Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Depth(ft)
Unit wt. of
Concrete
(ib)
No of
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
1
3
4
8
6
3
4
4
8
2
4
1
1
2
18.00
8.00
14.00
3.86
17.00
4.50
17.00
9.86
12.50
9.86
12.50
4.50
17.68
3.86
16.00
3.50
16.00
6.50
8.16
3.44
8.16
6.50
5.50
2.50
5.51
4.92
12.20
4.59
(min)
(max)
5.60
44.07
41.51
37.90
38.66
42.34
46.52
56.67
61.02
56.53
59.83
57.70
29.30
28.36
9.27
73.38
69.12
63.10
64.36
70.50
77.47
94.39
101.64
94.15
99.65
96.10
48.76
47.19
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
foundn wt.
machine
IMPACT
wt./machine(l
bs)
39600
39600
39600
39600
39600
39600
39600
39600
39600
39600
39600
39600
39600
39600
SPEED?
HP?
(Ibs )
wt/foundn.(lbs)
IN KG
120960.00
118800
02AEP
RECIPROCATI
357210.60
356400
02AEP
IMPACT
1687.14
476347.50
475200
03 ATS
IMPACT
2249.84
952914.30
950400
03ATS
RECIPROCATI
4500.71
714648.75
712800
03ATS
IMPACT
3375.36
357243.75
356400
03ATS
IMPACT
1687.30
476223.67
475200
01 SRM
IMPACT
2249.25
476040.00
475200
4RM
IMPACT
2248.38
951960.00
950400
4RM
RECIPROCATI
4496.20
238021.06
237600
4RM
IMPACT
1124.20
475995.60
475200
4 Rm
IMPACT
2248.18
119006.25
118800
tolling
IMPACT
562.08
119206.88
118800
miller machine
IMPACT
563.03
238440.88
237600
Grinder
RECIPROCATI
571.31
1126.18
28689.15
ROTARY
RECIPROCATING
% OF REINF
TRIAL
REINF
( REINF PROVIDED)
REINF BAR
NO OF
NO OF
BAR
BAR
SPACING IN
IN KG
MIN
MAX
FT
945.38
1.04 %
1.72 %
0.5
12
36
16
2809.35
1.04 %
1.73 %
0.5
12
28
3746.12
1.04 %
1.73 %
0.5
12
34
7493.27
1.04 %
1.73 %
0.5
12
34
20
5619.78
1.04 %
1.73 %
0.5
12
25
20
2809.51
1.04 %
1.73 %
0.5
12
25
3745.53
1.04 %
1.73 %
0.5
12
35
3744.66
1.04 %
1.73 %
0.5
12
32
7488.76
1.04 %
1.73 %
0.5
12
32
13
1872.34
1.04 %
1.73 %
0.5
12
16
3744.45
1.04 %
1.73 %
0.5
12
16
13
936.15
1.04 %
1.73 %
0.5
12
11
937.10
1.04 %
1.73 %
0.5
12
11
10
1874.32
47766.70
1.04 %
1.73 %
0.5
12
24
ROVIDED)
TOTAL KG
470.61
980.36
1134.75
1477.09
1213.44
903.33
1235.66
1320.99
1715.98
766.45
1055.58
530.85
393.18
627.25
13825.54
ABSTRACT
The paper discusses the methods of analysis for determining the response of
foundations subjected to vibratory loads. The design of a machine foundation is
generally made by idealizing the foundation- soil system as spring-mass dashp
model having one or two degrees of freedom. Most machine foundations are
treated as surface footing and the soil spring and damping values a
the elastic-half space analog. The spring and damping values for respo
foundations can also be determined from the elastic half space concept
work. The soil spring and damping values can also be obtained following the imp
compliance function approach. The paper also presents a brief discussion of the
predicted and observed response of machine foundations .
INTRODUCTION
as steam engines) belong to this category. The operating speeds of such machin
usually less than 600r/min. For analysis of their foundations, the unbalanced
can be considered to vary sinusoidally.
2. Impact machines:
one continuous mat.A block foundation has a large mass and, therefore, a small
*******
A machine foundation should meet the following conditions for satisfactory perfo
Static loads
1. It should be safe against shear failure
2. It should not settle excessively
These requirements are similar to those for all other foundations.
Dynamic loads
1.
There should be no resonance; that is, the natural frequency of the machine
soil system should not coincide with the operating frequency of the
machine. In fact, a zone of resonance is generally defined and the natura
of the system must lie outside this zone. The foundation is high tuned wh
fundamental frequency is greater than the operating speed or low tuned when
fundamental frequency is lower than the operating speed. This concept of a high
low tuned foundation is illustrated in Fig..2.
2. The amplitudes of motion at operating frequencies should not exceed the lim
3. The natural frequency of the foundation soil system should not be whole nu
multiple of the operating frequency of the machine to avoid resonance with the
harmonics.
4. The vibrations must not be annoying to the persons working in the shops or
to the other precision machines. The nature of vibrations that are perceptible,
annoying, or harmful depends upon the frequency of the vibrations and the amp
of motion.
The geometrical layout of the foundation may also be influenced by the operatio
requirements of the machine. The failure condition of a machine foundation is re
acceler
A typical concrete block is regarded as rigid as compared to the soil over which
Therefore, it may be assumed that it undergoes only rigid-body displacements a
rotations. Under the action of unbalanced forces, the rigid block may thus under
displacements and oscillations as follows (Fig. 4)
1. translation along Z axis
2. translation along X axis
3. translation along Y axis
4. rotation about Z axis
5. rotation about X axis
6. rotation about Y axis
Any rigid-body displacement of the block can be resolved into these six
independent displacements. Hence, the rigid block has six degrees of freedom a
natural frequencies.
Of six types of motion, translation along the Z axis and rotation about the Z axis
can occur independently of any other motion. However, translation about the X
axis) and rotation about the Y axis (or X axis) are coupled motions. Therefore, in
analysis of a block, we have to concern ourselves with four types of motions.
motions are independent and two are coupled. For determination of the
frequencies, in coupled modes, the natural frequencies of the system in pure tra
and pure rocking need to be determined. Also, the states of stress below the blo
four modes of vibrations are quite different. Therefore, the corresponding soil-sp
constants need to be defined before any analysis of the foundations can be und
Figure 4.Modes of vibration of a rigid block foundation
The trial dimensions of the machine foundation are selected based on the requir
the manufacturer, the machine shop and the machine performance and experie
designer. These trial dimensions of the foundation are only the first step in the d
may need alteration after the analysis.
METHODS OF ANALYSIS
1. The Linear Elastic Spring method (Barkan, 1962) treats the problem
foundation vibrations as spring- mass model , neglecting damping in the soil. Th
damping can be included if desired.
2. The Elastic Half Space Analogs: The elastic half space theory can be
determine the values of equivalent soil springs and damping then make use of t
vibrations to determine the response of the foundation. These are known as th
elastic half space analogs. They can be used for surface as well as embed
foundations. It may be mentioned here that the equivalent soil spring and damp
depend upon the ; Soil stiffness
and damping
m
m
Pz Sint Pz Sin t Pz Sin t
kz
kcz z
m
(a) (b) (c)
The undamped natural frequency of vertical vibrations may now be obtained usi
and 7.
m
kz
nz 6
m
k
fz
nz 2
1
7
In which nz = the circular natural frequency (undamped) of the soil foundation s
in vertical vibration (rad/sec) and nz f = natural frequency of vertical vibrations
The amplitude of vertical vibration is obtained as:
2-Jan
2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 / 2 / z nz z nz
z
zz
z
z
k
P
krr
P
A8
Sliding vibrations
The equation of the analog for sliding is (Fig. 6)
mx c x k x P t x x z sin 9
Figure 6. Sliding Vibrations of a Rigid Block (a) Actual case (b) Equivalent model
Hall (1967) defined the modified mass ratio for sliding as:
3 32 1
78
o
x pr
m
v
v
B 10
where ro = radius of the foundation .
mm
PxSint
PxSint
Soil stiffness
and damping
cx
kx
b
a
The expressions for the equivalent spring and damping factors are as follows:
The equivalent spring
x o Gr
v
v
k
78
32 1
11
And the equivalent damping
rG
v
v
cxo
2
78
18.4 1
12
The damping ratio x is given by
ex
x
x
cB
c 0.2875
13
The undamped natural frequency of sliding vibration may be obtained as follows
m
kx
nx 14a
m
k
fx
nx 2
1
14b
In which nx = the circular natural frequency (undamped) in sliding vibrations a
natural frequency of sliding vibrations (Hz).
The damped amplitude in sliding is obtained as:
2
2
2
12
nx
x
nx
x
x
x
k
P
A 15
Rocking Vibrations: A rigid block foundation undergoing rocking vibrati
exciting moment M t y sin is shown in Fig. 7.
Hall (1967) proposed an equivalent mass-spring-dashpot model that can be used
determine the natural frequency and amplitude of vibration of a rigid circular foo
resting on an elastic half-space and undergoing rocking vibrations (Fig.7). The eq
model is given in equation 16
M c k M t mo y sin 16
Figure 8. Torsional vibrations of rigid block: (a) Block subjected to horizontal mom
(b) Development of nonuniform shear below the base
The equation of motion is
it
mz zM C k M e 24
In which mz M = mass moment of inertia of the machine and foundation about t
axis of rotation (polar mass moment of inertia). The spring constant k and the da
constant c are given by (Richart and Whitman, 1967):
3
3
16
o k Gr 25
B
rG
co
1
1.6 4
26
where ( ) o o r r = equivalent radius..
The undamped natural frequency n of the torsional vibrations is given by
rad / sec
M
k
mz
n 27
The amplitude of vibration A is given by
2
2
2
12
nn
z
k
M
A 28
In which the damping ratio is given by
1 2B
0.5
29
The modified inertia ratio B is given by
5
o
mz
r
M
B 30
0
.22
2
22
4 nx n
n
nx n
n 33
In which
mo
m
M
M
34
Figure 9. Block subjected to the action of simultaneous vertical Pz(t), h
forces and moment My(t)
The damping in rocking and sliding modes will be different. Prakash and Puri (19
developed equations for determination of vibration amplitudes for this case. Dam
amplitudes of rocking and sliding occasioned by an exciting moment y M can be
as follows:
2
2-Jan
2 2 2 2 . .L
M
M
A nx x nx
m
y
x 356
2
2-Jan
2 2 2 2 2 nx x nx
m
y
M
M
A 36
The value of 2 is obtained from Eq. 38
2-Jan
2
2222
2
2222
242
4
4
nx
n
n
nx
x
n nx x nx n nx n
37
Damped amplitudes of rocking and sliding occasioned by a horizontal force x P a
by Eqs.38 and 39
2
2-Jan
2
222221MkLk4kMLkm
mM
P
A
m x mo x x
m
x
x 38
And
2
2
1
2 2 4 nx nx x
m
x
M
PL
A 39
In case the footing is subjected to the action of a moment and a horizo
the resulting amplitudes of sliding and rocking may be obtained by add
corresponding solutions from Eqs.35, 36, 38 and 39.
Effect of shape of the foundation on its response: The solutions from the elastic
theory were developed for a rigid circular footing. The vibratory response for non
foundations may be obtained using the concept of equivalent circular footing.
The equivalent radius of the foundation for different modes of vibration is not th
For vertical and sliding vibrations:
2-Jan
ab
r r ro oz ox 40
For rocking vibrations
4-Jan
3
3
ba
r ro o 41
Special Issue, April-May 2006
Of the Journal of Structural Engineering,
SERC, Madras
19
For torsional vibrations
4-Jan
22
6
ab a b
r ro o 42
.
Foundations on elastic layer: The elastic half-space solution is based on
of a homogenous soil deposit. In practice soils are layered media with each laye
different characteristics. An underlying rock below a soil layer may cause large
magnification of amplitude of vibration because of its ability to reflect wave ene
into the soil supporting the foundation. Special care should be taken during desi
overcome this effect.
Embedded Foundations
The embedment of the foundation results in an increased contact between the s
and the vertical faces of the foundation. This results in increased mobilization of
reactions which now develop not only below the base of the foundation but also
vertical sides of the foundation in contact with the soil. The overall stiffness offe
the soil therefore increases. Similarly, more energy is carried away by the waves
now originate not only from the base of the foundation but also from the vertica
the foundation in contact with the soil. This results in an increased geometrical d
The elastic half-space method for calculating the response of embedded foundat
developed by Novak and Beredugo (1971, 1972), Beredugo (1976), Novak and B
(1972) and Novak and Sachs (1973) by extending the earlier solution of Baranov
The solution is based upon the following assumptions:
1) The footing is rigid.
2) The footing is cylindrical.
3) The base of the footing rests on the surface of a semi-infinite elastic half-spac
4) The soil reactions at the base are independent of the depth of embedment.
5) The soil reactions on the side are produced by an independent elastic layer ly
above the level of the footing base.
6) The bond between the sides of the footing and the soil is perfect.
Based on the above assumptions, the expressions for equivalent spring and dam
values for different modes of vibrations were obtained. The soil properties below
method. (Gazettas 1983, 1991a, b, Dobry and Gazettas 1985) This method is br
discussed here. The geometry of rigid massless foundation considered by Gazet
(1991b) is shown in Fig.10a for a surface foundation in Fig.10b for an embedded
foundation. The response of this foundation due to a sinusoidal excitation can be
following theory of vibration after the appropriate dynamic impedance functions
for the frequencies of interest have been determined.
The dynamic impedance is a function of the foundation soil system and the natu
and the type of exciting loads and moments. For each particular case, of harmon
excitation, the dynamic impedance is defined as the ratio between force (or mom
and the resulting steady-state displacement (or rotations) U at the centriod of th
the massless foundation. For example, the vertical impedance is defines by
Special Issue, April-May 2006
Of the Journal of Structural Engineering,
SERC, Madras
21
UI
RI
S
z
z
z 44
In which R I R i t z z exp and is the harmonic vertical force; and U I U i t z z exp
harmonic vertical displacement of the soil-foundation interface. The quantity z R
total dynamic soil reaction against the foundation and includes normal traction b
base and frictional resistance along the vertical sides of the foundation.
The following impedances may similarly be defined: y S = lateral sliding or
swaying impedance (force-displacement ratio), for horizontal motion in the y- di
x S = longitudinal swaying or sliding impedance (force-displacement ratio), for h
motion along x-direction; rx S = rocking impedance (moment-rotation ratio), for
motion about the centroidal x-axis of the foundation base.
Special Issue, April-May 2006
Of the Journal of Structural Engineering,
SERC, Madras
22
Table 3. Value of equivalent spring and damping constants for embedded founda
and Beredugo 1972, Novak and Sachs 1973)
The values of frequency
independent parameters s
for the elastic space are
given in Table 4.
The values of frequency
independent parameters s
for the elastic space are
given in Table 4.
ro and h refer to radius and
5.00 2 C
7.50 1 C
6.80 2 C
0 1.5 0 a
(for all values
of v)
2.70 1 S
6.7 2 S
(for all
values of v)
0 1.5 0 a
(for all values
of v)
Sliding 0
0.25
0.4
0.5
4.30 x1 C
2.70 x2 C
5.10 x1 C
0.43 x2 C
0 2.0 0 a
0 2.0 0 a
3.60 x1 S
8.20 x2 S
4.00 x1 S
9.10 x2 S
4.10 x1 S
10.60 x2 S
0 1.5 0 a
0 2.0 0 a
0 1.5 0 a
0 2.0 0 a
0 1.5 0 a
Rocking 0 2.50 1 C
0.43 2 C
0 1.0 0 a 2.50 1 S
1.80 2 S
(for any
value of v)
0 1.5 0 a
Torsional
or yawing
Any value 4.3 1 C
0.7 2 C
0 2.0 0 a 12.4 1 S
10.2 1 S
2.0 2 S
5.4 2 S
0 2.0 0 a
0.2 2.0 0 a
0 2.0 0 a
0.2 2.0 0 a
Special Issue, April-May 2006
Of the Journal of Structural Engineering,
SERC, Madras
25
Table5 Computation of response of an embedded foundation by elastic half-spac
for coupled rocking and sliding (Beredugo and Novak 1972)
Item
Equation
Stiffness in
sliding 1 x1
o
s
xe o x S
r
h
G
G
k Gr C
Stiffness in
rocking 2 2 1
2
2
2
11
2
1
3
3x
oooo
s
o
s
x
o
eoS
r
hL
r
L
r
h
r
h
G
G
S
r
h
G
G
C
r
L
k Gr C
Crosscoupling
stiffness
112x
o
s
xeoxS
h
L
r
h
G
G
k Gr LC
Damping
constant in
sliding
22
2
x
ss
o
xe o x S
G
G
r
h
c Gr C
Damping
constant in
rocking
222
2
2
2
22
2
2
4
3x
ooo
ss
oo
x
o
eoS
r
hL
r
L
r
h
S
G
G
r
h
r
h
C
r
L
c Gr C
Crosscoupling
damping
22
2
2x
ss
o
xeoxS
h
L
G
G
r
h
c Gr LC
Frequency
equation
0222
xe n e m n x e k m k M k
Amplitude in
sliding
(damped)
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
xe x A P
Amplitude in
rocking
(damped)
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
eyAM
Various
terms in
equations for
xe e A and A
xe
x
y
emk
P
M
kM2
1
xe
x
y
ec
P
M
c2
xe
y
x
xe k
M
P
km2
1xe
y
x
xe c
M
P
c2
4222
1 m e m xe xe e x e xe e x e mM mk M k c c c k k k
e m xe xe e e xe x e x e mc M c c k c k 2c k 3
2
The values of parameters 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 C ,C ,C ,C , S , S , S , and S x x x x are g
L is the height of the centre of gravity above the base.
The horizontal force x P and the moment y M act at the centre of gravity of the f
The equations given in this table are used for coupled rocking and sliding of emb
Special Issue, April-May 2006
Of the Journal of Structural Engineering,
SERC, Madras
26
ry S = rocking impedance (moment-rotation ratio), for rotational motion about th
centroidal axis (y) of the foundation basement; and I S = torsional impedance (m
ratio), for rotational oscillation about the vertical axis (z).
In case of an embedded foundations, horizontal forces along principal axes indu
rotational (in addition to translational) oscillations; hence two more cross-coupl
horizontal-rocking impedances exist x ry y rx S and S . They are negligible for su
shallow foundations, but their effects may become significant as depth of embed
increases.
Material and radiation damping are present in all modes of vibration. As a result
is generally out of phase with U. It has become traditional to introduce complex
and to express each of the impedances in the form
S K i c 45
in which both K and C are functions of the frequency . The real component, K is t
dynamic stiffness, and reflects the stiffness and inertia of the supporting soil. Its
dependence on frequency is attributed solely to the influence that frequency ex
inertia, since soil properties are practically frequency independent. The imagina
component, C , is the product of the (circular) frequency times the dashpot
coefficient, C. C is the radiation and material damping generated in the system (
energy carried by waves spreading away from the foundation and energy dissipa
soil by hysteric action, respectively).
Equation 45 suggests that for each mode of oscillation an analogy can be made
between the actual foundation-soil system and the system thats consists of the
foundation, but is supported on a spring and dashpot with characteristic moduli
to K and C , respectively.
Gazettas (1991a, b) presented a set of tables and figures for determination of
dynamic stiffness and damping for various modes of vibration of a rigid foundati
shown in Tables 6 and 7 and Figs. 11 and 12.
Table 6 and Fig 11 contain the dynamic stiffness (springs), K K for surface
foundations. Each stiffness is expressed as a product of the static stiffness, K, tim
dynamic stiffness coefficient k k .
K K.k 46
Table 7 and Fig. 12 similarly give the information for an embedded foundation. T
and 7 and Figs. 11 and 12 contain the radiation damping (dashpot) coefficients,
C C . These coefficients do not include the soil hysteric damping . To incorporate
such damping, one may simply add the corresponding material dashpot
constant 2K / to the radiation C value.
K
total C radiation C
2
47
Special Issue, April-May 2006
Of the Journal of Structural Engineering,
SERC, Madras
27
Gazettas (1991a, b) has also illustrated the procedure for calculating the respon
foundation using the impedance method. The solutions have also been develope
rigid footing resting or partly embedded into a stratum (Gazettas, 1991a).
Figure10 Foundations of arbitrary shape (a) surface foundation, (b) embedded
foundation (Gazettas 1991b)
Special Issue, April-May 2006
Of the Journal of Structural Engineering,
SERC, Madras
28
Table 6. Dynamic stiffness an damping coefficients for foundation of arbitrary sh
homogeneous half-space (Gazettas 1991b)
Radiation dashpot coefficient, c
-4
where
lateral, y-axis
Torsion (t)
Special Issue, April-May 2006
Of the Journal of Structural Engineering,
SERC, Madras
30
Table 7. Dynamic stiffness and damping coefficients of foundations of arbitrary s
Radiation dashpot coefficient,
-4
Where is obtained form
Table 4 and the associated chart of Fig. 11
where
are
obtained from Table 6 and the associated
chart of Fig. 11
where
Cry,emb is similarly evaluated from Cry
after replacing x by y and interchanging B
with L in the foregoing two expressions.
In both cases
Dynamic stiffness coefficient,
-3
:
Fully embedded:
In a trench:
:
Fully embedded with L/B = 1 2:
fully embedded with L/B > 3:
in a trench:
from table 6
All v, partially embedded: interpolate
can be estimated in terms of
L/B, D/B and d/b for each ao value of from
the plots in Fig 12
The surface foundation krx and kry are
obtained from Table 6
Static stiffness,
-2
Where is obtained from
Table 4. =actual sidewall-soil contact
area; for consultant effective contact
height, d, along the perimeter:
where
and are
obtained from Table 6
where
and are
obtained from Table 6
Special Issue, April-May 2006
Of the Journal of Structural Engineering,
SERC, Madras
31
Vibration
mode
-1
Vertical
(z)
Horizontal
(y) and (x)
Rocking
(rx) and
(ry)
Special Issue, April-May 2006
Of the Journal of Structural Engineering,
SERC, Madras
32
Table 7 continued
where is obtained from Table 6 and
Figure 11
Equivalent soil spring for the embedded foundation for any mode of vibration is
The Kemb and kemb given in cols. 2 and 3 respectively in this table are for calcu
L, B, D, d, Ab and Aw are define in Figure 10
Ibx, Iby and Ibz represent the moment of inertia of the base area of the foundati
is the apparent velocity of propagation of longitudinal waves.
where is
obtained from Table 6
Swayingrocking
(x-ry) x (yrx)
Torsion (r)
Special Issue, April-May 2006
Of the Journal of Structural Engineering,
SERC, Madras
33
Figure 11. Dimensionless graphs for determining dynamic stiffness and damping
surface foundations (accompanying Table6) (Gazettas, 1991b)
Special Issue, April-May 2006
Of the Journal of Structural Engineering,
SERC, Madras
34
Figure 12. Dimensionless graphs or determining dynamic stiffness coefficients o
max 48
in which, Amax = amplitude of vertical vibrations and B= width of the foundatio
Special Issue, April-May 2006
Of the Journal of Structural Engineering,
SERC, Madras
36
Shear strain for torsional vibrations was considered to be equal to the rotational
the edge of the base of the surface footing divided its radius. The shear strain fo
rocking and sliding vibrations was considered as the rotation about the lateral ax
through the combined center of gravity of the machine foundation system. The
surface footings was then predicted using equations 7,8, 14,15, 22,23,27 and 28
appropriate vibration mode and following an iterative procedure to account for t
of soil. The effect of damping was also included in computations.
Typical results comparing the predicted and observed response of foundations fo
torsional and coupled rocking and sliding modes of vibrations are shown in Figs
respectively.
Figure 13. Measured and predicted response of vertical vibration for different va
eccentricity (a) e = 0.105 and (b) e = 0.209 inches, Eglin, base 1-1 ( Manyando
1991)
Special Issue, April-May 2006
Of the Journal of Structural Engineering,
SERC, Madras
37
Figure 14. Measured and predicted response of torsional vibrations for different v
eccentricity (a) e = 0.105 and (b) e = 0.209 inches, Eglin, base 1-1( Manyando &
Figure 15. Measured and predicted response of couples rocking and sliding vibra
different values of eccentricity (a) e = 0.105 and (b) e = 0.209 inches, Eglin, bas
1( Manyando& Prakash 1991 )
Figure 13 presents a comparison of the measured and computed response for th
vibrations . The general trend of the measured and computed response curves in
similar. The predicted natural frequency of vertical vibration for the foundation u
shows good agreement with the measured natural frequency. Similar trend of da
the case of torsional (Fig. 14, a and b) and for coupled rocking and sliding (Fig. 1
computed amplitudes in all the cases are within about 20 to 50 % of the measur
Special Issue, April-May 2006
Of the Journal of Structural Engineering,
SERC, Madras
38
Manyando and Prakash 1991) also investigated the role of geometrical and mate
the comparison between measured and computed response. Based on their stud
natural frequencies are reasonably predicted by their model but more work is ne
prediction vibration amplitude is concerned. Prakash and Puri (1981) made a sim
Prakash and Tseng (1998) used frequency dependent stiffness and damping valu
the response of vertically vibrating surface and embedded foundations. They co
computed response with the reported data of Novak(1970). They observed that
damping obtained from the elastic half space theory is generally over estimated
factors for modification radiation damping..
SUMMARY
The methods for determination dynamic response of machine foundations subje
excitation have been presented. Analogs based on the elastic half-space solution
used for their simplicity. The soil stiffness is generally considered frequency inde
design of machine foundations. Observations by several investigators have show
half-space analog generally overestimates radiation damping. The impedance fu
a recent addition to the approaches available for design of machine foundations
of a foundation strongly influences its dynamic response.
REFERENCES:
Baranov, V.A. (1967). On the calculation of excited vibrations of an embedded fo
Russian) Vopr, Dyn. Prochn., 14:195-209
Bakan, D.D.,(1962) Dynamics of Bases and Foundations. McGraw Hill NY
Beredugo, Y.O. (1976). Modal analysis of coupled motion of horizontally excited e
footings, Int. J. Earthquake Engg. Struct. Dyn., 4: Q3-410
Beredugo, Y.O. and M. Novak. (1972). Coupled horizontal and rocking vibrations
footings, an. Geotech. J., 9(4):477-497
Blake, M.P.(1964), New Vibration Standards for Maintenance. Hydrocarbon Proce
Petroleum Refiner, Vol.43 , No.1, pp 111-114.
Dobry, R. and G. Gazettas. (1985). Dynamic stiffness and damping of foundation
methods., Proc. Symp, Vib, Probs, Geotech. Engg., ASCE Annu. Conv., Detroit, pp
107
Dobry, R., G. Gazettas and K.H. Stokoe, (1985). Dynamic response of arbitrary sh
foundations: Experimental verification. ACSE, J. Geotech. Engg. Div., 112(2): 126
Fry, Z.B.(1963) Development and Evaluatin of Soil Bearing Cpacity, Foundations
Structures, Field Vibratory Test Data, Technical Research Report #3-632, U.S. Ar
Waterways Experiment Station, Test Report #1, Vicksburg, Mississippi, July
Special Issue, April-May 2006
Of the Journal of Structural Engineering,
SERC, Madras
39
Gazettas, G. (1983). Analysis of machine foundation vibrations, state of art. Soil
Earthquake Engg., 2(1):2-42
Gazettas, G. (1991a). Foundation vibrations. In Foundation Engineering Handboo
Chap. 15, Van Nostrand Reinhold, NewYork, pp. 553-593
Gazettas, G. (1991b). Formulas and charts for impedances of surface and embed
ACSE, J. Geotech. Engg. Div., 117(9):1363-1381
Hall, J.R. (1967). Coupled rocking and sliding oscillations of rigid circular footings
Symp. Wave Propag. Dyn. Prop. Earth Matter, University of New Mexico, Albuque
New Mexico, pp. 139-148
Hsieh, T.K. (1962). Foundation vibrations. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., 22:211-226
., M.S. Snow, N. Matasovic, C. Poran and T. Satoh (1994). Non-intrusive Rayleigh
Lysmer, L. and F.E. Richart, Jr. (1966). Dynamic response of footing to vertical loa
IBRATING MACHINES
ndations.
uency of the
efined and the natural frequency
dation is high tuned when its
eed or low tuned when its
ed. This concept of a high or
y be based on
acceleration , velocity
n of classes :
oid breakdown.
ntenance dollars.
D BLOCK FOUNDATION
DATION
d by idealizing it as a simple
ketch of a rigid concrete block
e. Let us assume that the operation
hich passes through the combined
der this condition, the foundation
position of static equilibrium.
ssion of waves through the soil. These
y is termed geometrical damping. The
tions and absorbs some energy which is
ng is generally small compared to the
ses. However, material damping
oundation vibrations.
round surface, (Fig. 5a)
by a spring-mass-dashpot system
ent soil spring which represents
oundation. The dashpot represents
5b is the mass of the foundation
g-mass system shown in Fig. 5c
a. Single degree of freedom
epresent the problem of machine
iate values of equivalent soil
odes of vibration, as for combined
ed as discussed later in the paper.
Actual case, (b) Equivalent
undations, appropriate
ay be obtained as follows:
obtained as follows:
ations is given by
oil is perfect.
quivalent spring and damping
The soil properties below the base
s of vibration. As a result R
nal to introduce complex notation
es for determination of
bration of a rigid foundation as
of vibration can be obtained by multiplying he values of K in col. 2 with the corresponding values of k in
any mode of vibration is obtained by multiplying the values of kemb in col.2 with the corresponding values of ke
in this table are for calculating the equivalent soil springs by the impedance method only.
mputed response of a
oing excessive vibrations. The analysis of
ear weightless spring method and also the
s-designed condition and corresponding
mplitudes by both the methods were far in
rers specifications. The computed natural
bserved natural frequencies in horizontal
ermination of soil constants play an
Eng., 22:211-226
. Non-intrusive Rayleigh wave
e of footing to vertical loading. J. Soil
ng values of k in
pectively.
****
****
****
****
AA
A
B
C
D
D
No faults. Typical new equipment.
This is guide to aid judgment, not to replace it. Use common sense. Take acc
local circumstances. Consider: safety, labor costs, downtime costs. (after Bla
To have a perfect and reliant designs and constructions of machine foundation one has to fulfill
Similar to ordinary/regular type foundation, the machine foundation have to be safe and secure against
and also the settlement should remain within the safer limits. The soli pressure strictly should not cross
* The possibility of resonance shall not be tolerated or encountered. The natural frequency of foundation
operating/working frequency of the machine.
* The amplitudes under service condition have to remain within the allowable limits for the machine.
* The combination/summation of centre of gravity of the machine and the foundation should remain on th
of the base plane.
* The machine foundation has to be laid lower than the level of the foundation of adjacent building and ha
* The vibrations occurred or produced strictly should not annoy/trouble or distract to the persons nearby n
For this one can use the Richarts charts, which was developed during 1962 to determine the design lim
determine the numerous limits of frequency and amplitudes.
* The presence of ground-water table has to be at minimum of one-fourth of the foundation width below th
.40 to 1.5
allowable limits
ide the critical range of 0.4 and 1.5 and if the amplitude
lation.
oid breakdown.
ntenance dollars.
afe and secure against the shear failure resulted from superimposed loads
trictly should not cross the permissible pressure for static loading.
on should remain on the vertical line passing through the center of gravity
Vibrations are responsible for causing harmful effects to the adjoining structures, foundation and machin
cause annoyance or distraction to the people working or accessing near the machine operation area. Howev
0.4 and 1.5 and if the amplitude lies within the allowance limits then damaging/harmful effects may be succe
transmission of vibration may be controlled and damaging effects can be successfully reduced to considerab
absorber or receiver called passive isolation.
By placement or location of machine foundation far away from adjoining structures, the process is called as
machine foundation and adjoining structure the amplitude of surface waves (R-waves) gets reduced. For thi
dampers may be attached/added to the foundation encountering higher frequency machines in order to form
mass. The specific decreasement in the amplitude can be achieved by placing the foundation to a greater de
depth. In case of reciprocating machines, considerable amount of vibrations can be reduced by counterbala
the crank sides.
The placement or use of absorbers helps to reduce the vibrations considerably. Absorbers may be rubber m
technique can be by attaching an auxiliary mass along with a spring to the machine foundation such that the
system is at resonance. The strength of soil may be improved via chemical or cement stabilization technique
preferable in machines with operating frequencies. The propagation or fluctuation of waves can also be lowe
ructures, foundation and machines leading to devastating damages. Additionally, the dynamic vibrations also
machine operation area. However, if the frequency ratio is managed to remain outside the critical range of
ng/harmful effects may be successfully eliminated, especially when the system us damped. Transfer or
ccessfully reduced to considerable amounts by isolation of the source called active isolation or by protecting
uctures, the process is called as geometric isolation. Mechanism is that with the increase in distance between
(R-waves) gets reduced. For this follow the ratio of foundation mass to engine Extra masses called as
uency machines in order to form a multiple degree freedom system plus for altering the natural frequency.
ng the foundation to a greater depth since the R-waves tends to reduce successfully due to increase in
can be reduced by counterbalancing the exciting forces through means of attachment of counterweights at
bly. Absorbers may be rubber mountings, felts and corks applied amid the base and machine. Another
machine foundation such that the system gets transformed to two-degree-freedom system. Usable when the
or cement stabilization technique, which enhances the natural frequency of system. This technique is
uation of waves can also be lowered by use of sheet piles, screens and trenches.
Machines producing periodic unbalanced force, like the reciprocating engines and co
machines the rotary motion of the crank is transformed into the translatory motion, h
Machines producing impact loads, like the forge hammers and punch presses. In suc
expires out steadily/gradually. Here the response is a pulsating curve which vanishes
Lastly the high speed machines, like turbines and rotary machines. These machine ro
s it is very essential to have brief, effective ideas regarding the types of machines based on speed. Principally there ar
ciprocating engines and compressors. The speed of these machines is usually lower than 600 r.p.m. In these types of
o the translatory motion, here the unbalanced force varies sinusoidally.
and punch presses. In such machines the dynamic force/vibrations attains a peak limit in very short instant and then
ating curve which vanishes before occurrence of next pulse. The speed seen is generally between 60-150 blows per mi
achines. These machine rotating speeds are very high sometimes even higher than 3000 r.p.m.
m.