Revision Helper U9 Bilingual PDF

Part
1 Revision notes
Revision Helper (Bilingual version)
Chapter
Chapter
space travel
120
Air and and
burning
26
Forces
26.2
26.2 Concepts about force
What is force?
Q1
A1
We use a force to push, pull or turn something.
The following figures show some examples of
forces.
We use a force to push the

trolley.
We need to apply a force to

stop the ball.
We use a force to hit the ball

back.
We use a pulling force to

open the drawer.
We use forces to pull the

switch.
We use a force to pull the

paper towel.
Understanding Integrated Science for the 21st Century (3rd Edition) 21 ()

Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2012 2012
A1
We use a force to turn the

doorknob.
We need to apply a force to

twist the towel.
We use a force to turn the

bottle cap.

Q2
In science, what can we use to

represent forces?
A2
In science, we can use arrows to represent
forces.
The following are some tips for drawing

arrows to represent forces.
1.
The arrows points in the direction of the force.
2.
The length of the arrow represents the size of force. For example, if the forces used to push
the box below are equal, the arrows drawn should have equal length.
3.
The arrow should lie on the object on which the force is acting.

Q3
What are contact and non-contact forces?
A3
Forces that exist only between objects in
contact are called contact forces.

Forces that can act on objects without contact
are non-contact forces. Examples include

the force of gravity and magnetic force.
Q4
What can we use to measure forces?
A4
We can use a spring balance to measure forces.
The unit of force is netwon (N).
The following diagram shows a spring balance.
pointer
indicates the
force measured

scale
(N)
zero adjuster
use to adjust the position of the scale so that the
reading is zero when no force is applied

hook
for attaching to an object

The figure below shows how to use a spring balance

to measure the force needed to open a drawer.
spring balance

A4
We can also use a force sensor connected to
a datalogger to measure forces.

The following figures show how to use a force

sensor to measure the forces needed to pull a
tape holder and push a button.

computer
datalogger
force sensor
datalogger
force sensor

Q5
How do forces affect an object?
A5

Cause an object at
rest to start moving
e.g. The force makes

the ball start to move.
Change the speed of

an object

the girl and the
bicycle move faster.

Stop the motion of a

moving object

the football stop.
Effects of force
on objects

Change the direction of

motion of an object
e.g. The force changes

the direction of motion
of the ping-pong ball.

Change the shape of an

object
e.g. The force changes

the shape of the lemon.

26.3
26.3 Friction
Q6
What is friction?
A6
Friction is a contact force. It can make an
object stay still, or oppose the motion of a

moving object.
For example, when the pushing force cannot
overcome the friction between the book and

the bench, the book stays still.
pushing force
The book does not move
friction
When the book is moving, the friction opposes
its motion. Therefore, when we stop pushing,

the book slows down and finally stops.
The book slows down
The book stops
friction
water) or gas (e.g. air), there is also a force
() (
)
opposing its motion. This is called fluid
When an object moves through a liquid (e.g.
resistance.
For example,
When we ride a bicycle,

there is air resistance
opposing our motion.
When a rocket moves

at a high speed, there
is large air resistance
acting on it.

Q7
What can we use to measure friction?
A7
We can use a spring balance to measure friction.
The following figure shows how to use a spring
balance to measure the friction between the
wooden block and the bench.
pull
Slowly increase the pulling force until it is just large enough to make the
block move. The reading of the spring balance shows the friction between
the wooden block and the bench.

In some situations, friction or fluid

resistance may cause problems. How can
we reduce friction or fluid resistance?
Q8
A8
Scientists have found several ways to reduce

friction or fluid resistance.
1. Separating surfaces with a lubricant or air
1.
The friction between two surfaces can be

reduced by separating them with lubricant or a
layer of air.
The following are some examples of reducing
friction by separating surfaces.
fan
air cushion
In a hovercraft, a large fan is used to blow air
downwards to form an air cushion beneath the
hovercraft. Friction is greatly reduced and
therefore the hovercraft can move smoothly
over the water.
Lubricant can be used to reduce friction

between moving machine parts. This
helps them run more smoothly and can
also reduce wear.

A8
2.
The friction between two surfaces can be
reduced by using rollers or bearings. They can
change sliding motion to rolling motion.

2. Changing sliding motion to rolling motion
They are commonly used in machines to

reduce friction.
The following are some examples of using
rollers or bearings to reduce friction.
bearing
rollers
Rollers are used to reduce friction so that

the box can slide smoothly and quickly.
Bearings are used in bicycles so that the

wheels can rotate smoothly.
When an object moves in a liquid or a gas, the
fluid resistance acting on it is smaller if the
object has a streamlined shape.

Cars, trains and airplanes usually have a
streamlined shape to reduce air resistance.
Many organisms in water also have a

3. Designing the object with a streamlined shape
streamlined body to reduce resistance in water.

The following are some examples.
Airplanes and trains have a streamlined

shape to reduce air resistance.
3.
A sailfish has a highly streamlined body to

reduce resistance in water. It can swim
quickly in water.

10
Q9
Friction is important to our daily lives.

What are the common uses of friction?
A9
We often make use of friction in daily life.

The following are some examples.
Prevent slipping or skidding
The friction between the rubber

sheet and our feet prevents us
from slipping in a bathtub.
Hold an object in position
The friction between the clothes clip and

the socks holds the socks in position.
Slow down a moving object
The friction between the brake

and the wheel rim slows down the
wheel of the bicycle.
Some staircases are covered

with a rough material to prevent
slipping.
The friction between the nail and the

wood holds the nail in position.
The air resistance acting on the

parachute slows the skydiver down
and helps him land safely.

11
A9
Move objects
The friction between our shoes

and the ground enables us to
walk.
Produce heat
The friction between the box

and the match produces heat
that makes the match ignite.
The
friction
between
the
chopsticks and the food allows us
to pick up the food.
We can produce heat by

rubbing our hands.

12
26.4
26.4 The force of gravity

Q10
What is the force of gravity?
A10
The force of gravity exerted by the Earth pulls
objects towards the centre of the Earth.
The effects of the force of gravity are shown

below:
It tends to pull a spacecraft back
to the Earth.
It keeps us on the Earths surface.
It causes objects to fall.
It pulls down objects we throw into the sky.
The force of gravity is a non-contact force. It
can act on an object at a distance. It decreases
when distance increases.

13
Q11
What is weight?
A11
The force of gravity exerted by the Earth on an
object is known as weight.

Weight is a force. It is measured in newtons.
The weight of this pencil box is 3 N. That means the

Earth exerts a force of gravity of 3 N on it.
3 N
3 N
Q12
What are the differences between mass
and weight?
A12
Mass
Weight
The amount of matter in an
The force of gravity acting on
object
an object
kilogram (kg) / gram (g)
newton (N)
(kg) / (g)
(N)
different places?
yes
no
What is it?
What is its unit?
Is it always the same in
The greater the mass of an object, the larger the
force of gravity is and hence the greater its

weight is.
The mass of an object is constant, but its weight

may change from one place to another.

14
Chapter
27 A space journey
27.1 Stages of a space journey 27.1
What are the three stages of a space
Q13
mission?
A13
A space mission consists of three stages: launching,

travelling in space, and returning to the Earth.
27.2
27.2 Launching
What is the working principle of
Q14
rockets?
A14
Rockets work on a principle of action and
reaction.
Action and reaction always occur in pairs and
act on different objects. They have the same

size but act in opposite directions.
The following are some examples of action and

reaction.
force exerted by the paddle on the water
force exerted by the water on the paddle
The paddle exerts a force

on the water. The water
also exerts a force on the
paddle to push the boat
forward.

15
A14
car A
A
car B
B
force exerted by car B on car A

B A
Q15
force exerted by car A on car B

A B
When car A hits car B, the

force exerted by car A
causes car B to collapse.
Car B also exerts an
opposite
force
which
makes car A collapse.
A B
A B
B B
A
A
principle of action and reaction to
launch a rocket?
How do scientists make use of the
A15
Scientists apply the principle of action and
reaction to produce the force that pushes the

rocket into space.
Inside a space rocket, the fuel burns and

produces a large amount of hot gases. When
these gases are ejected downward, the gases
exert an opposite force to push the rocket
upwards.
force exerted by the

gases on the rocket
force exerted by the

rocket on the gases
Action and reaction involved

in rocket launch

16
Q16
What are the difficulties in launching
rockets into space? How are the
rockets designed to overcome these

difficulties?
A16
Difficulties in launching rockets
How are the rockets designed to
into space
overcome these difficulties?
1. No air in space for the rocket fuel to burn
Carry its own oxygen supply to burn the fuel
1.
Use a multi-stage design. Each stage is

dropped off once the fuel is used up so as
to reduce the weight of the rocket
2. The rocket needs to reach a very high
speed
2.
Use rocket boosters to provide extra

pushing force to the rockets
3. There is large air resistance which may Have a streamlined shape to reduce air
slow down the rocket
resistance
3.
Q17
Which gas is commonly used as
rocket fuel? How can we test for it in
the laboratory?
A17
Hydrogen is commonly used as a rocket fuel.
When it burns in air, only water vapour is

formed.
In the laboratory, we can test for hydrogen

using the burning splint test.
When a burning splint is put into a test tube

containing hydrogen, a pop sound is heard.

17
27.3
27.3 Travelling in space

Q18
How does a spacecraft move in space?
A18
In space, there is no air resistance to slow a
spacecraft down. Therefore, a spacecraft can

keep moving with its engine off. This kind of
motion is called frictionless motion.
The following is an example of frictionless

motion in daily life.
In skating, there is little friction between the

skates and the ice. Therefore, we can slide
over a long distance on the ice.
Q19
What is weightlessness?
A19
When a spacecraft travels round the Earth,
astronauts and other objects inside the

spacecraft can float around. It seems that
they have no weight. They are in a state of
weightlessness.
The
following
is
an
example
of
weightlessness we can experience.
As the roller coaster train starts to move down

from the top of the steepest rides, you can feel
a sense of weightlessness.
18
How do the astronauts protect themselves
Q20
when working outside the spacecraft?
A20
When astronauts work outside the spacecraft,
they need to wear a spacesuit to protect

themselves against the extreme environment
in space.
The spacesuit also helps to maintain a suitable

temperature for the astronaut.
27.4
27.4 Returning to the Earth

Q21
What happens when a spacecraft passes
through the Earths atmosphere as it returns
to the Earth?
A21
When a spacecraft passes through the Earths
atmosphere at high speed, a large amount of

heat is produced.
To protect the astronauts inside, the outer

surface of the spacecraft is covered with a heat
shield or insulating tiles.

burn marks
After the space mission, there are burn marks

on the return capsule of Shenzhou 7.

19
Q22
What are used to slow down a

spacecraft so that it can land safely?
A22
Parachutes are used to slow down the
spacecraft for safe landing.

To ensure a safe landing, parachutes are open.

There is large air resistance acting on the
parachutes and this helps to slow down the
spacecraft.
Large parachutes are used to

slow down a spacecraft.

20
Part
A.
Revision exercise
True or false questions
Write T for a true statement or F for a false statement in each box provided.
TF
1.
Contact forces can act on an object at a distance.
2.
In science, arrows are used to represent forces.
3.
The unit of friction is newton (N).
4.
Bearings are used in machines to reduce friction.
5.
Weight can be measured by using a spring balance.
6.
Mass is a force.
7.
Action and reaction always have different size.
8.
Oxygen is commonly used as a fuel for rockets.
B.
Multiple-choice questions
Choose the correct answer for each of the following questions.
1.
Which of the following are non-contact forces?

(I)
Force of gravity
(II) Friction
(III) Magnetic force
2.
A.
(I) and (II) only
B.
(I) and (III) only
C.
(II) and (III) only
D.
(I), (II) and (III)
Which of the following are the effects of forces on objects?

(I)
Forces can cause objects to move.
(II) Forces can change the directions of motion of objects.

(III) Forces can change the shapes of objects.
3.
A.
(I) and (II) only
B.
(I) and (III) only
C.
(II) and (III) only
D.
(I), (II) and (III)
Which of the following is NOT the effect of friction?

A.
It holds an object in position.
B.
It speeds up a moving object.
C.
It produces heat.
D.
It prevents slipping.

21
4.
5.
6.
Which of the following statements concerning the force of gravity is INCORRECT?

A.
It causes objects to fall.
B.
It is measured in newtons.
C.
It decreases when distance decreases.
D.
It tends to pull objects towards the centre of the Earth.
The mass of a plastic box is 2 kg. Which of the following statements is correct?
A.
The mass of the plastic box on the Moon is smaller than its mass on the Earth.
B.
The mass of the plastic box on the Moon is equal to its mass on the Earth.
C.
The weight of the plastic box on the Moon is equal to its weight on the Earth.
D.
The weight of the plastic box on the Moon is larger than its weight on the Earth.
An elephant has a mass of 150 kg and a rabbit has a mass of 5 kg. Which of the following
statements are correct?
(I)
The Earth exerts a larger force of gravity on the elephant.
(II) The elephant has a greater weight.

(III) The masses of the elephant and the rabbit on the moon are 150 kg and 5 kg respectively.
7.
A.
(I) and (II) only
B.
(I) and (III) only
C.
(II) and (III) only
D.
(I), (II) and (III)
Which of the following statements concerning action and reaction are correct?
(I)
They always occur in pairs.
(II) They always act on the same objects.

(III) They always act in opposite directions.
8.
A.
(I) and (II) only
B.
(I) and (III) only
C.
(II) and (III) only
D.
(I), (II) and (III)
Which of the following statements about weightlessness is INCORRECT?

(I)
It only occurs in space.
(II) It only occurs when there is no force of gravity acting on objects.

(III) When astronauts are in a state of weightlessness, they still have weight.
A.
(I) and (II) only
B.
(I) and (III) only
C.
(II) and (III) only
D.
(I), (II) and (III)

22
C.
Short questions
1.
A man is moving a cupboard on the floor.
(a) Draw arrows to represent the pushing force and the friction acting on the cupboard.
(b) Suggest a way to reduce the friction between the cupboard and the floor?
______________________________________________________________________
2.
Draw the reaction in each of the following diagrams. Also, write down the object on which the
reaction acts.
(a)
______________________________________________________________________
(b)
_____________________________________________________________________
23
Part
Answers
A.
True or false questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
B.
Multiple-choice questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
C.
Short questions
1.
(a)
pushing force
friction acting on the cupboard
(b) Some rollers are put between the cupboard and the floor.
(or any other reasonable answers)

24
2.
(a)
The reaction acts on the hand.

(b)
The reaction acts on the racquet.

25

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Part

26.2 Concepts about force

We use a force to push, pull or turn something.

The following figures show some examples of

We use a force to push the

We need to apply a force to

We use a force to hit the ball

We use a pulling force to

We use forces to pull the

We use a force to pull the

Understanding Integrated Science for the 21st Century (3rd Edition) 21 ()

Revision Helper (Bilingual version)

We use a force to turn the

We need to apply a force to

We use a force to turn the

Understanding Integrated Science for the 21st Century (3rd Edition) 21 ()

Revision Helper (Bilingual version)

In science, what can we use to

In science, we can use arrows to represent

The following are some tips for drawing

The arrows points in the direction of the force.

Understanding Integrated Science for the 21st Century (3rd Edition) 21 ()

Revision Helper (Bilingual version)

What are contact and non-contact forces?

Forces that exist only between objects in

contact are called contact forces.

Forces that can act on objects without contact

are non-contact forces. Examples include

What can we use to measure forces?

We can use a spring balance to measure forces.

The unit of force is netwon (N).

The following diagram shows a spring balance.

The figure below shows how to use a spring balance

Understanding Integrated Science for the 21st Century (3rd Edition) 21 ()

Revision Helper (Bilingual version)

We can also use a force sensor connected to

a datalogger to measure forces.

The following figures show how to use a force

tape holder and push a button.

Understanding Integrated Science for the 21st Century (3rd Edition) 21 ()

Revision Helper (Bilingual version)

How do forces affect an object?

e.g. The force makes

Change the speed of

e.g. The force makes

Stop the motion of a

e.g. The force makes

Change the direction of

e.g. The force changes

Change the shape of an

e.g. The force changes

Understanding Integrated Science for the 21st Century (3rd Edition) 21 ()

Revision Helper (Bilingual version)

Friction is a contact force. It can make an

object stay still, or oppose the motion of a

For example, when the pushing force cannot

overcome the friction between the book and

The book does not move

When the book is moving, the friction opposes

its motion. Therefore, when we stop pushing,

The book slows down

The book stops

water) or gas (e.g. air), there is also a force