Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SUPAN SHAH
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
INTRODUCTION
Adani Power Limited is the power business subsidiary of Indian conglomerate
Adani Group with head office at Ahmedabad, Gujarat. The company is India's
largest private power producer, with an installed capacity of 10,440 MW. Its
mission is to achieve 20,000 MW by 2020.
Adani Power Limited has commissioned the first supercritical 660 MW unit in
India. Mundra is also the worlds first supercritical technology based thermal
power project to have received Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
Project certification from United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC).It has the fastest turnaround time of projects in the
industry. Adanis Mundra power plant is also the largest private single
location thermal power generating plant.
To complete the value chain in power supply, Adani has forayed into power
transmission. Groups first line to be commissioned was 400 KV, 430 km long
double circuit line from Mundra to Dehgem. Further the group achieved a
landmark with completion of about 1000 km long 500km Bi-pole HVDC line
connecting Mundra in Gujrat to Mohimdevgarh in Haryana. This became the
first HVDC line by a private player in India and connects western grid to
northern grid. Today Adani power has approximately 5500 circuit Kms of
transmission lines connecting its Tiroda project in Maharashtra with
Maharashtra grid.
The motto of Adani group is Courage, Commitment and Trust.
Adani Power Training & Research Institute (APTRI) is the Research, Training
and Center for Performance Consulting arm of Adani Power Ltd. engaged in
enhancing performance and delivery in the entire power value chain
including Coal Mining, Generation, Transmission (HVAC and HVDC) and
Distribution of Electricity. APTRI Mundra has been recognised and accredited
as Grade A and Category I Institute by CEA , Ministry of Power,
Government of India.
At Adani Power it is firmly believed that for business excellence the human
resource is the most critical and valuable asset that must be nurtured by
customised learning and development programs. Continual learning and
development of the professionals is the only way to navigate through the
prevailing volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous environment. APTRI is
thus the outcome of the intensive scientific effort undertaken by highly
experienced professionals and SMEs to understand and analyse the power
sector professionals competencies and training needs so as to design,
develop and render efficient and effective programs across all the segments
and functions of power business covering the entire value chain .
CURRENT SCENARIO:
India is the worlds third largest electricity producer with a 5.1% global share
in electricity production.
The utility electricity sector in India had an installed capacity of 271.722 GW
as of end March 2015.
The gross electricity generated by utilities was 1106 TWh and 166 TWh by
captive power plants during the 201415 fiscal. The gross electricity
generation includes auxiliary power consumption of power generation plants.
The current total consumption (utilities and non-utilities) durign2014-15 was
938.823 billion KWh.
During the year 2014-15, the per capita electricity consumption in India was
1010 kWh. This is very less as compared with the per-capita consumption of
other countries even though the tariff is comparatively lower in India. The
per-capita consumption of China is 4000 KWh and that of the U.S is 15000
KWh.
Source
Utilities Capacity
(MW)
Coal
164,635.88
Hydroelectricity
41,267.43
Renewable energy
61.5
1
15.4
2
(MW)
27,588.00
58.60
83.00
0.17
31,692.14
Natural Gas
23,062.15
8.61
5,215.00
11.08
Nuclear
5,780.00
2.16
Oil
1,199.75
0.44
14,196.00
30.17
source
Total
267,637.35
47,082.00
While 80% of Indian villages have at least an electricity line, just 52.5% of
rural households have access to electricity. In urban areas, the access to
3% 0% 1% 2%
9%
9%
COAL HYDEL WIND NATURAL GAS
15%
From the figure above, an important observation that can be made is that the
thermal and the renewable line closely follow the total installed capacity line
i.e most of the new capacity has come from the thermal and renewables
sector ( albeit on a much smaller scale). However, the share of hydro energy
seems to have stagnated. The installed nuclear capacity has also remained
the same. The nuclear sector is expected to take off in a big way after the
signing of the U.S- India civil agreement.
DOMESTIC
5%
24% TRACTION
COMMERCIAL
INDUSTRIAL
18%
2%
AGRICULTURE
9%
MISC.
42%
India continues to face power shortages, especially the Southern and the
North-Eastern regions. The Western and Eastern regions are surplus in energy. The
anticipated shortage in the current fiscal year (2015-16) is 2.6% of demand.
Energy
Peak Power
Regi
on
Norther
n
Western
Requirem
Availabil
Surplus(+)/Defi
ent (MU)
ity (MU)
cit(-)
Dema
Supp
nd
ly
(MW)
(MW)
Surplus(+)/Defi
cit(-)
355,794
354,540
-0.4%
54,329
54,137
-0.4%
353,068
364,826
+3.3%
48,479
50,254
+3.7%
Energy
Peak Power
Regi
on
Souther
n
Eastern
NorthEastern
All
India
Requirem
Availabil
Surplus(+)/Defi
ent (MU)
ity (MU)
cit(-)
Dema
Supp
nd
ly
(MW)
(MW)
Surplus(+)/Defi
cit(-)
313,248
277,979
-11.3%
43,630
35,011
-19.8%
124,610
127,066
2.0%
18,507
19,358
+4.6%
15,703
13,934
-11.3%
2,650
2,544
-4.0%
1,162,423
1,138,346
-2.1%
156,862
152,754
-2.6 %
DEMAND DRIVERS:
Indias power demand is expected to cross 300GW by2021-22 and the
installed capacity is expected to reach ~700 GW by 2030.
The main demand drivers in the coming years are going to be:
becaus
e the
quality of life and income improves.
Status of Electrification
Thermal power plants convert energy rich fuels such as coal, natural
gas, petroleum products, agricultural waste, domestic trash/waste, etc.
into electricity.
COAL
The graph of Indias generation mix over the last 10 years shows that
most of the capacity added has been in the thermal power sector.
Coal and lignite account for about 60% of India's total installed
capacity.
India's electricity sector consumes about 72% of the coal produced in
the country.
India is estimated to have proven coal reserves of about 125 billion
tonnes and an estimated reserve of about 300 billion tonnes.
Most of the Indian coal is similar to Gondwana coal. It has low carbon
content, low calorific value and high ash content (~35-45%).
On average, the Indian power plants using India's coal supply
consume about 0.7 kg of coal to generate a kWh, whereas United
States thermal power plants consume about 0.45 kg of coal per kWh.
This is because of the difference in the quality of the coal, as measured
by the Gross Calorific Value (GCV). On average, Indian coal has a GCV
of about 4500 Kcal/kg, whereas the quality elsewhere in the world is
much better; for example, in Australia, the GCV is 6500 Kcal/kg
approximately.
TECHNOLOGIES
SubCritical
SuperCritical
Ultra
SuperCritical
Steam
Temperature
Advanced USC
~700 oC
Steam Pressure
~160 bar
~250 bar
~ 275 bar
~300 bar
Efficiency
~38%
~42%
~44%
~47%
NATURAL GAS:
The installed capacity of natural gas-based power plants and the ready
to be commissioned with the commencement of natural gas supply is
nearly 26,765 MW at the end of financial year 2014-15.
These base load power plants are operating at overall PLF of 25% only
due to severe shortage of Natural gas in the country. Many of these
power stations are shut down throughout the year for lack of natural
gas supply. Natural gas shortage for power sector alone is nearly 100
MMSCMD.
Indian government has taken steps to enhance the generation from the
stranded gas based power plants for meeting peak load demand by
waiving applicable import duties and taxes due to drastic fall in the
LNG and crude oil international prices. However, till the issues about
gas supply are not resolved, natural gas fired power plants are not
going to be the preferable choices for power generation.
SOLAR POWER:
India is endowed with a vast solar energy potential. India receives one
of the highest global solar radiation - an energy of about 5,000 trillion
kWh per year is incident over India's land mass with most parts
receiving 4-7 kWh per m2 per day.
The present Indian government has an ambitious plan to add 100 GW
of solar power by 2022.
Installation of solar power plants require nearly 2.4 hectares (6 acres)
land per MW capacity which is similar to coal-fired power plants when
life cycle coal mining, consumptive water storage & ash disposal areas
are also accounted and hydro power plants when submergence area of
water reservoir is also accounted.
There are vast tracts of land suitable for solar power in all parts of India
exceeding 8% of its total area which are unproductive barren and
devoid of vegetation. Part of waste lands (32,000 square km) when
installed with solar power plants can produce 2000 billion Kwh of
electricity (two times the total generation in the year 2013-14) with
land productivity/yield of 1.5 million Rs per acre (6 Rs/kwh price) which
is at par with many industrial areas and many times more than the
best productive irrigated agriculture lands. Moreover, these solar
power units are not dependent on supply of any raw material and are
self-productive. There is unlimited scope for solar electricity to replace
all fossil fuel energy requirements (natural gas, coal, lignite, nuclear
fuels and crude oil) if all the marginally productive lands are occupied
by solar power plants in future.
It is predicted that solar power in India will achieve grid parity with
thermal power by 2018.
In India, the bids for power plants with imported coal, they are
all in the range of Rs.5.50 to Rs.7/kWh. The most recent solar
bids that have come in Karnataka are all in the range of
Rs.6.50-7/kWh. So, solar is already in the ballpark of coal
prices. There was even a company that bid Rs. 5.05/ KWh when
Madhya Pradesh government invited bids for solar power
procurement.
Also, coal is polluting, takes many years to develop.
Environment clearances are challenging. Fuel linkage is an
issue, and domestic coal has been having all sorts of problems
over the last few months. Imported coal has the price
variability. But, solar is clean. It can be developed in few
months, and constructed in 6-12 months, no issue of fuel
linkages, generates electricity during the day time, and no
seasonality. So, when we compare all sources of energy -
WIND POWER:
India has the fifth largest installed wind power capacity in the world.
As of 31 March 2015 the installed capacity of wind power in India
was 23,763 MW, mainly spread across Tamil Nadu (7,253 MW),
Gujarat (3,093 MW), Maharashtra (2,976 MW), Karnataka (2,113
MW), Rajasthan (2,355 MW), Madhya Pradesh (386 MW), Andhra
Pradesh (916 MW), Kerala (35.1 MW),etc. East and North east
regions have no grid connected wind power plant as of March, 2015
end.
It takes about 24 months to develop a wind farm.
The concept of off-shore wind farms is also catching up in India. A
100 MW demonstration plant has been set up off the coast of
Gujarat. The wind speed at off shore wind farms is relatively higher,
more consistent and there are no obstructions nearby. The cost of
an off-shore wind farm is considerably higher as compared to that of
an on-shore wind farm.
Currently, for a wind farm, the capital cost ranges between 4.5
crores to 6.85 crores per MW, depending up on the type of turbine,
technology, size and location. The operating cost of a Wind Farm is
very low as the fuel cost is zero and operations and maintenance
costs are low also.
Thus, the capital cost and the cost of electricity generated
by a wind farm is comparable to that of a fossil fired plant.
However, there is one major flaw with wind power. One
cannot depend on wind energy, which is not available
around the clock and 365 days in a year. Wind energy can at
best be produced only for 4-5 months from May to
September coinciding with South West monsoon duration in
a year. During that time also, it can be produced only when
the wind speed is high. When large wind power plants are
located away from the load centres, laying dedicated
transmission lines to evacuate the unreliable secondary
wind power is additional cost liability.
Indias total wind energy potential is estimated to be 65~70
GW. Out of this, ~23 GW has been currently installed. So
there is an opportunity to add another ~25 GW. The rest of
the potential sites may not be economically feasible for
other reasons.
Although wind power has great potential, it is presently at a
cross-road since incentives such as the 50 paisa subsidy per
unit given to wind generation companies, the IT holiday and
the accelerated depreciation have either been removed or
have not been extended. Thus, in the coming years, there is
not going to be much thrust on wind power as long as these
issues are not sorted out.
NUCLEAR POWER:
HYDEL POWER:
of hydro capacity in India in 2014-15 was over 20% less power than
what our average generation was in 1993-94.
bkwhr, this is less than 15 per cent. Wind power potential is much smaller
and with the current technology the estimated potential of 45 GW can
generate about 90 bkwhr which will be less than 3 per cent of the needed
generation in 2030. Other renewables such as ethanol, bio-diesel and wood
plantation have limited scope as India is short of land and these would
compete with food production. Cellulosic ethanol, when the technology is
developed can make a substantial contribution if ethanol can be produced
from agricultural wastes such as wheat straw or rice straw. The sources
that have sizable potential are solar energy and nuclear power. Solar
is abundant and the land requirement does not have to compete with
agricultural land. Nuclear power also has vast potential to contribute to
electricity generation. These sources of power can help India achieve its
quest of energy independence and clean energy generation. Also, renewable
sources are not inflation linked i.e there are no price hikes required. They
work on solar irradiation, wind and these are always going to be free.
One major drawback of renewable technology is that the power
generated by it is intermittent and not continuous. Solar energy
cannot be generated during night time. Wind energy can only be utilized
during a few months of the year. In India, there are specific problems
such as land acquisition issues, lack of evacuation infrastructure,
large amounts of water needed and other such reasons. A solar farm
needs approximately 5-6 acres per MW whereas a thermal plant
needs 0.6-1 acre per MW. Land acquisition is a cumbersome process
in the Indian context due to distributed land holding. A lesser known
fact is that to generate solar power efficiently, large amounts of
water are required. Also, there is a lack of evacuation infrastructure
due to the right of way issues. In spite of these problems, I assert
that if solar power (storage system included) achieves grid parity,
solar will be the next major source of power in the long term. Other
innovative solutions such as pumped storage hydro-power stations
that generate electricity during night using water that is pumped to
a height during the day using solar power should also be looked at.
After the recent signing of the Indo-U.S civil agreement, nuclear power is
expected to play a major role in power generation in the coming years.
However, the Fukushima disaster may prove to be a potential stumbling
block in the implementation of nuclear power technology.
The share of coal fired power plants in electricity generation by
2030 is expected to decrease marginally. However, it will not