Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OPERANT CONDITIONING
(Burrhus Frederick Skinner/American Psychologist)
-learning where the organisms must operate on or do
something to the environment in order to produce result.
Unlike classical conditioning where the organism passively
waits and still be reinforced in this type of learning the
organism must be active in order to reinforced.
3 Main Behavior Shaping Techniques
1. Positive Reinforcement
2. Negative Reinforcement
3. Punishment
2. PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE
(Sigmund Freud/Austrian Psychologist)
-understand what is going on in the mind of an individual or
"to get in the head" of a patient to see what is going on in
the unconscious part of the mind.
-this will provide insight into how the patient views his
relationships, experiences, and the world and how that
affects his preferences, behaviors, and drives, and
therefore personality.
-developed by Sigmund Freud
3. HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE
-perspective that emphasizes the study of the whole
person (known as holism)
-perspective suggests that we are each responsible for our
own happiness and well-being as humans
-perspective centers on the view that each person is unique
and individual and has the free will to change at any time in
his or her lives.
-known Behaviorist: Abraham Maslow; Carl Rogers
NEEDS -physiological or psychological deficiencies that an
organism is compelled to fulfill
NEED HIERARCHY THEORY
-a motivation theory proposed by Abraham Maslow that
arranges needs in hierarchy from lower, more basic needs
to higher-order needs
-lower order needs - needs that are satisfied externally
-higher order needs - needs that are satisfied internally
4. COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
- perspective is concerned with mental functions such as
memory, perception, attention
- perspective study cognition which is the mental act or
process by which knowledge is acquired
- belief systems, value systems, thought processes, reason
and intelligence have a significant impact on why we do the
things we do and act the way we act.
5. BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
-perspective that assumes that human behavior and
thought processes have a biological basis
6. CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE
-behavior in terms of the selective pressures that shape
behavior
-mind is therefore equipped with instincts that enabled
our ancestors to survive and reproduce
7. EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE
- psychologists and researchers look at human behavior
across different cultures; by looking at these differences,
we can learn more about how our culture influences our
thinking and behavior.
THE BRAIN
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Neurotransmitters
ACETYLCHOLINE (Ach)
-most common neurotransmitter
-involved in our every move; transmits messages to our
skeletal muscles
-involved in memory capabilities
-diminished production may relate to Alzheimers disease
GLUTAMATE
-plays a role in memory
GAMMA-AMINO BUTYRIC ACID (GABA)
-plays a role in eating, aggression, sleeping
DOPAMINE (DA)
-involved in movement, attention and learning
-certain drugs have significant effect on dopamine
release led to effective treatment of variety of physical
and mental ailments (e.g. Parkinsons disease)
SEROTONIN
-plays a role in mood, pain, depression, sleep
-deficiencies link to eating disorder, alcoholism, insomia
ENDORPHINS
-plays a role in pain suppression, pleasurable feelings,
appetites
NOREPINEPHRINE
-accelerates the heart rate
-plays a role in learning and remembering