mANUAL REVIEW BOOK 1

POWER HOLDING COMPANY
OF NIGERIA PLC
ELECTRICITY HEADQUARTERS
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
REVIEWED TECHNICAL MANUALS
FOR
DISTRIBUTION, TRANSMISSION
AND GENERATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
PAGE
ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE SECTION3-146
2.
MECHANICAL MAINTENANCE SECTION...147-205
3.
THERMAL OPERATION....206-217
4.
MARKETING.218-235
5.
COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY COURSES.....236-261
6.
INSTRUMENTATION...262-294
ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE SECTION

MANUAL REVIEW ON ELECTRICAL COURSES
The existing courses in the Electrical Department were critically examined.
Presently the following courses are available:1.
EMTT 1ST PHASE: ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE

TECHNICIAN TRAINING PROGRAMME
2.
EMTT 2ND PHASE:
3.
EMTT 3RD PHASE:
4.
ELECTRICAL FITTERS COURSE FOR MATE-LEARNERS (FITTER III)
5.
ELECTRICAL FITTERS COURSE FOR FITTERS II AND I
6.
ELECTRICAL FITTERS COURSE FOR FOREMEN AND SUPERVISORS
7.
ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE COURSE ON MEDIUM HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUIT

BREAKERS
8.
ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE COURSE ON SF6 GAS CIRCUIT BREAKERS
9.
ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE COURSE ON TRANSFORMERS
10.
ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE COURSE ON GENERATORS
11.
WORKSHOP ON 11KV CIRCUIT BREAKERS
12.
WORKSHOP ON 33KV CIRCUIT BREAKERS
13.
WORKSHOP ON SF6 GAS CIRCUIT BREAKERS
14.
WORKSHOP ON TRANSFORMERS
15.
WORKSHOP ON GENERATORS
All the existing 15 courses were thoroughly reviewed and the following changes were
introduced in:
(a)
EMTT Phase 1 Programme, the subject area of Mechanical Engineering Science was
expanded to include new topics on Friction.
(b)
EMTT Phase 2 Programme, was expanded to include the subject area, Electrical Machines,
to cover topics in Maintenance activities on the equipment.
(c)
ELECTRICAL FITTERS COURSE, which was previously segmented into 3 groups have been
merged into one, principally due to the exit of those cadres and re-designations from the
authoritys workforce.
(d)
Courses number 11 to 15 were essentially found to be of courses number 7 to 10 have

accordingly been merged.
(e)
Three new courses were developed and incorporated to reflect training needs from the field
stations, disseminate new technology in the system and improve the efficiency of the system.
These courses are number 8 to 10 below.
The followings are the recommended courses for the Electrical Department:
1.
EMTT 1st PHASE: ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN TRAINING

PROGRAMME.
Seven subject areas:
EMTT 101: Engineering Mathematics
EMTT 102: Electrical Engineering Science
EMTT 103: Mechanical Engineering Science
EMTT 104: Introduction to Switchgear Studies 1
EMTT 105: Technical Drawing
EMTT 106: Engineering Workshop Practice
EMTT 107: Safety Practice
2.
EMTT 2nd PHASE (Eight Subject Areas):

EMTT 201: Transformer Maintenance
EMTT 202: Switchgear and Protection II
EMTT 203: Transmission Line Theory I
EMTT 204: Auxiliary Systems
4
EMTT 205: Introduction to Electrical Measurement

EMTT 206: Network Theory and Analysis
EMTT 207: Basic Engineering Thermodynamics
EMTT 208: Introduction to Electrical Machines
3.
EMTT 3rd PHASE (FINAL PHASE) Seven subject Areas:l

EMTT 301: Switchgear and Protection III
EMTT 302: Transmission Line Theory II
EMTT 303: Electrical Machines
EMTT 304: Marketing and Metering Studies
EMTT 305: Digital Electronics and Applications
EMTT 306: Standard Protection Code and First Aid
EMTT 307: Introduction to Industrial Management
4.
Electrical Fitters Course
5.
Electrical Maintenance Course on Generators
6.
Electrical Maintenance Course on Transformers
7.
Electrical Maintenance Course on Switchgears
8.
Filtering Machine Operations
9.
Maintenance Course on Auxiliary Systems and Circuits
10.
Maintenance Course on Power Distribution System
It should be noted that courses number 1 to 3 titled EMTT Phase 1, 2 and 3 are career-based
Training Programmes for Assistant Technician-in-Training (Electrical) formerly designated as
Assistant Technical Officers-in-Training (Electrical).
The EMTT is broken down into phases 1, 2 and 3 respectively to be run for a minimum
of twenty-four months. During the 24 months Training Programme, each classroom
session is intertwined with periods of fields attachment.
Courses numbered 4 to 10 are refresher courses for updating the knowledge and skillsdevelopment of the existing workforce in the service of the Authority.
ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN TRAINING PROGRAMME

(EMTT PHASE 1)
S/NO.
COURSE CODE
SUBJECT TITLE
CONTACT HOURS
1.
EMTT 101
ENGINEERING
MATHEMATICS
15
2.
EMTT 102
ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING SCIENCE
15
3.
EMTT 103
MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING SCIENCE
15
4.
EMTT 104
NTRODUCTION TO
SWITCHGEAR STUDIES 1
15
5.
EMTT 105
TECHNICAL DRAWING
6.
EMTT 106
ENGINEERING
WORKSHOP PRACTICE
14
7.
EMTT 107
SAFETY PRACTICE
8
90 HOURS
REVISED CURRICULUM FOR:

COURSE TITLE:
Electrical Maintenance Technician Training Programme (EMTT)
SUBJECT AREA:
Engineering Mathematics
PHASE: (Module): Phase 1 (4 weeks)

DESIGNATED FOR: A.T.Os-In-Training (Electrical)
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: WASC-OL/C & G Part 1/Course C
DURATION:
(15 Contact Hours Minimum)
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course, participants should be able to:

(i)
Acquire skills to solve simple Polynomials equations
(ii)
Acquire skills to solve basic Trigonometrical Problems
(iii)
Acquire skills to solve differential and integral equations and

applications
(iv)
Acquire skills to solve problems involving complex number.
(v)
Acquire skills to solve simple statistical problems
COURSE CONTENT
1.
Linear and Simultaneous Equations
1.1
By Graphical Method
1.2
By Substitution Method
1.3
By Elimination Method
2.
Simple Quadratic Equations
2.1
By Graphical Method
2.2
By Formula Method
3.
Basic Trigonometry
3.1
Properties of Triangles
3.2
Basic Functions: Sine Cosine and Tangent

7
3.3
Applications of Trigonometrical Functions
4.
Calculus
4.1.1
Differentiation from First Principles
4.1.2
Differentiation by Methods: Sum, Chain-Rule, Power and Quotient Rules
4.1.3
Applications of Differentiation Techniques
4.2.1
Integration from First Principles
4.2.2
Integration by Methods
4.2.3
Applications of Integral Techniques
5.
Complex Numbers and Notation
5.1
Addition of Complex Number
5.2
Subtraction of Complex Number
5.3
Multiplication of Complex Number
5.4
Division of Complex Number
5.5
Application of Complex Number
6.
Introduction to Statistics
6.1
Representation of Data
6.1.1
Frequency Distribution
6.1.2
Mode, Mean and Median
6.1.3
Bar Chart
6.1.4
Pie Chart
6.1.5
Histogram
6.1.6
Graphs
6.1.7
Frequency Polygons
METHODOLOGY
(i)
Classroom Lectures
(ii)
Notes and Handouts

8

COURSE TITLE:
SUBJECT AREA:
Electrical Engineering Science

DURATION:
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Define Electrical Terms
(ii)
Solve simple D.C. Circuit Problems
(iii)
Describe the purely resistive, capacitive and Inductive Circuits
(iv)
Solve simple a.c circuit problems.
EMTT PHASE 1
SUBJECT:
Chapter 1
1.1
Electricity and the Engineer
1.2
An Electrical System
1.3
Electric Charge
1.4
Movement of Electronics
1.5
Current flow in a circuit
1.6
Electromotive force and potential difference
1.7
Electrical Units
1.8
Ohrislaw and Application
1.9
Conductors and Insulators

9
Chapter 2
Simple D.C Circuits
2.1
Series Circuits
2.2
Parallel Networks
2.3
Series Circuit Versus Parallel Network
2.4
Kirchhoffs Laws
2.5
Power and Energy
2.6
Resistivity
2.7
Temperature coefficient of resistance
Chapter 3
Capacitance and capacitors
3.1
Capacitors
3.2
Charge and Voltage
3.3
Capacitance
3.4
Capacitors in parallel
3.5
Capacitors in series
3.6
Distribution of voltage across capacitors in series
Chapter 4
Electromagnetism
4.1
Magnetic field
4.2
Direction of magnetic field
4.3
Characteristics of lines of magnetic flux
4.4
Magnetic field due to an electric current
4.5
Force on a current carrying conductor
4.6
Electromagnetic induction
4.7
Magnetic circuits
4.8
Permeability of free space or magnetic constant
Chapter 5
Inductance in a d.c circuit

10
5.1
Inductive and non-inductive circuit
5.2
Unit of inductance
5.3
Factors determining the inductance of a coil
5.4
Analysis of growth in an inductions cct
5.5
Analysis of decay
5.6
Mutual inductance
Chapter 6
Introduction to a.c circuit
6.1
Generation of simple a.c wave-form
6.2
Definition of Peak, Average and Root means square value
6.3
Some simple problems in a.c circuits
METHODOLOGY:
(i)
Classroom Lectures
(ii)
Notes and Handouts
11

COURSE TITLE:
SUBJECT AREA:
Mechanical Engineering Science

DURATION:
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Define physical terms such as:

(a)
Speed
(b)
Motion
(c)
Velocity
(d)
Acceleration etc
(ii)
Solve simple problems on laws of motion
(iii)
State the =3= Newtons laws of motion
(iv)
Solve simple problems involving moments of forces
(v)
Calculate the efficiency of simple machines
COURSE CONTENT:
1.
Dynamics:
(a)
Speed
(b)
Velocity
(c)
Acceleration
(d)
(e)
Momentum
Impulse
(f)
Force
12
2.
3.
4.
(g)
Work
(h)
Energy
(i)
Power
Static:
(a)
Moment of Forces
(b)
Machines
(c)
Fulcrum
(d)
Effort
(e)
Load
(f)
Efficiency
Frictions:
3.1
Definition
3.2
Types of frictions
3.3
Coefficient of friction
3.4
Calculations involving simple problem
Vectors:
4.1
Introductions to vectors
4.2
Vector addition, subtraction, division and multiplication
4.3
Composition of vectors
4.4
Resolution of vectors
4.5
Simple applications
METHODOLOGY:
(1)
Classroom Lectures
(2)
Notes and Handouts
(3)
Calculations and Assignments

13

COURSE TITLE:
SUBJECT AREA:
Introduction to Switchgear Studies

DURATION:
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Identify various switchgear equipment
(ii)
Acquire skills in erection and maintenance of distribution

switchgears (Ring Main Unit, Feeder Pillars)
(iii)
Acquire safely awareness.
COURSE CONTENT
1.
Introduction to Electric Power Systems
1.1
Power Station Schemes
1.2
Transmission Systems
1.3
Distribution Systems
2.
Switchgears
2.1
Definition, Necessity and types
2.2
Fuses; Features and Application
2.3
Ring Main Units (RMUs)
2.4
Feeder Pillars
2.5
Earthing Switchgears
2.6
Isolators
2.7
Circuit Breakers
14
3.
Earthing
3.1
Definition and Types
3.2
Methods and Practice
3.3
Advantages
METHODOLOGY:
(i)
Classroom lectures
(ii)
Notes and Handouts

COURSE TITLE:
SUBJECT AREA:
Technical Drawing

DURATION:
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Identify drawing tools and materials
(ii)
Acquire skills to draw and letter shapes and models
(iii)
Acquire skills to construct assembly drawings
COURSE CONTENT:
1.
Engineering Drawing-Importance and Applications
2.
Drawing Tools and Materials
3.
Lines and Lettering Techniques
4.
Geometrical Constructions
15
5.
Principles of Tangency
6.
Isometric (Pictorial) drawings
7.
Sectional and Assembly drawings
8.
Oblique and Assembly drawing
METHODOLOGY
(i)
Classroom Lectures
(ii)
Notes and Handouts
(iii)
Practical Assignments

COURSE TITLE:
SUBJECT AREA:
Engineering Workshop Practice

DURATION:
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Identify electrical tools and measuring instruments
(ii)
Acquire skills in simple joinery and welding work
(iii)
Acquire skills in design and electrical working installation
(iv)
Acquire relevant safety awareness
COURSE CONTENT:
1.
Tools:
1.1
Electrical Tools
1.2
Mechanical Tools
1.3
Carpentry Tools
1.4
Names, Nomenclature and types

16
2.
1.5
Use of Tools
1.6
Care of Tools
Measuring Instruments:
2.1
3.
Types and Applications
2.2
Record keeping of maintenance reports
Bench work:
3.1
3.2
Carpentry project work

(a)
Woodwork Bench and its appliances
(b)
Classification, conversion and seasoning of wood
(c)
Defects and preservation of timber
(d)
Manufactured boards
(e)
Simple woodworks joints
Welding Project Work

(a)
Welding methods and equipment
(b)
3.3
(i)
Oxy-acetylene welding machine
(ii)
Electric Arc-Welding machine
Types of Welding and application
Electrical Installation Project Work

3.3.1
Basic Wiring Components
Wiring a power point
Wiring a point of light with 1 control
Wiring with 2-way switch
Series and parallel wiring methods
Residential, commercial and industrial wiring
Relevant IDO regulations

17
4.
Basic of fault finding

4.1
Trouble shooting techniques
Diagnostic methods
Earthing procedures and practice
Maintenance checklists
METHODOLOGY:
(i)
Classroom lectures
(ii)
Notes and Handouts
(iii)
Workshop practice and project work

COURSE TITLE:
SUBJECT AREA:
Safety Practice

DURATION:
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Describe electrical apparatus
(ii)
Discuss electrical safety awareness
(iii)
Enumerate causes of electrical hazards
COURSE CONTENTS:
1.
Safety Practices in NEPA

1.1
Safety manuals in NEPA Editions and Development
1.2
Definitions of Electrical Apparatus and Terms

18
2.
3.
Electrical Safety Awareness

2.1
Nature of Electricity
2.2
Stop and Touch Potentials
2.3
Role of resistance in the source-body-ground circuit
2.4
Classification of Limits of approach
Hazards of Electric Shock

3.1
Electrical Shock Conditions
3.2
3.3
Basic Hazards to the human body

The mechanism of Electric shock
3.4
Physiological effects of electric shock
3.5
Hazards due to flash over
3.6
Hazard prevention
(a)
Safe working environment
(b)
Periodic inspection and tests
(c)
Preventive maintenance
(d)
Use of correct tools
(e)
Use of permit and tags
METHODOLOGY:
(i)
Classroom lecturers
(ii)
Notes and Handouts
19

(EMTT PHASE I1)
S/NO.
COURSE CODE
1.
EMTT 201
TRANSFORMER
MAINTENANCE
12
2.
EMTT 202
SWITCHGEARS AND
PROTECTION II
12
3.
EMTT 203
TRANSMISSION LINE
THEORY I
12
4.
EMTT 204
AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
10
5.
EMTT 205
INTRODUCTION TO
ELECTRICAL
MEASUREMENT
10
6.
EMTT 206
NETWORK THEORY AND

ANALYSIS
12
7.
EMTT 207
BASIC ENGINEERING
THERMODYNAMICS
10
EMTT 208
INTRODUCTION TO
ELECTRICAL MACHINES
12
8.
SUBJECT TITLE
CONTACT HOURS
90 HOURS
20

COURSE TITLE:
SUBJECT AREA:
Transformer Maintenance

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: WASC-OL/C & G Part 1/Course C/NA
BTES
DURATION:
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Describe transformer constructional features and accessories
(ii)
Discuss the principle of operation of transformers
(iii)
Enumerate methods of tap-changing on transformers
(iv)
Acquire skills on transformer commission and testing procedures
(v)
Acquire skills to carry-out modern maintenance techniques
COURSE CONTENT:
1.
2.
3.
Transformer Operations:
1.1
Definition
1.2
Types and Applications
1.3
Principles of Operations
Transformer Construction:
2.1
Tank and Associated Components
2.2
Electrical Circuit
2.3
Magnetic Circuit
Transformer Cooling Systems:
3.1
Transformer Cooling and insulation media
3.2
Transformer Auxiliaries
21
3.3
4.
5.
6.
Transformer cooling designations
Transformer Protection Schemes 1 (over-voltages):

4.1
Power systems over-voltage
4.2
Switchgear on transformers to reduce over voltages
4.3
High voltage bushing
4.4
Lighting Arresters
4.5
Arcing Horns/Rod-Gaps
Transformer Grounding:
5.1
Neutral Earthing Definition
5.2
Types and methods of earthing
5.3
Procedures and practice earthing
5.4
Advantages of earthing
5.5
Grounding transformers: types
5.6
Applications of grounding transformers
5.7
Advantages of grounding transformers
Transformer Protection Scheme 2:

6.1
Oil Temperature Indicators
6.2
Winding Temperature Indicators
6.3
Gas Detector Relay
6.4
Pressure Relief Devices
6.5
Over-current protection schemes
6.6
Earth-fault protection scheme
6.7
Tripping Units (DC-supplies)
6.8
Device numbers system
6.9
Differential protective relaying schemes

22
7.
8.
9.
10.
Transformer Testing Procedures:

7.1
Transformer oil test set
7.2
Sampling and testing procedures
7.3
Treatment of transformer oil
7.4
Purification plant operations
7.5
Meggering of transformers
7.6
Ratio-metering of transformers
7.7
Transformer commissioning procedures
Top-Changers:
8.1
No-load tap changers
8.2
On-load tap changers
8.3
Transformer Bank Connections:

9.1
Paralleling Single Phase Transformers
9.2
Paralleling 3-phase transformers
9.3
Load-sharing-percent impedance
Instrument Transformers:
10.1
Types and applications
10.2
Current transformers
10.3
Classification, Ration, Burden of CTS
10.4
10.5
Voltage transformers
10.6
Classification, ratio, burden of CTS
107.
10.8
Metering CVTS
23
11.
Maintenance Checklists:
11.1
Possible causes of transformer failures
11.2
Trouble-shooting
11.3
Maintenance schedules
METHODOLOGY:
(i)
Classroom lectures
(ii)
Notes and Handouts
(iii)
Workshop demonstration

COURSE TITLE:
SUBJECT AREA:
Switchgear and Protection II

Or NABTES
DURATION:
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Describe the fault clearing process by circuit breakers
(ii)
List-up various constructional parts of circuit-breakers
(iii)
Acquire skills on switchgear commissioning and testing procedures
COURSE CONTENT:
1.0
Circuit Breakers
1.1
Definition
1.2
Function
24
1.3
Basic purposes
1.4
Classification nomenclatures
1.5
Operational features
2.0
Fault clearing process of a circuit breaker
2.1
Transient stage, fault occurrence
2.2
Relay operation
2.3
Mechanism operation
2.4
Interrupter operation
2.5
Clearance position
3.0
Materials used in Construction of CBS
3.1
Porcelain
3.2
Epoxy Resin
3.3
Glass fibre reinforced synthetic resin
3.4
Polyhedral fluroethelene
3.5
Electrolytic copper
4.0
Operating Mechanisms
4.1
Types
4.2
Function of Mechanisms
4.3
Constructional features
4.4
Operation
4.5
Maintenance procedures
5.0
Dielectric oil
5.1
Properties of dielectric oil
5.2
Functions of dielectric oil
5.3
Sampling and testing procedures

25
5.4
Dielectric oil purification procedures
6.0
SF6 Gas Applications in CBS
6.1
SF6 gas properties
6.2
Applications of SF6 gas
6.3
Leakages of SF6 gas
6.4
Filling-in-methods
7.0
Isolators
7.1
Types
7.2
Maintenance of disconnects
7.3
Application of disconnect
8.0
System over-voltage
8.1
Transient phenomena in power system
8.2
Method of reducing over-voltages
9.0
Reactors
9.1
Definition
9.2
9.3
Types
9.4
Applications of Reactors
10.
High Voltage Bushings
10.1
Bushings
10.2
Grading of bushings
10.3
Types of bushings
10.4
Voltage gradient methods
26
METHODOLOGY:
(i)
Classroom lectures
(ii)
Notes and Handout
(iii)
Field demonstration
(iv)
Workshop demonstration

COURSE TITLE:
SUBJECT AREA:
Transmission Line Theory - 1
PHASE: (Module):
2nd Phase (4 weeks)

DURATION:
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Describe the components of a transmission system
(ii)
Enumerate factors determining choice
(iii)
Discuss consideration in choice of system voltage
(iv)
Acquire skills in transmission line construction
(v)
Acquire safety awareness
COURSE CONTENT:
1.
2.
Basic concepts of a power system

1.1
Power station schemes
1.2
Transmission systems
1.3
Distribution systems
Overhead line design

2.1
Mechanical requirement
27
3.
4.
5.
6.
2.2
Overhead line design
2.3
O/H line regulation
Line conductors
3.1
Choice of line conductors
3.2
Qualities of copper conductors
3.3
Qualities of copper aluminium
3.4
Economic considerations
3.5
Standard designations of O/H line
3.6
Expanded ACSR and hollow conductors systems
Choice of System Voltage

4.1
AC transmission systems
4.2
High voltage DC-lines
4.3
Kelvins law w.r.t O/H lines and cables
4.4
Load factor/loss load factor
Networks Analysis
5.1
Introduction to 2-port networks
5.2
Insert on loss
Line Construction
6.1
Lines Associated component
6.2
Lines support accessories
6.3
Line insulators
METHODOLOGY:
(i)
Classroom lectures
(ii)
Notes and Handouts
(iii)
Field demonstrations
28

COURSE TITLE:
SUBJECT AREA:
Auxiliary Systems
PHASE: (Module): Phase 2

DURATION:
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Describe the theory and of storage battery
(ii)
Acquire knowledge on lead acid and alkaline batteries operation and

maintenance
COURSE CONTENT:
1.
Theory and construction of storage battery bank
1.1
Definition
1.2
Basic Theory
1.3
Discharge and charge
1.4
Specific gravity and voltage
1.5
Terminal voltage
1.6
Plates types and assembly
1.7
Battery installation
2.
Lead acid battery charging
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Trickle charger, regulated trickle charger, two-rate charger, automatic constant potential charger
2.3
Float charge, charging rate, equalizing charge, freshening charge
3.
Lead acid storage battery deterioration

29
3.1
Introduction
3.2
Factors affecting battery life
3.3
Charging
Under charging
Local action
Loss of active material
Low water
Level
Freezing
Entrance of impurities
Excessive charge rate
Excessive discharge rate
Indications of deterioration
-
Buckling of the plates
Sulphation
Sediment at bottom of cell
Cracking of positive plates
Disintegration of positive plate grid
4.
Lead acid storage battery capacity test
4.1
Introduction
4.2
Testing storage batteries
4.3
Battery capacity
4.4
Capacity test
-
Initial capacity
Rated capacity
30
End of life capacity
5.
Lead acid operation and maintenance
5.1
Introduction
5.2
Float method of operation
5.3
Use of Hydrometer, pilot cell
5.4
Water replacement
5.5
Cell removal
5.6
Battery inspection and records
5.7
Safety
6.
Alkaline Batteries
6.1
Introduction
6.2
Types and Construction
6.3
Chemical Reaction
6.4
Storage and maintenance
7.
Power Supply System
7.1
Inverter: types and constructional features
7.2
Operation and maintenance
METHODOLOGY:
31
(i)
Classroom lectures
(ii)
Notes and Handouts

COURSE TITLE:
SUBJECT AREA:
Introduction to Electrical

DURATION:
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Carryout electrical measurement, record data in a precise manner
(ii)
Discuss the operations of different types of measuring instruments
COURSE CONTENT:
Chapter 1
Experimental Data and Errors
1.0
Measurement recording and reporting
1.1
Precision and accuracy
1.2
Resolution and sensitivity
1.3
Errors in measurement
1.4
Statistical evaluation of measurement data and errors
Chapter 2
2.0
2.1
Electromechanical Indicating Instruments

Suspension Galvanometer
-
Torque and deflection of the Galvanometer
Damping mechanisms
Permanent magnet moving coil mechanism (PMMC)

32
Temperature compensation
2.2
DC Ammeters (Shunt Resistor)
2.3
DC Voltmeters (multiplier resistor)
2.4
Multi-range voltmeter
2.5
Voltmeter sensitivity
2.6
Series type ohmmeter
Chapter 3
Electrodynamometer instrumail
3.0
Introduction
3.1
Construction and principles of operation
3.2
Rectifier type instrument
3.3
Multimeter circuits
3.4
Watthour meter
Chapter 4
Bridges and their application
4.0
Introduction
4.1
Wheat stone bridge
4.2
Basic operation
4.3
Measurement errors
4.4
Thevenin equivalent circuit
METHODOLOGY:
(i)
Classroom lectures
(ii)
Notes and Handouts

33
COURSE TITLE:
SUBJECT AREA:
Network Theory and Analysis

DURATION:
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Solve problems on Electrical network
(ii)
Acquire knowledge can different electrical network theories and analysis
COURSE CONTENT:
Chapter 1
General Network Theorems (DC)
1.0
Kirchaffos Voltage Law (KVL)
1.1
Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)
1.2
Current divider rule
1.3
Series and parallel circuit
1.4
Superposition theorem
1.5
Reciprocity theory
1.6
Compensation theory
Chapter 2
Equivalent Circuit
2.0
Voltage and Current Sources
2.1
Thevenins Theory
2.2
2.3
Nortons Theory
Superposition Theory
2.4
Millmans Theory
2.5
Maximum Power Transfer Theory

34
2.6
Chapter 3
Problems and Solution

Network Analysis
3.0
Methods of Analysis
3.1
Mesh Analysis
3.2
Modal Analysis
3.3
Bridge Network
3.4
Delta/Star and/or star delta conversion
3.5
Problems and solution
METHODOLOGY:
(i)
Classroom Lectures
(ii)
Notes and Handouts

COURSE TITLE:
SUBJECT AREA:
Introduction to Basic Engineering Thermodynamics

DURATION:
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Acquire knowledge on fundamental concepts on thermodynamics
(ii)
Discuss flow process and apply it to a thermal power system
COURSE CONTENT:
35
Chapter 1
Fundamental Concepts:
1.0
General Introduction
1.1
Definition of some concepts
1.2
Thermodynamics properties
1.3
Work and Heat
Chapter 2
First law of thermodynamics
2.0
Cycle
2.1
First Law of Thermodynamics
2.2
Corollaries of first law
Chapter 3
The second law of thermodynamic
3.0
Cycle of efficiency
3.1
Second law of thermodynamics
3.2
Corollaries of the second law
Chapter 4
Flow Process
4.0
Boiler and condenser
4.1
Adiabatic steady flow processes
4.2
Isothermal steady-flow process
4.3
The steady flow energy equation
4.4
Open systems with steady flow
4.5
Non-steady flow process
METHODOLOGY:
(i)
Classroom lectures
(ii)
Notes and Handout

36
COURSE TITLE:
SUBJECT AREA:
Introduction to Electrical Machines
PHASE: (Module): Phase 2 (4 Weeks)

DURATION:
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Describe the operating principles of Electrical Machine (dc)
(ii)
Acquire knowledge on transformer principle of operation and

maintenance
COURSE CONTENT:
Chapter 1
Magnetic field and circuits
1.0
Magnetic induction and screening
1.1
Flux density B
1.2
Permeability
1.3
Ohms law for magnetic circuits
1.4
Magnetic leakage and fringing
1.5
Kirchhoffs laws for the magnetic circuit
Chapter 2
Transformers
2.0
Definition and principles of operations
2.1
Magnetic and circuit
2.2
Types Transformers
2.3
Cooling system
2.4
Nolavad and on load condition
2.5
Tests and efficiency

37
Chapter 3
DC Motor
3.0
Principles of operations of dc motor
3.1
Types and features of dc motors
3.2
Characteristics speed and torque control
3.3
General machine equations
3.4
Testing and efficiency
3.5
Applications
Chapter 4
DC Generators
4.1
Introduction
4.2
Classification (field excitation)
4.3
Self excited shunt generator
4.4
Compound Generators
METHODOLOGY:
(i)
Classroom lectures
(ii)
Notes and Handouts

38
(EMTT) PHASE II1 (FINAL)

S/NO.
COURSE CODE
SUBJECT TITLE
CONTACT HOURS
1.
EMTT 301
SWITCHGEAR
PROTECTION III
15
2.
EMTT 302
TRANSMISSION LINE
THEORY II
15
3.
EMTT 303
ELECTRICAL MACHINES
15
4.
EMTT 304
MARKETING AND
METERING STUDIES
10
5.
EMTT 305
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
AND APPLICATIONS
15
6.
EMTT 306
STANDARD PROTECTION
CODE AND FIRST AID
15
7.
EMTT 307
INTRODUCTION TO
INDUSTRIAL
MANAGEMENT
10
90 HOURS
39

COURSE TITLE:
SUBJECT AREA:
Switchgear and Protection - III
PHASE: (Module): Phase 3 (Final)

DURATION:
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Describe different switching arrangements
(ii)
Discuss system over-voltages and means of reducing it
(iii)
Explain rated characteristics of circuit breakers
(iv)
Enumerate different schemes for feeder protection
(v)
COURSE CONTENT:
1.
2.
Switching arrangements:
1.1
Basic consideration in selecting a bus-switching scheme
1.2
General requirements of bus-bar scheme
1.3
System designs considerations
System Insulation Co-ordination

2.1
Power frequency over-voltages
2.2
Impulse withstand values
2.3
Earthing Coefficient
2.4
2.5
Basic Insulation Level

Transient Recovery Voltage
2.6
Transient Restrike Voltage

40
3.
4.
System Over-Voltages
3.1
Causes of system over-voltages
3.2
Means of reducing over-voltages
Power Reactors
4.1
Definition, types and applications
4.2
Inductive reactors
4.3
5.
6.
7.
(a)
Series Inductors Applications
(b)
Shunt Inductor Applications
(c)
Advantages and Disadvantages
Capacitive reactors applications

(a)
Series capacitors applications
(b)
Shunt capacitors shunt capacitors applications
(c)
Preclosing Resistors
5.1
Type and applications
5.2
Factors determining choice of PR
5.3
Advantages
Grading Capacitors
6.1
Types of applications
6.2
Factors determing choice of GC
6.3
Advantages

7.1
Definitions
7.2
Types of applications
7.3
41
8.
9.
10.
7.4
Voltage gradient procedures
7.5
Requirements in a good bushing
Rated Characteristics of a CB
8.1
Importance of name-plate data
8.2
Symbols, Notation and Conventions
8.3
Rated voltage
8.4
Rated frequency
8.5
Rated insulation level
8.6
Rated normal current (load current)
8.7
Rated short circuit breaking current
8.8
Rated making current
8.9
Rated duty cycle
Basics of Feeder Protection

9.1
Basic requirement of protective circuits
9.2
Philosophy of protective relaying
9.3
Definition of basic terms
9.4
Feeder protection schemes
9.5
Primary and back-up protection schemes
9.6
Relay co-ordination
9.7
Auto reclosure considerations
Sulphur Hexaflouride Gas Circuit Breakers

10.1
SF6 Gas: Properties and Applications
10.2
SF6 Gas: CBS: Types and Advantages
10.3
SF6 CBS: Interrupter Units
10.4
SF6 CBS: Operating Mechanisms

42
11.
12.
10.5
SF6 CBS: Installation, commissioning and testing procedure
10.6
SF6 CBS: Maintenance checklists
Vacuum Circuit Breakers

11.1
Vacuum CBS: Types and Applications
11.2
Vacuum CBS: Constructional Features
11.3
Vacuum CBS: Interrupter Units
11.4
Vacuum CBS: Operating Mechanism
11.5
Vacuum CBS: Installation Commissioning and Testing
11.6
Vacuum CBS: Maintenance checklists
Maintenance Management and Strategies

12.1
Definition
12.2
Requirements in maintenance activities
12.3
Types/methods of maintenance
12.4
Basic concepts of maintenance management

(a)
Mean time to failure
(b)
Mean time to restoration
(c)
Mean down time
(d)
Maintenance performance evaluation etc.
METHODOLOGY:
(i)
Classroom lectures
(ii)
Notes and Handout
(iii)
Field demonstration
43

COURSE TITLE:
SUBJECT AREA:
Transmission Line Theory - II
PHASE: (Module): Phase III (Final) (4 weeks)

DURATION:
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Discuss AC distribution systems
(ii)
Solve simple transmission line problems
(iii)
Describe factors causing corona discharge on lines
(iv)
Acquire skills to construct over-head lines
(v)
COURSE CONTENT:
1.
AC Distribution Systems
1.1
Radial systems
1.2
Ring (mesh-network-loop) systems
1.3
Advantages and Disadvantages of both
2.
Transmission Circuit Calculation and Problems
3.
Voltage Regulation
3.1
Methods of voltage regulation
3.2
Tap-changing: off load/on-load
3.3
Capacitive reactors applications
3.4
Inductive reactors applications
3.5
Synchronous condenses
44
4.
5.
6.
7.
Corona
4.1
Definition of corona
4.2
Effects of corona on conductors and equipment
4.3
Methods of preventing corona
Fault Location on Power Systems Network

5.1
Fault location techniques/method
5.2
By calculation method (analytical)
5.3
By testing equipment
5.4
By protective relaying (mho-distance relaying)
Line Insulators
6.1
Definition
6.2
6.3
6.4
Basic insulation level requirements
6.5
Maintenance
Line Construction Work

7.1
Line tools accessories
7.2
Line instruments
7.3
Housekeeping and care of tools, etc
7.4
Requirements for line work

(a)
Survey plan
(b)
Preparation of sanction estimates
(c)
Line design
(d)
Line materials
(e)
Site preparation (clearance/right of way/way leave)

45
(f)
Line construction project
(g)
Testing methods for line work
(h)
METHODOLOGY:
(i)
Classroom lectures
(ii)
Notes and Handouts
(iii)
Field demonstration and project work.

COURSE TITLE:
SUBJECT AREA:
Electrical Machines
PHASE: (Module): Phase III (4 weeks)

DURATION:
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Discuss the principles of generation of emf, its constructional features

and cooling
(ii)
Acquire knowledge on machines maintenance and testing
COURSE CONTENT:
1.
Synchronous Generators
1.1
Generation of E.M.F
1.2
Rotor winding
1.3
Stator winding
1.4
Field excitation
46
2.
3.
1.5
Alternator on open circuit
1.6
Alternator on load
1.7
Cooling system
Induction Motor
2.1
Construction
2.2
Principle of operation
2.3
2.4
Equivalent circuits
Maintenance of Machines
3.1
Types of test
3.2
Maintenance checklist
-
Daily checklist
Weekly checklist
Monthly checklist
Quarterly checklist
Semi annual checklist
Bi-annual checklist
METHODOLOGY:
(i)
Classroom lectures
(ii)
Notes and Handouts
47

COURSE TITLE:
SUBJECT AREA:
Marketing and Metering Studies
PHASE: (Module): Phase III (4 weeks)

DURATION:
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Describe various PHCN FORMS used in Marketing Department
(ii)
Acquire metering skills
(iii)
Acquire skills in documentation of data and computation with relevant

tariffs
(iv)
COURSE CONTENT:
1.
Marketing Administrative Forms
2.
PHCN Tariffs
3.
2.1
Cost of electricity generation by PHCN
2.2
Cost of electricity generation by independent power producers
2.3
Residential tariffs
2.4
Commercial tariffs
2.5
Industrial tariffs
Metering Practice
3.1
Types of meter
3.2
Single phase meters
3.3
Three phase meters

48
4.
5.
3.4
Maximum demand meters (whole current)
3.5
Check meter (test meter)
3.6
Trivectors
Revenue Generation
4.1
Computer documentation
4.2
Billings and bills distribution
4.3
Crazy bills and reconciliation of bills
4.4
Disconnection and reconnection charges
Customer Relations
5.1
PHCN Corporate/Consumer
5.2
Consumers needs and behaviours
5.3
Public relations responsibilities and advantages
5.4
Public enlightenment strategies wrt:

(a)
Load balancing of local feeders
(b)
Security of PHCNs installations
(c)
Co-operation of Hort Communities
METHODOLOGY:
(i)
Classroom lectures
(ii)
Notes and Handouts
(iii)
Field Demonstration
49

COURSE TITLE:
SUBJECT AREA:
Digital Electronics and Applications

DURATION:
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Identify atomic structure, semi conductors devices and applications
(ii)
Discuss basic principles of an amplifier
COURSE CONTENT:
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Atomic Structure
1.0
Introduction
1.1
Ions and ionization
1.2
Free electrons
1.3
Conductors and insulators
1.4
Semiconductor
Semi Conductors
2.0
Doped semi conductor (n-type and p-type)
2.1
Pn Junction
2.2
Pn junction with external voltage applied
2.3
Reverse biasing
2.4
2.5
Forward biasing
I-V characteristics of a Pn junction diode
50
Chapter 3
Rectifiers
Chapter 4
3.0
Half wave rectifier
3.1
Full wave rectifier
3.2
Fitters (capacitor filters)
3.3
Zener diode voltage regulator
Bipolar Junction Transistor
4.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Introduction
Operation
Common-base characteristic
Common-emitter characteristic
Bipolar junction transfer circuits
Saturation and cut-off point
Basic Principles of an Amplifier

5.0
Introduction
5.1
Equivalent circuits of an amplifier
5.2
Constant voltage equivalent
5.3
Constant current equivalent
Digital Systems
6.1
Analogue/digital signals
6.2
Analogue/digital converters
6.3
Digital arithmetic (numbering codes)
6.4
Boolen Algebra
6.5
Logic Gates and circuit designs
6.6
Application of gates
(a)
Combinational/sequential network
(b)
Registers
(c)
Counters
METHODOLOGY:
(i)
Classroom lectures
(ii)
Notes and Handouts

51

COURSE TITLE:
SUBJECT AREA:
SPC and First Aid
PHASE: (Module): Phase III (Final)

DURATION:
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Discuss safety procedures in work-environment
(ii)
Describe standard protection codes for specific jobs
(iii)
Acquire skills to attend to emergency at site
(iv)
COURSE CONTENT:
1.
Job Safety Requirements

1.1
Handling of tools and materials at site
1.2
Handling of testing equipment at site
1.3
Temporary grounding practice
1.4
Underground and man-hole hazards
1.5
Hazards due to chemicals, acids, glassfibres etc
1.6
Safe working methods
1.7
Rules and approved procedures
1.8
Use of barriers in work areas
1.9
House keeping and care of tools
52
2.
3.
Standard Protection Code

2.1
Definitions
2.2
Protection guarantees
2.3
Work permits
2.4
Work and test permits
2.5
Station guarantees
2.6
Application procedures
2.7
Implementation procedures
Industrial First Aid

3.1
Definitions of basic terms
3.2
Aims and objectives of first aid
3.3
Golden rule of first aid
3.4
Structure and functions of the body
3.5
Scope of first aid
3.6
Qualities of a good first aider
3.7
Triangular bandage: Usage
3.8
Types of injuries at site/office/home
3.9
Artificial respiration
(a)
The Schafer method
(b)
Holger Nielson method
(c)
Oral resuscitation
METHODOLOGY:
(i)
Classroom lectures
(ii)
Notes and handouts
(iii)
Classroom demonstration
(iv)
Use of audio-visual aids

53

COURSE TITLE:
SUBJECT AREA:
An Introduction To Industrial Management

NABTES-ADVANCE DIPLOMA
DURATION:
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Discuss basic principles of human resource management
(ii)
Describe the operations of the store and inventory control
(iii)
Acquire skills to write simple credit and debit account
(iv)
Acquire skills to manage interpersonal issues between personnel
(v)
Enumerate basic laws regulating industrial relationships
COURSE CONTENT:
1.
2.
Industrial Management
1.1
1.2
Management by objectives (MBO)
1.3
Management principles
1.4
Management assessment and appraisal techniques
Industrial Relations
2.1
2.2
Role of trade unions in personnel management
2.3
Relationship between management and trade unions
2.4
Role of government in trade unions activities
2.5
The industrial arbitration court/legal issues

54
3.
2.6
Crises resolution techniques
2.7
Collective bargaining
2.8
Applications of lock-outs, protests and strikes
Material Control and Management

3.1
Stores: Types, operations and advantages
3.2
Material control: Purchasing and supplies
3.3
Requisition procedures
3.4
Store auditing: necessity and advantages
3.5
Sock tacking procedures
3.6
Costing and accounting principles
METHODOLOGY:
(i)
Classroom lectures
(ii)
Notes and handouts
55

COURSE TITLE:
Electrical Fitters Course
SUBJECT AREA:
Electrical Artisans
PHASE: (Module): Phase I/II/III (2 weeks)

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: JSS3; FIRST SCHOOL LEAVING
CERTIFICATE
DURATION:
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Identify electrical tools, measuring instruments and their uses
(ii)
Acquire skills in preparation of sites for erection of generators,

transformer and switchgears to specification
(iii)
Acquire safety practices at work
COURSE CONTENT:
1.
2.
Identification of Tools and Usage

1.1
Electrical tools
1.2
Mechanical tools
1.3
Lines tools
1.4
Carpentry tools
1.5
Measuring tools
1.6
Marking tools
1.7
Working tools
1.8
Care and house-keeping of tools and instruments
Simple Electrical Symbols and Units

2.1
Electrical current
56
3.
4.
2.2
Voltage, (electromotive force emf; potential difference p.d)
2.3
Resistance
2.4
Ohms law
2.5
Capacitance
2.6
Conductors and insulators
Measuring and Testing Instruments

3.1
Types
3.2
Applications
Electrical Switchgears
4.1
5.
6.
Types, operation and maintenance of:

(a)
Circuit breakers
(b)
Isolators
(c)
Earthing switches
(d)
Lighting arresters
(e)
Ring Main Units (RMUs)
(f)
Feeder pillars
(g)
Fuses
(h)
Contactors
Electrical Transformers
5.1
Definition and types
5.2
Cooling systems
5.3
Cooling designations
5.4
Treatment of dielectric oil
5.5
Load reading/balancing
Dielectric Media
57
7.
8.
6.1
Transformer oil
6.2
Functions and properties
6.3
Sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6 gas)
6.4
Vacuum
Electrical Generators and Motors

7.1
Types and Operations
7.2
Maintenance of Generators and Auxiliaries
7.3
Motors: Types and Operations
7.4
Maintenance of Motors
Electrical Installations
8.1
9.
Types of Installations
(a)
Conduct installations
(b)
Surface installations
(c)
Trunk (tray installations)
8.2
Miniature circuit breakers (MCB)
8.3
Earthing and Earth Resistance Test
8.4
Earth leakage circuit breakers (ELCB)
8.5
Power supplies standard and distribution
Safety and Standard Protection Code

9.1
Sage working methods
9.2
Standard protection code
9.3
Industrial first aid
METHODOLOGY:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Classroom lectures
Handouts and manuals
Field demonstration
58

COURSE TITLE:
Electrical Equipment Maintenance Course on Generator
SUBJECT AREA:
Electrical Technologists, Engineers
PHASE: (Module): Three (3) weeks

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: HND, B.Sc, B.Eng
DURATION:
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Describe the principle of operation of generators
(ii)
Enumerate the constructional features of generators
(iii)
Acquire skills on generator commissioning and testing procedure
(iv)
Acquire skills to carryout different modern maintenance techniques
COURSE CONTENT:
1.
2.
3.
Introduction to the basic principles of power generation

1.1
Principles of Electromagnetism
1.2
Applications of Electromagnetism
Types of Generators and Applications

2.1
Alternating Current Generators (Alternators)
2.2
Direct current generators (dynamos)
2.3
Applications of A/C and D.C generators
Generator Constructional Features

3.1
Stator Circuits: Types and construction
3.2
Rotor Circuits: Types and construction
3.3
Slip Rings/communitators carbon

59
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
3.4
Brushes
3.5
Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVRs)
Prime-Movers
4.1
Steam Turbines: Types and operations
4.2
Gas turbines types and operations
4.3
Diesel engines types and operations
4.4
Hydro turbines (water-turbines) operation
4.5
Wind turbines types and operations
Generator Exciters
5.1
Excitation and excitation systems
5.2
Self excited systems
5.3
Separately excited systems
Generator Cooling Systems

6.1
Air cooling method
6.2
Water cooling method
6.3
Oil cooling method
6.4
Gas cooling method
Generator Operations
7.1
Starting procedures
7.2
Loading
7.3
Shut down
Generator Auxiliaries
8.1
Motors: Types and applications
8.2
Pumps types and applications
8.3
Uninterruptible power systems (UPS)

60
9.
10.
11.
(a)
Battery banks (tripping and control unit)
(b)
Charger circuit
(c)
Inverter circuit
Generator Protection
9.1
Over-current protection
9.2
Earth (ground) fault protection
9.3
Under/over-frequency protection
9.4
Uneven loading protection
9.5
Stator and rotor circuit protection etc
Generators Maintenance Checklists

10.1
Possible causes of generator failures
10.2
Trouble-shooting techniques
10.3
Maintenance schedule
(a)
Daily checklist
(b)
Weekly checklist
(c)
Monthly checklist
(d)
Quarterly checklist
(e)
(f)
Annual checklist
(g)
Bi-annual checklist
Safety and Standard Protection Code

11.1
Safe working methods
11.2
11.3
Industrials first aid
61
METHODOLOGY:
(i)
Classroom lectures
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Field demonstration

COURSE TITLE:
Electrical Maintenance Course On Transformers
DESIGNED FOR:
Electrical Technologists and Engineers
DURATION:
Three (3) weeks
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: HND & B.Sc, B.Eng.

OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Identify different types and constructional features of transformers
(ii)
Describe the principle of transformers
(iii)
Enumerate different methods of tap-changing in

transformer
(iv)
Acquire skills on transformer commissioning and

testing procedures
(v)
Acquire skills to carry out different modern maintenance

techniques
62

TRANSFORMER MAINTENANCE COURSE
CHAPTER
TOPICS
TRANSFORMERS: DEFINITION, TYPES, APPLICATIONS AND

PRINCIPLES OF OPERATIONS
TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION
TRANSFORMER COOLING SYSTEMS, DESIGNATION AND

AUXILIARIES
TRANSFORMER PROTECTIVE SWITCHGEARS 1 (OVERVOLTAGE)
TRANSFORMER GROUNDING AND GROUNDING

TRANSFORMERS
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION SCHEMES 2 (OVER-CURRENT

AND EARTH FAULT)
TRANSFORMER COMMISSIONING TESTING PROCEDURES
TAP-CHANGERS
PARALLELING TRANSFORMERS
10
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
11
TRANSFORMER MAINTENANCE CHECKLIST
63
TRANSFORMER MAINTENANCE:
SCHEME OF WORK
Chapter 1:
Transformer: Definition, Types, Applications and Principle of Operation

At the end of the lecture, each participant should be able to:
(i)
Define the term transformer
(ii)
Describe types of transformers available
(iii)
Enumerate various applications of transformers
(iv)
Describe the principle of operation of transformers
UNIT COURSE CONTENTS

Module
1 unit:
(i)
Principle of Electromagnetism
(ii)
Application of Electromagnetism in electrical machines
(iii)
Transformer as an electrical machine without moving parts
(iv)
The basic general definition of a transformer
Module:
TYPES AND APPLICATION OF TRANSFORMERS
2 unit:
(i)
Voltage Transformer Transformers
(ii)
Voltage Regulation Transformers
(iii)
Current Regulation Transformers
(iv)
Metering and Protection
(v)
Accessory
Module:
3 unit:
Basic Transformer Principles of Operation

(i)
Principle of Mutual Induction
(ii)
Principle of Electromagnetism Induction
(iii)
Concept of turns ratio, voltage ratio, current ratio, transformer

capacity
64
(iv)
Polarity and terminal marking
(v)
Vector groups and phase angle
(vi)
Head boards, ratio and tap-changing
(vii)
Transformer impedance load sharing
TRANSFORMER MAINTENANCE
SCHEME OF WORK
Chapter 2:
Transformer Construction
At the end of the lecture, participants should be able to:
(i)
List up the components, parts and accessories that made up a

transformer
(ii)
Enumerate types of electrical winding arrangements
(iii)
Describe different types of magnetic circuit arrangements
Module 2.1
Transformer Tank and Associated Components
Unit
(i)
Tank (Enclosures); sampling valves; temperature indicators
(ii)
Control cubicula/compartment: on-load tap-changer
(iii)
Transformer core and coils; terminal board
(iv)
Radiators, cooling fins, fans, pumps
(v)
Relief diaphragm; explosion vent; conservator tank
(vi)
Breather, Buchholoz Alarm Relay (Gas Detector); oil gauge
(vii)
High and low voltage bushings; vacuum valve; manhole and cover etc
Module 2.2
Transformer Electrical Circuit
Unit
(i)
Winding specification sheets
(ii)
Types of winding arrangements and applications:

Layer (barrel); multi-layer and single layer
Helical type: multi section, disc and continuous disc
65
Sheet windings
Pancake windings
(iii)
(iv)
Static (gradient) rings and stress shield

Transposition stranding, eddy currents
(v)
Insulation of winding conductors
(vi)
Winding connections; autotransformers
Module 3.3
Transformer Magnetic Circuit
Unit: (i)
Efficiency and Losses in Transformers
(ii)
Types of Magnetic Circuit Arrangements and Application:

(a)
Core type
(b)
Shell type
(c)
Torrodial type
(iii)
Clamps, end frame, bolts, binding tapes etc
(iv)
Grounding of cores
66
SCHEME OF WORK
Chapter 3:
Transformer Cooling Systems, designations and auxiliaries

(i)
Describe the process of heat dissipation in a transformer
(ii)
List up the accessories used to aid heat transfer in a

transformer
(iii)
Enumerate various cooling designations employed on

transformers
Module 3.1
Transformer Cooling and Insulating Medium
Unit
(i)
Dry-type transformers
(ii)
Air-cooled; nitrogen-cooled
(iii)
Synthetic liquid (Askarel) cooled transformer
(iv)
Water-cooled transformer (heat exchangers)
(v)
Natural cooling: Thermosyphon Effect Self-cooled
Module 3.2
Transformer Auxiliaries
Unit
(i)
Pumps, compressors, fans, radiators, fins, valves
(ii)
Heat exchangers
(iii)
Gauges:-
Oil temperature gauge

Winding temperature gauge
Oil flow temperature gauge
Oil level temperature gauge
67
Module 3.3
Transformer Cooling Designations

ONAN
LNAN
ONWN
NNWN
ONAF
LNAF
OFWN
LFWN
OFAF
LFAF
OFAN
LFAN
SCHEME OF WORK
Chapter 4:
Transformer Protective Switchgears 1 (Over-Voltage)

Module 4.1
4.2
(i)
Acquire knowledge in analysis of power frequency withstand voltage and

impulse voltage withstand valves
(ii)
Acquire knowledge in designating basic insulation level (BIL)
(iii)
Define the terms: lighting arrestor; rop-gaps, arching horns
(iv)
Describe the principle of operation of these switchgears
(v)
Describe the operation and advantages of high voltage bushings
Power System Over-Voltages

(i)
Causes of Power System Over-voltages
(ii)
Methods of reducing system over-voltages
(iii)
Effects of transient over-voltages on transformers
(iv)
Basic insulation level (BIL): concept and applications
Over-Voltage Protective Switchgears

(i)
Lighting arrestors: definition, types principles of operation
(ii)
Advantage of Las
68
4.3
(iii)
Rop-gaps: definition, types, operation and advantages
(iv)
Arching-horns: definition, types, operation and advantages
(v)
Pre-closing resistors, opening resistors and capacitors

(i)
Definition, necessity and functions of bushings
(ii)
(iii)
Types of high voltage bushings

Testing of high voltage bushings
(iv)
Maintenance of high voltage bushings
(v)
Advantages of high voltage bushings
69
SCHEME OF WORK
Chapter 5:
Transformer Grounding
At the end of this lecture, the participants should be able to:
Module 5.1
5.2
(i)
Describe transformer grounding methods, practice and advantages
(ii)
Acquire skills in transformer earthing procedures
(iii)
Enumeration the applications and advantages of grounding transformers
Neutral Grounding
(i)
Definition, types and methods of neutral grounding
(ii)
Procedures and practice of transformer earthing
(iii)
Advantages of neutral grounding
Grounding Transformers
(i)
Types and applications of grounding transformers
(ii)
Advantages of grounding transformers
70
SCHEME OF WORK
Chapter 6
Transformer Protection Schemes 2

Module 6.1
(i)
Describe the various transformer protection schemes
(ii)
Acquire skills in analysis of transformer log readings
(iii)
Acquire skills transformer protective relaying
Types of Transformer Protective Schemes

(i)
Oil Temperature indication
(ii)
Winding temperature indicators
(iii)
Gas detector relay (Bachhollz Alarm, Relay)
(iv)
Lightning arresters
(v)
Rod-gaps and arcing horns
(vi)
HRC fuses
(vii)
High voltage bushings
(viii)
Neutral grounding
(ix)
Over-current protective relaying
(x)
Earth-fault protective relaying
(xi)
Pressure relief devices

(a)
Explosion Vent/Diaphragms
(b)
Spring-operated relief device
71
6.2
Transformer Protection and Control Circuits

(i)
DC supplies (tripping units)
(ii)
Device numbering system
(iii)
Basics of feeder protection schemes: over protective schemes
(iv)
Schemes of differential protective relaying
72
SCHEME OF WORK
Chapter 7
Transformer Commissioning and Testing Procedures

Module 7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
(i)
Enumerate procedures of commissioning a transformer into service
(ii)
Describe sampling and testing procedure for transformer oil
(iii)
Acquire skills in operations of transformer oil filtering machine
(iv)
Acquire skills in meggering and ratio-metering of transformer
Transformer Dielectric Oil

(i)
Chemical composition and properties of transformer oil
(ii)
Functions and applications of transformer oil
(iii)
Sampling procedures of transformer oil
(iv)
Dielectric oil test set and testing procedures
(v)
Analysis of oil test results
Transformer Oil Filtering Machine

(i)
Types of filtering machines, functions and advantages
(ii)
Operational procedures for heating filtering and vacuuming

of transformer oil
(iii)
Maintenance of filtering machine
(iv)
Use of filtering machines transformer pump
Transformer Dry-Out
(i)
Procedures and advantages of dry-out
(ii)
Methods of dry-out: (i) hot air, (ii) hot oil, (iii) vacuum methods
Transformer Meggering and Ratiometering

(i)
Transformer insulation components of insulation resistance

73
7.5
(ii)
Meggering and megger testers: types, applications and

advantages
(iii)
Single-phase ratiometers: types, functions and advantages
(iv)
3-phase ratiometers: types, functions and advantages
(v)
Voltmeter-method: purpose, disadvantages
Transformer Commissioning Procedures

(i)
Civil-works Preparation
(ii)
Transformer Electrical Tests
74
SCHEME OF WORK
Chapter 8
Tap - Changers
Module 8.1
8.2
(i)
Discuss various methods of tap-changing transformers
(ii)
Enumerate advantages of tap-changing transformers
(iii)
Acquire skills in maintenance of tap-changers
Tap Changers: Off circuit

(i)
No load, off-circuit types, applications and advantages
(ii)
Basic constructional parts and operations
(iii)
Tap Changers: On-Circuit

(i)
On Load tap changers types, applications and advantages
(ii)
Basic constructional parts and operations
(iii)
75
SCHEME OF WORK
Chapter 9
Paralleling Transformers
Module 9.1
9.2
9.3
(i)
Discuss the conditions for paralleling transformer
(ii)
Enumerate parameters for paralleling transformer
(iii)
List advantages of transformer bank connections
(iv)
Acquire knowledge of maintenance of transformer bank
Paralleling Single Phase Transformers

(i)
Polarity
(ii)
Terminal Voltages
(iii)
Phasor Relations
(iv)
Modeling with 2 or more dry-cells
Transformer Bank Connections

(i)
Connection of 3 single-phase Txfs to a 3 phase systems (Star-star)
(ii)
Phasor analysis of star-star connected Txfs
(iii)
Connections of 3 single-phase Trxs to a 3-phase system (Delta-Delta)
(iv)
Phasor analysis of Delta-Delta connected Txfs
(v)
Connection of Star-Delta and Delta-Star Banks
(vi)
Phasor analysis of Star-/delta Bank connections
(vii)
Phasor analysis of Delta-star bank connections
Maintenance Procedures of Bank Connections

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Percent Impedance load sharing

Loading of star star systems
Loading of delta-delta systems
Loading of delta-star/star-delta banks
76
RANSFORMER MAINTENANCE
SCHEME OF WORK
Chapter 10
Instrument Transformer
(i)
List types of instrument transformers
(ii)
Define current and voltage transformers
(iii)
Acquire skills in maintenance of instrument Txfs
Module 10.1 Instrument Current Transformers
10.2
10..3
(i)
Definition, types classification of CTs
(ii)
Ratio, burden, application of CTs
(iii)
Maintenance of CTs
Instrument Voltage (Potential) Transformers

(i)
Definition, types, classification of VTs
(ii)
Ratio, burden, application of CTs
(iii)
Maintenance of VTs
Metering Instrument Txfs

(i)
Functions, types and classification
(ii)
Ratings, applications
(iii)
Maintenance of metering CVTs
77
SCHEME OF WORK
Chapter 11
Transformer Maintenance Checklist

(i)
Enumerate daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, annual checks

on transformers in services
(ii)
List trouble-shooting techniques in analysis of transformer log

readings
(iii)
Describe procedures of taking transformer out of services and

carrying out preventive maintenances
Module 11.1 Possible Causes of Transformer Failures
11.2
(i)
High voltage bushing failures
(ii)
Winding failures
(iii)
Transformer oil failures
(iv)
Insulation failures
(v)
Grounding failures
(vi)
Tap-changer failures
Trouble Shooting Techniques

(i)
Analysis of Daily log readings
(ii)
Analysis of Maintenance (Technical) History
(iii)
Correlation of manufacturers specification (manual/name-plate)
(iv)
Assessment/forecast techniques of failure rate
78
11.3
Maintenance Schedule
(i)
Daily checklist
(ii)
Weekly checklist
(iii)
Monthly checklist
(iv)
Quarterly checklist
(v)
(vi)
Annual checklist
(vii)
Bi-annual checklist
METHODOLOGY:
(i)
Classroom lectures
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Field demonstration
79

COURSE TITLE:
Electrical Maintenance Course On Switchgears
DESIGNED FOR:
Electrical Technologists and Engineers
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: HND, B.Sc, B.Eng (Elect. E)

DURATION:
Three (3) weeks
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Define and identify different switchgears
(ii)
Describe the fault clearing process by circuit breaker
(iii)
List-up various constructional parts of circuit-breaker
(iv)
Acquire skills on switchgear commissioning and testing

procedures
(v)
Acquire skills to carry out different modern maintenance

techniques
80

SWITCHGEAR MAINTENANCE TRAINING PROGRAMME:
(330KV/132KV/33KV/11KV) CIRCUIT BREAKER
MAINTENANCE COURSE
TOPICS
1.
Basic concepts of a power system
2.
Switchgears: definition, necessity, and examples
3.
Circuit breakers: definition, functions, classification
4.
Cbs: Arc-extinction media, current interruption modes, fault clearing process
5.
CBs: materials used in construction of circuit breakers
6.
CBs: rated characteristics of circuit breakers
7.
CBs: constructional features: interrupter units
8.
CBs: constructional features: operating mechanisms
9.
Dielectric oil: properties, functions, sampling, testing and treatment procedures: purification
plant: operations
10.
SF6 gas: properties, leakages and filling-in methods
11.
Isolators: definition, functions and types
12.
Earthing switches: definition, functions, sequence of operations
13.
Lightning arresters: definition, types and operations
14.
Neutral grounding, station grounding and general earthing methods, practices and advantages
15.
System over-voltages: causes and control methods
16.
Reactor: types, applications and advantages
17.
High voltage bushings
18.
Ring Main Units (RMUs): types, functions, advantages and maintenance procedures
19.
Feed pillars: types, functions, advantages, maintenance
20.
Fuses: types, operations, HRC-fuses: operations, advantages applications

81
21.
Control panels and boards: types, functions and advantages
22.
Instrument transformers: types, functions and applications
23.
Tripping units: types, functions, application, operation and maintenance

procedures: advantages of tripping units
24.
Basis of feeder protection
25.
Relay co-ordination and testing procedures
26.
Switchgear auxiliaries: contactors, interlocks, etc
27.
Switchgear management system and strategies
28.
Maintenance management system and strategies
29.
30.
Safety and industrial first aid
82
Chapter 1
Basic Concepts of A power System
OBJECTIVES:
Module 1.1
1.2
1.3

(i)
Discuss different types of power station schemes
(ii)
Enumerate various transmission network components
(iii)
List-up the element of ring-distribution network
Electric Power Systems

(i)
Basic definition
(ii)
Basic components- write respect to PHCN system
(iii)
Power station schemes

(a)
Hydroelectric Power Stations
(b)
Thermal Power Station
(c)
Nuclear Power Plants
(d)
Solar Power Plants
(e)
Wind/Tidal Wave Power Farms
(i)
Basic Definition
(ii)
Basic Components: write respect to PHCN system
(iii)
Configurations: schemes: radial/network-grid
(iv)
National grid-operations and advantages
Distribution Schemes
(i)
Basic Definition
(ii)
Basic Components write respect to PHCN System
(iii)
Configurations: schemes: radial/loop-ring systems
(iv)
Factors determining distribution system
83
Chapter 2
Switchgears: An Introduction
OBJECTIVES:
Module 2.1
2.3
(i)
Define the term: Switchgear
(ii)
Discuss the functions of switchgears
(iii)
Enumerate various types of switchgears
Switchgears, Introduction
(i)
2.2
At the end of this lecture, each participant should be able to:
Definition
Switchgears, Applications
(i)
Necessity of switchgears
(ii)
Functions of switchgears
Switchgears, Types
(i)
Examples:
(a)
Circuit Breakers
(b)
Isolators (Disconnects)
(c)
Earthing Switches
(d)
Lighting Arrester
(e)
Reactors
(f)
Bushings
(g)
Instrument Transformers (CTs and VTs)
(h)
Protective Relays
(i)
Fuses
(j)
Ring Main Units
(k)
Feeder Pillars
(l)
84
Contactors
Chapter 3
Circuit Breakers, An Introduction
OBJECTIVES:
Module 3.1
3.2
3.3

(i)
Define the term: circuit breaker
(ii)
Discuss the functions of CBs
(iii)
List various ways to group CBs
Circuit Breaker: A definition

Circuit Breakers:
(i)
Functions
(ii)
Basic Purposes
Circuit Breakers
(i)
Classification nomenclatures
(a)
Voltage level
(b)
Medium employed
(c)
Mechanism type
(d)
Construction/Application
(e)
Structure Design
85
Chapter 4
CBs: Operational Features
OBJECTIVES:
Module 4.1
4.2
4.3

(i)
Enumerate various media employed for arc-extinction
(ii)
Discuss different current interruption modes in CBs
(iii)
Describe the fault clearing process of a CB
Arc-Extinction Media
(i)
Atmospheric/Compressed Air
(ii)
Dielectric Oil
(iii)
Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) Gas
(iv)
Vacuum
Current Interruption Modes:

(i)
High Resistance Current Interruption Mode
(ii)
Zero-point Current Interruption Mode
Fault Clearing Process of a Circuit Breakers

(i)
Transient Stage: fault occurrence
(ii)
Relay operation
(iii)
Mechanism operation
(iv)
Interrupter operation
(v)
Clearance position
86
Chapter 5
Materials Used In Construction of CBs
OBJECTIVES:
Module 5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6

(i)
Enumerate various materials used in CBs
(ii)
Discuss their applications and advantages
Porcelain
(i)
Properties
(ii)
Applications
(iii)
Epoxy Resin
(i)
Properties
(ii)
Applications
(iii)
Class Fibre Reinforced Synthetic Resin

(i)
Properties
(ii)
Applications
(iii)
Polyhedral Fluroethelene (PTFE)

(i)
Properties
(ii)
Applications
(iii)
Advantages and Disadvantage
Electrolytic Copper
(i)
Properties
(ii)
Applications
(iii)
Electrical Grade Aluminium

87
5.7
Chapter 6
(i)
Properties
(ii)
Applications
(iii)
Tungsten-Copper
(i)
Properties
(ii)
Applications
(iii)
Rated Characteristics of CBs
OBJECTIVES:
Module 6.1
At the end of this lecture, each participants should be able to:

(i)
Identify name-plate data/manual specifications
(ii)
Describe the capabilities of a CB from its ratings
Rated Voltages
6.2
Rated Insulation Level
6.3
Rated Frequency
6.4
Rated Normal Current (Rated Current)
6.5
Rated Short-Circuit Breaker Current (Rated Symmetrical Breaker Current)
6.6
Rated Operating Sequence (Duty Cycle)
88
Chapter 7
CBs: Constructional Features-1 Interruption
OBJECTIVES:
Module 7.1
7.2
7.3

(i)
Identify various types of interrupter units
(ii)
List-up various constructional parts of an interrupter
(iii)
Discuss operational procedures of an interrupter-unit
Types of Interrupter Units

(i)
Metal-clad interrupter units
(ii)
Minimum oil interrupter units
(iii)
Bulk oil interrupter units (tank-type)
(iv)
Air-break interrupter units
(v)
Air blast interrupter units
(vi)
SF6 gas interrupter units
(vii)
Vacuum interrupter units
Constructional Feature Operational Procedures

(i)
Minimum Oil Unit
(ii)
Bulk (tank-type) oil units
(iii)
SF6 gas units
(iv)
Vacuum units
Maintenance Procedures of:

(i)
Dielectric oil interrupters
(ii)
SF6 gas interrupters
(iii)
Vacuum interrupters
89
Chapter 8
CBs: Constructional Features 2
Operating Mechanisms
OBJECTIVES:
Module 8.1
8.2
8.3

(i)
Identify various types of operating mechanisms
(ii)
List-up various constructional parts of a mechanism
(iii)
Describe the operational procedures of mechanisms
Types of Operating Mechanisms

(i)
Functions of mechanisms
(ii)
Dependable (dependent) mechanisms
(iii)
Stored energy mechanisms
Constructional/Operational Features of:

(i)
Dependable Manual Operating Mechanisms
(ii)
Dependable Power Mechanisms
(iii)
Charged Spring Mechanisms
(iv)
Pneumatic (Compressed Gas/Air) Mechanisms
(v)
Hydraulic (Compressed Oil) Mechanisms
Maintenance Procedures of:

(i)
Power Dependent Mechanisms
(ii)
Spring Mechanisms
(iii)
Pneumatic Systems
(iv)
Hydraulic System
90
Chapter 9
Dielectric Oil (Transformer Oil)
OBJECTIVES:
Module 9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4

(i)
Enumerate the properties of the dielectric oil
(ii)
Describe its functions in CBs
(iii)
Discuss sampling, testing and treatment procedures of dielectric oil
Properties of Dielectric Oil

(i)
Chemical Composition
(ii)
Chemical Properties
(iii)
Electrical (Dielectric Properties)
Functions of Dielectric Oil

(i)
Heat Transferagent
(ii)
Arc-quenching agent
Sampling and Testing Procedures

(i)
Sampling Bottles
(ii)
Pre-Sampling Preparations
(iii)
Sampling Techniques/Methods
(iv)
Dielectric Oil Test Set
(v)
Oil Testing Procedures
(vi)
Analysis of Test Results
Dielectric Oil Purification Procedures

(i)
Oil Purification Plant
(ii)
Oil Treatment Procedures
91
Chapter 10
SF6 Gas: Application in CBs
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Enumerate the properties of SF6 gas
(ii)
Describe the functions and applications of SF6 gas
(iii)
Discuss the advantages of SF6 gas
Module 10.1 SF6 Gas Properties
10.2
10.3
10.4
(i)
Physical Properties
(ii)
Dielectric and Arc-Quenching abilities
(iii)
Electrical Properties
Applications of SF6 Gas

(i)
EHV Switchgears
(ii)
EHV Cable and Tubular Transmission Lines
(iii)
Transformers
(iv)
Insulating-Glass Industry
(v)
Foundry Practice
(vi)
For Detection of Cracks in Boilers, Tanks etc.
Leakages of SF6 Gas

(i)
Causes of Leakages
(ii)
Detection of Leakages
(iii)
Management of Leakages
Filling in Methods
(i)
Pressure Displacement (Differential) Method
(ii)
Compressor Aided Method
92
Chapter 11
Isolators (Disconnects)
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Describe an isolator-switch
(ii)
Enumerate the various types of disconnectors
(iii)
Discuss the applications of disconnects
Module 11.1 Isolators
12.1
11.3
11.4
(i)
Definition
(ii)
Functions
(iii)
Sequence of operations
Isolator: Types
(i)
Vertical Break
(ii)
Horizontal Centre-Break
(iii)
Horizontal Double-Break
(iv)
Vertical Pantograph type
Applications of Disconnects
(i)
Distribution Disconnects
(ii)
Medium and High Voltage Disconnects
(iii)
EHV Disconnects
Maintenance of Disconnects
(i)
Against Corrosion
(ii)
Against Corona Breakdown
(iii)
Prevent Flashover
93
Chapter 12
Earthing Switches
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Describe earthing switches
(ii)
Enumerate its functions and sequence of operation
(iii)
Discuss the application of earthing switches
Module 12.1 Earthing Switches
12.2
12.3
12.4
(i)
Definition
(ii)
Functions
(iii)
Sequence of Operations
Types of Earthing Switches

(i)
Metal clad/panel operated switches
(ii)
Switchyard manual operated switches
(iii)
Automatic motor-operated switches
Application of Switches
(i)
Distribution panels
(ii)
Ring Main Units
(iii)
Gang-operated Switches
Maintenance of Earthing Switches

(i)
Against Corrosion
(ii)
Against stiff mechanisms
(iii)
Against motor-failure
94
Chapter 13
Lightning Arresters
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Describe a lightning Arrestor
(ii)
Discuss the operation of an LA
(iii)
Enumerate the applications of Las
Module 13.1 Lightning Arresters
13.2
13.3
13.4
(i)
Definition
(ii)
Cause of transients over-voltages
(iii)
Physics of Lightning strikes: electrostatic field
(iv)
Basic Installation level (BIL) breakdown
Over-Voltage Protective Devices

(i)
Rop Gap (Series Gap)
(ii)
Horn gap
(iii)
Expulsion gap (protective tube)
(iv)
Surge absorbers
(v)
Surge diverters (LAs)
Types of Las
(i)
Station Type
(ii)
Line Type
(iii)
Distribution Type
Constructional/Operational Features
(i)
Gap units
(ii)
Resistor units
(iii)
Steatite/porcelain housing
(iv)
Surge counters
95
Chapter 14
(v)
Earth wire
13.5
Maintenance of Las
(i)
Detection of Las
(ii)
Testing of LAs
Neutral Grounding
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this lecture, each participants should be able to:

(i)
Describe grounding methods and practice
(ii)
Enumerate grounding advantages
Module 14.1 Grounding
14.2
14.3
14.4
(i)
Definition
(ii)
Purpose of grounding of:

(a)
Equipment (Generator/Transformer)
(b)
Station network
Method of Grounding
(i)
Direct grounding
(ii)
Impedance
(a)
Resistance
(b)
Reactance (Reactor)
(c)
Resonant (turned reactor)
Ground Practice
(i)
Grounding Conductors
(ii)
Grounding Solutes
(iii)
Grounding Practice
Advantages of Neutral Grounding
96
Chapter 15
Systems Over-Voltages
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Discuss the causes of system over-voltages
(ii)
Enumerate the various methods of reducing them
Module 15.1 System Over-Voltages
15.2
Chapter 16
(i)
Transient Phenomena in Power Systems
(ii)
Causes of Over-Voltages surges

(a)
Lightning
(b)
Switching
(c)
Arching grounds
(d)
System transients
(e)
Resonance
(f)
Traveling waves
Method of Reducing Over Voltages

(i)
Reducing Switching Over-Voltages
(ii)
Reducing/Controlling Transients
Reactors
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Discuss various power reactors
(ii)
Enumerate the applications of reactors
Module 16.1 Reactors
16.2
(i)
Definition
(ii)
Functions
Constructional Features
97
16.3
(i)
Iron core reactors
(ii)
Air core reactors
(iii)
Dielectric Oil-cooled reactors
(iv)
Tuned-reactors
Types of Reactors
(i)
(ii)
16.4
Inductive Reactor
(a)
Series inductor (reactor)
(b)
Shunt inductor (reactor)
Capacitive Reactors
(a)
Series capacitors
(b)
Shunt capacitors
Applications of Reactors
(i)
Grid-generator reactors
(ii)
Bus-bar
(iii)
Feeder
(iv)
Neutral grant
(v)
Power factor improvement}Limit short grant current
(vi)
Voltage profile
(vii)
System stability
(viii)
Arc furnace duty
98
Chapter 17
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Describe a high voltage bushing
(ii)
Enumerate the various application of EHV-bushings
Module 17.1 Bushings
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5
(i)
Definition
(ii)
Functions
Grading of Bushings
(i)
Indoor Bushings
(ii)
Outdoor Bushings
(iii)
Oil-filled Bushings
(iv)
Dry-type Bushings
Types of Bushings
(i)
Plain Bushings
(ii)
Shell (Skirted) Bushings
Voltage Gradient Method

(i)
Condenser Core
(ii)
Conducting Pain Layers
(iii)
Nest of porcelain/conducting glazes
Requirement in Bushing Design

(i)
Leakage Distance
(ii)
Voltage Gradient Control Method
(iii)
Anti-puncture insulator
(iv)
Water Proof sealant
99
Chapter 18
Ring Main Units
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Describe a ring main unit
(ii)
Enumerate the applications of load switches
Module 18.1 Road Switches
18.2
18.3
18.4
(i)
Definition
(ii)
Functions
(iii)
Types
(i)
Tank (Housing)
(ii)
Bus-bars
(iii)
Mechanism
(iv)
Sealed-end box
(v)
Blades
(vi)
Dielectric oil
(vii)
Interlocks
(viii)
Operating handles/levers
Applications
(i)
Ring Units
(ii)
Extensible Fused Units
Maintenance of RMUs
(i)
Leakages of oil
(ii)
Deterioration of oil
(iii)
Replacement (with correct) HRC-Fuses
(iv)
Mechanism check
100
Chapter 19
Feeder Pillars
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Describe a feeder pillar
(ii)
Enumerate the various applications of feeder oillars
Module 19.1 Feeder Pillars
19.2
19.3
19.4
(i)
Definition
(ii)
Functions
(iii)
Types
(i)
Housing-cubicle
(ii)
Bus-bars
(iii)
Terminating cable sockets
(iv)
CTs
(v)
Meter panel
(vi)
Fuse carries
(vii)
HRC-fuse cartridges
Applications
(i)
Substation installation
(ii)
Distribution type (Transformer Mounted or Separated)
(iii)
Distribution service type
Maintenance
(i)
HRC-fuses
(ii)
Bus-bars deterioration
(iii)
Cable terminations
(iv)
Neutral links
101
Chapter 20
Fuses
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Describe various types of fuses
(ii)
Enumerate the applications and advantages of HPC fuses
Module 20.1 Fuses
20.2
20.3
(i)
Definition
(ii)
Types
(iii)
HRC-fuses: operations-cut off property
Disadvantages of Rewritable Fuses

(a)
Low braking capacity
(b)
Absence of accurate characteristics
(c)
Phone to oxidation/corrosion
(d)
No grading
(e)
No current limiting feature
(f)
Slow speed
(g)
Risk of external flame/fire
Advantages of HRC-Fuses
(a)
Fast operation
(b)
Short grant current interruption before I Plc
(c)
Prevent flame/fire
(d)
No subjection to electrodynamics stress
(e)
Bus-bar design simplified
102
20.4
Chapter 21
Applications of HRC-Fuses
(a)
Transformer Protection (Distribution System)
(b)
High Voltage Motor Protection
(c)
Backup Protection for CBs
(d)
Capacitors Protection
(e)
Protection of Underground Cable System
Control Panels and Boards
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Enumerate various types of control panels
(ii)
Discuss different applications of control board and panels
Module 21.1 Definition, Descriptive

2 General Trends in Applications of Control Panels
3 Types of Control Panels
4 Layout of Control Rooms
103
Chapter 22
Instrument Transformers
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Define an instrument transformer
(ii)
Describe various types of current transformers
(iii)
Enumerate various types of voltage transformer
Module 22.1 Instrument Transformers
22.2
22.3
(i)
Definition
(ii)
Applications
Instrument Current Transformers

(i)
Types constructional features and accuracy class
(ii)
Ratio, burdens and connections and polarity
(iii)
Applications
(iv)
Testing of CTs
(v)
Maintenance of CTs
Instrument Voltage Transformers

(i)
Types, constructional Features, accuracy class
(ii)
Ratio burdens, connections of VTs
(iii)
Applications
(iv)
Testing of VTs
(v)
Maintenance of VTs
104
Chapter 23
Tripping Units
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Describe the various types of auxiliary power supplies
(ii)
Discuss applications of auxiliary power supplies
(iii)
Acquire skills in maintenance of battery banks
Module 23.1 Auxiliary Power Supplies
23.2
23.3
23.4
23.5
(i)
Descriptive Definition
(ii)
Types of auxiliary system and grants
Functions of Auxiliaries
(i)
Mechanism Auxiliaries
(ii)
Electrical Auxiliaries
(iii)
Measurement and Control Auxiliaries
(iv)
Protection Auxiliaries
Battery Bank Operations

(i)
Lead-Acid Cells
(ii)
Alkaline Cells
(iii)
Charging Process
(iv)
Electrolytes; types, connectration and specific. Gravity
Charger Units and Grants

(i)
Single-Wave Rectifiers
(ii)
Double-wave Rectifiers
(iii)
Full-wave Rectifiers
(iv)
Connections of cells: schemes and practice
Maintenance of Battery Banks

(i)
Terminal Connections
105
Chapter 24
(ii)
Ventilation Procedures
(iii)
Hydrometer, House keeping and care of aids
(iv)
Advantage of Battery Banks
Basics of Feeder Protection
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Define basic terms in protective relaying
(ii)
Describe various schemes of feeder protection
Module 24.1 Feeder Protection
24.2
24.3
24.5
24.6
(i)
(ii)
Types of relays
(iii)
Link protection: types of schemes
Distance Protection Scheme

(i)
Types of schemes
(ii)
(iii)
Maintenance
Pilot Protection Schemes

(i)
Types of Schemes
(ii)
Operational Features
(iii)
Maintenance
Power Line Carrier Schemes

(i)
Types of Schemes
(ii)
(iii)
Maintenance
Over-current and Earth Leakage Relays

(i)
Types
106
(ii)
Chapter 25
Operational features (iii)
Maintenance
Relay Co-ordination and Testing
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Describe Procedures for Relay Co-ordination
(ii)
Enumerate various testing procedures for protective relays
Module 25.1 Relay Co-ordination
25.2
Chapter 26
(i)
Data Relay Co-ordination
(ii)
Settings for Relay Co-ordination
Testing of Relays
(i)
Importance of Testing and Maintenance of Type Relay
(ii)
Types of Tests on Relays

(a)
Acceptance Tests
(b)
Commissioning Tests
(c)
Maintenance Tests
(d)
Manufacturers Tests
Switchgear Auxiliaries
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Describe various types of interlocks
(ii)
Enumerate various applications of contractors
Module 26.1 Interlocks, Indication and Auxiliary Switches
26.2
(i)
Types
(ii)
Applications
(iii)
Maintenance
Contactors
(i)
Types
107
Chapter 27
(ii)
Applications
(iii)
Ratings
(iv)
Testing of,
(v)
Maintenance
Maintenance Checklists
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Acquire skills in drawing-up appropriate maintenance checklists
(ii)
Be able to describe relevant periodic inspections to be came out on

switchgears
Module 27.1 Daily Checklists

27.2 Weekly checklists
27.3 Monthly checklists
27.4 Quarterly checklists
27.5 Semi-Annual checklist
27.6 Annual checklists
27.7 Bit annual checklists
108
Chapter 28
Maintenance Management Systems and Strategies
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Discuss basic maintenance concepts
(ii)
Enumerate various maintenance methods/procedures
Module 28.1 Maintenance Management

(i)
Definition of Maintenance
(ii)
Functions of Maintenance
(iii)
Purpose of Maintenance
(iv)
Essential of Good Maintenance Management
28.2 Maintenance Procedures

(i)
Predictive Maintenance
(ii)
Planned/Routine
(iii)
Preventive
(iv)
Breakdown
28.3 Basic Terms/Concepts in Maintenance

(i)
Mean Down Tim
(ii)
Mean Time To Restoration
(iii)
Mean Time to Failure
(iv)
Mean Time to Wait
28.4 Basic Feature of an Effective Maintenance Information System

(i)
On-line data channel
(ii)
Off-line data channels
(iii)
Maintenance Performance Measurement
109
Chapter 29
Standard Protection Code
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Describe safety procedures in carrying out maintenance work
(ii)
Discuss various work permits available in the system
Module 29.1 Safety Practices and Standard Manuals

(i)
Safety Practices in PHNC
(ii)
Safety Manuals in PHNC
29.2 Safety Engineering

(i)
(ii)
Electrical safety awareness

(a)
Stop and touch potentials
(b)
Body-ground grant
(c)
Limits of approach
(iii)
Hazards of Electric Shock
(iv)
On the job safety procedures
29.3 The Standard Protection Code

(i)
Editions Revisions
(ii)
Definition of terms
(iii)
Work permits of 2
(iv)
Work and test permits of 3
(v)
Station guarantees 06 4
(vi)
Protection guarantee of 1
(vii)
Of 1 of 100
(viii)
Characteristics/implementation procedures of protection guarantees
110
Chapter 30
Safety and Industrial First Aid
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Describe basic principles of first-aid
(ii)
Discuss the functions of a good first aider
Module 30.1 Safety: Accident Prevention Techniques
302
(i)
Safety Rules and instructions at site
(ii)
Safety requirements dressing, tools, equipment, etc.
(iii)
Safety management firsts aid box, etc

(i)
Definition: of: first aid
(ii)
Aims and objectives of first aid
(iii)
Golden rule of first aid
(iv)
The scope of first aid
(v)
Qualities of a good first aider
(vi)
The structure and functions of the body
(vii)
Injuries
(viii)
Treatment triangular bandage
(ix)
Artificial respiration
(x)
Hospital management
METHODOLOGY:
(a)
Classroom lectures
(b)
Manuals and handouts
(c)
Use of audio visual aids
(d)
First demonstration
111
NEW COURSE: NEW CURRICULUM FOR:

COURSE TITLE: Filtering Machine Operation
DESIGNED FOR: Artisans, Craftmen and Technicians
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS: FSLC, JSSIII C & CR
DURATION: One (1) week
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Operate different types of filtering machines
(ii)
Acquire skills on re-conditioning of dielectric oil
(iii)
Carryout test and interpret results on different oil samples
COURSE CONTENT:
1.0
Transformer Oil Filtering Machine
1.1
Types of Filtering Machines, Functions and Advantages
1.2
Operational Procedures for Heating, Filtering and Vacuuming of Transformer Oil
1.3
Maintenance of Filtering Machine
1.4
Use of filtering machine as transformer pump
2.0
Transformer dielectric oil
2.1
Chemical composition and properties of transformer oil
2.2
Functions and application of transformer oil
2.3
Sampling procedures for transformer oil
2.4
Dielectric oil test set and testing procedures
2.5
Analysis of oil test results
3.0
Dielectric Oil Handling
3.1
3.2
Bulk storage
Drum storage
3.3
Filling in procedures
112

COURSE TITLE: Maintenance Course on Auxiliary Systems and Circuits
DESIGNED FOR: Technologists, Engineers
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS: HND, B.Sc, B. Eng.
DURATION: Two (2) weeks
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Acquire skills to install and maintain auxiliary power supply system

(UPS)
(ii)
Acquire skills in installation and maintenance of motors and pumps
(iii)
Acquire skills in treatment and purification of water for plant and human
consumption
(iv)
Acquire skills in operation and maintenance of hydrogen plants
COURSE CONTENT:
1.
2.
Auxiliary Power Supplies

1.1
Setting up Battery Banks
1.2
Electronics and specific gravity
1.3
Cells, terminals and connections
1.4
Charging current, rent and capacity
1.5
Maintenance of battery banks
1.6
Inverters: types and constructional features
1.7
Inverters: Operation and Maintenance
Motors
2.1
Types of motors
2.2
Principles of operation
2.3
113
2.4
3.
4.
5.
6.
Starting methods
2.5
Pumps
3.1
Types of pumps and compressors
3.2
3.3
Bearing extraction
3.4
Maintenance of pumps and compressors
Control Circuits
3.1
Types and functions of control circuits
3.2
Control circuit symbols and numbering system
3.3
Control circuit power supplies (UPS)
3.4
Trip circuits: T
3.5
Schematic diagrams: reading and interpretation of
3.6
Water Treatment Plants

5.1
Sources of Water
5.2
Impurities in water
5.3
Treatment of impurities
Hydrogen Plants
6.1
Generation of hydrogen
6.2
Functions and applications of hydrogen
6.3
Storage of hydrogen
6.4
Handling of hydrogen
6.5
Maintenance Checklist
114
METHODOLOGY:
(i)
Classroom lectures
(ii)
(iii)
Field demonstration
(iv)

COURSE TITLE: Maintenance Course on Power Distribution System
DESIGNED FOR: Technologists and Engineers
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS: HND, B.Sc. B.Eng.
DURATION: Two (2) weeks
OBJECTIVES:

(i)
Acquires practical knowledge on power distribution switchgears and

transformers
(ii)
Acquire skills on distribution line design and maintenance
(iii)
Identify causes of underground cable failures
(iv)
Acquire skills to carry out modern maintenance techniques
COURSE CONTENT:
1.
2.
Basic Concept of Power System

1.1
Power Station Schemes
1.2
1.3
Distribution Systems
Distribution Switchgears
2.1
Definition, types and functions
2.2
Circuit breakers: types and applications

115
2.3
Interrupter units: operation and maintenance
2.4
Operating mechanisms: operations and maintenance
2.5
Ring Main Units; types and applications
2.6
Feeder pillars; types and applications
2.7
Fuse
2.8
Lightning arrestors, types and applications
2.9
High voltage bushings: types and applications
3.0
Distribution transformers
3.1
Definition, types and applications
3.2
3.3
3.4
Cooling systems and designations
3.5
Dielectric media: properties and functions
3.6
Dielectric media: sampling, testing and treatment
3.7
Oil purification plant: operations
3.8
Transformer commissioning and testing procedures
3.9
Transformer loading parameters
3.10
4.0
Distribution Lines
4.1
4.2
Line conductors and insulators
4.3
Line design and equipment
4.4
Line tool and equipment
4.5
Line protection schemes
5.0
Underground Cable System

116
5.1
Types of Cables and Accessories
5.2
Fundamentals of Cables and Applications
5.3
Cable Jointing Materials, Tools and Testing
5.4
Underground Cable Maintenance Instrument Procedures
5.5
Underground Cable Lying and Testing Techniques
5.6
Safety Rules and Standard Protection Code
5.7
Maintenance Checklist
5.8
METHODOLOGY:
(i)
Classroom lectures
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Field demonstration
117
MECHANICAL MAINTENANCE SECTION

MANUAL REVIEW ON MECHANICAL COURSES
The existing courses in the Mechanical Department were critically
examined. Presently the following courses are available.
1.
MMTT - 1st Phase: Mechanical Maintenance Technician Training

Programme.
2.
MMTT - 2nd Phase: Mechanical Maintenance Technician Training

Programme.
3. MMTT - 3rd Phase: Mechanical Maintenance Technician Training

Programme.
4. Mechanical Maintenance Skills Development course.
5. Turbine maintenance course
6. Mechanical Auxiliary plant maintenance course
7. Diesel Engine Plant Maintenance Course
8. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Course
9. Workshop practice course
10.Basic welding course
11.Advance welding course
12.Industrial plumbing course
13.Steam Turbine Training Course for mechanical pupil Engineers and
Technologists.
14.Gas Turbine Training Course for mechanical pupil Engineers and
Technologist.
15.Hydro Turbine Training Course for mechanical Engineers and
Technologists.
118
COURSE NO. 1
Course Title:
Mechanical Maintenance Technician Trainee Course

MMTT Phase 1
Duration: Four (4) Weeks

For Whom: Mechanical Maintenance Technician-in-Training (ATO)
Education Qualification: WASC, NECO, GCE OLevel or equivalent
(Staff 1
Officer IV)
Course Objectives:At the end of the course the participants should be able to:
1.
Identify various workshop hand and machine tools.
2.
Acquire skills on mechanical equipments and practice.
3.
Read blue print drawing
4.
Acquire safety awareness.
COURSE CONTENTS
1.
Engineering Mathematics
2.
Workshop processes and practice
3.
4.
Engineering Drawing
5.
Plant maintenance
6.
Thermodynamics
7.
Workshop practicals.
119
(1)
MATHEMATICS
Linear and Simultaneous Equations
- by graphical method
- by substitution
- by elimination
2.
SIMPLE QUIDRATIC EQUATIONS
by graphical method
by formula method
3.
BASIC TRIGONOMETRY
Properties of Triangles
Basic functions, sine consine and tangent.
Application of Trigonemetrical function
4.
CALCULUS
Differentiation from 1st principle
Differentiation by methods; sum, chain rule, power and quotient rules.
Applications of differentiation Techniques
Integration from 1st principle
Integration by methods
Application of integral Techniques
120
5.
COMPLEX NUMBERS AND NOTATION
Addition of complex numbers
Subtraction Complex numbers
Multiplication complex numbers
Division complex numbers.
6.
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
Frequency distribution
Mode, Mean and Median
(2).
WORKSHOP PROCESSES AND PRACTICE
1.
Safety practice in the workshop
2.
Use of common handtools
3.
Form of supply of engineering materials
4.
Fabrication and joining of materials
5.
Marking out
6.
Mechanical measuring instrument
(3)
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE
1.
Forces and resolution of forces
2.
Forces and moments
3.
Friction; laws of friction
4.
Friction on inclined planes
121
5.
Dynamics
Displacement
Velocity and acceleration
Calculation of displacement, velocity and acceleration.
4.
ENGINEERING DRAWING
1.
Simple Geometric construction
2.
Orthographic Working drawings
3.
Engineering fastening and their convention representation
5.
PLANT MAINTENANCE
1.
Pumps, Types operation and maintenance
2.
Bearing types operation and maintenance
3.
Valves, Types operation and maintenance
4.
Compressors, Types operation and maintenance
1.0
THERMODYNAMICS
1.
Fundamental Concepts
1. General Introduction
2. Definition of some concepts
3. Thermodynamics properties
4. Work and Heat
2.0
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

1. The cycle
2.
First law of Thermodynamics
3. Corollaries of first law.

122
3.0
7.
NON-FLOW PROCESSES
1.
Energy equation and reversibility
2.
Constant volume process
3.
Constant pressure process
4.
Polytropic process
5.
Adiabatic process
PRACTICALS
1.
Dismantling and assembling of compressor parts in the workshop.
2.
Dismantling and assembling of pumps
3.
Dismantling and assembling of values
4.
Arc welding equipment, cutting and welding of mild steel plates.
5.
Gas welding equipment and practices.
Methodology: Lectures, practical demonstration and case study.
123
COURSE NO. 2
Course Title: Mechanical Maintenance Technician Trainee Course MMTT Phase II
Duration: Four Weeks
For Whom: Mechanical Maintenance Technician-in-Training (ATO).
Education Qualification: WASC, NECO, GCE OLevel or equivalent.
(Staff 1
Officer IV)
Course Objectives: At the end of the course the participants should be able to:
1.
Acquire knowledge and skills on mechanical equipment and processes.
2.
Acquire skills on diagnosing of mechanical machines and processes
3.
Read blue print drawing
4.
Course Contents
1.
Workshop practice and process
2.
Engineering Drawing
3.
Plant Services
4.
Thermodynamics
5.
6.
Strength of materials
(1)
(6) Workshop practicals
124
5.
THERMODYNAMICS
Vapour Power Cycles
6.
7.
1.
Carnot cycle
2.
Rankine cycle
3.
Reheat cycle
4.
Economiser and preheaters
5.
The ideal working fluid
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
1.
Stress and strain
2.
Hookes law
3.
Shearing force and bending moment.
PRACTICALS
-
Workshop project assignment
Method
1.
Cutting
2.
Filing
3.
Drilling
4.
Turning
5.
Welding
6.
Accurate measurement
7.
Milling
8.
Grinding
9.
Safety wears to be used
Methodology - lectures, practical demonstration and case study

125
1.
2.
3.
4.
WORKSHOP PRACTICE AND PROCESS

1.
Properties of material
2.
Jointing of metals
3.
Mechanical measuring instruments
4.
Machine tool and their application
5.
Heat treatment of materials
6.
Limits, Fit and Tolerance
ENGINEERING DRAWING
1.
Pictorial sketching and drawing
2.
Standard specification BS 308
3.
Plane Geometry (Loci)
PLANT SERVICES
1.
Heat transfer and energy
2.
Bearings
3.
Steam plant components and System
4.
Heat transmission
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE

1.
Friction Laws of friction Review
2.
Belts drives
3.
Clutch plate
4.
Resolution of forces
126
COURSE NO. 3
Course Title:
Mechanical Maintenance Technician Trainee Course MMTT Phase

III (Final Phase)

For Whom: Mechanical Maintenance Technician-in-Training (ATO)
Education Qualification:
Course Objectives:
WASC, NECO, GCE OLevel or equivalent (Staff 1

Officer IV)
At the end of the course the participants should be able to:
1. Identify hazards in plant environment and take the necessary precaution.

1. Acquire skills on mechanical equipments and processes
2. Develop confidence in their jobs through project work.
3. Develop confidence in their jobs through project work.
COURSE CONTENTS
1.
Workshop practice and process
2.
Plant services
3.
Thermodynamics
4.
Fluid Mechanics
5.
Strength of materials
6.
7.
Industrial Management
8.
Project work
127
1.
2.
3.
4.
WORKSHOP PROCESS AND PRACTICE

1.
Cutting Tools
2.
Heat Treatment of materials
3.
Mouldling and casting processes
4.
Metal cutting and finishing
5.
Elements of jigs and fixtures
PLANT SERVICES
1.
Heat Transfer
2.
Compressed Air plant
3.
Steam plant a review
4.
Fire protection and fire fighting equipment
5.
Material Handling
6.
Refrigeration/Air-conditioning
7.
Maintenance management
THERMODYNAMICS
1.
Internal combustion engines and air standard efficiency
2.
Simple gas turbine cycle.
3.
Reversed carnot cycle and performance criteria
FLUID MECHANICALS
1.
Archimedes principles guiding law of floatation
2.
Bernollis theore-steady flow process on fluids

128
3.
5.
6.
7.
Working principles of:a.
The hydraulic jack
b.
The hydraulic intensifier
c.
The reciprocating plunger pump
d.
The impellar type pump
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
1.
Stress and strain (review)
2.
Shering force and bending moment review
3.
Mechanical testing of materials
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE

1.
Laws of electricity
2.
Principles of electro magnetric induction
3.
Principles of motor and generators
INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT
1.
Management definition
2.
Human Relationship
3.
Motivation
4.
Discipline
5.
Communication
6.
Organizational Structure of NEPA
129
8.
PROJECT WORK
Workshop project assignment based on the following
6.
1.
Turning process
2.
Milling process
3.
Shaping process
4.
Drilling process
5.
Welding process
Method of dismantling and assembling of valves, pumps and

compressors.
Methodology:- Lectures, practical demonstration and case study.

COURSE NO. 4
Course Title:
Mechanical Maintenance Skills Development Course
Duration: Four (4) Weeks

For Whom: Mechanical Artisans/Craftsmen. (Staff I Officer IV)
Course Objectives:
City & Guides (Craft or Trade Test I)
1.
Acquire knowledge and skills on workshop processes and practice.
2.
Acquire skills in using mechanical measurement instruments.
3.
Produce component parts using workshop equipment
4.
Develop Safety awareness.
130
COURSE CONTENTS
1.
Workshop practice and processes
2.
Engineering Drawing and interpretation
1.
WORKSHOP PRACTICE AND PROCESSES
2.
1.
Safety practice
2.
Lathe-machine components and operation
3.
Milling machine components and operation
4.
Shaping m/c components and operation
5.
Drilling m/c components and operation
6.
Mechanical measuring instrument
7.
Hand tools and machine tools
8.
Files types and uses
9.
Grinding machines - types and uses
ENGINEERING DRAWING AND INTERPRETATION

1.
Geometrical construction
2.
Engineering Symbols
3.
Dimensioning
4.
Engineering Interpretation
Methodology:
Lectures, practical demonstration and case study.
131
COURSE NO. 5
Course Title:
Turbine Maintenance Course
Duration: Two Weeks

For Whom: Engineers/Technologists
BSC, HND (Mechanical Engineering)
Course Objectives: At the end of the course the participants should be able to:
1.
Identify the basic principles of Turbine design
2.
Explain the speed and load characteristic of Turbine
3.
Identify the protection systems as applied to Turbine Engineering
4.
Discuss principles of Turbine alignment, vibration and balancing and their

relationship on turbines.
5.
Formulate maintenance schedules on turbines.
COURSE CONTENTS
1.
Turbines
2.
Governors systems
3.
Protection systems
4.
Lubrication
5.
Vibration
6.
Alignment of Rotors and Casing
7.
Balancing
8.
Maintenance
132
1.
TURBINES
1.
2.
3.
4.
Design, construction, types operation and maintenance
GOVERNOR SYSTEMS
1.
Principle of governor systems
2.
Types of governors systems
3.
Speed and load characteristics of governors
4.
Isochronous and Droop system
5.
Trouble shooting on governors.
PROCTECTION SYSTEMS
1.
Speed control
2.
Temperature control
3.
Steam control
4.
Pressure control
5.
Fuel control
LUBRICATION
1.
Bearing lubrication
2.
Jacking up of shaft
3.
Energy oil pump
4.
Auxiliary oil pump
5.
Main oil pump
133
5.
6.
VIBRATION
1.
Free and forced vibration
2.
Method of vibration monitoring
3.
Vibration correction
ALIGNMENT
Alignment of Rotors and Casing
7.
8.
1.
Method of alignment of rotors and casing
2.
Measuring equipment used for alignment
BALANCING
1.
Static balancing
2.
Dynamic balancing
MAINTENANCE
1.
Types of maintenance of Turbines
2.
Maintenance scheduling on turbines
METHODOLOGY:
Lectures
Case study
Plant visit
Use of projectors
134
COURSE NO. 6
Course Title:
Mechanical Auxiliary Plant Maintenance Course
Duration: Three Weeks

For Whom: Technicians (Mechanical) (Officer IV Officer I)
Course Objectives:
1.
OND (Mechanical) or equivalent
Acquire knowledge and skill on auxiliary equipments e.g. compressors, pumps,

valves and bearings
2.
Diagnose and analyse problems on plant auxiliary equipment.
3.
Comprehend methods on solving maintenance problems on auxiliary plant
4.
Develop safety awareness on the job.
COURSE CONTENTS
1.
Compressors
2.
Pumps
3.
Valves
4.
Water treatment
5.
Mechanical seals
Mechanical transmission system
7.
Fans and Blowers
8.
Cooling systems
9.
Alignment
135
10.
Heat Exchangers
11.
Bearings
1.
COMPRESSORS
2.
3.
4.
Introduction
Types
Operation
Maintenance
PUMPS
-
Introduction
Types
Operation
Maintenance
VALVES
-
Introduction
Types
Operation
Maintenance
WATER TREATMENT
-
Introduction
Types
Operation
Maintenance
136
5.
6.
7.
8.0
MECHANICAL SEALS
-
Introduction
Types
Operation
Uses
Maintenance
MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

-
Introduction
Types
Operation
Uses
Maintenance
FANS AND BLOWERS

-
Introduction
Types
Operation
Uses
Maintenance
COOLING SYSTEMS
-
Introduction
Types
Operation
Uses
Maintenance
137
9.0
10
11.
ALIGNMENT
-
Introduction
Types
Application
HEAT EXCHANGERS
-
Introduction
Types
Operation
Uses
Maintenance
BEARINGS
-
Introduction
Types
Operation
Uses
Maintenance
Methodology:-
Lectures
Practical demonstration
Case Study
Plant visit
138
COURSE NO. 7
Course Title:
Diesel Engine Plant Maintenance Course
Duration: Two Weeks

For Whom: Mechanical Maintenance Technician
Course Objectives:
OND; City and Guides Tech. 1 & II ((Mech)
1.
Acquire knowledge and skill on diesel engine functions and maintenance
2.
Explain the working principle of diesel engine.
3.
Trouble shoot problems on diesel generating set
4.
Carry out routing preventive checks on diesel engine.
COURSE CONTENTS
Diesel Engines
1.1
Introduction
1.2
Operation
1.3
Maintenance
1.4
Valve settings
1.5
Nozzle testing
1.6
Fuel systems
1.7
Governors systems
1.8
Cooling systems
1.9
Superchargers
139
1.10 Shutting and starting systems

1.11 Method of Calibration of injectors and nozzle
1.12 Safety in diesel Engine
1.13 Method of inspection and maintenance
Methodology:
Lectures, practical demonstration, case study and use of projectors.

COURSE NO. 8
Course Title:
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Course MMTT Phase 1
Duration: Two Weeks

For Whom: Technicians and Craftsmen (Mechanical) (Staff I Officer II)
Course Objectives:
OND City and Guild Craft or equivalent
1.
Acquire knowledge and skill on air conditioning and refrigeration system
2.
Carry out inspection and routine maintenance on air conditioners/refrigerators.
3.
Formulate preventive maintenance schedule.
COURSE CONTENTS
1.
Refrigeration system
2.
Refrigerants
3.
Estimation of cooling loads
4.
Air conditioning system
5.
Measurement
6.
Maintenance
1.
REFRIGERANT SYSTEM
140
3.
4.
5.
6.
Introduction
Principles
Types
Operation
Maintenance
Application
ESTIMATION OF COOLING LOADS

-
Method of estimation
Factors affecting cooling loads
AIRCONDTIONING SYSTEM
-
Introduction
Principles
Types
Operation
Maintenance
MEASUREMENT
-
Introduction
Use of measuring instrument
Leakage detection
MAINTENANCE
-
Introduction
Type of maintenance practices
Maintenance scheduling
141
Trouble shooting and remedy
Methodology:-
Lectures
Project work
Case study
COURSE NO. 9
Course Title:
Workshop Practice Course

For Whom: Mechanical Technicians and Craftsmen
Course Objectives:
OND City and Guilde Craft or equivalent
1.
Use hand tools and machine tools available in the workshop
2.
Produce component parts of a machine according to laid down standards and

Specification.
3.
Be able to carry out accurate measurement
Be able to read blue print diagrams.
COURSE CONTENTS
1.
Mechanical Hand tools; functions, uses and care
2.
Machine Tools function, uses and care

Lathe machine
Milling machine
142
Shaping machine
Drilling machine
Power saw
3.
Mechanical Measuring Instruments
4.
Blue Print Diagrams
5.
Work Safety rules and practice
COURSE NO. 10
Course Title:
Basic Welding Course
Duration:
Two weeks
For Whom:
Mechanical Craftsmen/Artisans
Educational Qualification: City and Guides Craft or Trade Test 1

Mechanical (Staff 1 Officer III)
Course Objectives: At the end of the course the participants should be
able to:
1. Connect a welding equipment prior to operation
2. Identify the different types of electrodes used in welding
3. Identify the different types of metals that are Weldable e. g. mild
steel, copper, cast iron.
4. Weld materials using arc and gas welding
5. Acquire safety awareness on the job.
Course Contents
1. Arc welding system
143
2. Gas welding system

3. Weldability of metals
4. Safety practices
5. Workshop practice
6. Welding equipment maintenance
(1) Arc Welding System
Introduction
Arc welding process
Types of polarity
Types of electrodes and application
(2) Gas Welding System
Introduction
Gas welding process
Types of flame
Flux application
Gas cutting techniques
(3) Weldability of Materials
Introduction
Metals used for welding
Welding techniques.
Safety Practice
144
Types of safety wears

Uses of safety wears
Fire fighting requirements
Electric shock prevention
First Aid.
Workshop Practice
Filing technique
Grinding technique
Measuring equipment
Cutting techniques
Testing (fatique)
(4) Welding Equipment Maintenance
Clearing
Inspection
Maintenance Scheduling
Methodology:-
Lectures
Individual project work
Case study
145
COURSE NO. 11
Course Title: Advanced Welding Course
Duration:
Two weeks
For Whom:
Mechanical Fitters (Artisan/Craftsman )Off. IV-Off 1)
Educational Qualification: City and Guides Craft or Trade Test 1

Course Objectives: At the end of the course the participants should be able
to:
1. Identify and perform special welding techniques using arc, gas and
argon welding equipment.
2. Classify and carry out welding joints
3. Read and interpret welding symbols
4. Identify welding defects, cause and method of correction
5. Taking pre-cautions to reduce hazards in welding practice.
COURSE CONTENTS
1. Arc Welding System
2. Gas Welding System
3. ARGON Welding Systems
4. Weldability of materials
5. Welding positions
6. Defects in welding
7. Welding equipment maintenance
146
1. ARC WELDING SYSTEM

Introduction
Polarity
Electrode classification
2. GAS WELDING SYSTEM
Introduction
Gas Welding process
Edge preparation techniques
Application of fluxes
Gas cutting techniques
3. ARGON WELDING
Introduction
Welding techniques
Electrode Classification
4. WELDABILITY OF METALS
Introduction
Ferrous metal used for welding
Non-Ferrous metals used for welding
Welding techniques
5. WELDING POSITIONS
Introduction
Types of welding positions
Advantages and disadvantages of different weld positions.
147
6. DEFECTS IN WELDS
Introduction
Types of defects
Causes of defects
Method of correction of defects
7. SAFETY WHILE WELDING
Types of safety wears
Uses of safety wears
Safety regulation
Fire fighting equipment
Electric shock prevention
8. WELDING EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE
Cleaning
Inspection
Maintenance Scheduling
Methodology: - Lectures
-
Individual project work
Case study
Film show
148
COURSE NO. 12
TOPIC:
Industrial Plumbing Course
Duration: Two Weeks

For Whom: Plumbers/Pipists
Educational Qualification: City and Guides Craft or Trade Test 1 (Mech.)
Course Objectives:- At the end of the course the participants should be
able to:1. Identify materials and fittings used in industrial plumbing
2. Acquire knowledge and skills on equipment used in fluid flow
3. Remedy leakages on pipes and fittings
4. Carry out insulation and lagging on steams pipes
5. Read Plumbing diagrams and symbols
Course Contents
1. Plumbing Materials and Fittings
2. Hand Tools
3. Pipes in use
4. Valves
5. Fluid handling
6. Colour identification on Pipes
7. Leakage detection
8. Lagging of Pipes
9. Measurement of Flow
10. Corrosion Prevention.
149
1. Plumbing Materials and Fitting

Introduction
Types of Material and Fitting
Application
2. Hand Tools
Types of hand tools
Application
Care
3. Pipes Classification
Introduction
Types of Pipes
Application
Care
4. Valves
Types
Application
Trouble shooting/Remedy
5. Fluid Handling
Types of Fluid
Characteristics of fluid
Application
150
6. Colour Identification
Types of colour identification
Application
7. Leakage Detectors
Types
Equipment for detecting leakage
Leakage Prevention
8. Lagging of Pipes
Types of Lagging
Application
9. Measurement of Flow
Types of flow gauge
Application
10. Corrosion Prevention
Types of Corrosion
Method of Prevention
Methodology:-
Lectures
(1) Practical Demonstration

(2) Case Study.
151
(1) Hand Tools

Types, functions, uses and care
Hammer
Files
Chisels
Snips etc.
(2) Machine Tools
Lathe, components parts, uses and care
Milling, types, component parts, uses and care
Shaping machine; types, component parts uses and care
Drilling machines; types, component parts uses and care
Power saw; types, component parts uses and care.
1. Vernier Calliper
2. Micrometers
3. Dial Indicators
4. Depth gauges
5. Slip gauges
152
Functions and uses

Blueprint diagrams
Simple components drawings
Dimensioning
Engineering Symbols
Work Safety Rules and Practice
Safety Practice
Safety Gadgets
Methodology:-
Lectures
Case study.
COURSE NO. 13
TOPIC:
Steam Turbine Training Course for Mechanical Pupils

Engineers and Technologists
Duration:- Three (3) Weeks

For Whom:- Pupil Engineers and Technologists (Mechanical)
Educational Qualification:-
Bsc (Mech.), HND (MCCH) or equivalent.
Course Objectives:- At the end of the course, participants should be able

to:
153
1. Acquire knowledge and skill on the basic operation and maintenance of

steam.
2. Explain the functions of the various Components of a steam turbines
3. Explain the various control systems in steam turbines
4. Explain the speed and load characteristics in steams turbine
5. Identify the trouble-shooting areas in steam turbines their remedies.
Course Contents
1.
Description of steam turbine plant
2. Water Treatment Plant

3. Fuel Systems
4. Air Systems
5. Boilers operation and maintenance
6. Turbine operation and maintenance
7.
Cooling Condensers water systems
8. Auxiliary plant systems

9. Controls-governor systems
10. Lubrication.
11. Vibration, Alignment and Balancing
1. Steam Power Plant
1.1General
1.2 Components parts of steam turbine and functions
154
1.3 Feed water steam flow

2. Water Treatment Plant
2.1 The Rake Functions
2.2 The Band Scream Functions
2.3 Circular water Pump
2.4 The Desalination plant
2.5 The Desalination plant
3.1 General
3.2 Types fuel used
3.3 Burners in details
3.4 Method of fuel spray (atomization)
3.5 Air Systems
4.1 General
4.2 Forced Draft Fan
4.3 Air Preheaters
4.4 Method of air reaction in combustion
5. Boilers
General
Boiler Description
Boilers dum, functions, inspection and maintenance
Boiler tubes arrangement
155
Combustion chamber, design inspection and maintenance

Boiler feed pumps functions and maintenance
Pressure relief values
Superheaters, attemprators and blow down pipe vessel. Steam
Pressure gauges, temperature and pressure.
6. Turbines
General
Turbine description
Turbine Bladdin
Turbine rotors/casing
Governor System
Turbine values
Turbine lubrication
7. Cooling Water Systems

General
Closed circuit water cooling system
Cooling water for condenser cooling
8. Condensers
General
156
Condenser inspection and maintenance

Condenser Cleaning
Condenser Hot well maintenance
Auxiliary Plant Maintenance
(1) Pumps, Operation, Inspection and Maintenance
(2) Compressors
(3) Mechanical Seals
(4) Hydrogen Cooling Systems
(5) Refrigeration Systems
Control Systems
(1) Governor Systems
(2) Head Control
(3) Speed Control
157
COURSE NO. 14
TOPIC:
Gas turbine Training course for Mechanical Pupil Engineers

and Technologists
Duration:
3 Weeks
For Whom:
Pupil Engineers and Technologist (Mechanical)
Educational Qualification:- Bsc Mech, HND (Mech) or equivalent

Course Objectives:- At the end of the course, participants should be able
to
(1) Acquire knowledge and skill on the operation on the operation and
Maintenance of gas turbines.
(2)
Explain the functions of the various component parts of a gas turbine.
(3)
Explain the various control systems as applied to gas turbine

158
(4)
Explain the speed and load characteristics in gas turbines
(5)
Identify the trouble shooting are as in gas turbines their remedies
Course Contents
(1)
Gas turbine plant, types operation and maintenance
(2)
Fuel systems
(3)
Hydraulic oil systems
(4)
Lube oil water systems
(5)
Cooling Water Systems
(6)
Air Systems
(7)
Staring Equipment
(8)
Accessory Equipment
(9)
Control and Projection Systems
(10) Auxiliary Equipment

1
Compressor Section
(a)
Compressor rotor
(b)
Compressor Casing
(c)
Bladding
(d)
Variable inlet guide vane
1b
Combustion Chamber
(a)
General
(b)
Combustion Chamber
159
(c)
Spark Plugs
(d)
Ultra Violet Flame detector
(e)
Crossfire tubes
(f)
Transistion Pieces
1c
Turbine Section
(a)
General
(b)
First Stage Nozzle
(c)
Second Stage Nozzle and Diaphragm
(d)
Turbine Rotor Casing
1d
Exhaust Section
(1)
General
1e
Bearings
(1)
General
(2)
Lubrication
(3)
Oil Seal and Seal rings.
2.
Fuel Gas System
2.1
General
2.2
Gas value assembly
2.3
2.4
Gas stop/Ratio value

Gas vent value
160
2.5
Gas Presume Switch
2.6
Fuel gas distribution manifold
2.7
Purge gas system
3.
Hydraulic Oil System
3.1
General
3.2
Main hydraulic pump
3.3
Hydraulic supply manifold
3.4
Hydraulic supply filters
3.5
Pressure Switch
3.6
Variable inlet vane Actuating system
4.
Lube Oil System
4.1
Lube oil system
4.2
Lube oil pumps
4.3
Main Lube oil pump
4.4
Auxiliary Lube oil pump
4.5
Emergency Lube oil pump
4.6
Pressure regulating value
4.7
Pressure and temperature Projection devices
4.8
Lube oil heat exchanger

161
4.9
Lube oil filters
Course Title: Hydro Turbine Maintenance Course (Hydro)

Duration:
2 Weeks
For Whom:
Engineers/Technologists & Technicians
Educational Qualification:- BSC, HND (Mech. Engineering or Equivalent

(MS3 SM3)
Qualification
Course Objective:- At the end of the course the participants should be able to:
1.
Identify the basic principles of Hydro Turbine design
2.
Explain the speed and load characteristic of Turbine
3.
Identify the Protection Systems as applied to Turbine Engineering
4.
Discuss principles of Turbine alignment, Vibration and balancing and their relationship on
turbines.
5.
Formulate maintenance schedule on Hydro Turbines
Course Contents:
1.
Definition and types of hydraulic turbines
2.
Turbine Construction (Non rotating and rotating parts)
3.
Governor Systems
4.
Protection Systems
5.
Lube oil system and flow chart
6.
Vibration
7.
Shaft Alignment
8.
Shaft Balancing
162
9.
Turbine Maintenance and inspection
/2.
-2(1)
TURBINES
- Impulse Turbine
- Reaction Turbine
- Francis type
- Kaplan type
(2)
TURBINE CONSTRUCTION
(1)
Non-rotating parts
(2)
Rotating parts
NON-ROTATING PARTS
a)
Head-works (intake)
b)
Penstock
c)
Spiral Case
d)
Stay ring
e)
Guide Vanes
f)
Head cover & guide bearing
g)
Draft tube
ROTATING PARTS
a)
The runner
b)
Turbine Shaft
163
GOVERNOR SYSTEMS
a)
Principles of governor systems
b)
Types of governor systems
c)
Speed and load characteristics and governors
d)
Isochronous and Droop System
e)
Trouble Shooting on governors

/3.
-3-
PROTECTION SYSTEMS
a)
Speed Control
b)
Flow Control
c)
Head Control
LUBE OIL SYSTEM FLOW CHART

- Guide bearing lubrication
- Trust bearing lubrication
6.
VIBRATION
a)
Free and forced vibration
b)
Method of Vibration Monitoring
c)
Vibration Correction
7.
ALIGNMENT OF SHAFT
a)
Method of shaft alignment
b)
Measuring equipment used for alignment
8.
SHAFT BALANCING
a)
Static Balancing
b)
Dynamic Balancing
164
9.
MAINTENANCE
a)
Types of maintenance on turbines
b)
Maintenance rescheduling on turbines
CHAPTER 8
165
CONCLUSION
The practical/industrial experience acquired so far cannot all be recorded in
this report.
The report is based on some of the numerous maintenance activities and
courses organized as a co-ordinator, instructor and Guest Speaker in some of
the Seminars organized by National Electric Power Authority (NEPA).
I, sincerely hope that this report, which is a prerequisite for registration by
the Nigerian Society of Engineers will serve the purpose for which it is
written.
May God bless.
NWANA, U. E.
SENIOR MANAGER (MECHANICAL),
PSTC-IJORA.
THERMAL OPERATION
REVISED THERMAL OPERATORS TRAINING PROGRAMME
The risks involved in the operation of a thermal power plant are many and usually of
serious nature endangering the safety of plant and personnel and at times results are
166
catastrophic, leading to long outage for repairs or replacements. With the modern high
capacity plants working at high pressure and temperature ranges, these dangers have
assumed greater proportions and therefore have imposed the need for well trained and
knowledgeable operating personnel. The existing training programme on thermal power
plant operation aimed at practical orientation duly supplemented by basic theory of
thermodynamics was deemed to have met the above requirements and enable the
operator to fully understand the implications and intricacies in the safe and satisfactory
operation of thermal power plant.
However in the face of currently increasing need to address problems of rising costs as
well as enhance NEPAs competitive edge incoping with the emerging commercial
situation, the programme has been reviewed, culminating in the inclusion of efficiency
and cost control considerations to the existing programmes. In other dimension, the
elevation of the entry qualification from WASC/GCE Olevel or equivalent to OND/ND
or equivalent in electrical, mechanical or power engineering implied that trainees
recruited for the programme henceforth should have already had reasonable knowledge
of basic mathematics. This assumption has led to the exclusion of basic mathematics
from the revised programme.
To enhance the effectiveness of the entire package, a field attachment and monitoring
programme is incorporated and supported with a comprehensive log book to be
administered by the Human Resources Development Division in liaison with field
management.
167
COURSE TITLE: Thermal Operators Training Course

FOR WHOM: Thermal Power Plant Operator-in-Training
QUALIFICATION: OND/ND or equivalent in electrical, mechanical or
power engineering.
DURATION: The course is designed to run a four (4) phases of six (6) weeks duration
each which given six (6) months of classroom instruction out of the twenty-four (24)
months slated for the programme. The outstanding eighteen (18) months is for the
trainees filed attachment.
COURSE OBJECTIVES: At the end of the work, the participants should be able to:168
1.
Acquire sufficient understanding of the construction, principles of operation and

performance of the major components of a thermal power generating system.
2.
Apply thermodynamics, and economic principles in the day to day operation of

thermal power plant.
3.
Appreciate the role (duties and responsibilities) of power plant operators.
4.
Appreciate the hazards present in a thermal power plant environment and take
appropriate precautions.
COURSE CONTENTS
PHASE 1
MODULE 1:
Introduction and general description, development of power

station site
1.1 General description of power plants basic requirements

1.2 Comparison between hydro and thermal power plants
1.3 Choice of site and steam power plant, period of installation factors to be
considered.
MODULE 2:
BASIC THERMODYNAMICS
2.1 Concepts and definitions of heat and energy

2.2 Forms of energy: Chemical, heat, mechanical, potential, kinetic,
electrical etc.
2.3 Heat transfer media: conduction, convection and radiation
169
2.4 Laws of thermodynamics

2.5 Properties of gases: Boyles law, Charles law, combination of both
laws.
2.6 Isothermal and adiabatic changes
2.7 Formation of steam properties: Latent heat, dryness fraction, enthalpy,
entropy and use of steam tables.
2.8 Air cycles: rankine, carnot diesel etc.
MODULE 3: FUELS/FUEL HANDLING AND COMBUSTION
3.1 Types of fuels, sources, composition and properties of solid and gaseous
fuels.
3.2 Classification of fuels, proximate and ultimate analysis of fuel net and
gross calorific value.
3.3 Fuel handling equipment, storage tanks with heating facilities, transfer
pumps, steam tracing of oil pipes, ash and dust handling facilities.
3.4 Relative advantages of fuel oil and natural gas over coal.
3.5 Chemistry of combustion and combustion equipment.
3.6 Requirements for combustion, primary, secondary and tertiary air, deficiency of air
and excess air quantity.
MODULE 4: Boiler plant description and performance equipment
4.1 Definition of boiler and boiler terminologies
4.2 Types of boilers fire tube, water tube etc.
170
4.3 Boiler drum and its internals

4.4 Boiler designs, combustion chamber, super heater, reheaters,
economizers, air heaters types, functions location etc.
4.5 Boiler plant cleaning methods e.g soot blowing types
4.6 Mechanical draft system: control and selection.
4.7 Auxiliary boilers
4.8. Duties of boiler operator (preliminary checks and operation before starting and
shut-down of boiler plant and at normal times).
MODULE 5: Steam Turbine Principle
5.1 Energy conversion, expansion/work done on a blade.
5.2 Impulse, reaction and compounding, the development of the steam
turbine.
5.3 The steam flow through a multi-stage turbine
5.4 Axial and radial flow turbines
5.5 Passout, back pressure, mixed pressure and condensing types of turbines.
171
PHASE 2
MODULE 6: Feed systems and Feed Pumps
6.1 Feed system layout, simple design and reasons for additional stages of feed heating
gains from regenerative heaters
6.2 Feed system including boosters pumps drain coolers dearators.
6.3 Feed heater drainage systems and controls
6.4 Reserve feedwater systems
6.5 Boiler feed pump design feature sand control equipment
MODULE 7: Steam Turbine Auxilliaries

7.1 Lubrication system: oil pumps, oil valves, oil coolers, tanks strainers and filters,
turbine oils, barring gear system, generator hydrogen seals.
7.2 Governors and governing gears
7.3 Turbine protective devices: overspeed, oil failure trips, low vacuum trips, low boiler
pressure trip, thrust bearing wear trip, emergency stop value operating geer etc.
7.4 Glands and sealing systems
7.5 Condenser: functions, objectives and performance and cleaning as arrangements.
172
7.6 Air extraction equipment air ejectors etc.

7.7 Extraction pumps.
7.8 Duties of turbine operators (preliminary checks and operation before starting and
shut down of turbine plant and at normal times.
MODULE 8: Station General Service Plant
8.1 Compressed air system purposes (characteristics/application for power
plant). Types (eg. Reciprocating, rotary and centrifugal), problems and
remedies.
8.2 Water treatment plant system, reasons for and methods of quality control relating to
water, condensate, feed raw, cooling; demineralization plant, desalination plant,
evaporators, polishing plant, dosing systems, softeners, vacuum degaser, etc.
8.3 Fire fighting equipment fixed and portable installations, installations for protection
against oil fires and electric cable conflagrations.
8.4 Valves and their operation
8.5 Cooling water system: effects of cooling water quality, leakages, screens, plant and
strainers, coarse screens, moving screens, cooling water pumps, cooling towers.
PHASE 3
MODULE 9: GAS TURBINE OPERATION
173
9.1
Development of gas turbines
9.2
Types and designs of gas turbine
9.3
Description of component parts
9.4
Description of safety equipment
9.5
Description of fuel system
9.6
Common operating problems associated with gas turbines
9.7
Gas turbines and diesel sets for standing units for emergency and auxiliary
equipment (Black start operation).
9.8
Precautions for start-up and shut-down operation.
MODULE 10: Electrical Equipment/Station Electrical Plant Layout

Simple description of:
10.1 Construction of generations: rotors and stators, exciters and excitation system
and rectifiers
10.2 Fundamental principles of the motor and the generator, commutator and slip
rings.
10.3 Single and three-phase systems
10.4 Simple treatment of voltage, speed and frequency control of generator output,
voltage regulation and stability limits, synchronizing of generators, power factor.
10.5 Layout of station auxiliary system/purpose of national grid system.
10.6 Switchgears: main and auxiliary types
174
10.7 Circuit breakers: oil, air, etc.

10.8 Transformers tap changers
10.9 Station battery system
10.10 Generator cooling system
MODULE 11: Power Station Efficiency and cost control

Appreciation of
11.1 The thermal cycle of a power plant, meaning of the efficiency of boilers, turbines,
generators and transformers
11.2 The effect of poor used on station auxiliaries
11.3 Losses: drains, vents, flue gases, combustibles in ash and dust, sootblowing,
radiation, cooling water.
11.4 The effect of load factor
11.5 Economic use of stores, oils and grease, waster avoidance
11.6 Care and supervision of plant, good housekeeping.
11.7 Logging of plant changes and conditions, shift duty handover procedures.
PHASE 4
MODULE 12: Instrumentation and Control
12.1 Feedwater control single, double and three element control systems
12.2 Combustion control boiler automatic control systems
175
12.3 Measuring equipment for the flow of steam, water, gases, etc. recorders, indictors
and integrators.
12.4 Protection and interlocks low or high water level in the drum, fuel, failure,
flame failure, low vacuum, low lubricating oil pressure, low steam pressure or
temperature.
MODULE 13: Other Generating Plants
13.1 Elementary principles of nuclear reactors nuclear power generation
13.2 Hydro and pumped water storage system.
13.3 Combined cycle power system (Steam/gas turbine) etc.
MODULE 14: Statutory and safety aspects
14.1 Consideration of legislation covering river pollution, air pollution, noise.
14.2 Revised safety code, safety rules and industrial first aid
14.3 Acts and regulations relating to boilers and steam plant, case of boiler plant.
14.4 Importance of receiving and giving correct instructions, identification and errorfree operation of equipment.
MODULE 15: Course Review
METHODOLOGY: Lectures, line/system training, case studies, group
discussion etc.
176
NATIONAL ELECTRIC POWER AUTHORITY COMMITTEE ON MANUAL REVIEW

PROGRAMME MARKETING TRAINING PROGRAMME
The entire revenue of all utility companies or power supply Authority is heavily dependent on the
performance of its energy meters and the competence of the metering personnel.
For the personnel to be competent and efficient they require continuous training in the acquisition of
skills and updating of their knowledge in latest technology.
In reviewing this syllabus, account has been taken of the latest technology in meters vis--vis
electronic and solids state meters involved in metering of loads.
More emphasis has been placed on the technical aspect of marketing functions, because the bulk of
their duties is technical .
177
With the entry behaviour of G.C.E. O/L, NABTEB, OND marketing personnel should be familiar with
basic electrical principles relevant to the technical functions performed.
Since marketing in 'National Electric Power Authority' is technically oriented, we suggest that
emphasis be placed on technical training for better performance.
The existing courses in the marketing department were examined technically and professionally. We
have the following courses in the department.
1.
Meter Section
1. Meter Reading and fixing course

-
For Junior marketers
2. Basic metering course

-
for Junior marketers in the New service section
3. Industrial metering course

-
For Secnior Marketing Officers and Managers
4. Maximum demand meter diagnosis and rectification course

-
For Senior marketing officers and managers
5. Meter investigating course

-
For Senior marketing officers in investigation
II Installation Inspectors Section

1. Electrical Installation Inspectors basic course
-
For junior installation inspectors
2. Advance installation inspectors course

-
For Senior Installation inspectors
After examining the course contents of the existing courses, modifications were made in areas
necessary and additional topics were included pertinent to the new technologies in energy meters.
178
COURSE TITLE:
Meter Reading and fixing course
DESIGNED FOR:
Junior Marketers
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION:
GCE/SSCE
DURATION: Two weeks

COURSE OBJECTIVE:
At the end of the course participants should be able to:
Identify the types of electric energy meters required for domestic and commercial premises
Identify illegal practices by unscrupulous consumers
Install single phase meters in domestic and mini commercial premises.
Understand various types of disconnection and reasons for disconnection.
Observe the necessary safety rule and code of practice required in metering practices
COURSE CONTENT:
Electricity metering terminology
The meaning of term
Conversion of imperial to metric system
2.0
Classes of energy meters and ratings
2.1
Single phase meter
2.2
Three phase meter
2.3
Maximum demand meters
3.0
Cables and conductors

179
3.1
Types of cables and conductors
3.2
Sizes of cables and conductors
3.3
Capacity of cables and conductors
4.0
Protective devices
4.1
Miniature circuit breakers
4.2
Cutouts
4.3
Fuses
5.0
Types of miniature circuit breaker
5.1
Capacity of miniature circuit breaker
5.2
Importance of miniature circuit breaker
5.3
Operation of miniature circuit breaker
6.0
Customer relations
6.1
The functions of marketing in NEPA
6.2
Developing and maintaining customer relationships
6.3
Customer Relations through performance
7.0
Procedure for obtaining energy meter
7.1
Application and submission of forms
7.2
Main inspections
7.3
Installation inspectors inspection
8.0
Installation single phase kwh meter
8.1
Basic connection of single phase meter
8.2
Tools required for installation
8.3
Procedure of installation
9.0
Meter Reading and Billing
9.1
Introduction
180
9.2
Display of the meter reading
9.3
Importance of correct meter reading
9.4
Maintenance of meter books
9.5
Correct way of changing already filled up meter folios.
10.0
Customer complaints
10.1
Common complaints from customers
10.2
Introduction
10.3
Types of disconnections in 'National Electric Power Authority'
10.4
Importance of disconnection order
10.5
Disconnection exercise
10.6
Reconnection exercise
11.0
Introduction
11.1
Earthing
11.2
Importance of earthing
11.3
Earthing materials
11.4
Installation of earthing device
COURSE TITLE:
Basic Metering Course
DESIGNED FOR:
Junior Marketing Officers

181
GCE/SSCE, NABTEB
DURATION: Two weeks

COURSE OBJECTIVE: At the end of the course participants should be able to:
Identity the types of energy meters for domestic and commercial premises
Install single phase and three phase energy meter in domestic and commercial premises.
Access customers load requirement
Prepare customers records
COURSE CONTENTS:
1.
Metering Terminologies
1.1
Types of electricity meters
1.2
Types of electromechanical-energy meters
1.3
Types of electronic energy meters used in domestic and commercial premises.
2.0
Physical Characteristics Of Energy Meters.
2.1
Single phase meter pars or components
2.2
Three phase meter component parts.
3.0
3.1
Types and sizes of cables for metering
3.2
Types and sizes of conductors for metering
4.0
Standards for metering installations
4.1
Availability of mains
4.2
Visual Inspection of meter boards
4.3
Test for mains current
5.0
Methods of mounting and connecting meters

182
5.1
Wall and flat surface mounting
5.2
Height of meter board
5.3
Basic meter terminal connections
5.4
Meter data documentation
COURSE TITLE:
Meter Reading and fixing course
DESIGNED FOR:
Junior Marketers
GCE/SSCE
DURATION: Two weeks

COURSE OBJECTIVE:
Acquire the necessary skills to install low voltage current
transformer operated meters in commercial and industrial premises.

Read and reset the maximum demand indicator
183
COURSE CONTENT:
1.
INTRODUCTION TO MAXIMUM DEMAND METERS
1.1
Classification of maximum demand meters
1.2
Types of secondary standard board
1.3
Types and classes of current transformer
1.4
Types and classes of potential transformer
1.5
Test terminal block
1.6
Composition of the standard board
1.7
Multiplying factor and its application
1.8
Circuit faults in meter installations
1.9
Uses of electrical instrument and check procedures.
2.0
Installation procedure
2.1
Methods of mounting the standard board
2.2
Method of connecting the shylock fuses
2.3
Method of connecting the current transformer and potential transformer.
3.0
Display of the Readings
3.1
Kilowatt Hour Meter Reading
3.2
Kilowatt ampere meter reading
3.3
Resetting of the maximum demand indicator
4.0
Circuit faults
4.1
Types of meter circuit faults
4.2
Detection and remedizing of faults
184
COURSE TITLE:
Maximum demand meter diagnosis and rectificaiton
DESIGNED FOR:
Senior Marketing Officers and Managers
DURATION:
HND, BSC
Two weeks
COURSE OBJECTIVE:
Acquire the necessary skills required to detect faulty meter circuits and rectify them.
Use the specified testing instruments to diagnose faults in meter circuits
COURSE CONTENT:
1. Introduction to current transformer operated meters
Component parts of current transformer operated meter
Metering equipment
185
Metering installation methods

2.0
Circuit faults in meter installation
2.1
Wrong current transformer polarity
2.2
Open circuit faults
2.3
Short circuit faults
3.0
Fault diagnosis and rectification
3.1
Checking phase sequence
3.2
Checking voltage terminals
3.3
Checking Test Terminal Block
3.4
Checking Meter Terminals
4.0
Application of electrical instruments for diagnose or trouble shooting
4.1
Use of multi meters
4.2
Use of clip-on-ammeter
5.0
Safety awareness
5.1
Safety procedures in handling instrument transformers
186
COURSE TITLE:
Meter Investigating Course
DESIGNED FOR:
Investigation Officers
DURATION:
GCE/SSCE, OND
Two weeks
COURSE OBJECTIVE:
Detect illegal services in consumer premises

Detect illegal connected meters
Detect illegal tampering of meters
COURSE CONTENT:
1.0
'National Electric Power Authority' regulations for supply of electricity
1.1
Terms and conditions
2.0
Procedure for electricity supply
2.1
Procedure for application 'National Electric Power Authority' forms
2.2
Payment for connection fee
2.3
Test of installation
2.4
Making of customers
187
3.0
Detection of illegal use of electricity
3.1
Direct usage of supply
3.2
Illegal tapping of supply
3.4
Bye-pass of service line(s)
4.0
Installation of test meter
4.1
Determining the effective operation of the meter
5.0
Calculations on percentage error
5.1
Types of disconnections
5.2
Disconnection for non-payment
5.3
Disconnection on owners request
5.5
Disconnection for investigation purposes
6.0
Operation of energy meter
7.0
Types and ratings of MCB
7.1
Single phase MCB
7.2
Three phase MCB
8.0
Investigation techniques in metering
8.1
Detection of illegal practices
8.2
Mode of curtailing illegal practices
8.3
Penalizing defaulters
188
COURSE TITLE:
Electrical Installation Inspectors Basic Course
DESIGNED FOR:
Junior Installation Inspectors
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: C/G II; NABTEB, SSCE/G.C.E

DURATION:
Two weeks
COURSE OBJECTIVE:
Carry out visual inspection of electrical installations

Enumerate the various electrical tests required for an installation
Determine electrical faults in any electrical installation
Use insulation resistance Tester and Earth loop impedance tester to carry out various tests on
an electrical installation
COURSE CONTENT:
1. Electrical installation symbols
Electrical symbols and circuit representations
Importance of wiring regulations
2.0
Planning and choice of electrical installations
2.1
Factors for choice of electrical installations
2.2
Consumers responsibility
3.0
Types of electric wiring
3.1
Application of various wiring system
3.2

189
4.0
4.1
Types of cables and sizes
4.2
Cable composition and materials
4.3
Insulating materials of cables
4.4
Lighting and power cables
4.5
Current ratings of cables
4.6
Stripping and termination of cables
5.0
Protective devices
5.1
Fuses as a means of protection
5.2
Types and Ratings of fuses
5.3
Types and Ratings of M.C.Bs
6.0
Testing of electrical installations
6.1
Purpose of Testing
6.2
Sequence of Test
7.0
Introduction of Earthing System
7.1
Design of Earthing electrodes
7.2
Electrode Earth Resistance
7.3
Earth Resistance Area
7.4
Earth Tester and Uses
7.5
Earth loop impedance Tester and uses
8.0
Procedure for electricity supply
8.1
Payment of connection fees
9.0
Faults diagnoses
9.1
Types of faults
9.2
Fault rectification
190
10.0
'National Electric Power Authority' forms and codes
11.0
'National Electric Power Authority' Tarriff Structure
11.1
Classification of tariffs
COURSE TITLE:
Advance Installation Inspectors Course

191
DESIGNED FOR:
Senior Installation Inspectors
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: Advance NABTEB; NCE

Technical; ND; HND
DURATION:
Two weeks
COURSE OBJECTIVE:
Determine the suitability of an electrical installation

Determine the suitability of installed protective devices
Carry out trouble shooting in commercial and industrial electrical installations.
COURSE OBJECTIVE:
1.
Electricity supply regulation
1.1
Importance of wiring regulation
1.2
Layout and installation drawings
2.0
Consumers Installation Units
2.1
Switch Gear and Distribution Board
2.2
Branch/Local Distribution board
2.3
Switches
2.4
Plug and socket outlets
2.5
Circuit loading
3.0
voltage calculation
3.1
Definition of voltages
3.2
Voltage classes and nomenclature
3.3
Voltage classes and insulation level
3.4
Voltage drop calculations and examples
4.0
Ground fault calculations
4.1
Ground fault sources

192
4.2
Low resistance grounded system
5.0
Commercial and industrial wiring
5.1
Low and medium voltage wiring
5.2
Clear wiring
5.3
Wood casing wiring
5.4
Metal sheathed wiring
5.6
Conduit/Trunk wiring
6.0
Protective devices and characteristics
6.1
Introduction
6.2
Low voltage equipment and protection
6.3
Low voltage fuses and selection
6.4
Low voltage circuit breakers (MCHS/ELCBS) and selection
7.0
Earthing system
7.1
Design of earthing electrodes
7.2
Earth conductor sizes
7.3
Electrode earth resistance
7.4
Earth resistance area
7.5
Earth testing
COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY COURSES

PREFACE
The committee in this review included;
-
Computer technology management course
Computer Appreciation course, computer.

193
Basic Instructors course, Computer Auditing and Fraud Management, Internet

Technology management course and
Basic computer electronics course
Prior to this, only computer Appreciation course were being run.

There had also not been any previous standard manual for computer training.
It is hoped that these new programmes which have been included will assist all staff that
will be opportuned to benefit from it carry out their jobs move effectively and efficiently.

TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL REVIEW COMMITTEE
1.
Computer Technology Management course

i)
For Secretaries/Typists
ii)
Personnel/Administrators
2.
Computer Appreciation Course for every discipline
3.
Computer Basic Instructors course for all training instructors.

194
4.
Computer Auditing and Fraud Management

i) For Accountants/Accounting personnel
ii)
5.
Auditors
Internet Technology Management Course

i) Engineers/Technologists
ii) Administrators/Personnel
iii)
6.
Every discipline
Basic Computer Electronics course for Engineers/Technologists.
COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY COURSES II

MANUALS TO BE ADDED LATER
1.
Networking Essentials
2.
Autocad Package
3.
Corel Draw
4.
Peachtree
195

COURSE:
COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT
DURATION:
2 WEEKS
TARGET AUDIENCE:
Secretaries/Typist, Personnel/Administrators
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this course, participants should be able:
-
To understand the concept of Windows 2000 and Windows XP
Understand and be able to use Word 2000 and Excel enhanced features.
To understand the concept of Internet and how it can be combined with Microsoft Office 2000.
Contents
1.0
Introduction to Windows 2000 and Windows XP
1.1
Working with Operating System

196
1.1.1
Working with Desktop
1.1.2
Creating folder
1.1.3
Creating short cuts
1.1.4
Creating Text files
1.1.5
Finding the files
1.1.6
Renaming and Deleting the file or folder
1.1.7
Working with Recycle Bin
1.1.8
Getting Help
1.1.9
Setting Desktop Wallpaper
1.1.10 Setting Screen Savers

1.1.11 Shutting Down
2.0
MS-DOS (Advanced Features)
2.1
Introduction to MS-Word 2000 Advanced features
2.2
Viewing Document Windows
2.3
Split Windows
2.4
Arranging Windows
2.5
Working with columns
2.6
Save and protect document
2.7
Printing and print options
2.8
Working with Tables
2.9
Creating and modifying Tables
2.10
Merge Documents
197
3.0
MS.EXCEL (Advance features)
3.1
Introduction to MS-EXCEL Advanced Features
3.2
Creating References
3.3
Using Functions
3.4
Using Excel for Database management
3.5
Database concepts
4.0
Using enhanced worksheet features
4.1
Introduction
4.2
Introduction to charts
4.3
4.4
Different chart Types

Creating charts using the chart wizard
4.5
Editing and formatting charts
4.6
Using Excels in-built formatting
4.7
Conditional formatting of cells
4.8
Creating custom formats with codes
5.0
MS-POWERPOINT
5.1
Introduction
5.2
Getting to know Power Point
5.2.1
Presentation Basics
5.3
Creating a presentation slide
5.4
Using the different views of a slide
5.5
Working with the text in a slide
5.6
Work with the slide master
6.0
The final presentation
6.1
Introduction
6.2
Modifying the impact of slides

198
6.3
Making handouts and notes
6.4
Printing in Power Point
6.5
Giving the final touch
6.6
Customizing and Presentation
7.0
Internet Concepts
7.1
Introduction to the Internet
7.2
Application Areas of Internet
7.3
The World wide web
7.4
File Transfer Protocol
7.5
E-mail- the Internet as a Postman
7.6
Connecting the pieces together
7.7
Requirement for an Internet connection.
8.0
Office 2000 and Internet
8.1
Introduction
8.2
Using Word 2000 to create Web pages and Email messages
8.3
Creating Web pages with Excel
8.4
Creating Online presentation with Power Point
8.5
Whats new in Office 2000
199
COURSE:
COMPUTER APPRECIATION
DURATION:
2 WEEKS
TARGET AUDIENCE:
All Fields
OBJECTIVES:
-
To understand the concept of computer technology and the revolutionary effect.
To understand the areas of application and its relevance of job enhancement.
To understand the concept of software and be able to use the under listed Microsoft Office
packages.
To understand the Internet concept and its varied uses.
Contents
1.0
Introduction to computers
2.0
Computer Fundamentals
3.0
Windows 2000
3.1
Working with Operating system
3.2
3.3
Creating folder
3.4
Creating shortcuts
3.5
Creating Text files
3.6
Finding the files

200
3.7
3.8
3.9
Getting Help
3.10
3.11
Setting Screen Savers
3.12
Shutting Down
4.0
MS. Word 2000 Basic
4.1
Introduction
4.2
Word Processors
4.3
Creating a Document
4.4
Editing a Document
4.5
Formatting Text and Paragraphs
4.6
Breaks and Page Breaks
4.7
Headers and Footers
4.8
Language Tool
5.0
MS-EXCEL Basic
5.1
Introduction
5.2
Creating Workbooks and Worksheets
5.3
Modifying the Worksheet layout
5.4
Printing from Worksheets
5.5
Managing Data
6.0
Internet Concepts
6.1
6.2

201
6.3
The World Wide Web
6.4
File Transfer protocol
6.5
Email- the Internet
6.6
6.7
Requirement for an Internet connection
COURSE:
COMPUTER BASIC INSTRUCTORS COURSE

202
DURATION:
2 WEEKS
TARGET AUDIENCE:
OBJECTIVES:
i)
Instructors

Training Instructors will be able to understand the concept of computer
Technology and how it can enhance their job.
ii)
Training instructors will be able to utilize the various under listed

software packages.
iii)
Understand how to communicate using presentation packages,

especially during training sessions.
iv)
Understand the Internet concept and how relevant information can be

downloaded or uploaded through FTP.
CONTENT
1.0
Introduction to Computers
2.0
3.0
Windows 2000
4.0
MS-Word 2000 Basic
4.1
Introduction to Word 2000 Basics
4.2
Word Processors
4.3
Creating a document
4.4
Editing a document
4.5
Formatting Text of Paragraphs
4.6
Modify Font
4.7
Breaks and page breaks
4.8
Headers and Footers
4.9
Language Tools
203
5.0
MS-EXCEL 2000
5.1
Introduction
5.2
5.3
Working with Numbers
5.4
Modifying the Worksheet
5.5
Printing from Worksheet
5.6
Managing Data
6.0
MS-Access
6.1
Introduction
6.2
Working on Templates
6.3
Data Access Page Dev.
6.4
Using Accessibility features
6.5
Access Runtime
6.6
Upsizing MS-Access
6.7
Sharing Access Database on network
6.8
Query
6.9
Printing Database
7.0
MS-Power Point
7.1
Introduction
7.2
7.3
Presentation Basics
7.4
7.5
Using the different views of a slide
7.6

204
7.7
8.0
8.1
Introduction
8.2
8.3
8.4
Giving the final Touch
9.0
Internet Concepts
9.1
Introduction
9.2
9.3
The World Wide Web
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
Requirements for an Internet connection.
10.0
Corel Draw (Manual to be sent later)
11.0
Page Maker (Manual to be sent later)
COURSE:
COMPUTER AUDITING AND FRAUD MANAGEMENT
DURATION:
2 WEEKS
TARGET AUDIENCE:
OBJECTIVES:
ACCOUNTING, AUDITORS AND ACCOUNTING PERSONNEL
(i)
To understand the fundamentals of a computer and the accounting field.
(ii)
To use accounting packages like Excel and peachtree to make quick and easy
financial analysis, analyse Data and create presentation with charts and Web
205
pages
(iii)
To use accounting packages to run queries on data from the Web.
(iv)
To use accounting packages to audit financial accounts and manage fraud.
(v)
To understand the Internet concept.
CONTENTS
1.0
Introduction to computers
2.0
3.0
Windows 2000
3.1
Working with Operating system
3.2
3.3
Creating folder
3.4
Creating shortcuts
3.5
Creating Text files
3.6
Finding the files
3.7
3.8
3.9
Getting Help
3.10
3.11
Setting Screen Savers
3.13
Shutting Down
4.0
MS. Word Basic
4.1
Introduction to Word Basics
4.2
Word Processors
4.3
Creating a Document
4.4
Editing a Document
206
4.5
Formatting Text and Paragraphs
4.6
Modify Font
4.7
Breaks and Page Breaks
4.8
Headers and Footers
4.9
Language Tool
5.0
MS-EXCEL
5.1
Introduction
5.2
5.3
Working with Numbers
5.4
Modifying the Worksheet layout
5.5
Printing from Worksheets
5.6
Managing Data
5.7
6.0
Using Excel enhanced features for auditing and fraud control.

MS-Access
6.1
Introduction
6.2
Working on Templates
6.3
Data Access Page Dev.
6.4
Using Accessibility features
6.5
Access Runtime
6.6
Upsizing MS-Access
6.7
Sharing Access Database on network
6.8
Query
6.9
Printing Database.
7.0
Power Point
207
7.1
Introduction
7.2
7.3
Presentation Basics
7.4
7.5
The Auto Content Wizard
7.6
7.7
8.0
8.1
Introduction
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
Printing in Power Point

Giving the final Touch
9.0
Internet Concepts
9.1
9.2
9.3
The World Wide Web
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
Requirements for an Internet connection.
10.0
Peachtree (Manual to be sent later)
208
NEW COURSE
COURSE:
INTERNET TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT
DURATION: 2 WEEKS
TARGET AUDIENCE:
ENGINEER/TECHNOLOGISTS/ADMINISTRATORS/
AVERY FIELD
OBJECTIVES:
-
To understand how the web is designed
Understand the HTML Markups
Control the appearance of the Web page and content
To understand how to publish online documents and retrieve online information
Conduct transaction, create forms and so on.
CONTENT
1.0
Introduction and basic Tags
1.1
Introduction to HTML
1.2
Browsers and Editors
1.3
HTML Tags
209
1.4
Structure of an HTML Document
1.5
Basic HTML Elements
1.6
Enhancing the page
1.7
Lists
1.8
Document conversion
2.0
Preparing a Web site and Hyperlinks
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Designing a Web site
2.3
Introduction to Hyperlinks
2.4
Creating Hyperlinks
2.5
Establishing Relations
2.6
Some color.
3.0
Creating Tables and images
3.1
Introduction
3.2
Creating Tables
3.3
Image Formats
3.4
Inserting Images
3.5
Image Maps
3.6
Adding Sound
4.0
Forms and Frames
4.1
Introduction to Forms
4.2
HTML Input Elements
4.3
Create forms
4.4
Frames
5.0
Java Script
210
5.1
Introduction
5.2
What is Java Script
5.3
Client-slide and Server-side Application
5.4
Java Script and Java
5.5
Embedding Javascript
5.6
Using
5.7
Displaying information
6.0
Variables, Data Types and Operators
6.1
Introduction
6.2
Variables of Laterals
6.3
Operators
6.4
Operators Precedence
6.5
Expressions
6.6
Regular Expression
6.7
Arrays.
7.0
Java Script Statement
7.1
Introduction
7.2
Java script statements
7.3
Control statement
7.4
Functions
7.5
This statement
8.0
Using objects
8.1
Introduction
8.2
About Objects
8.3
Browser objects
211
8.4
Javascript objects
8.5
The HTML Objects
9.0
Handling events
9.1
Introduction
9.2
The event object
9.3
Event Handlers
9.4
Java script Events
212
NEW COURSE
COURSE:
INTERNET TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT II
DURATION: 2 WEEKS
TARGET AUDIENCE: All fields.
OBJECTIVES:
-
To understand the DHTML Object model
How DHTML can be used to exchange information over the internet
How to use DTHML to add dynamic features to a web page
CONTENT
1.0
Introduction
1.1
What is DHTML?
1.2
Features of Dynamic HTML
1.3
Using dynamic HTML
1.4
Document object Model
2.0
Style sheets
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Inline styles
2.3
Introduction to style sheets
2.4
Java script style sheets and terminology
2.5
Comments in style sheets
2.6
Benefits of style sheets
2.7
Combing a style sheet with HTML
2.8
Cascading
213
3.0
Event Handling
3.1
Introduction
3.2
The Event Object
3.3
Event Handling in Internet Explorer
3.4
Event capturing in Netscape Navigator
4.0
Using Layers
4.1
Introduction of Layers
4.2
Some standards
4.3
Using Layers
4.4
Using Javascripts
4.5
Using an Alternative
5.0
Dynamic content
5.1
Introduction
5.2
Dynamic content in Internet explorer
5.3
Dynamic content in Netscape
5.4
Using time
6.0
Dynamic positioning
6.1
Introduction
6.2
About positioning
6.3
Dynamic positioning
7.0
Special Effects
7.1
Introduction
7.2
7.3
Multimedia in Internet explorer

Multimedia in Netscape Navigator
8.0
Data Binding
8.1
Introduction
214
8.2
Using Tables
8.3
Using the tabular data control
8.4
Using other HTML Elements
8.5
Using HTML
NEW COURSE
COURSE:
BASIC COMPUTER ELECTRONICS
DURATION: 2 WEEKS
TARGET AUDIENCE:
BSC AND HND

215
OBJECTIVES:
(i)
Basic concepts of computer applications
(ii)
Carryout designs of logic circuits
CONTENTS
1.0
Basic Logic Gates
1.1
The AND gate
1.2
The OR gate
1.3
The NAND gate
1.4
The NOR gate
1.5
The NOT gate
1.6
The Exclusive OR and NOR gate
1.7
Logic gates symbols and truth table
2.0
Number systems and codes
2.1
Binary codes
2.2
ASCII
2.3
EBCDIC
3.0
Boolean Algebra
3.1
Combinational logic
3.2
3.3
Boolean Algebra laws and Rules

Simplification of combinational logic
3.4
Circuit using Boolean Algebra
4.0
Describing logic circuits Algebraically
4.1
Implementing circuits from Boolean expressions
4.2
De Morgans Theorem
4.3
Karnaugh Mapping
216
INSTRUMENTATION
PREFACE
Our ability to measure a quantity determines ones knowledge of that quantity and since the measure of
electrical quantities or other parameters in terms of electrical quantities is involved in an over
expanding circle of occupations of contemporary life. It is therefore essential for the practicing
Engineer/Technologist
and
technicians
to
have
thorough
knowledge
of
electrical
instrumentation/control and measurement systems. This write up which is developed without any
known reference of a previous work is intended to assist the NEPA instrumentation/control
Engineer/Technologist and technician who now finds himself involved with measurements in terms of
217
volts, amperes, ohms watts, and faced with an ever increasing variety of instruments from a simple
pointer instrument to a complex data logging and processing system.
The object of this review is to help the Engineer/Technologist or other instrumentation/control user, to
select the right form of instrument for an application and analyse the performance of instruments from
various manufacturers in order to obtain the optimum instrument performance in our operating
systems. We have in this review included electronic instrumentation and measurement techniques,
speed tronic MKV/Decontic control for our gas turbines instruments and more purposefully digital
electronic which will assist instrument Engineers/Technologists in the latest designs of computer aided
systems in use our generation station machines. In addition we have developed a standard basic
instrumentation/control course for our Engineers/Technologists and Technicians.
A scheme has also been developed to take care of Instrumentation/Control Maintenance Technician
Training (ICMTT) which ******* in modules of three phases of four weeks respectively. Other course
developed inducted, control systems instrumentation Control Workshop Technology and principle of
Hydraulic and pneumatics system.
In all, we believe that this programme will assist our Engineers/Technologists immensely in carrying
out their jobs efficiently and competently
218
INSTRUMENTATION/CONTROL COURSES
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL
REVIEW COMMITTEE
1. Basic Instrumentation/Control Course (ICI)
(i)
For Engineers/Technologists
(ii)
For Technician/Craftsmen
2. Digital Electronics D4 for Engineers/Technologists.

3. Electronic Instrumentation and measurement Techniques for Engineers/Technologists.
4. Speedtronic MK/Deconte Control for gas turbines for Engineers/Technologists.
219
COURSE TITLE: Basic Instrumentation and Control Course (ICI)

DESIGNED FOR: Engineers and Technologists
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: HND. B. SC
DURATION 2 Weeks
OBJECTIVES At the end of the course, participants should be able to:(I)
Appraise the current level of Instrumentation and control in NEPA
(II)
Discuss instrumentation and control scheme for Turbo-Generators.
(III)
Determine the different types of control valves, selection, installation, maintenance and
repairs.
COURSE CONTENT:
1.1
Introduction to instrumentation and control in NEPA.
1.2
Significant of measurement
1.3
Process control
1.4
Open and Closed loop system
1.5
Selection, turning and maintenance of controller
1.6
Selection, installation, maintenance of control values
1.7
Electronic instrumentations and control
1.8
Pneumatic and Hydraulic instruments
220
2.
DC Control Circuit
2.1
Power supply
2.2
Control symbols and alphabets.
2.3
Schematic diagram
3.
Secondary Instrument
3.1
Electronic/Electronic recorders
3.2
Mechanical indicators
Digital Control circuit
4.1
Introduction to digital Tech.
4.2
Logic family
Methodology:
By lectures in a classroom, use of audio visual aids and by practical work in the laboratory
221
COURSE TITLE:
Basic Instrumentation and control course
DESIGNED FOR:
Technicians and Crafstmen
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: OND C/G II, NABTEB

DURATION:
2 Weeks
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the course, participants should be able to:-
(i)
Understand the different levels of Instrumentation and control used in

NEPA
(ii)
Troubleshoot the different instrumentation and control schemes
(iii).
Select, install and maintain instrumentation and control schemes
COURSE CONTENT
Analog (pointer) instruments
1.1.
Electrometrical instruments.
1.1.1
Moving coil instruments
1.1.2
Moving iron instruments
1.1.3
Electrodynamics instruments.
1.1.4
Rectifier instruments.
1.1.5 Thermocouple instruments

1.1.6
Electrostatic instruments.
1.1.7
Energy meters.
2.1
Electronic instruments.
222
2.1.2
A .C. Voltmeters
2.1.3
Null detectors
3.0
Instrument selection and specification
3.1
Instrument selection
3.2
Specification analysis
3.3
Instrument compassion
4.
Analog (Graphical) instrument
4.1
Moving coil recorders
4.2
Potentiometer recorders
4.3
Events recorders
4.4
X Y plotters
4.5
G.R.O.
5.0
D. C. Control circuit
5.1
Power supply for control system
5.2
Control symbols and alphabets
5.3
Schematic diagrams
6.0
Errors in measurement
6.1
Standard
6.2
Error analysis
6.3
Calibration procedures
7.0
Methodology
223
By lectures in classroom, use of audio visual aids and by practical work in the
laboratory.
COURSE TITLE:
Digital Electronics (C3)
DESIGNED FOR:
Engineers and Technologists.
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: HND: B. Sc.

DURATION:
OBJECTIVES:
2 Weeks
(i)
Carryout designs of logic circuits.
(ii)
Use Bistable elements in designing counters and frequency dividers.
(iii)
Carryout trouble shooting and relays that use integrated circuit.
CONTENTS
1.0
Number systems and codes
1.1
Binary code table
1.2.
Digital electronic signals and switches.
2.0
Basic Logic Gates
2.1
The AND gate
2.2.
The NAND gate
2.4
The NOR gate
2.5
The NOT gate
2.6
The Exclusive OR AND nor GATE
2.7
Logic gates symbols and truth table.
3.0
Arithmetic Circuits
3.1
Binary arithmetic
224
3.2
Two complement representation
3.3
Hexadecimal Arithmetic
3.4
BCD Arithmetic etc.
4.0
Inverting Logic Gate
4.1
The Inverter
4.2
The NAND gate
4.3
The NOR Gate
4.4
Logic Gate Waveform Generation etc.
5.0
Boolean Algebra
5.1
Combinational logic
5.2
Boolean Algebra Laws and Rules
5.3
Simplification of combinational logic circuit using Boolean Algebra
5.4
Demorgans theorem
5.5
Karnaugh design application etc.
5.6
System design application etc.
6.0
Shift Registers
6.1
Shift Registers Basics
6.2
Parallel to serial conversions
6.3
Recirculating Register etc.
7.0
Logic families and their characteristics
7.1
The TTL family
7.2
The TTL Voltage and current t
7.3
CMOS family etc
8.0
FLIP-FLOPS AND REGISTERS

225
8.1
S-R flip-flop
8.2
Gated S-R flip-Flop
8.3
The integrated circuit D. Latch, etc.
9.0
COUNTERS CCTS/AND APPLICATIONS
9.1.
9.2
Analysis of sequential circuits

Synchronous counters etc
Methodology:By lectures in classroom, audio visual aids and laboratory work.
COURSE TITLE:
Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Technique
DESIGNED FOR
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: HND; B.Sc

DURATION
4 Weeks
226
OBJECTIVES:
(i)
Gain knowledge and understanding of electronic instrumentation and

measurement techniques.
(ii)
Calibrate electronic measurement instruments.
(iii)
Undertake the testing and trouble-shooting of analogue and digital circuits
(iv)
Know electronic symbols and how identify them.
COURSE CONTENT
1.0
Introduction to electronic instrument systems
1.1
Process control
1.2
Experimental error
1.3
Accumulation of accepted error
1.4
Improper functioning of instrument
1.5
Effect of the transducer on the process
1.6
Other Sources of Error
1.7
Minimizing Experimental Error
2.0
Sensors and transducers
2.1
Potentiometers
2.2
Differential Transformers
2.3
Resistance Temperature Detectors
2.4
Thermistors
2.5
Thermocouples
2.6
Photoelectric sensors
3.0
General characteristics of recording instrument
3.1
Input impedance
227
3.2
Sensitivity
3.3
Range
3.4
Zero drift
3.5
Frequency Response
4.0
Strip-Chart Recorders
4.1
Data Logger
4.2
Data Acquisition system
4.3
Oscilloscope
5.0
Signal conditioning unit
5.1
Introduction
5.2
Power Supplies
5.3
Potentiometer circuit (Constant Voltage/Current)
5.4
Wheatstone Bridge (Constant voltage/current)
5.5.
Amplifiers
5.6
Operational Amplifiers
5.7.
Filters
5.8
Amplitude modulation/demodulation
5.9
A/D and D/A converiers
6.0
Pressure measurement
Introduction
6.1
Displacement Type pressure transducers
6.2
Diaphragm type pressure transducers
6.3
Piezoelectric type pressure transducers
6.4
Minimizing errors in transducers
6.5
Calibration of transducers
228
7.0
Temperature measurement
7.1
Introduction
7.2
Resistance
7.3
Resistance temperature detector (RTDS)
7.4
Thermocouples
7.5
Liquid in glass thermometers
7.6
Pressure thermometers
7.7
Calibration method
8.0
Analytical measurement instrument
8.1
Chemical electrodes
8.2
Reference electrodes
8.3
Pitt electrodes
8.4
Conductivity meters
9.0
Basic analogue and Digital Electronic
9.1
Testing and trouble-shooting analogue and digital circuit
COURSE TITLE:
Speedronic MKV/decontic control for gas turbines
DESIGNED FOR:
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: B.SC and HND

DURATION: 3 Weeks
OBJECTIVES: At the end of the course, participants should be able to:(i)
Be able to appreciate the development of the speedtronic controls from

MK I to Mk 5
(ii)
Will be able to configure and program contact inputs of all speedtronic

relays
(iii).
Will be able to read and understand signal flow

229
CONTENTS
1.0
Introduction to speedtronic MK 5 controls
1.1
History and growth of speedtronic (Mark) controls
2.0
Logic forcing
2.1
Introduction to logic forcing
2.2
Types of contacts used in MK 5
2.3
Types of Mark V boards.
3.0
Control sequencing programme (C.S.P)
3.1
Animated displays
3.2
Creating animated display
3.3
Adding contact inputs (flow diagram)
3.4
Start/stop flow for gas turbine
4.0
Decontic controls
4.1
Introduction
4.2
Basic design of decontic control circuits.
5.0
Control circuit configuration
5.1
Understanding rung display
5.2
Interlock programming/scheme
5.3
Reading/understanding MK 5 files
6.0
Trouble-shooting to A7 status
230
7.0
Clearing control grounds in MK 5
8.0
Special solenoid circuit connection/troubleshooting
9.0
Alarm circuits
9.1
Creating an alarm contact
INSTRUMENTATION/CONTROL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIANS TRAINING (ICMTT)

PHASE 1
1.
Introduction to Instrument and control
CORE COURSES
1.
Principles of instrumentation/Control Measurement 1
2.
Digital Electronics 1
3.
Instrumentation/Control Workshop Technology 1
4.
Control System 1
5.
Introduction to Instrumentation/Control
231
COMMON COURSES
1.
Engineering mathematics
2.
Technical Draying
3.
Safety practices
4.
5.
Electrical Engineering science
6.
Engineering Workshop Practice
1.
Introduction to Instrumentation/Control
2.
Principles of instrumentation/Control Measurement
3.
Digital electronics
COURSE TITLE:
ICMTT
SUBJECT AREA:
Introduction to Intrumentation and Control
PHASE (MODULE):
DESIGNED FOR:
Phase 1
A.T.O-S-in-Training (I&C)
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: WASC/NECO, NABTES; C&G 1

DURATION:
4 Weeks
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this course, participants should be able to:-
(i)
To have knowledge of instrumentation and control systems
(ii)
Identify the main features of control systems in term of electrical Mechanical and
electronic system
(iii)
To gain an understanding of the pneumatic/hydraulic control systems
(iv)
To handle problems and defects arising from these instruments. Equipment and
components that make up the control systems
COURSE CONTENT:
232
1.0
Features of instrumentation and control
1.1
Electrical overview
1.2
Mechanical overview
1.3
Electronic overview
1.4
hydraulic/pneumatic overview
COURSE TITLE: ICMTT

SUBJECT AREA: Principles of Instrumentation and Control Measurement 1
PHASE (MODULE): Phase 1
DESIGNED FOR: A.T.O-S-in-Training (I&C)
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: WASC/NECO, NABTES; C&GI
DURATION: 4 Weeks
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this course, participant should be able to:
(i)
To appreciate the various measuring technique employed in instrumentation
(ii)
Identify the different types of measuring instruments used in the electric power industry.
(iii)
Test, repair and maintain the different types of instruments in the system.
COURSE CONTENT
1.0
Electrical measurement A General Overview.
1.1
Types of indicating instruments
1.2
Basic essential features of indicating instrument
1.3
Analogue (pointer) instrument
2.1.0
Electromechanical instruments
2.1.1
Moving-coil Instrument
2.1.2
Moving iron instrument

233
2.1.3
Electrodynamics instrument
2.1.4
Rectifier instruments
2.1.5
Thermocouple instrument
2.1.6
Electrostatic instruments
2.2.0
Electronic-(Pointer instruments
2.2.1
D.C. Voltmeters
2.2.2
A.C Voltmeters
2.2.3
Null Detectors
3.0
Analogue (graphical) instruments
3.1
Moving coil recorders
3.2
Potentiometer recorders
3.3
Event recorders
3.4
X.Y Plotters
3.5
G.R.O.
234
COURSE TITLE:
ICMTT
SUBJECT AREA:
Digital Electronics 1
PHASE (MODULE):
DESIGNED FOR:
Phase 1
A.T.O-S-In-Training (I&C)
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: WASC/NECO; NABTES; C&G1

DURATION:
4 Weeks
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this course, participants should be able to:

(i)
To gain knowledge of digital electronics including the functions as relay

Diode and transistor as digital switches.
(ii)
To trace signal in logic circuit thereby appreciate logic designs, and maintain such
circuit.
(iii)
Trouble-shooting logical circuits and locate fumets.
COURSE CONTENT:
1.0
Introduction to number systems and code
1.1.
Digital electronic signals and switches
1.1.1
Switches in electronic circuits
1.1.2
A relay as a switch
1.1.3
A diode as a switch
1.1.4
A transistor as a switch
2.0
Combination Logic
2.2
The AND gate
2.3
The OR gate
2.4
The NAND gate
2.5
The NULL gate

235
2.6.
Inverter
2.7.
Buffer
2.8
Exclusive OR and NCR
INSTRUMENTATION/CONTROL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN

TRAINING (ICMTT)
PHASE 2
236
CORE COURSES
1.
Electrical Power Supply System 1
2.
Principles of Instrumentation/Control Measurement 2
3.
Digital Eletronics 2
4.
Instrumentation/Control Workshop Technology 2
5.
Control System 2
6.
Principles of Hydraulic and pneumatic system
COURSE TITLE: Instrumentation Control Maintenance Technician Training

(ICMTT)
SUBJECT AREA: Electrical Power Supply System 1
DESIGNED FOR:
A.T.O-IN-TRAINING (I & C)
237
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: WASCE/NECO, NABTEB, C & CI

DURATION:
4 (FOUR) WEEKS
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this course participants should be able

(i)
To recognize power system law out from generation to utilization point
(ii)
To appreciate the contributions and effects of power circuit components
(iii)
To design and construct power supplies appropriate for control and protective circuits.
COURSE CONTENT
1.0
Electrical Fundamentals 1
1.1
Ohms Law
1.2
Power and Energy
1.3
Ac voltage generation
1.4
Single phase A.C circuit
1.5
Effect of inductance and capacitance
1.6
Power Factor
1.7
Active and Reactive power
1.8
Construction of power triangle
2.0
Power supply for protection and control systems
2.1
Need for un-interruptible power supply
2.2
Battery types, characteristics
2.3
Battery care and maintenance
2.4
DC Distribution
2.5
Battery chargers
2.6
AC/DC Rectification
2.7
Inverters
238
COURSE TITLE: Instrumentation Control Maintenance Technician

Training (ICMTT)
SUBJECT AREA: Principles of Instrument and Control Measurement 2
DESIGNED FOR:
A.T.O-IN-TRAINING (I & C)
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: WASCE/NECO, NABTEB, C & CI

DURATION:
4 (FOUR) WEEKS
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this course participants should be able

(i)
To have understanding of the principles of measurement employed in digital

instruments
(ii)
Identify the power system measuring instruments and different measurement

schemes employed for power systems
239
COURSE CONTENT:
1.0
Digital instruments
1.1
Differential voltmeters
1.2
Counters
1.3
Digital clocks
1.4
Digital voltmeters
2.0
Power Measurement
2.1
Single Phase Wattmeter
2.2
Three phase (3Q) Wattmeter
2.3
Power meters for low frequencies
2.4
Energy meters
3.0
Multimeters
3.1
Designation
3.2
Sensitivity
3.3
Application
4.0
Megger Instrument
4.1
Hand driven DC Generator
4.2
Hand driven AC Brushless Generator
4.3
Portable Hand-held, Battery operated transistorized megger
240
COURSE TITLE:
ICMTT
SUBJECT AREA:
Digital Electronic 2

DESIGNED FOR:
A.T.Os-in-Training (I & C)
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION: WASCE/NECO, NABTEB; C & GI

DURATION: Four (4) Weeks
OBJECTIVE:
At the end of this course, participants should be able to:

(i)
To understand simplification of combinational logic circuit using

Boolean Algebra
(ii)
To again knowledge of integrated circuit characteristics and

designs
COURSE CONTENT:
1.0
Boolean Algebra and reduction techniques
1.1
Boolean Algebra laws and rules

241
1.2
Simplification of combinational logic circuit using Boolean Algebra
1.3
Demorgans theorem
2.0
Arithmetic circuits
2.1
Binary arithmetic
2.2
Twos complement representation
2.3
Twos complement arithmetic
2.4
Hexadecimal arithmetic
3.0
Characteristics of logic circuit
3.1
Development of integrated circuit
3.2
Choice of logic family
3.3
Speed of operation propagation delay
3.4
Noise immunity
1.
INSTRUMENTATION/CONTROL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN

TRAINING (ICMTT)
PHASE 3
Electrical Power Supply System II
2.
3.
Control System 3
4.
Advanced I/C Workshop Technology
5.
Advanced Hydraulic Pneumatic System
COURSE TITLE:
ICMTT
SUBJECT AREA:
Electrical Power Supply System II
PHASE (MODULE): Phase III

242
DESIGNED FOR:
A.T.Os-in-Training (I & C)

OBJECTIVE:

(i)
To understand electrical power system layout
(ii)
Interpret various voltage levels in the system
(iii)
To acquire new techniques and formulate maintenance

procedures for transformer
COURSE CONTENT:
1.0
System layout equipment
1.1
Elements of distribution systems
1.2
Voltage levels
1.3
Voltage transformation
1.4
Distribution sub-stations
1.5
Primary and secondary system
2.0
Electrical Fundamental 2
2.1
Impedance
2.2
Voltage and power triangle
2.3
Power factor correction
2.4
Resistors in series and parallel
2.5
3.0
Voltage drops
Introduction to transformers
3.1
Transformers impedance and regulation
3.2
Testing and maintenance of transformer
3.3
Instrument transformers
243
COURSE TITLE:
ICMTT
SUBJECT AREA:
PHASE (MODULE): Phase III

DESIGNED FOR:
A.T.O.-in-Training (I & C)

OBJECTIVE:

(i)
To carryout designs of logic circuit
(ii)
Carryout trouble-shooting on relays that use integrated

circuit
COURSE CONTENT:
1.0
Logic families and their characteristics
1.1
The TTL family
1.2
TTL voltage and circuit rating
1.3
CMOS family
2.0
Flip-Lop and Registers
2.1
S-R Flip-Flop
2.2
Gated S-R Flip Flop
2.3
Gated D Flip-Flop
2.4
Master slave J-K Flip-Flop
3.0
Shift Registers
3.1
Shift register basics
3.2
Shift register ICS
4.0
Karnaugh Mapping
4.1
Karnaugh Map Format

244
4.2
Looping groups of two pairs
4.3
Looping groups of four
245

mANUAL REVIEW BOOK 1

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POWER HOLDING COMPANY

MECHANICAL MAINTENANCE SECTION...147-205

COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY COURSES.....236-261

ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE SECTION

EMTT 1ST PHASE: ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE

EMTT 2ND PHASE:

EMTT 3RD PHASE:

ELECTRICAL FITTERS COURSE FOR MATE-LEARNERS (FITTER III)

ELECTRICAL FITTERS COURSE FOR FITTERS II AND I

ELECTRICAL FITTERS COURSE FOR FOREMEN AND SUPERVISORS

ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE COURSE ON MEDIUM HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUIT

ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE COURSE ON SF6 GAS CIRCUIT BREAKERS

ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE COURSE ON TRANSFORMERS

ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE COURSE ON GENERATORS

WORKSHOP ON 11KV CIRCUIT BREAKERS

WORKSHOP ON 33KV CIRCUIT BREAKERS

WORKSHOP ON SF6 GAS CIRCUIT BREAKERS

Courses number 11 to 15 were essentially found to be of courses number 7 to 10 have

EMTT 1st PHASE: ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN TRAINING

EMTT 2nd PHASE (Eight Subject Areas):

EMTT 205: Introduction to Electrical Measurement

EMTT 3rd PHASE (FINAL PHASE) Seven subject Areas:l

Electrical Fitters Course

Electrical Maintenance Course on Generators

Electrical Maintenance Course on Transformers

Electrical Maintenance Course on Switchgears

Filtering Machine Operations

Maintenance Course on Auxiliary Systems and Circuits

Maintenance Course on Power Distribution System

ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN TRAINING PROGRAMME

REVISED CURRICULUM FOR:

Electrical Maintenance Technician Training Programme (EMTT)

PHASE: (Module): Phase 1 (4 weeks)

(15 Contact Hours Minimum)

At the end of the course, participants should be able to:

Acquire skills to solve simple Polynomials equations

Acquire skills to solve basic Trigonometrical Problems

Acquire skills to solve differential and integral equations and

Acquire skills to solve problems involving complex number.

Acquire skills to solve simple statistical problems

Linear and Simultaneous Equations

Simple Quadratic Equations

Basic Functions: Sine Cosine and Tangent

Applications of Trigonometrical Functions

Differentiation from First Principles

Differentiation by Methods: Sum, Chain-Rule, Power and Quotient Rules

Applications of Differentiation Techniques

Integration from First Principles

Applications of Integral Techniques

Complex Numbers and Notation

Addition of Complex Number

Subtraction of Complex Number

Multiplication of Complex Number

Division of Complex Number

Application of Complex Number

Mode, Mean and Median

Notes and Handouts

REVISED CURRICULUM FOR:

Electrical Maintenance Technician Training Programme (EMTT)

Electrical Engineering Science

PHASE: (Module): Phase 1 (4 weeks)

(15 Contact Hours Minimum)