A)
Name of HT Proposal:__________________________________________________
Summary of Technical Analysis Report
(Existing Position Without Growth)
Sr.
Feeder
Grid
Station
No.
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
Total
off
Nodes Where %VD is not
Annual
Nodes Where
Max
kW
%
%
Length Connected Peak
Peak Total %VD is Within
Within Permissible Limit
Kwh
Power Load
of Line
Factor Factor
Load Load Nodes Permissible
KW
A.E.
(km)
kVA
5-10%10-15%
15-20%
20-25% >25% % VD
Loss
Loss
Limit
(A)
(A)
Loss
Loss
45
HT FORMAT-VIII (B)
(Existing Position With Growth @ 5% for 5 Years)
Sr.
Feeder
Grid
Station
No.
Feeder-1
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
Total
off
Annual
Nodes Where
Max
kW
%
%
Length Connected Peak
Peak Total %VD is Within
Within Permissible Limit
Kwh
Power Load
of Line
Factor Factor
Load Load Nodes Permissible
KW
A.E.
(km)
kVA
5-10%10-15%
15-20%
20-25% >25% % VD
Loss
Loss
Limit
(A)
(A)
Loss
Loss
46
HT FORMAT-IX (A)
(Proposed Position Without Growth)
1. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting etc. (Results at Peak Load)
Sr.
Feeder
No.
Grid Line /Load/Connected KVA Shifted From Total

Nodes
Max Power Load kW
% Annual %
Station
Nodes Where %VD
within prescribed Limit
Factor Factor
kWh
is within 5-10% 10- 15- 20- >25% % VD
Feeder Length Connected Peak Off
Loss KW Loss A.E.
prescribed
of Line
kVA
Load Peak
15% 20% 25%
Loss
Loss
Limit
(km)
(A) Load
(A)
Feeder-1
Feeder-1
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
47
Feeder-2
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-3
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-4
(P)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Total
HT FORMAT-IX (A)
2. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting etc. (Results at off Peak Load)
Sr.
Feeder
No.

Nodes
Max Power Load kW
% Annual %
Station
Nodes Where %VD
Factor Factor
kWh
is within 5-10% 10- 15- 20- >25% % VD
Loss KW Loss A.E.
prescribed
of Line
kVA
Load Peak
15% 20% 25%
Loss
Loss
Limit
(km)
(A) Load
(A)
Feeder-1
Feeder-1
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
48
Feeder-2
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-3
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-4
(P)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Total
HT FORMAT-IX (A)
3. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting, Relocation of Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed Cap at off peak load
Sr.
Feeder
No.

Nodes
Max Power Load kW
% Annual %
Station
Nodes Where %VD
Factor Factor
kWh
is within 5-10% 10- 15- 20- >25% % VD
Loss KW Loss A.E.
prescribed
of Line
kVA
Load Peak
15% 20% 25%
Loss
Loss
Limit
(km)
(A) Load
(A)
Feeder-1
Feeder-1
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
49
Feeder-2
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-3
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-4
(P)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Total
HT FORMAT-IX (A)
4. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting, Relocation of Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed Cap at peak load
Sr.
Feeder
No.

Nodes
Max Power Load kW
% Annual %
Station
Nodes Where %VD
Factor Factor
kWh
is within 5-10% 10- 15- 20- >25% % VD
Loss KW Loss A.E.
prescribed
of Line
kVA
Load Peak
15% 20% 25%
Loss
Loss
Limit
(km)
(A) Load
(A)
Feeder-1
Feeder-1
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
50
Feeder-2
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-3
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-4
(P)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Total
HT FORMAT-IX (A)
5. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting, Relocation of Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed + Switched Cap at peak load
Sr.
Feeder
No.

Nodes
Max Power Load kW
% Annual %
Station
Nodes Where %VD
Factor Factor
kWh
is within 5-10% 10- 15- 20- >25% % VD
Loss KW Loss A.E.
prescribed
of Line
kVA
Load Peak
15% 20% 25%
Loss
Loss
Limit
(km)
(A) Load
(A)
Feeder-1
Feeder-1
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
51
Feeder-2
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-3
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-4
(P)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Total
HT FORMAT-IX (A)
6. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting, Relocation of Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed + Switched Cap And Reconductoring at peak load
Sr.
Feeder
No.

Nodes
Max Power Load kW
% Annual %
Station
Nodes Where %VD
Factor Factor
kWh
is within 5-10% 10- 15- 20- >25% % VD
Loss KW Loss A.E.
prescribed
of Line
kVA
Load Peak
15% 20% 25%
Loss
Loss
Limit
(km)
(A) Load
(A)
Feeder-1
Feeder-1
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
52
Feeder-2
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-3
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-4
(P)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Total
HT FORMAT-IX (B)
(Proposed Position With Growth at @ 5% for 5 Years)
1. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting etc (Results at Peak Load)
Sr.
Feeder
No.

Nodes
Max Power Load kW
% Annual %
Station
Nodes Where %VD
Factor Factor
kWh
is within 5-10% 10- 15- 20- >25% % VD
Loss KW Loss A.E.
prescribed
of Line
kVA
Load Peak
15% 20% 25%
Loss
Loss
Limit
(km)
(A) Load
(A)
Feeder-1
Feeder-1
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
53
Feeder-2
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-3
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-4
(P)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Total
HT FORMAT-IX (B)
2. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting etc. (Results at off Peak Load)
Sr.
Feeder
No.

Nodes
Max Power Load kW
% Annual %
Station
Nodes Where %VD
Factor Factor
kWh
is within 5-10% 10- 15- 20- >25% % VD
Loss KW Loss A.E.
prescribed
of Line
kVA
Load Peak
15% 20% 25%
Loss
Loss
Limit
(km)
(A) Load
(A)
Feeder-1
Feeder-1
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
54
Feeder-2
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-3
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-4
(P)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Total
HT FORMAT-IX (B)
3. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting, Relocation of Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed Cap at off peak load
Sr.
Feeder
No.

Nodes
Max Power Load kW
% Annual %
Station
Nodes Where %VD
Factor Factor
kWh
is within 5-10% 10- 15- 20- >25% % VD
Loss KW Loss A.E.
prescribed
of Line
kVA
Load Peak
15% 20% 25%
Loss
Loss
Limit
(km)
(A) Load
(A)
Feeder-1
Feeder-1
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
55
Feeder-2
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-3
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-4
(P)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Total
HT FORMAT-IX (B)
4. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting, Relocation of Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed Cap at peak load
Sr.
Feeder
No.

Nodes
Max Power Load kW
% Annual %
Station
Nodes Where %VD
Factor Factor
kWh
is within 5-10% 10- 15- 20- >25% % VD
Loss KW Loss A.E.
prescribed
of Line
kVA
Load Peak
15% 20% 25%
Loss
Loss
Limit
(km)
(A) Load
(A)
Feeder-1
Feeder-1
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
56
Feeder-2
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-3
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-4
(P)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Total
HT FORMAT-IX (B)
5. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting, Relocation of Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed + Switched Cap at peak load
Sr.
Feeder
No.

Nodes
Max Power Load kW
% Annual %
Station
Nodes Where %VD
Factor Factor
kWh
is within 5-10% 10- 15- 20- >25% % VD
Loss KW Loss A.E.
prescribed
of Line
kVA
Load Peak
15% 20% 25%
Loss
Loss
Limit
(km)
(A) Load
(A)
Feeder-1
Feeder-1
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
57
Feeder-2
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-3
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-4
(P)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Total
HT FORMAT-IX (B)
6. After Proposed Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting, Relocation of Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed + Switched Cap And Reconductoring at peak load
Sr.
Feeder
No.

Nodes
Max Power Load kW
% Annual %
Station
Nodes Where %VD
Factor Factor
kWh
is within 5-10% 10- 15- 20- >25% % VD
Loss KW Loss A.E.
prescribed
of Line
kVA
Load Peak
15% 20% 25%
Loss
Loss
Limit
(km)
(A) Load
(A)
Feeder-1
Feeder-1
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
58
Feeder-2
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-3
(EM)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Feeder-1
Feeder-4
(P)
Feeder-2
Feeder-3
New Line
Sub Total
Total
HT FORMAT-X (A)
Name of HT Proposal:_____________________________________
Benefits to be Achieved
(Without Growth)
Sr.
No.
Description
a
Existing System (Results at Peak Load)
Proposed System After Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting etc. (Results at

Peak Load)
Saving in Losses = S1 = 1(a) - 1(b)
a
2
b
c
a
59
c
a
4
b
c
Proposed System after Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting etc. (Results at off

Peak Load)
Proposed System after Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting Relocation of Ext
& Newly Proposed Fixed Cap (Results at off Peak Load)
Saving in Losses = S2 = [2(a) - 2(b)] x (1 / Loss Factor)
& Newly Proposed Fixed Cap (Results at Peak Load)
& Newly Proposed Fixed + Switched Cap (Results at Peak Load)
& Newly Proposed Fixed + Switched Cap and Rconductoring (Results at Peak
Load)
Overall Technical Losses of Existing System 1(a)
Overall Technical Losses of Proposed System, 4(b)

A- Overall Savings in Losses due to Relocation of Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed
Capacitors = S2 = [2(c) x 1/Loss Factor]
B- Overall Savings in Losses due to Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting,
Switched Cap and Rconductoring
1(c) + 3(c) + 4(c)
Total Savings (A + B)
Power Loss
%age
Annual Energy Loss
%Age
(kW)
Power Loss
(kWh)
Annual Energy Loss Remarks
HT FORMAT-X (B)
Name of HT Proposal:_____________________________________
Benefits to be Achieved
(With Growth @ 5% for 5 Years)
Sr.
No.
Description
a
Existing System (Results at Peak Load)
Proposed System After Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting etc. (Results at

Peak Load)
a
2
b
c
a
60
c
a
4
b
c
Proposed System after Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting etc. (Results at off

Peak Load)
& Newly Proposed Fixed Cap (Results at off Peak Load)
Saving in Losses = S2 = [2(a) - 2(b)] x (1 / Loss Factor)
& Newly Proposed Fixed Cap (Results at Peak Load)
& Newly Proposed Fixed + Switched Cap and Rconductoring (Results at Peak
Load)
Overall Technical Losses of Existing System 1(a)
Overall Technical Losses of Proposed System, 4(b)

A- Overall Savings in Losses due to Relocation of Ext & Newly Proposed Fixed
Capacitors = S2 = [2(c) x 1/Loss Factor]
B- Overall Savings in Losses due to Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting,
Switched Cap and Rconductoring
1(c) + 3(c) + 4(c)
Total Savings (A + B)
Power Loss
%age
Annual Energy Loss
%Age
(kW)
Power Loss
(kWh)
Annual Energy Loss Remarks
61
HT FORMAT-XII
HT DISTRIBUTION WORK ORDER

COMPANY:_______________________________FUNDING AGENCY: __________________
Work Order No.
- -
Date ___ / ____ /_____
Work Order Title:

OPERATION CIRCLE/DIVISION/SUB DIVSION
CONSTRUCTION DIVISION/SUB DIVSION
______________ /_____________/______________
_______________ /_______________
Proposed Facilities:
450 KVAR
No.
Fixed Capacitors (Relocation of

Existing Cap)
Fixed Capacitors (New)
Conductor
New Line
Reconductoring
UG5
PAN
RAB to DOG
-----to-----
Node Nos.
900 KVAR
No.
Node Nos.
From ____
From ____
____
____
to_____
to_____
____
____
____
____
Line
Line
Line
Line
Length Conductor Length Conductor Length Conductor Length
(KM)
(KM)
(KM)
(KM)
LNX
DOG
RAB
-----to--------to----
-----to--------to----
Work Order Prepared By:
----to--------to-----
Work Order Checked By:
Assistant Manager (Planning)
Deputy Manager (Planning)
AMOUNT TO BE AUTHORIZED BY THIS WORK ORDER

Subject to the availability of Funds:
Rs. ________________
1. Before taking work in hand, it must be ensured that the approved work order does not in any Govt./Private Housing Scheme.
2. This Work Order is not for new Electrification of the area.
Work Order Recommended By:
Work Order Approved By:
Sr. Manager (P&D)

Name:_____________________
Chief Executive/Tech: Dir.

Name:__________________________
Attachments:
Planning Proposals
Cost Benefit Analysis
Others:
Estimate Summary/BOQ
Single Line Diagrams
Sketch Showing Scope of Work
62
HT FORMAT-XII
SUMMARY OF SCOPE OF WORK

NAME OF HT PROPOSAL_______________________________________
New Line/Re-Routing
H.T
Structures/
Sr. Feeder PC Poles
No. Name
Reconductoring / Mid Spanning

H.T
Structures/
PC Poles
Existing
New 450
L.T
L.T
450
KVAR
Line Length (KM)
Line Length (KM)
KVAr
Str/
Str/
Capacitor
Capacitor
P.C
P.C Dog- Dog- Rab- CU5 - GFR- RAB- GFR- CU5- GFR- GSL- Relocated
36' 40' 45' Poles UG5 UG4 LNX DOG RAB 36' 40' 45' Poles
Osp LNX LNX LNX LNX DOG DOG DOG RAB RAB
(31')
(31')
63
Total
HT FORMAT-XII
CONSOLIDATED B.O.Q.
Name of HT Proposal:______________________________________
A- Cost of New Material
Sr.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
Description of Material
Unit
Quantity
Steel Structure 45'

EA
Steel Structure 40'
EA
H.T STR 36'
EA
H.T P.C.C Poles 40'
EA
H.T P.C.C Poles 36'
EA
L.T STR 31'
EA
L.T P.C Pole 31'
EA
Danger Plate
EA
Anti Climbing Device
EA
X - Arms 11 kV Wood
EA
X - Arms 11 kV Steel
EA
Knee Braces
EA
Step Braces
EA
Pin Insulators
EA
Disc Insulators
EA
Spool Insulator
EA
Insulator Pins
EA
D-Strap
EA
Dead End Clamp for Osp, Pan, Lynx
EA
Dead End Clamp for Dog, Rab
EA
Loop Dead End Clamp
EA
Eye Nut
EA
Double Arming Bolt
EA
Anchor Shackles
EA
P.G Connectors for Osp, Pan, Lynx
EA
P.G Connectors for Dog, Rab
EA
P.G Connector for Wasp
EA
P.G Connector for Ant
EA
Nut & Bolts 3 / 8 x 6"
EA
EA
Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 10"
EA
Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 14"
EA
Round Warshers
EA
Square Warshers
EA
Stay Assembly
EA
STAY Wire
KG
MS Clamps
EA
Tie Wire
KG
Earthing Unit Complete
EA
ACSR Osprey
MR
ACSR Lynx
MR
ACSR Dog
MR
ACSR Rabbit
MR
AAC Wasp
MR
AAC Ant
MR
S/C 500 MCM Cable
MR
3/Core 4-AWG Cable
MR
4/C 37/.083 Cable
MR
4/C 19/.083 Cable
MR
Drop Out Cut Out
Set
Plateform Double Structure
EA
Fixed Capacitor (450 KVAR)
Set
Total Cost of New Material
Installation Charges @ 8% Excluding the Cost of HT/LT PC Poles
Total Cost of New Material (A)
64
Unit Price
(Rs.)
Total Price
(Rs.)
HT FORMAT-XII
CONSOLIDATED B.O.Q.
B- MATERIAL TO BE DISMENTLED & RETURNED TO STORE
Sr.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
Unit
Steel Structure 45'

Steel Structure 40'
H.T STR 36'
H.T P.C.C Poles 40'
H.T P.C.C Poles 36'
L.T STR 31'
L.T P.C Pole 31'
Danger Plate
X - Arms 11 kV Wood
Knee Braces
Step Braces
Pin Insulators
Disc Insulators
Spool Insulator
Insulator Pins
D-Strap
Loop Dead End Clamp
Eye Nut
Double Arming Bolt
Anchor Shackles
Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 10"
Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 14"
Round Warshers
Square Warshers
Stay Assembly
STAY Wire
MS Clamps
Tie Wire
ACSR Osprey
ACSR Lynx
ACSR Dog
ACSR Rabbit
AAC Wasp
AAC Ant
S/C 500 MCM Cable
3/Core 4-AWG Cable
4/C 37/.083 Cable
4/C 19/.083 Cable
Drop Out Cut Out
Drop Out Cut Out
Plateform Single Structure
Quantity
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
KG
EA
KG
EA
MR
MR
MR
MR
MR
MR
MR
MR
MR
MR
Set
EA
Set
EA
Dismantlement Charges @ 5%
Total Cost of Dismantled Material Returned to Store (B)
65
Unit Price
(Rs.)
Total Price
(Rs.)
HT FORMAT-XII
CONSOLIDATED B.O.Q.
C- MATERIAL TO BE DISMENTALLED & REUSED

Sr.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
Unit
Steel Structure 45'

Steel Structure 40'
H.T STR 36'
H.T P.C.C Poles 40'
H.T P.C.C Poles 36'
L.T STR 31'
L.T P.C Pole 31'
Danger Plate
X - Arms 11 kV Wood
Knee Braces
Step Braces
Pin Insulators
Disc Insulators
Spool Insulator
Insulator Pins
D-Strap
Loop Dead End Clamp
Eye Nut
Double Arming Bolt
Anchor Shackles
MS Clamps
ACSR Osprey
ACSR Lynx
ACSR Dog
ACSR Rabbit
AAC Wasp
AAC Ant
S/C 500 MCM Cable
3/Core 4-AWG Cable
4/C 37/.083 Cable
4/C 19/.083 Cable
Shifting of --------KVA Transformer
Drop Out Cut Out
Fixed Capacitor (450 KVAR)
Quantity
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
MR
MR
MR
MR
MR
MR
MR
MR
MR
MR
EA
EA
Set
Set
Cost of Material to be Dismantled & Reused

Reinstallation Charges of Dismantled Material @ 15%
Total Cost of Dismantled Material to be Reused (C)
66
Unit Price
(Rs.)
Total Price
(Rs.)
HT FORMAT-XII
CONSOLIDATED B.O.Q.
D- Cost of Material at Grid End

Sr.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Unit
CABLE S/Core 500 MCM Cable

I/D Termination Kit
O/D Termination Kit
Cost of Material
Quantity
Unit Price
(Rs.)
Total Price
(Rs.)
Quantity
Unit Price
(Rs.)
Total Price
(Rs.)
MR
SET
SET
Installation Charges @ 8%
Cost of approval of drawing of Panel &
EA
inspection charges by Design T & G Department
Civil Work at Grid End
Installation/Testing/Labour Charges
11 KV Grid End Panel
EA
EA
EA
Total Cost Of Material at Grid End (D)
E- CONTRACT WORK COST

Sr.
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
Unit
Foundation of 45' Steel Strs

Erection of H.T PCC Poles (36')
Erection of H.T PCC Poles (40')
Erection of L.T PCC Poles
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
Total Cost of Contract Work (E)
COST SUMMARY
A
Cost of New Material (Rs.)
Cost of Dismantled Material Returned to Store (Rs.)
Reinstallation Charges of Dismantled Material (Rs.)

Cost of Material at Grid End (Rs.)
Cost of Contract Work (Rs.)
Total Cost of Work Order (Rs.)
67
HT FORMAT-XII
Name of Proposal:_____________________________________________________________
Detail of Material Required for New Line with ________Conductor
(Section-Wise)
Sr.
No
Feeder
Name
Section*
1
2
3
4
5
Sub Total
1
2
3
4
5
20
Sub Total
68
1
2
3
4
5
Sub Total
1
2
3
4
5
Sub Total
1
2
3
4
5
Sub Total
Total
Poles (Nos.)
Structures Nos.) Conductor/
Section
Length (km) 55' 45' 40' 36' 45' 40' 36'
Cable
1-L
Assemblies For P.C Poles (Nos.)

2-L 7-L 10-L 23-L 15-L 16-L
1-L
Assemblies For Structures (Nos.)

2-L 7-L 10-L 23-L 15-L 16-L
HT FORMAT-XII
Name of Proposal:___________________________________
Detail of Material Required for Reconductoring / Mid Spanning from ____ to ____ Conductor
(Section-Wise)
Sr.
No
Feeder
Name
Section
1
2
3
4
5
Sub Total
69
1
2
3
4
5
Sub Total
1
2
3
4
5
Sub Total
1
2
3
4
5
Sub Total
1
2
3
4
5
Sub Total
Total
Poles
Section
Structures
(Nos.)
(Nos.)
Length
(km)
55' 45' 40' 36' 45' 40' 36'
Conductor/
Cable
Assemblies For P.C Poles

(Nos.)
Assemblies For Structures

(Nos.)
1-L 2-L 7-L 10-L 23-L 15-L 16-L 1-L 2-L 7-L 10-L 23-L 15-L 16-L
Additional
Material, if
any
70
Sr.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
Total
SUB TOTAL
SUB TOTAL
SUB TOTAL
SUB TOTAL
SUB TOTAL
Feeder Name
Section
UG4
UG2
OSP
PAN
LNX
DOG
Conductor Length (km)

RAB
GFR
GSL
36'
Str
P.C Pole
36'
40'
H.T
Detail of Material To Be Dismentalled

(Section-Wise)
Name of Proposal:_____________________________________
Str
L.T
P.C 1-L 2-L
Pole
Assemblies
7-L 10-L 15-L 23-L
Misc. Material
HT FORMAT-XII
71
TOTAL
Sub Total
16-L O,P, L
15-L O,P, L
23-LO, P, L
10-LO, P, L
7-LO, P, L
2-LO, P, L
1-LO, P, L
Sub Total
16-L D, R
15-L D,R
23-LD,R
10-LD,R
7-LD,R
2-LD,R
1-LD,R
Asmbly Unit
P.C Pole Structure
No of Asmb
X-Arm
Pin
Ins
Disc
Ins
Pin
Brace
D/E Eye Double Anch PG 3/8x6" 1/2x6" 2x1/2" 5/8x2" 5/8x10" 5/8x14" Rnd Sqr Stay Stay M.S Clamp
Bolt Wshr Wshr Rod Wire Assembly
Bolt
Clmp Nut Arm Blt Shckl Conn Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt
CONSOLIDATED ASSEMBLIES FOR NEW LINE/RECONDUCTORING/MID SPANNINIG/REPLACEMENT/SHIFTING OF LINE
Name of Proposal __________________________________
HT FORMAT-XII
72
TOTAL
Sub Total
16-L O,P, L
15-L O,P, L
23-LO, P, L
10-LO, P, L
7-LO, P, L
2-LO, P, L
1-LO, P, L
Sub Total
16-L D, R
15-L D,R
23-LD,R
10-LD,R
7-LD,R
2-LD,R
1-LD,R
Asmbly Unit
P.C Pole Structure
No of Asmb
Pin
X-Arm
Ins
Disc
Ins
Pin
D/E Eye Double Anch PG 3/8x6" 1/2x6" 2x1/2" 5/8x2" 5/8x10" 5/8x14" Rnd Sqr Stay Stay M.S Clamp
Brace
Bolt Wshr Wshr Rod Wire Assembly
Bolt
Clmp Nut Arm Blt Shckl Conn Bolt Bolt Bolt Bolt
DISMENTLLED ASSEMBLIES
Name of Proposal __________________________________
HT FORMAT-XII
73
due to Bifurcation/Shifting of load/Rerouting etc.

due to Fixed Capacitor Banks
due to Switched Capacitor Banks
due to Reconductoring
BENEFIT COST RATIO =
0.143 (NFC)
The valuation Factor is to be revised regularly (say annually)
The proposal is technical & ecnomical Feasible
B/C Ratio =
Yes
___________
S7 0.04 (NFC) 0.0858 (RFC)
RFC
Replaced Facility Cost
Benefit Cost Ratio
= Rs.________
= _______ kW
No
= Rs.________
= Rs.________
= Valuation Factor = Loss Factor x 8760 x Electricity Purchase Rate * = Rs. _________ / kW / Annum
S7
NFC
VF
= VF x S6
S6
= _______ kW
S5
_______ kW
_______ kW
_______ kW
_______ kW
=
=
=
=
S1
S2
S3
S4
New Facility Cost
Where,
Value of Benefits with Growth
Total Saving in Losses with Growth [((S1+S4) x F) +(S2 + S3)]

F = Growth Factor = 1.196 @ 5% growth for 5 years
Where,
With Growth
Total Saving in Losses without Growth (S1 +S2 +S3 + S4)
Saving in Losses
Saving in Losses
Saving in Losses
Saving in Losses
Without Growth
Benefit / Cost Calculation
HT FORMAT-XIII
HT FORMAT-XIV
COMPLETION REPORT
Name of HT Proposal_______________________________
Work Order No. & Date________________
Operation Circle______________
Operation Division______________Operation S/Div_________
Construction Division______________
Construction S/Div_________
Date of Completion_______
Quantity
Sr.
No.
MATERIAL
UNIT
As per
W/O
Issued
Actual Variation From

Installed W/O
Issued
6
7=4-6
8=5-6
A. NEW WORK
1
5
6
PC/SPUN POLES
31 FEET
36 FEET
40 FEET
45 FEET
55 FEET
LATICE STEEL STRUCTURES
31 FEET
36 FEET
40 FEET
45 FEET
55 FEET
WOODEN/STEEL CROSS ARM
11 KV WOODEN
11 KV STEEL
INSULATORS
11 KV PIN TYPE
11 KV DISC TYPE
L.T. SPOOL TYPE
PINS
11 KV INSULATOR PINS
CROSS ARM BRACES
11 KV KNEE BRACE
11 KV STEP BRACE
NEW HT LINE
GOPHER
RABBIT
DOG
LYNX
PANTHER
OSPREY
RECONDUCTORING OF HT LINE WITH
GOPHER
RABBIT
DOG
LYNX
PANTHER
OSPREY
AAC CONDUCTOR
GNAT
ANT
WASP
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
KM.
KM.
KM.
KM.
KM.
KM.
KM.
KM.
KM.
KM.
KM.
KM.
KM.
KM.
KM.
Sheet 1 of 5
74
HT FORMAT-XIV
COMPLETION REPORT
Quantity
Sr.
No.
MATERIAL
UNIT
As per
W/O
Issued
10
ALUMINIUM TIE WIRE
11
STAY RODS COMPLETE SET WITH

ANCHOR ASSEMBLY
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
STAY WIRE (10MM, 7/3,22)

EYE NUT
EARTHING SETS COMPLETE
DANGER PLATES
BARBED WIRE
BOLT AND NUTS
3/8 " X 2"
3/8 " X 6"
3/8 " X 14"
1/2 " X 2"
1/2 " X 6"
5/8 " X 1-1/2 "
5/8 X 2 "
5/8 X 8"
5/8 X 9 "
5/8 X 10"
5/8 X 6 "
5/8 X 12"
5/8 X 14 "
5/8 X 18 "
5/8 X 16 "
DOUBLE ARMING BOLTS
5/8 X 12"
5/8 X 14"
5/8 X 18"
5/8 X 20"
5/8 X 22"
5/8 X 16"
WASHERS
7/16 X 1 " (ROUND)
9/16 X 1 " (ROUND)
9/16 X 1-1/4 " (ROUND)
11/16 " X 2-1/4 " 2-1/4 (SQUARE)
PG CONNECTORS
T-116
T-117
T-150
S-157
T-155

Installed W/O
Issued
6
7=4-6
8=5-6
NO.
KG
NO.
NO.
NO.
KG
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
Sheet 2 of 5
75
HT FORMAT-XIV
COMPLETION REPORT
Quantity
Sr.
No.
1
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
MATERIAL
UNIT
As per
W/O
Issued

Installed W/O
Issued
6
7=4-6
8=5-6
CLAMPS
0.4 KV LOOP DEADEND FOR LT STR & PC
NO.
11 KV DEAD END
NO.
GROUNDING CONDUCTOR CLAMPS
NO.
SUSPENSION ANGLE CLAMPS
NO.
D-SHACKLE + COTTER PINS
NO.
ANCHOR SHACKLE
NO.
RELOCATION OF EXISTING T/F (11/0.415KV)
200 KVA
NO.
100 KVA
NO.
50 KVA
NO.
25 KVA
NO.
PLATFORMS FOR T/F
DOUBLE POLE
NO.
SINGLE POLE
NO.
DROPOUT CUTOUT (SET OF 3)
11 KV
NO.
11 KV ANGLE IRON BRACKETS
NO.
HT CAPACITOR (FIXED)
RELOCATION OF EXISTING CAP
NEW CAP
FOUNDATION OF LATTICE STEEL STRUCTURE
31 FEET
NO.
36 FEET
NO.
40 FEET
NO.
45 FEET
NO.
55 FEET
NO.
LIGHTENING ARRESTORES (SET OF 3)
11 KV
NO.
Sheet 3 of 5
76
HT FORMAT-XIV
COMPLETION REPORT
Sr.
No.
Description
Unit
B
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Material Quantity
As per
As per B.O.Q
MRN
4
5
Variations
6=4-5
MATERIAL DISMANTLED & RETURNED TO STORE

Steel Structure 45'
EA
Steel Structure 40'
EA
H.T STR 36'
EA
H.T P.C.C Poles 40'
EA
H.T P.C.C Poles 36'
EA
L.T STR 31'
EA
L.T P.C Pole 31'
EA
Danger Plate
EA
EA
X - Arms 11 kV Wood
EA
EA
Knee Braces
EA
Step Braces
EA
Pin Insulators
EA
Disc Insulators
EA
Spool Insulator
EA
Insulator Pins
EA
D-Strap
EA
EA
EA
Loop Dead End Clamp
EA
Eye Nut
EA
Double Arming Bolt
EA
Anchor Shackles
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 10"
EA
Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 14"
EA
Round Warshers
EA
Square Warshers
EA
Stay Assembly
EA
STAY Wire
KG
Sheet 4 of 5
77
HT FORMAT-XIV
COMPLETION REPORT
Sr.
No.
1
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
Description
Unit
3
EA
KG
EA
MR
MR
MR
MR
MS Clamps
Tie Wire
Earthing Unit
ACSR Osprey
ACSR Lynx
ACSR Dog
ACSR Rabbit
Material Quantity
As per
As per B.O.Q
MRN
4
5
Variations
6=4-5
Material Quantity
Sr.
No.
1
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
50
52
C
Description
Unit
AAC Wasp
AAC Ant
S/C 500 MCM Cable
3/Core 4-AWG Cable
4/C 37/.083 Cable
4/C 19/.083 Cable
Drop Out Cut Out
Drop Out Cut Out
S.Rs Nos. & Date
a)
d)
MRNs Nos. & Date
a)
d)
As per B.O.Q
As per
MRN
Variations
6=4-5
MR
MR
MR
MR
MR
MR
Set
EA
Set
EA
b)
e)
c)
f)
b)
e)
c)
f)
Estimated Cost of the Proposal
Rs.__________________
Actual Expenditure
Rs.___________________
Attachments:
Copies of S.Rs
Copies of M.R.Ns
Handing/Taking Over Papers
A-90
As Built Drawing/Sketch
Sheet 5 of 5
78
HT FORMAT-XV
Inspection Certificate
Operation
Circle:-
Operation
Division
_____________
Construction
Division:_____________
Construction
S/Division:-
Name of H.T Proposal:-
Operation
S/Division:-
______________
__________
________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Work Order No. & Date:-
__________________________________________________________
Material Quantity
Sr.
No.
Description
Unit
36'
No.
40'
No.
45'
No.
As per B.O.Q
4
As per
C/ Report
Submitted by
M.P Const:
5
Actual at Site
(Checked by
Committee)
6
Variations
From B.O.Q
7=4-6
From C/Report
8=5-6
NEW WORK
1 -H.T Structures
2 -H.T P.C/Spun Poles

36'
No.
40'
No.
3 New H.T Line

ACSR Osprey Conductor
Meter
ACSR Panther Conductor
Meter
ACSR Dog Conductor
Meter
ACSR Rabbit Conductor
Meter
ASCR Gopher Conductor
Meter
4 Reconductoring of H.T Line

Meter
Meter
ACSR Dog Conductor
Meter
Meter
Meter
5 H.T Capacitors (Fixed)

- Relocation of Existing Cap
No.
- Installation of New Cap
No.
6 Cross Arms
No.
7 Disc Insulators
No.
8 Pin Insulators
No.
9 Dead End Clamp
No.
10 P.G Connectors
No.
11 Earthing of H.T Structures
No.
12 Foundation of H.T Structures
No.
13
Sheet 1 of 2
79
HT FORMAT-XV
Inspection
Certificate
Operation
Operation
Circle:-
_____________
Division
Construction
Division:_____________
Construction
S/Division:-
Name of H.T Proposal:-
Operation
S/Division:-
______________
__________
________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Material Quantity
Sr.
No.
Description
Unit
As per B.O.Q
As per
MRN Provided by M.P Const:
Variations
6=4-5

1 -H.T Structures
36'
No.
40'
No.
45'
No.
2 L.T Structures (31')
No.
3 H.T Conductor
Meter
Meter
ACSR Dog Conductor
Meter
Meter
Meter
Copper Conductor
Meter
4 Cross Arms
No.
5 Disc Insulators
No.
6 Pin Insulators
No.
S.Rs Nos. & Date

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
MRNs Nos. & Date
Observations/Recommendations
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Attachments:
Copies of S.Rs
Copies of M.R.Ns
A-90
Conclusion:
Cleared
Conditionally
Accepted
Rejected
Sheet 2 of 2
80
4.2
Rehabilitation/Renovation/Augmentation of LT Distribution Network

4.2.1 Selection Criteria / Guidelines for LT Network to be Rehabilitated
Higher priority is given to those areas where
i.
Distribution transformers are running beyond 80% loading.
ii.
LT line is lengthy, service to service connections exist, and consequently, the

technical parameters (i.e. % VD and % AEL) go beyond permissible limits.
iii.
Such LT proposals should be executed, which give maximum technical as well as

financial benefits.
The required Benefit/Cost ratio for LT proposals is as under:

Benefit/Cost Ratio
>=1
The main criteria for proposal selection is the B/C ratio, however, following method may
be adapted where needed, for prioritization of proposals:
TABLE 4: PROPOSAL PRIORITIZATION FOR LT

% AEL
% VD
Share: 25 %
Value
Weight
34
1
45
2
56
3
67
4
78
5
89
6
9 10
7
> 10
10
Share: 15 %
Value
Weight
5 10
1
10 15
2
15 20
3
20 25
4
25 30
5
30 35
6
35 40
7
> 40
10
%age Loading of
T/F
Share: 40 %
Value
Weight
80 85
1
85 90
2
90 95
3
95 100
4
100105
5
105110
6
110115
7
> 115
10
81
B/C Ratio
Share: 20 %
Value
Weight
12
1
23
2
34
3
45
4
56
5
67
6
78
7
>8
10
Over all weight of LT proposal = 25%(weight of % AEL)+ 15%( weight of % VD)

+ 40%( weight of % Loading of T/F) + 20% (weight of B/C ratio)
Thus, the proposals getting larger overall weight should be given higher priority.
In this way a list of proposals may be sorted out and prioritized.
iv. In certain cases where a feeder needs to be rehabilitated/renovated due to some
particular problems but it does not fulfill the above criteria of selection, then
proposal may be developed subject to the condition that benefit cost ratio as given
above is achieved, and in those cases where benefit cost ratio is not achieved, the
same may be carried out under DOP head, if at all considered essential /
inevitable requirement of the field. (See details on page 109.)
4.2.2 Development of LT Proposal (Phase-I)
1. Operation Sub Division of each DISCO shall identify, and intimate to Operation
Circle, the high-loss LT network that requires rehabilitation or bifurcation.
2. Operation Division will develop the LT proposal and submit to P & D Directorate
along with the following information/documents for further scrutiny/approval.
i. Data/Information Collection
(a) Purpose to generate the proposal
(b) Pole-to-pole geographical of existing and proposed network as per Formats-I & II
respectively, indicating conductor size, transformer rating, node to node distance,
capacitor size, and disconnecting switch, number of single phase and three phase
connections on each pole.
(c) Name of grid station and 11 kV feeder should be mentioned on the sketch.
(d) Input data sheet (Stacking Sheet) of existing and proposed LT network as per
Format-III.
(e) Month wise peak loading data of distribution transformer as per Format-IV.
(f) Certificate regarding the authenticity of data, indicating the verification of site from
Assistant/Dy Manager concerned and countersigned by Dy Manager (Technical) of
the Circle as per Format-V.
82
ii. Technical Analysis and Other Important Parameters to be Kept in View for
Technical Analysis
(a) Load flow studies of existing and proposed situations of LT network should be
carried at peak load of transformer (with & without growth) by using FDRANA
software (already available in each DISCO.)
(b) Average load per single-phase customer has also been revised as under:
i. Urban Areas
Single Phase customers falling in urban areas have been divided into following
categories:
Posh Localities: Load per S/Phase customers is considered as 4 kVA.
Localities other than posh areas: Load per S/Phase customers is considered
as 2 kVA.
Three-phase load should be taken as per sanctioned load.

ii. Rural Areas
For rural areas, load per single-phase customers is considered as 1 kVA.
Three-phase load should be taken as per sanctioned load.
A committee of Dy Manager Operation Division & Dy Manager (Technical)
Operation Circle concerned can recommend to revise/enhance the loads. If needed, in
particular areas, where the load as mentioned above are not applicable, it can be
revised with the approval of Chief Engineer/Technical Director.
(b) Annual load growth should be taken as 5% for 5-years study period. The results of
existing and proposed conditions at zero year study and five years study should be
compiled as per Formats-VI(A&B) & VII(A&B) respectively.
(c) Net benefits/savings in losses that would be achieved, should be indicated as per
Format-VIII(A&B).
(d) Assume the power factor as under for load flow studies:
0.80
0.85
0.95
for Rural feeder

for Urban feeder
for Under Ground system
83
(e) Load factor should be assumed as under:

i)
ii)
iii)
iii.
for Urban feeder

for Urban/Rural
for Rural
60%
50%
40%
Cost Estimation
(a) Geographical (pole to pole) showing the complete scope of work involved in the
proposals-Format-II
(b) BOQ /Cost Estimate of proposed work in coordination with Construction staff as per
Work Order Format-IX
(c) Cost estimation is to be carried out according to the prevailing store issue rates of
each DISCO (i.e. 12% in built rates). Installation charges will be taken @ 8%.
(d) Dismantlement charges should be taken @ 5% and reinstallation of dismantled
material should be taken as 10%. All dismantled but not reusable material will be
taken as per respective DISCOs disposal rates. For all dismantled transformers
carrying no name plates, the cost will be taken as 50% of the current prices.
Transformers with name plates will have depreciated value, but not less than 50% of
the current price.
(a) Transformer removed if is in OK condition, should be returned to store @ 5% less
than present value.
84
iv.
Benefit/Cost Analysis
Benefit Cost Ratio may be calculated (as per Format-X) by using the following
sheet:
I.
Annual Energy Loss after 5 years

a) Existing system
= _______________kWh
b) Proposed System
= _______________kWh
c) Annual Energy (A.E.) Saving
= _______________kWh
d) Annual Benefit (Rs)
= A. E. Saving (kWh) x EPR
Where EPR stands for Electricity Purchase Rate (Rs / kWh) of the DISCO.
II.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Loading of existing ____kVA

transformer at present
= __________% kVA

transformer after 5 years
= __________% kVA
Loading of above the rated capacity

of transformer after 5 years
= __________% kVA
Peak kW Saving (PkWS)
= Loading above the x PF
rated capacity (kVA)
= _____________ kW
e.
Annual kWh savings @ VF for

transformer
= PkWS x 8760 x VF x L.F.

= Rs _______________
Where 8760 are number of hours in a year,

VF stands for Valuation Factor for T/F, and
VF = (ESR EPR) ((ESR EPR) x (O&M charges))
((ESR EPR) x (% Annual Losses of the company))
ESR stands for average Electricity Sale Rate (Rs /kWh) of the DISCO
EPR stands for average Electricity Purchase Rate (Rs/kWh) of the DISCO.
85
III.
a. Benefit of I + II
= Rs _______________
b. Total Cost of proposal

= Rs _______________
c. Benefit / Cost
= (a/b) x 5 (years)
= _________________
4.2.3 Approval of Proposal (Phase-II)

The proposal supplied by operation staff will be scrutinized/checked by P&D section
and within 7 days of receipt of proposal, Sr. Manager P&D will get approval of CE or
CEO and convey formal approval along with the Work Order to Manager Project
Construction, Manager Operation Circle, Manager Material Management, and the
Finance Director of the company.
4.2.4 Execution of Proposal (Phase-III)
Manager Project Construction will be bound to complete the whole work within
30 days of issuance of Work Order, and to intimate to all the concerned.
4.2.5 Completion Report (Phase-VI)
After completion the work, Manager Project Construction will energize/shift the load
as per approved plan in coordination with operation formation within 10 days and
hand over the work to Operation formation. After energizing/shifting the load,
Manager Project Construction will submit the completion report to P& D Directorate
for inspection as per Format-XI.
4.2.6 Inspection/Completion Certificate (Phase-V)
All completed works will be finally checked/inspected 100% for all technical
parameters quality and quantity of ELR and DOP by Director (P&E).
He will check/inspect the completed work within 15 days of receipt of completion
report from Manager Project Construction and issue completion certificate as per
Format-XII, if the work has been executed according to the approved plan and as per
WAPDA SDI. The check should not ignore even a single missing bolt.
86
Representatives of Chief Engineer (ELR), WAPDA & Director (Distribution

Planning), WAPDA may also check/inspect any work.
Total time will be restricted to 62 working days (i.e. from approval of proposal to
inspection/completion certificate); the officer mentioned above, will share any delay
beyond this.
87
INFORMATION/DATA
(SAMPLE FORMATS
OF DATA SHEETS/SKETCHES
FOR LT PROPOSALS)
89
90
LT FORMAT-III
INPUT DATA FORM

OF EXISTING & PROPOSED SITUATIONS
Division__________________
Sub Division________________
Grid Station__________________
Feeder Name_____________
Feeder Code_____________
T/F Location___________________________________________________________
T/F Capacity____________kVA
Area Type : Urban (Posh____ /Other___)/Rural____ (Tick one)
Avg. Load/SP Consumer______kVA
Peak Load (A): R____ Y____ B_____

Node
From
Note:
To
Distance Conductor
(m)
Size
Month____________
Off Peak Load (A): R____ Y____ B_____Month_______________
No. of Connections
3-P
Node
1-P
From
To
Distance Conductor
(km)
Size
For PSS/Adept Software, columns for X & Y Coordinates should be incorportaed in the format.
91
No. of Connections
3-P
1-P
92
December
November
October
September
August
July
June
May
April
March
February
January
Month
Year-1
B
Year-2
B
Off Peak Load (Amps)
Year-3
B
Year-1
B
Year-2
B
Peak Load (Amps)
Year-3
No. of Consumers (S/P)_______(3/P)________
Capacity of Transformer________________
Location of Transformer_______________________
Area Type : Urban (Posh____ /Other___)/Rural____ (Tick one)
Feeder Code_____________
Name of 11 KV Feeder_____________________
Month-Wise Loading Data of 11/0.4 kV Distribution Transformer Involved in the Proposal
LT FORMAT-IV
LT FORMAT-V
DATA AUTHENTICITY CERTIFICATE
Name of LT Proposal _______________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________
Certified that I have personally checked the site and found that the Node to Node Length,
Conductor size & Capacity of Transformers shown on the site sketch and all other data related
to proposal are correct. The proposal has been checked at site and found as per actual
requirement of the area. It has not been prepared to benefit to any individual, especially
industrial consumer and is in the interest of maximum Nos. of consumers of the area. After
execution it will definitely reduce energy loss. The proposal has not been prepared in any
Private Housing Scheme/Colonies where the sponsors are required to deposit full amount for
its electrification.
Deputy Manager Operation Division
Assistant Manager Operation Sub

Division
_________________
_____________________
Deputy Director (Technical) Circle
__________________
93
94
T/F-A
T/F-B
T/F-C
Total
Transformer
Capacity
No.
Sr.
Feeder
Name
Total
Peak Load of off Peak Load of Average
Max
%
per
Load
Connected kVA Power Load
T/F (A)
T/F (A)
Grid
Loading
S/P
Station
Factor Factor
of T/F % VD
3/P
R Y B R Y B Consumer S/P
(kVA)

(Existing Position Without Growth)
Name/Location of LT Proposal:________________________________________
%
Loss kW Loss
kW
Loss
Annual kWh
A.E. Loss
LT Proposal No.___________
LT FORMAT-VI (A)
95
T/F-A
T/F-B
T/F-C
Total
Transformer
Capacity
No.
Sr.
Feeder
Name
Total
Max
%
per
Load
T/F (A)
T/F (A)
Grid
loading
S/P
Station
Factor Factor
of T/F % VD
3/P
R Y B R Y B Consumer S/P
(kVA)

(Existing Position With Growth @ 5% for 5 Years)
%
Loss kW Loss
kW
Loss
Annual kWh
A.E. Loss
LT Proposal No.____________
LT FORMAT-VI (B)
96
T/F-D (P)
Feeder
Name
Note:
E/A stands for Existing or Augmented
P stands for Proposed
3 T/F-C (E/A)
2 T/F-B (E/A)
Total
Transformer
Capacity
1 T/F-A (E/A)
No.
Sr.
Grid
Station
Total
Max
%
per
Load
T/F (A)
T/F (A)
loading
S/P
Factor Factor
of T/F % VD
3/P
B Consumer S/P
R Y B R Y
(kVA)

%
Loss kW Loss
kW
Loss
Annual kWh
A.E. Loss
LT Proposal No.__________
LT FORMAT-VII (A)
97
T/F-D (P)
Note:
E/A stands for Existing or Augmented
P stands for Proposed
3 T/F-C (E/A)
2 T/F-B (E/A)
Total
Feeder
Transformer Capacity
Name
1 T/F-A (E/A)
No.
Sr.
Grid
Station
Total
Max
%
Load per Connected kVA
T/F (A)
T/F (A)
Power Load
loading
S/P
Factor Factor
of T/F % VD
Consumer
3/P
S/P
B
Y
Y B R
R
(kVA)

(Proposed Position With Growth @ 5% for 5 Years)
Name/Location of L.T Proposal:________________________________________
%
Loss kW Loss
kW
Loss
Annual kWh
A.E. Loss
LT Proposal No.__________
LT FORMAT-VII (B)
98
% Annual Energy Loss
Annual Energy Loss (kWh)
% Power Loss
Power Loss (kW)
Description
Existing
System
Proposed
System
Benefits To Be Achieved
(Without Growth)
Qty
Benefits
%
LT FORMAT-VIII (A)
99
% Annual Energy Loss
Annual Energy Loss (kWh)
% Power Loss
Power Loss (kW)
Description
Existing
System
Proposed
System
Benefits To Be Achieved
(With Growth @ 5% for 5 Years)
Qty
Benefits
%
LT FORMAT-VIII (B)
LT FORMAT-IX
LT DISTRIBUTION WORK ORDER

COMPANY:________________________________________
FUNDING AGENCY: _____________________
Work Order No.
- -
Date ___ / ____ /_____
Work Order Title:

OPERATION CIRCLE/DIVISION/SUB DIVSION
CONSTRUCTION DIVISION/SUB DIVSION
____________ /____________ /_____________
_______________ /_______________
Proposed Facilities:
Relocation of Existing T/F
Augmentation of Existing T/F
New T/F
New Line
Reconductoring
(LT)
Capacity
Node Nos.
Capacity
Node Nos.
Capacity
Node Nos.
____
From ____
to_____
____
From ____
to_____
____
From ____
to_____
From ____
to_____
From ____
to_____
________
From ____
to_____
________
________
____
____
____
____
____
____
Conductor
Line
Length
Conductor
Line
Length
Conductor
Line
Length
HT
DOG
RAB
LT
WASP
ANT
GNAT to ANT
-----to-----
-----to-----
-----to-----
-----to-----
-----to-----
-----to-----
-----to-----
Work Order Prepared By:
Work Order Checked By:
Assistant Manager (Planning)
Deputy Manager (Planning)
AMOUNT TO BE AUTHORIZED BY THIS WORK ORDER

RS.
_____________
Subject to the availibility of Funds:
1. Before taking work in hand, it must be ensured that the approved work order does not in any Govt./Private Housing Scheme.
2. This Work Order is not for new Electrification of the area.
Work Order Recommended By:
Work Order Approved By:
Sr. Manager (P&D)

Name:_____________________
Attachments:
Planning Proposals
Cost Benefit Analysis
Others:
Chief Executive/Tech: Dir.

Name:____________________________
Estimate Summary/BOQ
Single Line Diagrams
Sketch Showing Scope of Work
100
LT FORMAT-IX
CONSOLIDATED B.O.Q
Name of LT Proposal:_________________________
LT Proposal No.________
A- Cost of New Material

Sr.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
Unit
H.T STR 36'

H.T P.C.C Poles 36'
L.T STR 31'
L.T P.C Pole 31'
Danger Plate
X - Arms 11 kV Wood
Knee Braces
Step Braces
Pin Insulators
Disc Insulators
Spool Insulator
Insulator Pins
D-Strap
Loop Dead End Clamp
Eye Nut
Double Arming Bolt
Anchor Shackles
Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 10"
Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 14"
Round Warshers
Square Warshers
Stay Assembly
STAY Wire
MS Clamps
Tie Wire
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
KG
EA
KG
EA
MR
MR
MR
MR
MR
MR
MR
MR
MR
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
Set
NO.
EA
Set
ACSR Dog
Quantity
ACSR Rabbit
AAC Wasp
AAC Ant
Insulated Wasp
Insulated Ant
4/C 37/.083 Cable
4/C 19/.083 Cable
4/C 19/.052 Cable
T/F 200 kVA
T/F 100 kVA
T/F 50 kVA
T/F 25 kVA
Drop Out Cut Out
Fuse Link------Plateform Double Structure Complete
LT Fixed Capacitor (-----KVAR)
Total Cost of New Material
Installation Charges @ 8% Excluding the Cost of HT/LT PC Poles
Total Cost of New Material (A)
101
Unit Price
(Rs.)
Total Price
(Rs.)
LT FORMAT-IX
CONSOLIDATED B.O.Q
B- MATERIAL TO BE DISMENTLED & RETURNED TO STORE

Sr.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
Discription of Material
Unit
Quantity
H.T STR 36'

EA
H.T P.C.C Poles 36'
EA
L.T STR 31'
EA
L.T P.C Pole 31'
EA
Danger Plate
EA
EA
X - Arms 11 kV Wood
EA
EA
Knee Braces
EA
Step Braces
EA
Pin Insulators
EA
Disc Insulators
EA
Spool Insulator
EA
Insulator Pins
EA
D-Strap
EA
EA
Loop Dead End Clamp
EA
Eye Nut
EA
Double Arming Bolt
EA
Anchor Shackles
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 10"
EA
Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 14"
EA
Round Warshers
EA
Square Warshers
EA
Stay Assembly
EA
STAY Wire
KG
MS Clamps
EA
Tie Wire
KG
EA
AAC Wasp
MR
AAC Ant
MR
S/C 7/.052 Cable
MR
4/Core 19/.052 Cable
MR
4/C 19/.083 Cable
MR
4/C 37/.083 Cable
MR
T/F 200 kVA
NO.
T/F 100 kVA
NO.
T/F 50 kVA
NO.
T/F 25 kVA
NO.
Drop Out Cut Out
Set
EA
Drop Out Cut Out
Set
Plateform Sigle Structure
EA
EA
Dismentalment Charges @ 5%
Total Cost of Dismentaled Material Returned to Store (B)
102
Unit Price
(Rs.)
Total Price
(Rs.)
LT FORMAT-IX
CONSOLIDATED B.O.Q
C- MATERIAL TO BE DISMENTALLED & REUSED
Sr.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
Unit
H.T STR 36'

H.T P.C.C Poles 36'
L.T STR 31'
L.T P.C Pole 31'
Danger Plate
X - Arms 11 kV Wood
Knee Braces
Step Braces
Pin Insulators
Disc Insulators
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
Spool Insulator
Insulator Pins
D-Strap
Loop Dead End Clamp
Eye Nut
Double Arming Bolt
Anchor Shackles
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA

MS Clamps
Quantity
EA
EA
ACSR Dog
MR
ACSR Rabbit
MR
AAC Wasp
MR
AAC Ant
MR
4/C 37/.083 Cable
MR
4/C 19/.083 Cable
MR
4/C 19/.052 Cable
MR
200 KVA Transformer
EA
100 KVA Transformer
EA
50 KVA Transformer
EA
25 KVA Transformer
EA
EA
EA
Drop Out Cut Out
Set
LT Capacitor (---- KVAR)
Set
Cost of Material to be Dismentled & Reused
Reinstallation Charges of Dismentalled Material @ 15%
Total Cost of Dismentaled Material to be Reused (C)
103
Unit Price
(Rs.)
Total Price
(Rs.)
LT FORMAT-IX
CONSOLIDATED B.O.Q
Name of LT Proposal:_________________________ LT Proposal No.________
D- CONTRACT WORK COST
Sr. No
1
2
3
4
Discription of Material
Unit
Quantity
Unit Price
(Rs.)
Total Price
(Rs.)
Foundation of HT Steel Strs (36')

EA
Foundation of LT Steel Strs (31')
EA
Erection of H.T PC Poles (36')
EA
Erection of L.T PC Poles (31')
EA
Total Cost of Contract Work (D)
COST SUMMARY
A Cost of New Material (Rs.)
B Cost of Dismentaled Material Returned to Store (Rs.)
C Reinstallation Charges of Dismentalled Material (Rs.)
D Cost of Contract Work (Rs.)
Total Cost of Work Order (Rs.)
104
LT FORMAT-X
Benefit/Cost Calculation
Name/Location of LT Proposal_____________________ LT Proposal No.___________
I.
Annual Energy Loss after 5 years

a) Existing system
= _______________kWh
b) Proposed System
= _______________kWh
c) Annual Energy (A.E.) Saving
= _______________kWh
d) Annual Benefit (Rs)
= A. E. Saving (kWh) x EPR
Where EPR stands for Electricity Purchase Rate (Rs / kWh) of the DISCO.
II.
a.
b.

transformer at present
= __________% kVA

transformer after 5 years
= __________% kVA
c.
Loading of above the rated capacity

of transformer after 5 years
= __________% kVA
d.
Peak kW Saving (PkWS)
= Loading above the x PF

rated capacity (kVA)
= _____________ kW
e.
Annual kWh savings @ VF for

transformer
= PkWS x 8760 x VF x L.F.

= Rs _______________
VF stands for Valuation Factor for T/F, and is calculated as under:

VF = (ESR EPR) ((ESR EPR) x (O&M charges))
((ESR EPR) x (% AEL of the company)) = Rs._________
ESR stands for average Electricity Sale Rate (Rs /kWh) of the DISCO
EPR stands for average Electricity Purchase Rate (Rs/kWh) of the DISCO.
III.
a. Benefit of I + II
= Rs _______________
b. Total Cost of proposed

rehabilitation
= Rs _______________
c. Benefit / Cost
= (a/b) x 5 (years)
= _________________
105
LT FORMAT-XI
COMPLETION REPORT
Name of LT Proposal__________________________
Work Order No. & Date_________
Operation Division______________
Sr.
No.
UNIT
As per
W/O
Issued
MATERIAL
1
2
A. NEW WORK
1
PC/SPUN POLES
31 FEET
36 FEET
2
LATICE STEEL STRUCTURES
31 FEET
36 FEET
3
WOODEN/STEEL CROSS ARM
11 KV WOODEN
11 KV STEEL
4
INSULATORS
11 KV PIN TYPE
11 KV DISC TYPE
L.T. SPOOL TYPE
5
PINS
11 KV INSULATOR PINS
6
CROSS ARM BRACES
11 KV KNEE BRACE
11 KV STEP BRACE
7
NEW HT LINE
RABBIT
DOG
8
NEW LT LINE
AAC ANT
AAC WASP
INSULATED WASP
INSULATED ANT
9
RECONDUCTORING OF LT LINE
AAC ANT
AAC WASP
INSULATED WASP
INSULATED ANT
9
PVC CABLE
2-C 7/.052
4-C 19/.052
4-C 19/.083
4-C 37/.083
10 ALUMINIUM TIE WIRE
STAY RODS COMPLETE SET
11
WITH ANCHOR ASSEMBLY
12 STAY WIRE (10MM, 7/3,22)
13 EYE NUT
14 EARTHING SETS COMPLETE
15 DANGER PLATES
Operation S/Div_________
Quantity
Variation From
Actual
Installed
W/O
Issued
6
7=4-6
8=5-6
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
NO.
KG
NO.
NO.
NO.
Sheet 1 of 5
106
LT FORMAT-XI
COMPLETION REPORT
Name of LT Proposal_____________________
Work Order No. & Date_________
Operation Division______________
Construction S/Div_____________
Sr.
No.
1
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
MATERIAL
2
BARBED WIRE
BOLT AND NUTS
3/8 " X 2"
3/8 " X 6"
3/8 " X 14"
1/2 " X 2"
1/2 " X 6"
5/8 " X 1-1/2 "
5/8 X 2 "
5/8 X 8"
5/8 X 9 "
5/8 X 10"
5/8 X 6 "
5/8 X 12"
5/8 X 14 "
5/8 X 18 "
5/8 X 16 "
DOUBLE ARMING BOLTS
5/8 X 12"
5/8 X 14"
5/8 X 18"
5/8 X 20"
5/8 X 22"
5/8 X 16"
WASHERS
7/16 X 1 " (ROUND)
9/16 X 1 " (ROUND)
9/16 X 1-1/4 " (ROUND)
11/16 " X 2-1/4 " 2-1/4 (SQUARE)
PG CONNECTORS
T-116
T-117
T-150
S-157
T-155
CLAMPS
0.4 KV LOOP DEADEND FOR LT STR & PC
11 KV DEAD END
GROUNDING CONDUCTOR CLAMPS
SUSPENSION ANGLE CLAMPS
D-SHACKLE + COTTER PINS
ANCHOR SHACKLE
UNIT
As per
W/O
Issued
3
KG
Operation S/Div_________
Quantity
Variation From
Actual
Installed
W/O Issued
6
7=4-6
8=5-6
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
Sheet 2 of 5
107
LT FORMAT-XI
COMPLETION REPORT
Name of LT Proposal_______________ Work Order No. & Date________________
Operation Division________ Operation S/Div_________
Construction Division_____________
Construction S/Div________ Date of Completion_______
Quantity
Sr.
No.
1
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
MATERIAL
2
NEW T/F (11/0.415KV)
200 KVA
100 KVA
50 KVA
25 KVA
T/F AUGMENTATION
25 to 50 KVA
50 to 100 KVA
100 to 200 KVA
PLATFORMS FOR T/F
DOUBLE POLE
SINGLE POLE
DROPOUT CUTOUT (SET OF 3)
11 KV
11 KV ANGLE IRON BRACKETS
FUSE LINK-------LT CAPACITOR (FIXED)
UNIT
3
As per
W/O
Issued
Actual
Installed
Variation From
W/O
7=4-6
Issued
8=5-6
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NO.
NEW CAP
NO.
FOUNDATION OF LATTICE STEEL STRUCTURE
31 FEET
NO.
36 FEET
NO.
RELOCATION OF EXISTING CAP
31
Sheet 3 of 5
108
LT FORMAT-XI
COMPLETION REPORT
Name of LT Proposal_______________
Operation Division________ Operation S/Div_________
Construction Division_____________
Construction S/Div________ Date of Completion_______
Sr.
No.
1
B
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Material Quantity
Description
Unit
As per B.O.Q
2
3
4
H.T STR 36'
EA
H.T P.C.C Poles 36'
EA
L.T STR 31'
EA
L.T P.C Pole 31'
EA
Danger Plate
EA
EA
X - Arms 11 kV Wood
EA
EA
Knee Braces
EA
Step Braces
EA
Pin Insulators
EA
Disc Insulators
EA
Spool Insulator
EA
Insulator Pins
EA
D-Strap
EA
EA
Loop Dead End Clamp
EA
Eye Nut
EA
Double Arming Bolt
EA
Anchor Shackles
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 10"
EA
Nut & Bolts 5 / 8 x 14"
EA
Round Washers
EA
Square Washers
EA
Stay Assembly
EA
STAY Wire
KG
MS Clamps
EA
Tie Wire
KG
Earthing Unit
EA
AAC Gnat
MR
AAC Wasp
MR
AAC Ant
MR
As per MRN
Variations
6=4-5
Sheet 4 of 5
109
LT FORMAT-XI
COMPLETION REPORT
Name of LT Proposal____________________Work Order No. & Date________________
Operation Circle_____________________ Operation Division________ Operation S/Div___________
Construction Division_________________ Construction S/Div________ Date of Completion_________
Material Quantity
Sr.
No.
Description
Unit
38
39
40
41
42
Sr.
No.
1
B
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
C
E
F
G
2-C PVC Cable 7/0.052

200 kVA T/F
As per B.O.Q
As per MRN
Variations
6=4-5
MR
MR
MR
MR
NO.
Material Quantity
Description
Unit
As per
B.O.Q
2
3
4
100 kVA T/F
NO.
50 kVA T/F
NO.
25 kVA T/F
NO.
Drop Out Cut Out
Set
EA
EA
Drop Out Cut Out
Set
S.Rs Nos. & Date
a)
d)
MRNs Nos. & Date
a)
d)
Estimated Cost of the Proposal
Actual Expenditure
Attachments:
Copies of S.Rs
As per MRN
Variations
6=4-5
b)
e)
c)
f)
b)
e)
c)
f)
Rs.________________
Rs.________________
Copies of M.R.Ns
A-90
As Built Drawing/Sketch
Sheet 5 of 5
110
LT FORMAT-XII
Operation
Circle:-
Operation
Division ______________
_________
Construction
Division:_________
Construction
S/Division:-
Location of LT Proposal:-
Operation
S/Division:-
_______
________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
LT Proposal No.:- ____________
______________
Material Quantity
Sr.
No.
Description
NEW WORK
1
2
3
4
5
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
-H.T Structures (36')

-H.T P.C Poles (36')
-L.T Structures (31')
-L.T P.C Poles (31')
New H.T Line
ACSR Dog Conductor
New L.T Line
AAC Wasp Conductor
AAC Ant Conductor
Unit
As per
As
Actual at Site
C/ Report
per
(Checked by
Submitted by
B.O.Q
Committee)
M.P Const:
Variations
From
B.O.Q
From C/Report
7=4-6
8=5-6
No.
No.
No.
No.
Meter
Meter
Meter
Meter
Reconductoring of L.T Line
AAC Wasp Conductor

Meter
AAC Ant Conductor
Meter
Addition of New Transformer
50 KVA
No.
100 KVA
No.
200 KVA
No.
Transformer Augmentation
25 - 50 KVA
No.
50 - 100 KVA
No.
100 - 200 KVA
No.
No.
Double Structure Plate Form
Drop Out Cut Out
No.
Cross Arms
No.
Disc Insulators
No.
Pin Insulators
No.
Dead End Clamp
No.
P.G Connectors
No.
Spool Insulators
No.
D-Shackle
No.
Earthing of Transformer
No.
No.
Earthing of H.T & L.T Structures
No.
Foundation of H.T & L.T Structures
Sheet 1 of 2
111
LT FORMAT-XII
Location of L.T Proposal:-
_________________________________________________
L.T Proposal No.:- ____________
_________________________________________________
Work Order No. & Date:- _______________
Material Quantity
Sr.
No.
Description
Unit
5
6
7
8
9
Variations
6=4-5
MARERIAL DISMANTLED & RETURNED TO STORE

1
2
3
As per
As per
B.O.Q MRN Provided by M.P Const:
4
5
-L.T Structures (31')

-L.T P.C Poles (31')
L.T Conductor
AAC Wasp Conductor
AAC Ant Conductor
Transformer
50 KVA
100 KVA
200 KVA
Double Structure Plate Form
Drop Out Cut Out
Spool Insulators
D-Shackle
No.
No.
Meter
Meter
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
S.Rs Nos. & Date

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
MRNs Nos. & Date
Observations/Recommendations
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Attachments:
Copies of S.Rs
Copies of M.R.Ns
A-90
Conclusion:
Cleared
Conditionally
Accepted
Rejected
Sheet 2 of 2
112
4.3
Selection Criteria/Guidelines for Distribution Network to be Rehabilitated Under

DOP
For works as under, there is no need to calculate B/C ratio, as some of them are required
by special instructions of the Authority, and still other works are essential liability of the
DISCO. Hence, such rehabilitation works are done under Distribution of Power (DOP).
Construction of feeders due to addition of 132 kV new transformer, new 132 kV grid
station, Conversion from 66 kV to 132 kV, and Augmentation of power transformer to
relieve a nearby overloaded grid station.
Rehabilitation of feeder by replacement of conductor, pole, structure or introduction of new

ones by mid spanning (to reduce span length).
Deteriorated conductor ( with broken strands) or a conductor with more / unacceptable

number of joints may be replaced on top priority basis. This holds for conductors of any size.
Augmentation of distribution transformer (with higher capacity) due to addition of new

general connections / increase of load by individual customers.
Replacement of off-size conductor, etc. may be carried out under DOP.

Off size conductor (GSL, Gnat, Copper) may also be replaced on top priority basis.
The copper conductor will be removed in he presence of a standing committee

comprising the following officers:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Dy Manager (CM&O) of the DISCO

Assistant Manager (Planning) of the DISCO
Assistant Manager (Construction) of the DISCO
Assistant Manager (Operation) of the Sub Divn
113
Convener
Member
Member
Member
5. PLANNING CRITERIA
Planning criteria are the principles and prescribed limits on the basis of which the system
is planned, designed, and operated. Fundamental or primary planning criteria applicable
to distribution network are Voltage, Power factor, Capacity, Reliability, and Technical
losses, etc. In effect they define what should or should not be considered a problem with
respect to system loading, voltage profile, and reliability. These are the parameters that
define the threshold (limits) of acceptable distribution performance. If the system is
planned and designed to operate within prescribed limits, normally the technical losses
remain within acceptable limits.
There are many types of limits of electrical equipment e.g. thermal capacity and
economic loading, etc. In distribution system planning the ultimate criteria is the
economic one. The system is planned and designed following those technical limits with
which minimum possible / unavoidable and technical / economic losses, and maximum
economic and financial benefits accrue from the system. That is why, usually, the system
equipment is not run on full rated capacity, but on economical one (which may be less
than that).
The planner of the distribution power system is guided by the following general
principles:
Under normal operating condition i.e. with no system component fault, all equipment will
operate within normal ratings; and the system voltages will be within permissible limits
when the system is operating anywhere from the minimum load to forecasted maximum
peak load.
Under system emergency condition i.e. with the system or the equipment at fault, the
power equipment may be operated with overloaded or/and under voltage for the limit and
for a specific period. Planning is based on normal and emergency power equipment
ratings. Emergency ratings are those, which the equipment can safely withstand for a
specified period.
Feeders exceeding these criteria should be considered for improvements to bring
them within permissible limits. Sound engineering judgement must be used in applying
these criteria.
114
5.1
Power Factor
Power factor shall be maintained close to 0.95 lagging. For the purpose of converting
Amperes to MW, use 0.85 power factor.
5.2
Recommended Feeder Loading

The capacity of a feeder is function of the feeder length and the distribution of the loads
along the feeder. The purpose of establishing current carrying capacity criteria for
planning is to initiate the planner to review a feeder that may be in violation based on
existing as well as forecasted load.
The recommended loadings of 11 kV feeder is adopted as follows:
11 kV
4.7 MVA
Thermal Capability
The demand carrying
thermal capability. Various
maximum loading they were
current carrying capabilities
loading conditions.
ability of all the elements of an electrical device is its

distribution items have nameplate ratings that denote
designed to handle. For example, conductors have given
that vary greatly over different ambient temperatures/
Economic and recommended loadings are substantially less than the thermal
rating.
Voltage Drop
During peak / off peak conditions, voltage at any point on the system is permitted
to drop within permissible limits before improvements can be justified.
Reliability
The objective of reliability criteria is to reduce the outage frequency.
115
Table-5
Maximum Permissible Voltage Drop & Losses
The maximum permissible voltage drop & AEL (technical part)

for distribution network are as under:
Urban / Rural
Distribution
Component
Voltage Drop
(+/-) %
Annual Energy
Loss (AEL)
%
HT Circuit
LT Circuit
Note:
The operating limits as recommended above should be maintained. However, where these
parameters are hard to be maintained, then the existing system should be compared with the
proposed facility and if substantial benefits in terms of reduction of energy loss and voltage drop
are achieved, the proposal may be carried out keeping in view the geographical configuration of
the feeder particularly in certain areas like Baluchistan, etc. The benefit /cost ratio should also be
kept in view.
116
Table-6
Economic Conductor Sizes For New HT Line
(Refer Technical Report T-2)
This table presents lower and upper economic loading limits for distribution conductor, in Amp and
should be used for planning new HT Feeders.
Conductor
Gopher
Notes:
1
2
Lower Limit
(Amps)
Upper Limit
(Amps)
Not to be used in future
Rabbit
41
Dog
42
103
Osprey
104
Above 104
Based on 5 year growth rate.

The ampere limits represents ' 0' year loadings.
117
Table-7
Economic Conductor Sizes For Replacement
(Refer Technical Report T-2)
This table presents the economic loadings in Amp for replaceing a conductor with the higher size. This
table should be used for all conductor replacement on existing HT feeders for energy loss reduction
and renovation. A conductor of higher than economic size may only be used if the voltage drops of the
feeder exceed the limits (5%) in case of rural feeder and (3%) in case of urban feeder.
1.
2.
3.
Existing Conductor
New Conductor
Loading Level Above

which New
Conductor is
Economical
(Amps)
Gopher
Rabbit
41
Gopher
Dog
42
Gopher
Osprey
77
Rabbit
Dog
74
Rabbit
Osprey
106
Dog
Osprey
168
Based on 5 year growth rate.

Off size (GSL, Copper, & Gopher),/ deteriorated conductor, condutor with broken
strands, with more / unacceptable number of joints may be replaced on top priority
basis. This holds for conductors of any size.
Copper conductor should be removed in the presence of a committee.
118
Table-8
Economic Conductor Sizes For New LT Line
Conductor
Lower Limit
(Amps)
Upper Limit
(Amps)
Ant
74
Wasp
74
Above 74
Notes:
1.
For 200 & 100 kVA Transformer, Bus Bar should be constructed with
Wasp Conductor.
2.
In Posh Urban area, Wasp conductor may be used for 200 & 100 kVA
transformers.
3.
For 50 & 25 KVA Transformers, Bus Bar should be constructed with Ant
Conductor.
4.
In LT proposals in narrow streets and areas, where bare conductor is

not feasible, insulated Ant and Wasp conductors, and PVC 19/0.083
and 37/0.083 may be used for public safety.
5.
In posh urban areas preferably AAC Wasp conductor be used for

100 & 200 kVA transformers.
119
Table-9
Economic Conductor Sizes For Replacement in LT
Existing
Conducto
r
New Conductor
Loading Level Above Which New Conductor

is Economical
(Amps)
Gnat
Ant
59
Ant
Wasp
85
NOTES:
1.
2.
LT conductor in narrow streets and areas, where use of bare conductor is

dangerous, insulated Ant and insulated Wasp conductors may be used.
Off size (GSL, Copper, & Gnat), / deteriorated conductor, conductor with
broken strands, with more / unacceptable number of joints may be replaced
on top priority basis. This holds for conductors of any size.
120
PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF ECONOMIC

TRANSFORMER SIZE
Step-I
Loading
Determine the customer summer peak loading (3 hours equivalent) or winter peak
loading (8 hours equivalent) in kVA. The following are the recommended values:
Load Type
Recommended Summer Peak

Loading Value per Customer
(kVA)
Domestic (Rural)
Domestic (Urban
Low Income)
Domestic (Urban
High Income)
Small commercial
Large commercial
Step-II
Groth Rate
Determine the annual load growth rate. The following are the
recommended values for per customer growth:
Load Type
Recommended Per Customer

Growth Rate of Demand of
Existing Customers (%)
Rural
Urban Low Income
Urban High Income
121
Step-III
The procedure for selecting an economic distribution transformer size is explained
through an example:
Example
Solution
Category wise number of customers in a high-income urban area:

i)
ii)
Domestic customers
Big shops
= 20
=7
a)
Peak loading on transformer due to different categories of customers is

calculated as under:
i)
Domestic customers
= 20 x 4= 80 kVA
ii)
Big shops
= 7 x 4 = 28 kVA
Total
b)
108 kVA
Projected growth rate
= 9% (being a high income area)
Consult transformers economic loading curves (Fig 7 and Fig 8) and locate the
point where the coordinate of 108 kVA peak loading would meet the coordinate of 9%
growth rate as shown in Fig 9. The most economic transformer in this case is a 200 kVA.
This transformer will remain in service for 7 years after which it should be replaced with
the next higher size of 400 kVA.
The No. of years for which this transformer will remain in service can be
calculated as below:
Transformer Installed (kVA) = (1 + r)n x Peak Loading of Transformer (kVA)
Where
r = Load Growth Rate

n = No. of Years
By putting the values in the above formula,
200
= (1 + .09)n x 108
(200/108)
= (1.09)n
122
ln (200/108)
= ln (1.09)n
ln (1.852)
= n x ln (1.09)
= ln (1.852)/ln(1.09) = 7.15 7 years
11 kV Transformer Loading
For Planning:
Loading of distribution transformer under normal
condition
should not exceed 80 % of its kVA rating, this limit is an indicator

to put up a plan for replacement.
For Operation:
Loading of distribution transformer under normal
condition
should not exceed 100 % of its kVA rating.
Loading of distribution transformer under emergency condition

should not exceed 110 % of its kVA rating for three (3) hours if
ambient temperature is less than 40C, and prior and post
emergency loading of transformer is 64 % or as recommended by
the transformer manufacturer.
123
124
125
126
Table-10
Max. Allowable Service Cable Length At Different Loads (1% Voltage Drop)
(Based Upon Voltage Drop Consideration)
The maximum allowable length of service cable is presented in the Table given below and Figure-10.
Max. V.D./Meter at
Rated Current
Max. Allowable Service Cable Length in Meters at 1% VD

for Load Demand of:
127
Size of Service
Cable
Rated
Current
Volts
Percentage
8 Amps
16 Amps
32 Amps
64
Amps
115
Amps
2/Core, 10 mm2
(7/0.052)
32 Amps
0.237
0.108
40
20
10
4/Core, 10 mm2
(7/0.052)
32 Amps
0.137
0.042
96
48
24
4/Core, 65 mm2
(19/0.083)
115 Amps
0.113
0.027
518
260
130
64
36
Note:
For mechanical constraints refer to WAPDA Technical Instructions C-19.
128
TABLE 11:
MAXIMUM SPAN-LENGTHS FOR NEW HT LINE,

COMPOSITE LINE, AND LT LINE
1. HT Line (11 kV)

Urban Area
SPAN LENGTH (FEET)
Conductor
Osprey
Panther
Dog
Rabbit
Single Circuit
36 Ft Lattice Steel
Structure, & PC
Pole
Double Circuit
40 Ft Lattice Steel
Structure, & PC
Pole
Tripple Circuit
45 Ft Lattice Steel
Structure, & PC
Pole
200 Ft
200 Ft
200 Ft
Rural Area
SPAN LENGTH (FEET)
Conductor
Osprey
Panther
Dog
Rabbit
Single Circuit
36 Ft Lattice Steel
Structure, & PC
Pole
Double Circuit
40 Ft Lattice Steel
Structure, & PC
Pole
Tipple Circuit
45 Ft Lattice Steel
Structure, & PC
Pole
300 Ft
300 Ft
300 Ft
400 Ft
400 Ft
400 Ft
129
2.
COMPOSITE LINE (11 kV / 0.4 kV)
Urban / Rural Area

SPAN LENGTH (FEET)
Single Circuit
Double Circuit
Tripple Circuit
Conductor
HT
Osprey
Panther
Dog
Rabbit
3.
LT
36 Ft Lattice Steel 40 Ft Lattice Steel 45 Ft Lattice Steel

Structure, & PC Structure, & PC Structure, & PC
Pole
Pole
Pole
Wasp
Ant
200 Ft
200 Ft
LT Line (0.4 kV)
Urban / Rural Area

SPAN LENGTH (FEET)
Conductor
31 Ft Lattice Steel Structure, &

PC Pole
Wasp
Ant
200 Ft
130
200 Ft
CONSTRUCTION OF 11 KV MULTIPLE CIRCUITS

1. The double circuit lines shall only be constructed using 40 feet steel structures. 36
feet steel structures / PC poles shall not be used for this purpose.
2. The construction of new double circuit 11 kV feeders, in congested areas, on 40 feet
steel structures, is recommended / preferred. However, in case of their nonavailability, double circuit may be strung on 36 feet steel structures / PC poles by
using 2nd LT hole from the top and not by extending the height. In this way
requisite clearances between the two 11 kV circuits and the ground will be attained.
This will only be applicable where composite lines are not to be run. For composite
lines, the only solution is the use of 40 feet steel structures for 11 kV double circuit
feeders.
3. Similarly, the triple circuit may be run preferably on 45 feet steel structures / PC
poles but in case of their non-availability, 40 feet steel structures / PC poles may be
used by omitting the LT circuit. The 2nd LT hole from the top may be used for the
third 11 kV circuit. It may, however, be pertinent to note that the purchasing
agencies may be requested for timely procurement of 40 feet and 45 feet steel
structures as per requirements to avoid the use of low height steel structures /
PC poles to become a regular practice.
131
TABLE 12:
11 KV CAPACITOR JUDGEMENT FACTORS

(Minimum kW Saving)
The following are the judgement factors in terms of kW saving accrued from the
application of capacitors which indicate their feasibility.
Capacitors
Fixed Capacitors
Rural
Urban
(Saving at off peak)
450 kVAR
1.2
1.2
900 kVAR
1.6
1.6
Switched Capacitors
(Saving at peak)
450 kVAR
8.7
4.9
900 kVAR
10.4 to 11
5.6 to 6.0
(Reference:
Inter office memorandum No. PTAT/WAPDA/P&E-3 dated

06.01.1986 regarding Economic Justification for ELR Improvements
under WAPDA-USAID POWER DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM)
Notes: 1. Size of the fixed capacitor, to be installed on a feeder, should be estimated at

off peak load.
If off peak load of the feeder is not available, then 1/3rd of the peak load may
be taken for calculation purposes.
2. Size of the switched capacitor, to be installed on a feeder, should be estimated
at peak load of the feeder.
132
ANNEXURES
ANNEXURE-I
SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

1. Demand
The demand of an installation or system is the load at receiving terminals averaged
over a specified interval of time.
2. Maximum Demand
The maximum demand of an installation or system is the largest of all the demands,
which have occurred during a specified period of time (most severe condition
imposed on system either in terms of thermal loading or voltage drop.)
This is the sum total of all the demands of all the circuits that occur
simultaneously during that period.
3. Diversified or Coincident Demand
It is the demand of a composite group of loads imposed on system over a specified
interval of time.
4. Coincident Factor
It is a ratio of maximum coincident demand of a composite group of customers
(occurring at the same time interval) to the sum of the maximum demands of
individual customers comprising the group (occurring at different time intervals). It is
reciprocal of diversity factor.
5. Non Coincident Demand
It is sum of the demands of a group of loads irrespective of the time interval to which
each demand is applicable. The maximum non coincident demand is indicative of
(sum total of) average individual maximum demands.
134
6. Demand Factor
This is the ratio of maximum demand to the connected load of the system.
It indicates the degree to which the total connected load is served simultaneously.
7. Utilization Factor
This is the ratio of maximum demand of the system to the rated capacity of the
system.
It indicates the degree to which a system is being loaded during peak load with
respect to its capacity.
8. Load Factor
It is the ratio of average load over a specified period of time to peak load occurring in
that period. In fact, load factor indicates the degree to which the peak load is
sustained during the period.
9. Load Diversity
It is the difference between the sum of peaks of two or more individual loads
(occurring at different time intervals) and the peak of the combined load (occurring at
the same time interval).
10. Diversity Factor
It is the ratio of the sum of the individual maximum demands of various sub divisions
of a system (occurring at any/ different time intervals) to the actual maximum
demand (occurring at the same time interval) of the whole system (it is greater
than 1). It is reciprocal of coincident demand.
OR
It is the ratio of the sum total of all the maximum demands of the various circuits
to the actual maximum demand of the system.
It is, generally, of the order of 1.25.
135
11. Loss Factor

It is the ratio of the average power loss to the peak power loss during a specified
period of time.
12. Power Factor
It is the ratio of the active power to the apparent power.
13. Voltage Drop
It is the difference between voltage at transmitting end and that at the receiving end of
a feeder.
14. Maximum Voltage
It is the largest five-minute average or mean voltage.
15. Minimum Voltage
It is the least five-minute average or mean voltage.
16. Voltage Limit
The permissible voltage values which define the extremities of a range, generally
expressed as plus and minus percentage variations from the nominal value.
17. Voltage Spread or Range
It is difference between maximum and minimum voltage.
18. Nominal Voltage
Nominal voltage of a circuit or system is the nominal value assigned for the purpose
of convenient designation. (Its value lies a little above the mid point of band of
voltage that falls within the same general class).
136
19. Rated Voltage

It is the voltage at which operating and performance characteristics of equipment are
referred (or the nameplate voltage).
20. Distribution System
It consists of all the electrical power equipment and facilities used to transfer
electrical energy from grid station to the customer.
21. Service Voltage
It is the voltage measured at the terminals of the service entrance equipment.
22. Utilization Voltage
It is the voltage measured at the terminals of the machine or device.
23. Base Voltage
It is the reference value, which is a common denominator to the nominal voltage
ratings of transmission and distribution lines, equipment, and utilizing equipment.
24. Voltage Regulation
It is percent of voltage drop of a line with reference to the receiving end voltage.
25. Consumer Interface
The point at which customers load is connected to the utilitys power system. This is
normally the point of metering installation.
26. Connected Load
This is the sum total of the entire name plate rated loads of electrical equipment
installed by a customer.
137
ANNEXURE-II
SOME IMPORTANT FORMULAS

Following are some useful formulae. Care must be taken for the system of units while
using the values for the parameters in these formulas.
1. Maximum load current

with growth
= I x (1+r)n
(amp)
where, I = max load current,

r = growth rate,
n = number of years
2. Total feeder demand
Without growth = 3 x I x V,
With growth = 3 x I x (1+r)n x V,
where, V = Bus voltage = 11 kV
Max (power eqpt) demand (kVA)
3. Demand Factor
=
Total connected load (kVA)
Where, power equipment means a dist. feeder, T/F, or G/S etc.

3 x I (Amp) x 11 (kV)
=
Total connected load (kVA)
Average load in a certain period (kVA)

4. Load Factor
=
Peak load in the same period (kVA)
Energy consumed during

a period (kWh)
Average load factor
=
Peak demand (kW) x No. of Hours
in the period
138
Units sold (kWh)

Average load factor (yearly) =
8760 x PF x peak load (kVA)
Energy consumed during

a period (units sent)
Monthly load factor at G/S level
=
Peak demand (kW) x No. of Hours
in the month
Monthly load factor at T/F level
= Load factor at G/S level x Coincidence

Factor between demand at G/S and demand at
distribution T/F level
Therefore, energy can be used as a means of checking peak load data. By using
historical monthly load factor, a comparison of demand and energy consumption will
indicate if any major metering discrepancy appears to exist.
(Demand
Factor ) x
5. Section current (amp)
(Cumulative
section kVA)
=
3 x 11 (kV)
6. Percentage loading of conductor

at each node
=
Section current
Rated current of the conductor
in a particular section
Section %age
Demand CumulLength x VD for x Factor x ative
1000 kVA
section
(mile) for 1 mile
kVA
7. Section percentage voltage drop =
1000
139
where, 1 km = 0.621371 mile
Resistance
Section
3 x I2 x per mile
x length
per phase
(mile)
8. Section line losses (kW)
=
1000
9. Total power losses (kW)
= line losses + transformation losses
10. Percentage power losses (%)
Total power losses (kW)

x 100
Total feeder demand (kW)
= a (load factor) + (1-a) (load factor )2
11. Loss factor
= 0.3 (load factor) + 0.7 (load factor )2

where, a = 0.3 for distribution system
Another empirical approximation is:
Loss factor
= (load factor )3
12. Annual energy loss (kWh)
= loss factor x total power loss x 8760
13. Total annual energy (kWh)
Total feeder
demand
x
Load
factor x 8760
Annual energy loss (kWh)

14. Percentage annual energy loss (%)=
x 100
Total Annual energy (kWh)
140
15. Coincidence factor between

demand at G/S and dist. T/F level =
Max demand of feeder at G/S

Sum of incident peak demands of
all distribution T/Fs on the Feeder
16. Coincidence factor between

demand at distribution T/F and
customer level
17. Voltage drop
Max demand of feeder at G/S

=
Sum of the peak demands of all the
customers of the selected feeder
= 2 I (r Cos +x Sin )
for single phase AC lines,
= 3 I (r Cos +x Sin )
for three phase AC lines,
(voltage drop between phases)
= I (r Cos +x Sin )
for three phase AC lines,
(voltage drop between phase & neutral)
Where, V = rms voltage drop = Max voltage / 2,

V = rms voltage drop, (volt per km of line),
Max voltage = system voltage = 11000 V in HT of Dist. T/F,
I = rms current in each conductor (amp), = Max current / 2,
r = resistance of each conductor, (ohm per km),
x = L =reactance of each conductor, (ohm per km),
cos = power factor at the receiving end.
I (r Cos +x Sin )
18. Percentage voltage drop (%)= _ V_ =
Es
141
x 100
Es
Where, I = current in each phase (amp),

r = resistance per phase,
x = reactance per phase,
Es = sending end voltage (volt),
If r and x are expressed in ohm per mile or per 1000 feet, the formula is:
I (r Cos +x Sin ) d
Percentage voltage drop (%) =
x 100
Es
Where, d = distance in miles or in thousands of feet.

In a balanced three phase system,
3 Es I
kVA
=
1000
1000 kVA
=
3 Es
the %VD expression can be re-written as:

1000 kVA (r Cos +x Sin ) d
Percentage voltage drop (%) =
x 100
3 Es2
where, Es = 11000 / 3 V,
= 11000 / 1.732 V is the line to neutral (or phase voltage where
as 11000 V is line to line voltage.
Measured demand T/F level (at 11kV)

19. Total Demand at customer level =
Coincidence factor
20. Ultimate Demand of

housing schemes
Total Demand x Development Factor

=
Diversity Factor
142
21. Losses of a Transformer

kVA Rating of T/F A
Losses of Transformer A=
x 0.75 x Losses of T/F B

kVA Rating of T/F B
whose losses are known
This formula is applicable for calculation of Iron as well as copper losses if losses
of a T/F of any capacity are known.
22. Valuation Factor

Valuation Factor = Loss Factor x 8760 x EPR
Where,
EPR stands for Electricity Purchase Rate is in Rs/kWh of the respective
DISCO, and
8760 are number of hours in a year,
143
ANNEXURE-III
CALCULATION OF DEMAND FACTOR, POWER FACTOR, & LOAD FACTOR
FOR HT FEEDERS
NAME HT FEEDER = ABC

INPUT SECTION +
CIRCUIT CONNECTED KVA = 5300

OUTPUT SECTION
MAX
LOSSES
MONTH
PEAK
CURRENT
(AMPS)
BUS
VOLT
AT
PEAK
(KV)
HOUR
KWH
READ
(KWH)
UNITS
SENT
(KWH)
UNITS
SOLD
(KWH)
(KWH)
Jul-86
250
11.0
2100
600000
Aug-86
210
11.0
1900
Sep-86
230
11.0
Oct-86
214
Nov-86
(%)
*
DEMAND
FACTOR
(%)
**
POWER
FACTOR
(%)
***
LOAD
FACTOR
(%)
10
11
354000
246000
41
90
44
40
700000
354000
346000
49
75
47
51
2100
450000
370000
80000
18
83
48
30
11.0
2200
650000
370000
280000
43
77
54
41
210
11.2
2000
440000
370000
70000
16
77
49
31
Dec-86
213
11.2
1800
770000
370000
400000
52
78
44
59
Jan-86
230
11.2
2100
440000
370000
70000
16
84
47
29
Feb-86
240
11.2
2000
650000
330000
320000
49
88
43
45
Mar-86
230
11.4
2100
430000
330000
100000
23
86
46
28
Apr-86
200
11.4
1600
800500
330000
470500
59
75
41
69
May-86
200
11.4
2100
430000
380000
50000
12
75
53
28
Jun-86
210
11.4
1900
430000
380000
50000
12
78
46
31
Average
220
11.2
1992
80
47
40
Total
6790500
4308000
2482500
37
Information to be collected from grid station feeder data and Revenue office.
Demand Factor = (1.732 x Imax x Bus bar kV) / Circuit's connected kVA
**
Power Factor = Max Hour kWh reading / (1.732 x Imax x Bus bar kV)
***
Load Factor (monthly) = kWh Units sent per month / (24 x 30 x Max Hour kWh reading)
144
ANNEXURE-IV
Characteristics of Conductors Aluminum And ACSR
This table presents the technical data for the standard distribution conductors. The data includes:
Conductor diameter; cross sectional area; resistance and the thermal rating.
Conductor
Type
Stranding &
Wire
Diameter
No./mm
Nominal
Aluminum
Area
(mm)2
Total
Sectional
Area of
Aluminum
(mm)2
Conductor
Diameter
(mm)
Approximate
Weight per
km
(Kg)
Calculat
ed
Breaking
Load
(kN)
Total
Sectional
Area
Al + St.
(mm)2
Resistance
Per km per
Phase
(Ohms/km)
Reactance
Per km Per
Phase GMD
1342/384 mm
(Ohms/km)
Capacity
(Thermal)
Amps
26.85
52.83
106
213.2
6.63
9.3
13.17
18.9
73
145
290
587
4.66
8.28
16
32.4
26.85
52.83
106
213.2
1.386
0.662
0.33
0.165
0.393/0.314
0.372/0.293
0.350/0.271
0.327/0.248
147
211
323
529
9.498
0.742
Aluminum Conductor
Gnat
Ant
Wasp
Chafer
7/2.21
7/3.10
7/4.39
19/3.78
25
50
100
200
ACSR Conductor
145
GSL
Gopher
Rabbit
Dog
Lynx
Panther
Pelican
Osprey
Note:
Al: 6/2.36
St: 1/2.36
Al: 6/3.35
St: 1/3.35
Al: 6/4.72
St: 7/1.57
Al: 30/2.79
St: 7/2.79
Al: 30/3.00
St: 7/3.00
Al: 18/4.135
St: 1/4.135
Al: 18/4.465
St: 1/4.465
1
2
3
25
26.24
7.09
106
9.61
30.62
1.43
0.446/0.367
169
50
52.88
10.05
214
18.35
61.7
0.729
0.441/0.332
202
100
105
14.15
394
32.7
118.5
0.391
0.381/0.302
307
175
183.4
19.63
842
79.8
226.2
0.193
0.325/0.246
486
200
212.1
21
974
92.25
261.5
0.167
0.321/0.241
520
225
241.7
20.68
771
52.46
225.13
0.144
0.322/0.243
592
275
281.9
22.23
898.8
60.99
297.56
0.123
0.317/0.238
660
Based on Conductor temperature of 75 degree C.

Based on 40 degree C ambient, 35 degree rise, air at 0.61 m/s (2FPS).
Conductor data complies with the following British Standards:
BS 215 : 1970
BS 3242 : 1970
ANNEXURE-V
Copper Conductor Characteristics And Current Carrying Capacity
Area
(MCM)
Approximate
Weight per
km
(Kg)
Resistance
Per km per
Phase
(Ohms/km)
Reactance
Per km
Per Phase
(Ohms/km)
Capacity
(Thermal)
Amps
0.02
25.6
115
1.647
0.429
60
0.212
0.035
44.9
202
0.938
0.410
90
3 SWG
0.25
0.05
63.5
296
0.665
0.398
120
3/0.104
0.224
0.025
32.5
146
1.317
0.416
75
3/0.147
0.317
0.05
64.8
302
0.665
0.391
125
7/0.116
0.348
0.075
94.2
358
0.460
0.385
160
7/0.136
0.408
0.1
129.4
492
0.329
0.373
200
7/0.166
0.498
0.15
192.9
733
0.224
0.360
270
7/0.193
0.579
0.2
260.7
990
0.162
0.348
340
Conductor
Diameter
(in)
Sectional
Area
Copper
(Sq. in.)
8 SWG
0.16
5 SWG
Conductor
Type
Note:
1
2
Based on Conductor temperature of 75 degree C.

Based on 40 degree C ambient, 35 degree rise, no air movement.
146
ANNEXURE-VI
HT Cables Current Carrying Capacity
Current Carrying Capacity (A)
147
Cable Size
Resistance Per
km per Phase
(Ohm/km)
Reactance Per
km Per Phase
(Ohm/km)
Single Circuit
Three Circuits
Six Circuits
Nine Circuits
2/0 AWG Al
0.887
0.271
181
141
121
112
4/0 AWG Al
0.293
0.247
345
260
221
204
500 MCM Al
0.14
0.232
540
394
333
307
1000 MCM Al
0.09
0.222
744
529
446
412
Note:
1
Based on WAPDA Specification P-29:81.
ANNEXURE-VII
LT Cables Current Carrying Capacity
Cable Size
Resistance Per
km per Phase
(Ohm/km)
Reactance Per km
Per Phase
(Ohm/km)
Current Carrying
Capacity
(A)
PVC 7/0.052 (10 mm)
2.795
0.4
32
1.031
0.41
77
0.452
0.23
115
0.232
0.24
175
PVC 19/0.052 (25

mm)
PVC 19/0.083 (70
mm)
PVC 37/0.083 (120
mm)
148
ANNEXURE-VIII
Secondary Loading- Number of Spans (60 Meter Each)
This table presents the number of LT spans possible for each conductor for different loadings. The
table is not intended to be a replacement for circuit analysis and is only to be used to determine the
LT circuits which require renovation. This table is not a replacement of voltage measurement at
different points on the system, to check losses. This table is only an indicator of areas requiring
renovation.
Transformer
Size
630 kVA
400 kVA
200 kVA
100 kVA
50 kVA
25 kVA
Gnat
10
20
Ant
19
40
Wasp
17
34
68
Conductor Size
149
Assumptions:
1. Transformer is fully loaded.

2. Secondary is uniformly loaded, a secondary span is taken to be 60 meter.
3. Allowable secondary voltage drop is taken as 3%.
4. System power factor is taken to be 0.8.
5. Thermal loading limits of conductor are not exceeded in any section for a uniformly distributed load.
ANNEXURE-IX
TYPICAL CORE AND WINDING LOSSES IN DISTRIBUTION

TRANSFORMERS
CORE LOSS*/IRON LOSSES

(KW)
WINDING LOSS**
COPPER LOSSES
(KW)
10
0.065
0.320
15
0.085
0.435
25
0.123
0.640
50
0.175
1.170
100
0.311
2.020
200
0.495
3.410
400
0.925
5.600
630
1.350
8.150
0.205
1.280
TRANSFORMER SIZE
(KVA)
Three Phase
Single Phase
63
*
**
Rated core loss = No Load Loss

Rated winding loss = Full Load Loss - No Load Loss
Formula:
Losses of a Transformer "A" = kVA rating of transformer "A"
x 0.75 x Losses of transformer "B"
kVA rating of transformer "B"
whose losses are known
150
ANNEXURE-X
FUSE RATINGS FOR DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS &

11 KV CAPACITORS
Fuse Rating
T/F Rating
kVA
11 kV Capacitor
Rating (kVAR)
Colour
1K
10 & 15
--
Black
3K
25 & 50
--
Green
6K
75
--
Brown
10K
100 & 150
--
Blue
15K
200 & 250
--
Orange
20K
300
300
Yellow
30K
400
--
White
40K
630
450
Grey
80K
--
900
Violet
151
ANNEXURE-XI
FUSE RATINGS FOR LT CAPACITORS
Fuse Rating
LT Capacitor
Rating (kVAR)
Fuse Type
5A
NH 00
10 A
NH 00
20 A
10
NH 00
40 A
20
NH 00
75 A
40
NH 00
150 A
80
NH 00
152
ANNEXURE-XII
TYPICAL POWER FACTORS OF DIFFERENT
EQUIPMENT/INSTALLATIONS
Euipment/ Installation
Typical Power Factor
Automatic Lathe
0.6
Chemicals Industry
0.72 to 0.87
Cold Storage
0.76 to 0.80
Confectionary
0.6
Cement Industry
0.80 to 0.85
Ceiling Fan Industry
0.50 to 0.70
Cinemas
0.78 to 0.80
Cigrette manufacturing
0.8
Clock manufacturing
0.9
Coffee Grinder
0.75
Cabin Fan
0.50 to 0.60
Electronic Equipment
0.40 to 0.95
Exhaust Fan
0.60 to 0.70
Freezer
0.7
Film Studios
0.65 to 0.74
Flour Mills
0.61
Foundries
0.59
Gas Works
0.87
Hair Dryers
0.70 to 0.80
Heavy Engineering Works
0.48 to 0.75
Heat Treatment Shops
0.65 to 0.80
Industrial Induction Motor:

- No Load
0.18
- 25% of Full Load
0.56
- 50% of Full Load
0.74
- 75% of Full Load
0.81
- 100% of Full Load
0.85
- 125% of Full Load
0.86
Irrigation Pumps
0.62 to 0.80
`Laundries
0.92
Liquidiser
0.8
Mixer
0.8
153
ANNEXURE-XII (Contd)
TYPICAL POWER FACTORS OF DIFFERENT
EQUIPMENT/INSTALLATIONS
Typical Power Factor
Mercury Vapour Lamp
0.40 to 0.60
Metal Pressing
0.57 to 0.72
Municipal Pumpming Stations
0.65 to 0.75
Neon Signs
0.50 to 0.55
Oil and Paint Manufacturing
0.51 to 0.69
Oil Mills
0.51 to 0.59
Oil Terminals
0.64 to 0.83
Office Buildings
0.80 to 0.85
Plastic Moulding
0.57 to 0.73
Pharnaceuticals
0.75 to 0.86
Potteries
0.61
Refrigerators
0.65
Radio Manufacturing
0.9
Rubber Extrusion and Moulding
0.48
Rolling Mills
0.60 to 0.72
Repair Shops
0.6
Shaver
0.6
Sewing Machine
0.70 to 0.80
Structural Engineering
0.53 to 0.68
Spinning Mills
0.6
Steel Works
0.65 to 0.80
Table Fan
0.50 to 0.60
Tube Light
0.50 to 0.90
Textile Industry
0.65 to 0.75
Vacuum Cleaner
0.7
Window Type A/C
0.62 to 0.85
Woolen Mills
0.7
Weaving Mills
0.6
Welding Shops
0.50 to 0.60
Workshops
0.6
Washing Machines
0.60 to 0.70
154
ANNEXURE-XIII
TYPICAL LOAD FACTORS OF DIFFERENT EQUIPMENTS/INSTALLATIONS
Typical
Load Factor
Chemicals Industry
0.5
Cold Storage
0.34
Confectionary
0.21
Cotton Ginning
0.25
Cement Industry
0.78
Ceramics Industry
0.24
Electric Furnace
0.35
Engineering Works
0.27
Fertilizer Industry
0.77
Flour Mills
0.4
Ghee and Oil Mills
0.44
Glass Manufacturing
0.4
Ice Factory
0.3
Jute Factory
0.39
Paper Industry
0.44
Rice Husking Mills
0.19
Rubber Industry
0.24
Shoe Mnufacturing
0.46
Steel Mills
0.31
Sugar Industry
0.31
Tobacco Industry
0.4
Tanneries
0.3
Textile Industry
0.66
Small Industry
0.2
Tube well (Private)
0.25
Tube well (Public)
0.64
Domestic Connection
0.20 to 0.40
Commmercial Connection
0.4
155
ANNEXURE-XIV
TYPICAL COINCIDENCE FACTORS BETWEEN DIFFERENT

ELEMENTS OF POWER SYSTEM
Elements of System
between which CF are
stated
Typical Values of Coincidence Factors

Residential
Lighting
Commercial
Lighting
General
Power
Large
Users
Between Individual Users
0.50
0.68
0.69
Between distribution
transfromers
0.77
0.77
0.74
0.95
Between feeders
0.87
0.87
0.87
0.95
Between substations
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
From user to distribution

transformer
0.50
0.68
0.69
From user to feeder
0.38
0.53
0.51
0.87
From user to substation
0.33
0.46
0.45
0.76
From user to generating

station
0.30
0.42
0.41
0.69
156
ANNEXURE-XV
VOLUME OF MIXTURE
FOR
LT (31 FEET) STEEL STRUCTURE FOUNDATION
Size of Foundation
= 1 8 x 1 8 x 6.0 = 16.73 cft
Wet mixture required
= 16.73 cft x 1.5 = 25.10 cft

CEMENT
Ratio of mixture:
SAND
:
CRUSH
:
=7
Quantity of Material Required

Cement
= 25.10 cft x 1/7 = 3.58 (cft) 1.25 (cft per bag) = 2.86 bags
Sand
= 25.10 cft x 2/7 = 7.17 cft
Crush
= 25.10 cft x 4/7 = 14.34 cft
VOLUME OF MIXTURE
FOR
HT (36 FEET) STEEL STRUCTURE FOUNDATION
Size of Foundation
= 2 x 2 x 6.5 = 26 cft
= 26 cft x 1.5 = 39 cft

CEMENT
Ratio of mixture:
SAND
:
CRUSH
:
=7

Cement
= 39 cft x 1/7 = 5.57 (cft) 1.25 (cft per bag) = 4.45 bags
Sand
= 39 cft x 2/7 = 11.14 cft
Crush
= 39 cft x 4/7 = 22.29 cft

Sheet 1 of 2
157
ANNEXURE-XV (Contd)
VOLUME OF MIXTURE
FOR
Size of Foundation
= 2 1/2 x 2 1/2 x 7 1/2 = 46.875 cft
= 46.875 cft x 1.5 = 70.31 cft

CEMENT
Ratio of mixture:
SAND
:
CRUSH
:
=7

Cement
= 70.31 cft x 1/7 = 10.04 (cft) 1.25 (cft per bag) = 8 bags
Sand
= 70.31 cft x 2/7 = 20.10 cft
Crush
= 70.31 cft x 4/7 = 40.17 cft
VOLUME OF MIXTURE
FOR
Size of Foundation
= 2 10 x 2 10 x 8 4 = 66.71 cft
= 66.71 cft x 1.5 = 100.65 cft

CEMENT
Ratio of mixture:
SAND
:
CRUSH
:
=7

Cement
= 100.65 cft x 1/7 = 14.38 (cft) 1.25 (cft per bag) = 11.50 bags
Sand
= 100.65 cft x 2/7 = 28.76 cft
Crush
= 100.65 cft x 4/7 = 57.51 cft

Sheet 2 of 2
158
ANNEXURE-XVI
GROWTH FACTORS
Factors by Which to Multiply Annual Benefis at no Growth
to Derive Annual Benefits at Growth
159
No. of Years
3
5
7
10
12
15
20
30
1.057
1.112
1.166
1.243
1.291
1.358
1.456
1.597
Reference:
Average Growth Per Annum (%)

5
7
1.097
1.196
1.298
1.453
1.558
1.713
1.964
2.412
1.138
1.289
1.450
1.715
1.904
2.208
2.760
4.002
10
1.182
1.390
1.626
2.040
2.358
2.907
4.035
7.288
1.205
1.444
1.724
2.231
2.636
3.360
4.946
10.151
Inter office memorandum No. PTAT/WAPDA/P&E-3 dated 06.01.1986

regarding Economic Justification for ELR Improvements under WAPDAUSAID POWER DISTRIBUTION PROGRAM

WAPDA Distribution Rehabilitation Guidelines9091

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WATER AND POWER DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY

GENERAL MANAGER (OPERATION) WAPDA

2. DISTRIBUTION REHABILITATION MEASURES ........................................

2.1.9 Addition of New LT Lines ..................................................................

3. CAPCITOR APPLICATIONS .............................................................................

4. PLANNING PROCEDURE ..................................................................................

Data/Information Collection ............................................................

Technical Analysis ...........................................................................

Cost Estimation ................................................................................

Benefit/Cost Analysis ......................................................................

Inspection/Completion Certificate (Phase-V) .....................................

INFORMATION/DATA (SAMPLE FORMATS

HT Format-I: Single Line Diagram (90 ) of Existing and Proposed Network 37

HT Format-II: Single Line Diagram of Existing & Proposed Network

marked on S.O.P Maps or on Geographical Maps............... 38-39

HT Format-III: Pole-to-Pole Geographical Sketch of Existing Situation ....

HT Format-IV: Input Data Form of existing & Proposed Situation ...........

HT Format-V: Month-wise Max/Min Load of Grid Station Power T/F

HT Format-VI: Month-Wise technical Data of 11 kV Feeder Involved

HT Format-VII: Data Authenticity Certificate .............................................

HT Format-VIII: Summary of Technical Analysis Report (Existing Position

HT Format-IX: Summary of Technical Analysis Report (Proposed Position

-- with & without Growth) ................................................ 45-46

-- with & without Growth) ................................................ 47-58

Benefits to be Achieved with & without Growth

HT Format-XI: Geographical Sketch (Pole to Pole) Showing the Complete

HT Format-XII: HT Distribution Work Order ............................................. 62-72

HT Format-XIII: Benefit/Cost Calculation ..................................................

HT Format-XIV: Completion Report ........................................................... 74-78

HT Format-XV: Inspection Certificate ........................................................ 79-80

Development of LT Proposal (Phase-I) ..............................................

Data/Information Collection ............................................................

Technical Analysis ...........................................................................

Benefit/Cost Analysis ......................................................................

INFORMATION/DATA (SAMPLE FORMATS

LT Format-II: Pole-to-Pole Geographical Sketch of Proposed LT Network

LT Format-IV: Month-Wise Loading Data of 11/0.4 kV Distribution

Transformer Involved in the Proposal ...................................

LT Format-V: Data Authenticity Certificate .................................................

LT Format-VI: Summary of Technical Analysis Report (Existing Position-(A&B)

LT Format-VII: Summary of Technical Analysis Report (Proposed Position-(A&B)

with & without Growth) ......................................................... 94-95

with & without Growth) ....................................................... 96-97

LT Format-VIII:Benefits to be Achieved (with& without Growth)

LT Format-XI: LT Distribution Work Order................................................. 100-104

LT Format-X: Benefit/Cost Calculation .......................................................

LT Format-XI: Completion Report ............................................................... 106-110

LT Format-XII:Inspection Certificate ........................................................... 111-112

Selection Criteria / Guidelines for Distribution Network to be

5. PLANNING CRITERIA .......................................................................................

Maximum Permissible VD & Losses-Table 5 ...............................................

Economic Conductor Sizes for New HT Line-Table 6 ..................................

Economic Conductor Sizes for Replacement in HT-Table 7 .........................

Economic Conductor Sizes for New LT Line-Table 8 ..................................

Economic Conductor Sizes for Replacement in LT-Table 9 .........................

Procedure for Determination of Economic Transformer Size ...................... 121-126

11 kV Transformer Loading ...........................................................................

Max Allowable Service Length at Different Loads-Table 10 ......................

Construction of 11 kV Multiple Circuits ........................................................

11 kV Capacitor Judgement Factors-Table 12 ...............................................

ANNEXURE-I: Some Important Definitions .............................................. 134-137

ANNEXURE-II: Some Important Formulas ............................................... 138-143

ANNEXURE-III: Sample Calculation of Demand Factor, Power Factor,