Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ghatak
a
To cite this article: Abhik Gorai, Anirban Karmakar, Manimala Pal & Rowdra Ghatak (2013)
Multiple fractal-shaped slots-based UWB antenna with triple-band notch functionality, Journal of
Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 27:18, 2407-2415, DOI: 10.1080/09205071.2013.852486
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2013.852486
systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms &
Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/termsand-conditions
1. Introduction
In 2002, the Federal Communications Commission [1] released the regulation for UWB
technology allocating the frequency spectrum from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz for UWB.[24]
Since then, UWB communication systems have received great attention in the wireless
world due to their merits such as high data rate, small emission power and low cost for
short range access and remote sensing applications. However, within the allocated
spectrum for UWB, there are some other narrow band communication systems, such as
wireless local area network (WLAN) in the 5.155.825 GHz band, RFID communication system centred at 6.8 GHz and satellite communication system operating in
7.98.4 GHz range. Hence to avoid potential interference, additional lter circuitry is
required but resulting in increase in total dimension of the antenna, making it incompatible with modern wireless systems. To overcome this disadvantage, various UWB
antennas with band notch characteristics achieved by cutting slots either in the radiator
or in the ground plane such as a U-shaped slot,[5,6] an arc-shaped slot,[7] v-shaped
slot,[8] Hilbert shaped slot [9,10] and, using partial annular slot,[11] using modied
*Corresponding author. Email addresses: rowdraghatak@yahoo.com; rowdra.ghatak@ece.nitdgp.ac.in
2013 Taylor & Francis
2408
A. Gorai et al.
Figure 1. (a) Geometry of the proposed antenna. (b) Geometry of Koch fractal slot. (c) Geometry
of Minkowski fractal slot.
Figure 2.
2409
Comparison of S11 (dB) with and without second iterated Sierpinski fractal slot.
Figure 3. (a) Koch fractal curves for various iteration. (b) Minkowski fractal curves for rst,
second and third iteration. (c) Sierpinski fractal curves for rst three iterations.
Finally, the notch band centred at 6.8 GHz is achieved by using a second iterated
Sierpinski fractal curve-shaped ring resonator at the backside of the substrate as shown
in Figure 1(a). The various iterations of Koch fractal curve is shown in Figure 3(a),
while Figure 3(b) explains the formation of Minkowski fractal curve for rst three
iterations and nally the algorithm for generating Sierpinski curve is in Figure 3(c).[15]
The antenna was analysed using commercial CST Microwave Studio.[16]
The effective length of the Koch fractal slot etched out from the radiator is chosen
using (1) and (2) and then optimized using CST Microwave StudioTM. The width and
location of the slot is also adjusted to exactly tune the rejection band. f1 in (2) stands
for centre frequency of WLAN system which is 5.5 GHz. The Koch fractal slot in radiator of the antenna consists of 16 identical segments each of length L1 and thickness
TS1. Parametric studies involving length L1 and thickness TS1 is depicted in Figure 4(a)
and (b), respectively .The parametric study shows that as the length of the segment L1
increases, the notched band is shifted towards lower frequency without affecting the
other notched bands. On the contrary, when the slot width TS1 increases, the notched
band shifts towards higher frequency. The parametric study shows that the optimum
segment length L1 and width TS1 for notch frequency of 5.5 GHz is 1.45 and 0.25 mm,
respectively.
2410
A. Gorai et al.
Figure 4. Effect on VSWR due to Koch fractal shaped slot for (a) Different values of L1. (b)
Different values of Ts1.
Figure 5. Effect on VSWR due to Minkowski fractal shaped slot for (a) Different values of L2
(b) Different values of Ts2.
L K 16 L1
L K
c
p
2 f1 eeff
(1)
(2)
Minkowski fractal slots in the ground plane follows the similar theory as Koch fractal
slot as explained earlier. The effective length of the Minkowski fractal slot is extracted
using (3) and (4) followed by optimization. The centre frequency 8.1 GHz is depicted
by f2 in (4). The width and position of the slots are adjusted and optimized to tune the
rejection band at 8.1 GHz. The Minkowski fractal slot consist of 27 identical segments
each of length L2 and thickness Ts2. Parametric studies involving various length L2 and
thickness Ts2 are depicted, respectively, in Figure 5(a) and (b). The parametric studies
show that notched band shifts towards lower frequencies as length L2 is increased while
the notched band shifts towards higher frequencies as thickness Ts2 is increased, keeping
other notched band intact. The parametric study shows that the optimum segment length
L2 and width Ts2 for notch frequency of 8.1 GHz is 0.66 and 0.25 mm, respectively.
L M 27 L2
L M
c
p
2 f2 eeff
(3)
(4)
2411
Figure 6. Effect on VSWR due to Sierpinski curve shaped fractal slot for (a) Different values
of L3. (b) Different values of Ts3.
Table 1.
Antenna parameter
Ls
Ws
Wg
Wo
Lg
Gp
a
Rx
Ry
Value (mm)
Value (mm)
41
51
21.3
1.524
20.75
0.75
1
13.5
9
h
L3
Ts3
Slot parameters
L1
TS1
L2
Ts2
0.75
2
0.25
Value (mm)
1.45
0.25
0.66
0.25
The Sierpinski fractal curve ring resonator at the back of the substrate is made of 20
identical segments of length L3 and thickness Ts3. The total length of the fractal slit
taken can be explained using (5) and (6), where f3 in (6) is the centre frequency of the
RFID rejection band at 6.8 GHz. The parametric studies involving various values of L3
and Ts3 as depicted in Figure 6 shows that notch frequency decreases as L3 increases
and notch frequency increases as Ts3 increases. Finally, the optimum value of L3 and
Ts3 is chosen to be 2 and 0.25 mm, respectively.
L R 20 L3
L R
f3
c
p
eeff
(5)
(6)
The gap between the radiation patch and the ground plane is Gp. An optimized value
of Gp is obtained as 0.75 mm. The optimized CPW centre strip width of CPW feed is
1.524 mm. The nal values of all the antenna parameters are listed in Table 1.
3. Results and discussion
The antenna layout is fabricated as per the dimensions given in Table 1. Figure 7(a)
shows the fabricated prototype. The measured VSWR and simulated VSWR results are
in close agreement as depicted in Figure 7(b). The radiator patch consist of third
2412
A. Gorai et al.
Figure 7. (a) Photograpgh of fabricated prototype. (b) Comparison of simulated and measured
VSWR of the proposed antenna.
Figure 8.
Current distribution on the antenna at (a) 5.5 GHz (b) 6.8 GHz (c) 8.1 GHz.
iterated Sierpinski fractal slot which results in better matching at lower frequencies. In
this work, notching is done using Koch fractal slot and minkowski fractal slot for 5.5
and 8.1 GHz rejection band, respectively, the algorithm of which is simpler as compared to [13]. The uniqueness of the antenna lies in achieving band notch characteristics at 8.1 GHz by using closed-loop fractal resonator at the back of the substrate as
shown in Figure 2(a). Resonator at the back of the substrate does not affect the current
distribution at the radiator or ground planes unlike other fractal slots. Figure 7(b) shows
the simulated and measured VSWR of the antenna. The measurement is performed
using Rhode and Schwarz ZVA40VNA. It is seen that the simulated and measured
VSWR closely resembles. Slight disagreement is caused due to fabrication tolerance
and connector losses. The antenna shows wide impedance bandwidth extending from
2.8 to 12 GHz. The current distribution shown in Figure 8 explains the notching characteristics. Current distribution shows the formation of standing waves at notch frequencies. It is observed that current density is maximum around Koch fractal slot at
5.5 GHz as shown in Figure 8(a), whereas at 8.1 GHz, current is concentrated around
the Minkowski fractal slots as depicted in Figure 8(b). Finally at 6.8 GHz, current is
concentrated more around the ring resonator at the back of the substrate as depicted in
Figure 8(c).
For UWB applications, the antenna is required to have omnidirectional radiation
pattern. The measured cross-polar and copolar radiation pattern at frequencies 3.1, 7.5
and 10 GHz are depicted in Figure 9. It is observed that at lower frequencies, the
2413
Figure 9. Measured co-polar and cross-polar patterns of the proposed antenna at (a) 3.1 GHz
(b) 7.5 GHz (c) 10 GHz.
E-plane patterns are like conventional monopole, while at higher frequencies, some
ripples are observed in the pattern, which is due to higher-order modes. Hence, the
antenna exhibits satisfactory omnidirectional radiation characteristics and copolar and
cross-polar levels have nearly 20 dB isolation throughout its operating band. The
measured gain of the antenna is shown in Figure 10. It shows that the gain is almost
at except at rejection bands where gain decreases abruptly. The gain varies from 1.5
to 4 dBi at the passband. Moreover, the distortion less transmission nature of the
antenna is conrmed by studying the measured group delay characteristics as shown in
2414
A. Gorai et al.
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
Figure 11. It is observed that group delay excursion is within 1 ns except at notch
frequencies. This ensures satisfactory time domain characteristics and distortion less
transmission.
4. Conclusion
This paper presents a novel fractal triple band rejection monopole ultrawideband
antenna. By incorporating Sierpinski curved fractal in the radiator, impedance matching
at lower frequencies is improved. The impedance bandwidth ranges from 2.8 to
12 GHz. By using Koch fractal slots in the main radiator, the antenna shows good suppression ability at the 5.5 GHz WLAN. Minkowski fractal slots in the ground planes
contribute to rejection band at 8.1 GHz satellite communication band and Sierpinski
fractal ring resonator at the back of the substrate accounts to rejection band at 6.8 GHz
RFID band. The slots follow fractal geometry due to which the area occupied is minimized and the surface current on the antenna remains unperturbed. The antenna gain
varies from 1.5 to 4 dBi over the band with dips at the rejection frequencies. The group
delay excursion remains within 1 ns over the UWB region except at the rejection bands,
hence the antenna remains distortion less. Also, the radiation characteristics suit UWB
communication criterion of omnidirectional pattern.
2415
Acknowledgement
Rowdra Ghatak is grateful to Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India for supporting this research under Young Scientist scheme vide sanction No. SR/FTP/ETA-0033/2010.
References
[1] FCC report and order of part 12 acceptance of ultrawideband (UWB) systems from
3.110.6 GHz. Washington, DC: FCC; 2002. Available from: http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/
edocs_public/attachmatch/FCC-02-48A1.pdf
[2] Ray KP, Ranga Y. Ultrawideband printed elliptical monopole antennas. IEEE Trans.
Antennas Propag. 2007;55:11891192.
[3] Ling C-W, Lo W-H, Yan R-H, Chung S-J. Planar binomial curved monopole antennas for
ultrawideband communication. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 2007;55:26222624.
[4] Azenui NC, Yang HYD. A printed crescent patch antenna for ultrawideband applications.
IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett. 2007;6:113116.
[5] Chung K, Kim J, Choi J. Wideband microstrip-FED monopole antenna having frequency
band-notch function. IEEE Microwave Wirel. Compon. Lett. 2005;15:766768.
[6] Vuong TP, Ghiotto A, Duroc Y, Tedjini S. Design and characteristics of a small U-slotted
planar antenna for IR-UWB. Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett. 2007;49:17271731.
[7] Abbosh AM, Bialkowoski ME, Mazierska J, Jacob MV. A planar UWB antenna with signal
rejection capability in the 46 GHz band. IEEE Microwave Wirel. Compon. Lett.
2006;16:278280.
[8] Kim Y, Kwon DH. CPW-fed planar ultra wideband antenna having a frequency band notch
function. Electronics Lett. 2004;40:403405.
[9] Karmakar A, Ghatak R, Banerjee U, Poddar DR. An UWB antenna using modied hilbert curve
slot for dual band notch characteristics. J. Electromagn. Waves Appl. 2013;27:16201631.
[10] Kim DO, Kim CY, Park JK, Joe NI. Compact band notched ultra wide band antenna using
the hilbert curve slot. Microwave Opt. Technol. Lett. 2011;53:26422648.
[11] Azim R, Islam MT. Compact plannar UWB antenna with band notch characteristics for
WLAN and DSRC. Prog. Electromagnet. Res. 2013;133:391406.
[12] Song Y, Jiao YC, Zhang TL, Jiang JB, Zhang X, Zhang FS. Frequency notched UWB slot
antenna with a fractal-shaped slot. J. Electromagn. Waves Appl. 2009;23:321327.
[13] Azadi Naeini, MR, Lot Neyestanak, AA, Moghadasi, MN, Dadashzadeh, Gh. Band notched
CPW-FED hexagonal fractal antenna. J. Electromagn. Waves Appl. 2009:23;24612470.
[14] Ghatak R, Debnath R, Poddar DR, Mishra RK, Bhadra Chaudhuri SR. A CPW fed planar
monopole band notched UWB antenna with embedded split ring resonators. Loughborouh
Antennas Propag. Conf. 2009;645647. IEEE Catalog Number: CFP0969B-PRT.
[15] Falconer K. Fractal geometry: mathematical foundations and applications. 2nd ed. New
York, NY: John Wiley and Sons Ltd; 2003.
[16] User Manual, CST Microwave Studio; 2010.