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T/F. A case-control study is prospective.

T/F. A cohort study involves the investigator doing

something to one group and not to another.

What is an odds ratio? Which type of study is it most

associated with: (case-control/cohort/crosssectional/twin concordance/adoption).
What is relative risk? Which type of study is it most
associated with: (case-control/cohort/crosssectional/twin concordance/adoption).
Disease prevalence. Which type of study is it most
associated with: (case-control/cohort/crosssectional/twin concordance/adoption).

What is the difference between a phase 2 and 3 clinical

trial?

F. retrospective and observational. compare a group of

people w/disease to one w/o. Looks for prior exposure or
risk factor 49
F. compares group w/given exposure or risk factor to
group w/o

given people with disease, probability of them doing

something / given people without disease, probability of
them doing something. case-control (observational and
retrospective)
given doing something, probability of having disease.
Cohort study (observational and prospective)
cross-sectional (risk factor association; does not
establish causality)
2 - small number of patients; assess efficacy; not
controlled; 3 - large number of patients - compares
treatment to standard of care

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What is sensitivity? Specificity?

A sensitivity value approaching 1 is desirable for ruling

(in/out) a disease and indicates a low false(negative/positive) rate. It is used for screening diseases
with (high/low) prevalence.

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sensitivity - given people with disease, what proportion

test positive; specificity - given people without disease,
what proportion test negative

sensitivity - rule OUT; low false-negative (if negative

there's little chance you have disease); useful for diseases
with LOW prevalence

A specificity value approaching 1 is desirable for ruling

(in/out) a disease and indicates a low false(negative/positive) rate.

specificity - rule IN; low false-positive (if positive, you

pretty much have the disease)

If the prevalence of a disease in a population is

(high/low), even tests with high specificity or high
sensitivity will have low positive predictive values.

low; false positives will overwhelm true positives

What is positive predictive value? Negative predictive

value?

given positive test result, what proportion are really

positive; given negative test result, what proportion are
really negative

What is the difference between prevalence and

incidence?

prevalence - total cases; incidence - new cases/at risk

population (prevalence = incidence x duration) 52

When is the odds ratio comparable to the relative risk?

What is the difference between them?

prevalence of disease is not too high; odds ratio - ratio of

disease to not; risk - probability

What people don't you count when calculating

incidence?

What is attributable risk?

How do you calculate the number needed to treat given

the absolute risk reduction?

people currently with the disease & those previously

positive for it

difference in risk between exposed and unexposed

groups
1/absolute risk reduction

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Random error reduces (precision/accuracy). Systematic

error reduces (precision/accuracy).

random - precision; systematic - accuracy

What is procedure bias?

subjects in different groups not treated the same

What is late-look bias?

What is lead-time bias?

What is the pygmalion effect?

What is the Hawthorne effect?
In positive skew, put the following in descending order:
(mean/median/mode).
What is the difference between a type I and type II
error?
How do you calculate standard error of the mean?

What is the difference between a t-test and ANOVA?

List all reportable diseases.

What are the top 3 causes of death in infants?

information gathered at inappropriate time (e.g. using

survey to study a fatal disease - only ppl alive will be able
to answer)
early detection confused with increased survival

researcher's belief in efficacy of treatment changes

outcome of that treatment
group being studied changes behavior owing to
knowledge of being studied
mean>median>mode

I - stating effect when none exists (p is probability of

making type I error); II - saying no effect when effect
exists
standard deviation / square-root of sample size

t-test - checks difference between means of 2 groups;

ANOVA checks difference between means of 3 or more
groups

Hep, Hep Hep, Horray, the SSSMMART Chick is Gone!

(Hep A, B, C, HIV, Salmonella, Shigella, Syphilis,
Measles, Mumps, Aids, Rubella, TB, Chickenpox,
Gonorrhea 56
congenital; SIDS; respiratory distress

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What are the top 3 causes of death in ages 1-14?

injuries, cancer, congenital

What are the top 3 causes of death in ages 25-64?

cancer, heart, injuries

What are the top 3 causes of death in ages 15-24?

injuries, homicide, suicide

Who is eligible for medicare?

>65; <65 w/disabilities; ESRD

When is parental consent not required for a minor?

emacipated (e.g. married, self-supporting, has children,

in military) 57

What is medicare part A? B? C? D?

T/F. The burden of proof in a malpractice suit is "beyond

a reasonable doubt."

A - inpatient; B - doctor's services; C - both; D - drugs

F. is "more likely than not"

T/F. Parents of a child decide what information can be

relayed about a child's illness to that child.

What defines low birth weight?

<2.5 kg

What does the Apgar score consist of? What is its

maximum?

Appearance; Pulse; Grimace; Activity; Respiration (10

points) 60

When does the Babinski disappear?

15 months

When should a child be able to stack 9 blocks?

3 years (blocks stacked/3 = years)

Which Tanner stage does the following set of symptoms

occur: (pubic hair darkens and becomes curly; penis
size/length increases).

Stage 3 (note stage 1 is childhood; stage 5 is adult; from

this you should be able to figure out what stages 2 and 4
are)

T/F. There is an increased incidence of psychiatric

disorders in the elderly.

F. decreased incidence

T/F. Illusions are abnormal in the context of grief.

F. sometimes occur

T/F. Sexual interest and intelligence decrease with age.

T/F. There is an increased rate of suicide in the elderly.

F. neither do

T. males 65-74 have highest suicide rate in US

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What is pathologic grief in terms of duration?

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> 2 months

What is the difference between illusions and

hallucinations?

illusions - have stimulus; hallucinations - do not have

stimulus

T/F. Awake with eyes open, alert, active mental

concentration results in alpha waves.

F. beta waves (highest frequency, lowest amplitude); (at

night, BATS Drink Blood (beta-alpha-theta-sleep
spindles-beta (in REM))

What BMI is underweight?

Deepest, non-REM sleep; sleepwalking; night terrors;

bedwetting results in ____ waves.

<18.5

delta (lowest frequency, highest amplitude)

_____ (neurotransmitter) predominance of _____

(brain location) is the key to initiating sleep.

serotonergic predominance of raphe nucleus

The extraocular movements during REM sleep is due to

_____ (brain location).

paramedian pontine reticular formation

Alcohol, benzodiazepines, and barbituates are associated

with (increased/reduced) REM and delta sleep.

reduced

Patients with depression have (increased/decreased)

slow-wave sleep, (increased/decreased) REM, and earlymorning awakenings.

decreased slow wave sleep; increased REM sleep

_____ (neurotransmitter) reduces REM sleep.

norepinephrine

Light sleep is characterized by ____ waves. Deep sleep

is characterized by _____ waves. REM sleep is
characterized by _____ waves.

light - theta; deep - delta; REM - beta

_____ is the primary neurotransmitter involved in

REM sleep.

acetylcholine

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What drugs would you to treat narcolepsy?

What part of the CNS drives the circadian rhythm?
From Q&A

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stimulants (amphetamines, modafinil) & sodium

oxybate (GHB)
suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus 63
...

How do you determine the probability of making a type

II error?

1-power

What is chloral hydrate?

nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic used for sedation and

insomnia

What drug would you use to treat narcolepsy?

What is hydroxyzine?
What is zolpidem?

What is the difference between transference and

countertransference?
What is the difference between a dysthymic disorder and
major depressive disorder?
Horizontal nystagmus is an effect of which of the
following: (alcohol/amphetamines/cocaine
/LSD/nicotine/phencyclidine).

What is the difference between the Wechsler Adult

Intelligence Scale-Revised and the Wechsler Intelligence
Scale for Children - Revised?
What does splitting mean in the context of psychiatry?

modafinil (psychostimulant)

nonselective antihistamine

nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic used for insomnia

transference - patient projects feelings from personall

life onto doctor; countertransference - doctor projects
onto patient

major depressive - constellation of symptoms is episodic,

at least 2 weeks; dysthymia - does not remit and recur,
lasts mor ethan 2 years
PCP

> & < 16.5 years old

belief that people are either all good or all bad

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