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Methods and constructors are sequences of statements, along with variable definitions. The
statements specify the sequence of actions to be performed when a method or constructor is
invoked. They can alter the value of variables, generate output, process input, or respond to user
mouse or keyboard actions.
Different types of statements are described in the following sections.
Assignment Statements
An assignment statement has the following form.
variable = expression;
This statement changes the value of the variable on the left side of the equals sign to the value of
the expression on the right-hand side. The variable is often just specified by a variable name, but
there are also expressions that specify variables.
Java treats an assignment as both an expression and as a statement. As an expression, its value is
the value assigned to the variable. This is done to allow multiple assignments in a single statement,
such as
a = b = 5;
By treating b = 5 as an expression with value 5, Java makes sense of this statement, assigning the
value 5 to both a and b.
Statements involving Messages
Messages are the fundamental means of communication between objects in a Java program.
A message has the following form.
receiver.method-name(parameters)
Here,
receiver is an expression (often just a variable name) that specifies the object that should
respond to the message.
method-name is the name of the method that the receiver should execute.
parameters is a comma-separated list of expressions that provide data that the receiver can
use in its execution of the method.
The receiver can be omitted if it is the object that you are writing code for. That is, you do not need
to specify the receiver for messages sent from an object to itself.
Messages can be used in three ways to form statements. First, if the method specified by a message
returns a value then the message can be used as the expression in an assignment statement.
variable = message;
For messages with methods that do not return values, a statement can also be formed by just
terminating the message with a semicolon.
message;
This statement form can also be used when the method returns a value, although it is not usually a
good idea to ignore a returned value.
Finally, if a message returns an object, then that object can be used directly as the receiver of a
message. In an applet method, for example, getContentPane() returns a container to which
components can be added. This container is the receiver of the add() message in the following
statement.
getContentPane().add(button);
Statement Blocks
In Java, any sequence of statements can be grouped together to function as a single statement by
enclosing the sequence in braces. These groupings are called statement blocks. A statement block
may also include variable declarations.
Statement blocks are used to define methods and to allow multiple statements in the control
structures described in the following sections.
Control Statements
Normally, statements in a method or constructor are executed sequentially. Java also has control
statements that allow repetitive execution of statements and conditional execution of statements.
Java has the following types of control statements.
Conditional Execution And Selection
If Statements
If-Else Statements
Switch Statements
Extended If-Else Statements
Repetition
While Loops
For Loops
Do-While Loops
pretest loops
pretest loops
posttest loops
Return Statements
Continue Statements
Break Statements
Here,
boolean-expression is an expression that can be true or false.
then-clause is a sequence of statements. If there is only one statement in the sequence then
the surrounding braces may be omitted. The then-clause statements are executed only if
the boolean-expression is true.
If-Else Statements
Here,
boolean-expression is an expression that can be true or false.
then-clause and else-clause are sequences of statements. If there is only one statement in a
sequence then the surrounding braces may be omitted. The then-clause statements are
executed only if the boolean-expression is true. The else-clause statements are executed if
the boolean-expression is false.
Switch Statements
The switch statement allows execution of different statements depending on the value of an
expression. It has the following form.
switch (control-expression) {
case constant-expression-1:
statements-1
.
.
.
case constant-expression-n:
statements-n
default:
default-statements
}
Here,
control-expression is an expression of a simple type, such as int, char, or an enum type. It
cannot have float or double type.
constant-expression-1 through constant-expression-n are expressions of a type that converts
to the type of control-expression. The compiler must be able to evaluate these expressions to
constant values.
statements-1 through statements-n are sequences of statements.
When the switch statement is executed, control-expression is evaluated. The resulting value is
compared to the values of constant-expression-1 through constant-expression-n in order until a
matching value is found. If a match is found in constant-expression-i then statementsi through statements-n and default-statements are executed, with switch statement execution
terminated if a break statement is encountered. Normally, the last statement in each sequence is a
break statement so that only one sequence is executed.
The default clause is optional. If it is present then the default-statements are executed whenever the
value of control-expression does not match any of the constant-expression-i values.
Extended If-Else Statements
Often, a programmer needs a construction that works like a switch statement, but the selection
between choices is too complex for a switch statement. To make this work, a programmer can use a
sequence of if statements where each if statement is nested in the else clause of the preceding if
statement. This construction is called an extended is statement. It has the following form.
if (boolean-expression-1) {
statements-1
} else if (boolean-expression-2) {
statements-2
.
.
.
} else if (boolean-expression-n) {
statements-n
} else {
default-statements
}
Here,
boolean-expression-1 through boolean-expression-n are expressions that can be true or false.
statements-1 through statements-n and default-statements are sequences of statements.
When this extended if-else statement is executed, the boolean expressions are evaluated in order
until one is found that is true. Then the corresponding sequence of statements is executed. If none
of the boolean expressions is true then the default-statements are executed. In either case, execution
continues with the next statement after the extended if-else statement.
Repetition
Java has three kinds of loop statements: while loops, for loops, and do-while loops. Loop
statements allow a nested statement to be executed repetitively. The nested statement can be a block
statement, allowing repetition of a sequence of statements.
When a loop is executed its nested statement can be executed any number of times. Each execution
of the nested statement is called an iteration of the loop. The number of iterations is controlled by a
boolean expression. The boolean expression is evaluated before each iteration (pretest) in while
loops and for loops, and after each iteration (post-test) in do-while loops. When the boolean
expression becomes false the loop is terminated.
While Loops
The while loop is a pretest loop statement. It has the following form.
while (boolean-expression) {
nested-statements
}
Here,
boolean-expression is an expression that can be true or false.
nested-statements is a sequence of statements. If there is only one statement then the braces
can be omitted.
The boolean expression is tested before each iteration of the loop. The loop terminates when it is
false.
For Loops
The for loop is a pretest loop statement. It has the following form.
for (initialization; boolean-expression; increment) {
nested-statements
}
Here,
initialization is an expression (usually an assignment expression).
boolean-expression is an expression that can be true or false.
increment is an expression.
nested-statements is a sequence of statements. If there is only one statement then the braces
may be omitted.
When a for loop is executed the initialization expression is evaluted first. This expression is usually
an assignment (for example, i = 0) that sets the initial value of a loop control variable.
The boolean expression is tested before each iteration of the loop. The loop terminates when it is
false. The boolean expression is frequently a comparison (for example, i < 10).
At the end of each iteration, the increment expression is evaluated. The expression is often an
expression that increments the control variable (for example, i++).
Do-While Loops
The do-while loop is a post-test loop statement. It has the following form.
do {
nested-statements
} while (boolean-expression);
Here,
nested-statements is a sequence of statements. If there is only one statement then the braces
may be omitted.
boolean-expression is an expression that can be true or false.
The boolean expression is tested after each iteration of the loop. The loop terminates when it is
false.
Special Control Statements
Return Statements
The return statement is used in the definition of a method to set its returned value and to terminate
execution of the method. It has two forms. Methods with returned type void use the following form.
return;
Here,
expression is an expression that yields the desired return value. This value must be
convertible to the return type declared for the method.
Continue Statements
The continue statement is used in while loop, for loop, or do-while loop to terminate an iteration of
the loop. A continue statement has the following form.
continue;
After a continue statement is executed in a for loop, its increment and boolean expression are
evaluated. If the boolean expression is true then the nested statements are executed again.
After a continue statement is executed in a while or do-while loop, its boolean expression is
evaluated. If the boolean expression is true then the nested statements are executed again.
Break Statements
The break statement is used in loop (for, while, and do-while) statements and switch statements to
terminate execution of the statement. A break statement has the following form.
break;
After a break statement is executed, execution proceeds to the statement that follows the enclosing
loop or switch statement.
1-3 GENERAL PROGRAMMING RULES
******************************
(Thanks to Craig Burley for the excellent comments)
Programming rules are an attempt summarize the programming experience
of programmers, and the theoretical considerations raised by computer
scientists. Some programming rules apply to all programming language,
they stem from general principles like:
A) Modern computers are very powerful, memory became relatively
cheap, and modern compilers automatically optimize code better
than the average programmer.
So, saving memory or CPU time is no longer of prime importance:
what is important is creating programs that are easy to VALIDATE
(check that the results are correct) and MAINTAIN (change to suit
different future needs).
B) The building units of program code, procedures and functions,
should be made as GENERAL (suitable for many similar applications)
and FLEXIBLE (able to handle different types of input and computing
requirements) as possible.
This principle promotes CODE REUSABILITY (using parts of old programs
in new ones), and also helps improve coding since programs that don't
rely on special assumptions tend to be more reliable.
C) Programs should have a well organized internal structure.
The MODULARITY PROGRAMMING PARADIGM requires partitioning every program
into relatively small units, each performing a well defined task.
The interaction between code units can be described by a PROCEDURE
CALLING TREE, the calling tree makes clear also the internal structure
of the program.
A subprogram call has a performance cost, so sometimes you don't
partition the program to many subprograms but just arrange it in
well defined blocks, optimizing compilers does such things
automatically (procedure inlining).
(Some new programming paradigms like OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING
and VISUAL PROGRAMMING are not yet supported directly by the current
Fortran languages and dialects. It seems that implementing these
paradigms degrade performance.)
D) Programs should be fully documented. Documentation
consists of:
LANGUAGE EXTENSIONS,
may even be included
if you use language
other machines without
|
h) Use appropriate algorithms
|
|
|
+------------------------------------------------------+
Integer literals
An integer literal can be a decimal, octal, or hexadecimal constant. A prefix specifies the base or radix: 0x or 0X for
hexadecimal, 0 for octal, and nothing for decimal.
An integer literal can also have a suffix that is a combination of U and L, for unsigned and long, respectively. The
suffix can be uppercase or lowercase and can be in any order.
Here are some examples of integer literals:
212
215u
0xFeeL
078
032UU
/* Legal */
/* Legal */
/* Legal */
/* Illegal: 8 is not an octal digit */
/* Illegal: cannot repeat a suffix */
/* decimal */
0213
/* octal */
0x4b
/* hexadecimal */
30
30u
30l
30ul
/* int */
/* unsigned int */
/* long */
/* unsigned long */
Floating-point literals
A floating-point literal has an integer part, a decimal point, a fractional part, and an exponent part. You can
represent floating point literals either in decimal form or exponential form.
While representing using decimal form, you must include the decimal point, the exponent, or both and while
representing using exponential form, you must include the integer part, the fractional part, or both. The signed
exponent is introduced by e or E.
Here are some examples of floating-point literals:
3.14159
/* Legal */
314159E-5L
/* Legal */
510E
210f
.e55
Character constants
Character literals are enclosed in single quotes, e.g., 'x' and can be stored in a simple variable of char type.
A character literal can be a plain character (e.g., 'x'), an escape sequence (e.g., '\t'), or a universal character (e.g.,
'\u02C0').
There are certain characters in C when they are preceded by a backslash they will have special meaning and they
are used to represent like newline (\n) or tab (\t). Here, you have a list of some of such escape sequence codes:
Escape
sequence
Meaning
\\
\ character
\'
' character
\"
" character
\?
? character
\a
Alert or bell
\b
Backspace
\f
Form feed
\n
Newline
\r
Carriage return
\t
Horizontal tab
\v
Vertical tab
\ooo
\xhh . . .
int main()
{
printf("Hello\tWorld\n\n");
return 0;
}
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
Hello World
String literals
String literals or constants are enclosed in double quotes "". A string contains characters that are similar to
character literals: plain characters, escape sequences, and universal characters.
You can break a long line into multiple lines using string literals and separating them using whitespaces.
Here are some examples of string literals. All the three forms are identical strings.
"hello, dear"
"hello, \
dear"
Defining Constants
There are two simple ways in C to define constants:
1. Using #define preprocessor.
2. Using const keyword.
#define LENGTH 10
#define WIDTH 5
#define NEWLINE '\n'
int main()
{
int area;
return 0;
}
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result:
value of area : 50
int main()
{
const int LENGTH = 10;
const int WIDTH = 5;
const char NEWLINE = '\n';
int area;
return 0;
}
A variable is a container that holds values that are used in a Java program. To be able to use a
variable it needs to be declared. Declaring variables is normally the first thing that happens in any
program.
Java is a strongly typedprogramming language. This means that every variable must have a data type
associated with it. For example, a variable could be declared to use one of the eight primitive data
types: byte, short, int, long, float, double, char or boolean.
A good analogy for a variable is to think of a bucket. We can fill it to a certain level, we can replace
what's inside it, and sometimes we can add or take something away from it. When we declare a
variable to use a data type it's like putting a label on the bucket that says what it can be filled with.
Let's say the label for the bucket is "Sand". Once the label is attached, we can only ever add or
remove sand from the bucket. Anytime we try and put anything else into it, we will get stopped by the
bucket police. In Java, you can think of the compiler as the bucket police. It ensures that programmers
declare and use variables properly.
To declare a variable in Java, all that is needed is the data type followed by the variable name:
int numberOfDays;
In the above example, a variable called "numberOfDays" has been declared with a data type of int.
Notice how the line ends with a semi-colon. The semi-colon tells the Java compiler that the
declaration is complete.
Now that it has been declared, numberOfDays can only ever hold values that match the definition of
the data type (i.e., for an int data type the value can only be a whole number between -2,147,483,648
to 2,147,483,647).
Declaring variables for other data types is exactly the same:
byte nextInStream; short hour; long totalNumberOfStars; float
reactionTime; double itemPrice;
Initializing Variables
Before a variable can be used it must be given an initial value. This is called initializing the variable. If
we try to use a variable without first giving it a value:
int numberOfDays; //try and add 10 to the value of numberOfDays
numberOfDays = numberOfDays + 10;
the compiler will throw an error:
variable numberOfDays might not have been initialized
To initialize a variable we use an assignment statement. An assignment statement follows the same
pattern as an equation in mathematics (e.g., 2 + 2 = 4). There is a left side of the equation, a right
side and an equals sign (i.e., "=") in the middle. To give a variable a value, the left side is the name of
the variable and the right side is the value:
int numberOfDays; numberOfDays = 7;
In the above example, numberOfDays has been declared with a data type of int and has been giving
an initial value of 7. We can now add ten to the value of numberOfDays because it has been
initialized:
int numberOfDays; numberOfDays = 7; numberOfDays = numberOfDays + 10;
System.out.println(numberOfDays);
Typically, the initializing of a variable is done at the same time as its declaration:
//declare the variable and give it a value all in one statement int
numberOfDays = 7;
they cannot start with a digit but digits can be used after the first character (e.g., name1,
n2ame are valid).
they can start with a letter, an underscore (i.e., "_") or a dollar sign (i.e., "$").
Organizational chart
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
An organizational chart (often called organization chart, org chart, organigram(me), or organogram) is
a diagram that shows thestructure of an organization and the relationships and relative ranks of its parts and
positions/jobs. The term is also used for similar diagrams, for example ones showing the different elements of a field
of knowledge or a group of languages.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 History
3 Limitations
4 Examples
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Overview[edit]
The organization chart is a diagram showing graphically the relation of one official to another, or others, of a
company. It is also used to show the relation of one department to another, or others, or of one function of an
organization to another, or others. This chart is valuable in that it enables one to visualize a complete organization,
by means of the picture it presents.[1]
A company's organizational chart typically illustrates relations between people within an organization. Such relations
might include managers to sub-workers, directors to managing directors, chief executive officer to various
departments, and so forth. When an organization chart grows too large it can be split into smaller charts for separate
departments within the organization. The different types of organization charts include:
Hierarchical
Matrix
There is no accepted form for making organization charts other than putting the principal official, department or
function first, or at the head of the sheet, and the others below, in the order of their rank. The titles of officials and
sometimes their names are enclosed in boxes or circles. Lines are generally drawn from one box or circle to another
to show the relation of one official or department to the others.[1]
History[edit]
The Scottish-American engineer Daniel McCallum (18151878) is credited for creating the first organizational charts
of American business[2] around 1854.[3][4] This chart was drawn by George Holt Henshaw.[5]
The term "organization chart" came into use in the early twentieth century. In 1914 Brinton[6] declared "organization
charts are not nearly so widely used as they should be. As organization charts are an excellent example of the
division of a total into its components, a number of examples are given here in the hope that the presentation of
organization charts in convenient form will lead to their more widespread use." In those years industrial engineers
promoted the use of organization charts.
In the 1920s a survey revealed that organizational charts were still not common among ordinary business concerns,
but they were beginning to find their way into administrative and business enterprises. [7]
The term "organigram" originates in the 1960s.[8]
Limitations[edit]
There are several limitations of organizational charts:
If updated manually, organizational charts can very quickly become out-of-date, especially in large
organizations that change their staff regularly.
They only show "formal relationships" and tell nothing of the pattern of human (social) relationships which
develop. They also often do not show horizontal relationships.
They provide little information about the managerial style adopted (e.g. "autocratic", "democratic" or an
intermediate style)
In some cases, an organigraph may be more appropriate, particularly if one wants to show non-linear, nonhierarchical relationships in an organization.
One can similarly calculate the principal and return for 5 years and for 10
years. It is, however, a long tedious calculation even with calculators. Further,
what if you want to know the principal and return for some different returns
than 10%, or different periods of time such as 15 years ? You would have to do
all these calculations all over again.
We can avoid these tedious calculations considerably by noting the similarities
in these problems and solving them in a more general way.
Since all these problems ask for the result of invesing a certain amount every
year for certain number of years with a certain expected annual return, we use
variables, say A, R and n, to represent the principal newly invested every year,
the return ratio, and the number of years invested, respectively. With these
symbols, the principal and return after n years, denoted by S, can be
expressed as
S = A(1 + R) + A(1 + R)2 + ... + A(1 + R)n .
As well known, this S can be put into a more compact form by first
computing S - (1 + R)S as
S = A ( (1 + R)n + 1 - (1 + R) ) / R .
Once we have it in this compact form, it is fairly easy to compute S for different
values of A, R and n, though one still has to compute (1 + R)n + 1 . This simple
formula represents infinitely many cases involving all different values of A,
R and n. The derivation of this formula, however, involves another problem.
When computing the compact form for S, S - (1 + R)S was computed using
S = A(1 + R) + A(1 + R)2 + ... + A(1 + R)n .While this argument seems
rigorous enough, in fact practically it is a good enough argument, when one
wishes to be very rigorous, the ellipsis ... in the sum for S is not considered
precise. You are expected to interpret it in a certain specific way. But it can be
interpreted in a number of different ways. In fact it can mean anything. Thus if
one wants to be rigorous, and absolutely sure about the correctness of the
formula, one needs some other way of verifying it than using the ellipsis. Since
one needs to verify it for infinitely many cases (infinitely many values of A,
R and n), some kind of formal approach, abstracted away from actual numbers,
is required.
Suppose now that somehow we have formally verified the formula successfully
and we are absolutely sure that it is correct. It is a good idea to write a
computer program to compute that S, especially with (1 + R)n + 1 to be
computed. Suppose again that we have written a program to compute S. How
can we know that the program is correct ? As we know, there are infinitely
many possible input values (that is, values of A, R and n). Obviously we can not
test it for infinitely many cases. Thus we must take some formal approach.
Related to the problem of correctness of computer programs, there is the well
known "Halting Problem". This problem, if put into the context of program
correctness, asks whether or not a given computer program stops on a given
int gear = 1;
Doing so tells your program that a field named "gear" exists, holds numerical data, and has an initial value of "1". A variable's
data type determines the values it may contain, plus the operations that may be performed on it. In addition to int, the Java
programming language supports seven other primitive data types. A primitive type is predefined by the language and is named
by a reserved keyword. Primitive values do not share state with other primitive values. The eight primitive data types supported
by the Java programming language are:
byte: The byte data type is an 8-bit signed two's complement integer. It has a minimum value of -128 and a maximum
value of 127 (inclusive). The byte data type can be useful for saving memory in large arrays, where the memory
savings actually matters. They can also be used in place of int where their limits help to clarify your code; the fact that
a variable's range is limited can serve as a form of documentation.
short: The short data type is a 16-bit signed two's complement integer. It has a minimum value of -32,768 and a
maximum value of 32,767 (inclusive). As with byte, the same guidelines apply: you can use a short to save memory
in large arrays, in situations where the memory savings actually matters.
int: By default, the int data type is a 32-bit signed two's complement integer, which has a minimum value of -2 31 and a
maximum value of 231-1. In Java SE 8 and later, you can use the int data type to represent an unsigned 32-bit integer,
which has a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 232-1. Use the Integer class to use int data type as an
unsigned integer. See the section The Number Classes for more information. Static methods
like compareUnsigned, divideUnsigned etc have been added to the Integer class to support the arithmetic
operations for unsigned integers.
long: The long data type is a 64-bit two's complement integer. The signed long has a minimum value of -2 63 and a
maximum value of 263-1. In Java SE 8 and later, you can use thelong data type to represent an unsigned 64-bit long,
which has a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 264-1. Use this data type when you need a range of values
wider than those provided by int. The Long class also contains methods
like compareUnsigned, divideUnsigned etc to support arithmetic operations for unsigned long.
float: The float data type is a single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754 floating point. Its range of values is beyond the scope
of this discussion, but is specified in the Floating-Point Types, Formats, and Values section of the Java Language
Specification. As with the recommendations for byte and short, use a float (instead of double) if you need to
save memory in large arrays of floating point numbers. This data type should never be used for precise values, such as
currency. For that, you will need to use the java.math.BigDecimal class instead.Numbers and
Strings covers BigDecimal and other useful classes provided by the Java platform.
double: The double data type is a double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 floating point. Its range of values is beyond the
scope of this discussion, but is specified in the Floating-Point Types, Formats, and Values section of the Java Language
Specification. For decimal values, this data type is generally the default choice. As mentioned above, this data type
should never be used for precise values, such as currency.
boolean: The boolean data type has only two possible values: true and false. Use this data type for simple flags
that track true/false conditions. This data type represents one bit of information, but its "size" isn't something that's
precisely defined.
char: The char data type is a single 16-bit Unicode character. It has a minimum value of '\u0000' (or 0) and a
maximum value of '\uffff' (or 65,535 inclusive).
In addition to the eight primitive data types listed above, the Java programming language also provides special support for
character strings via the java.lang.String class. Enclosing your character string within double quotes will automatically create a
new String object; for example, Strings="thisisastring";. String objects are immutable, which means
that once created, their values cannot be changed. The String class is not technically a primitive data type, but considering
the special support given to it by the language, you'll probably tend to think of it as such. You'll learn more about
the String class in Simple Data Objects
Default Values
It's not always necessary to assign a value when a field is declared. Fields that are declared but not initialized will be set to a
reasonable default by the compiler. Generally speaking, this default will be zero or null, depending on the data type. Relying
on such default values, however, is generally considered bad programming style.
The following chart summarizes the default values for the above data types.
Data Type
byte
short
int
long
0L
float
0.0f
double
0.0d
char
'\u0000'
null
boolean
false
Local variables are slightly different; the compiler never assigns a default value to an uninitialized local variable. If you cannot
initialize your local variable where it is declared, make sure to assign it a value before you attempt to use it. Accessing an
uninitialized local variable will result in a compile-time error.
Literals
You may have noticed that the new keyword isn't used when initializing a variable of a primitive type. Primitive types are special
data types built into the language; they are not objects created from a class. A literal is the source code representation of a fixed
value; literals are represented directly in your code without requiring computation. As shown below, it's possible to assign a literal
to a variable of a primitive type:
Integer Literals
An integer literal is of type long if it ends with the letter L or l; otherwise it is of type int. It is recommended that you use the
upper case letter L because the lower case letter l is hard to distinguish from the digit 1.
Values of the integral types byte, short, int, and long can be created from int literals. Values of type long that exceed
the range of int can be created from long literals. Integer literals can be expressed by these number systems:
Decimal: Base 10, whose digits consists of the numbers 0 through 9; this is the number system you use every day
Hexadecimal: Base 16, whose digits consist of the numbers 0 through 9 and the letters A through F
Binary: Base 2, whose digits consists of the numbers 0 and 1 (you can create binary literals in Java SE 7 and later)
For general-purpose programming, the decimal system is likely to be the only number system you'll ever use. However, if you
need to use another number system, the following example shows the correct syntax. The prefix 0x indicates hexadecimal
and 0b indicates binary:
Floating-Point Literals
A floating-point literal is of type float if it ends with the letter F or f; otherwise its type is double and it can optionally end with
the letter D or d.
The floating point types (float and double) can also be expressed using E or e (for scientific notation), F or f (32-bit float
literal) and D or d (64-bit double literal; this is the default and by convention is omitted).
double d1 = 123.4;
// same value as d1, but in scientific notation
double d2 = 1.234e2;
float f1
= 123.4f;
Prior to an F or L suffix
The following examples demonstrate valid and invalid underscore placements (which are highlighted) in numeric literals: