!.

THE

CHILEAN

COM 1UNIST

PARTY

1922-1947

by
A.

Thesis
presented
of Philosophy

University
University

in

BARNARD

for
the

the
degree
University

College,
of London.

13
3F3I,
,"
\lte i V./,

of
of

December

Doctor
London

1977"

ABSTRACT

THESIS

by Socialist
in 1922
exerted
Founded
who already
the
Chilean
in
trade
influence
movement,
union
considerable
in name
Party
Chilean
the
Communist
was a communist
party
later
the
It
during
its
years.
not
until
was
early
only
forms
to acquire
the
1920s
began
it
that
organisational
Third
the
of
of
members
characteristic
all
and practices
that
1930s
the
Communist
International
early
not
until
and
to
by
it
led
gave
unquestioning
allegiance
who
men
was
by prolonged
former
to a shadow
its
Moscow.
Reduced
self
of
1920s
the
late
1930s,
in
the
party's
early
and
persecution
the
to revive
1935,
begin
fortunes
did
when
not
until
after
it
to
International
Third
policies
which
encouraged
adopted
in
Chilean
become
politics.
coalition
regular
participant
a
fortunes
the
fluctuated
1935
Between
party's
someand 1947,
international
in
national
changing
with
and
accordance
what
it
imto play
but
enabled
coalition
politics
circumstances
Presidents
three
in
the
successive
election
of
roles
portant
to extend
its
to wider
Republic,
sectors
of
of the
appeal
its
to expand
support
society,
electoral
and,
union
and trade
basis
for
indirectly,
the
to lay
effective
an increasingly
became
In 1946,
the
machine.
and professional
party
party
Communist
the
first
Party
Latin
American
to hold
designated
but
in
its
portfolios
experience
of high
government
cabinet
War pressures
by Cold
office
which
was cut
short
- pressures
into
forced
the
eventually
of clandestinity
party
a period
1958.
from
1947
lasted
until
which

study.
the
party's
to
ment,
development,
relations

broad
is
the
then,
this
of
chronological
sweep
its
to
is
particular
context,
paid
attention
the
MoveInternational
Communist
relations
with
links
labour,
its
its
to
with
organised
organisational
its
to
electoral
changing
support
and to its
Chilean
other
with
parties.

This,
Within

ii
0

C0NTENTS

page
Preface

iv

Acknowledgements

vi

Principal
Chapter

vii

Abbreviations
1

The
the

Origins
Chilean

Early

Chapter

The

Chapter

Clandestinity

and Foundation
Communist
Party

Years,

Chapter

The

58

1922-1927
Third

and

Policies,

of

Period

112

1927-1934
Front

Popular

Strategy,

164

1935-1938
Chapter

Pedro

Popular
Chapter

President
National

The

Basic

War

Indices

Appendix

Strike

Appendix

Inflation

Appendix

of

Bibliogr

of

the

PCCh

wage

industry

mining

Votes
for
cast
for
elections

331
and

393
1938-1948

399
400

1938-1941

actions

in

features

production

and

Gabriel

1946-1947

Biographical
notes
Committee
Central

ties

President

orga: xisational

Appendix

and

Videla,

principles

the

274

1942-1946

Cold

Appendix

218
Rfos,
War

Antonio
the
and

Juan
Unity

Gonzlez
Appendix

the

and

1938-1941

Front,

Years,
Chapter

Cerda

Aguirre

increases

in

1939-1948
on leading
members

the PCCh in general

the Chamber of Depu-

1937,1941

and 1945

401
402

407
408

aphy

Map

430

iii

PREFACE

Party

Perhaps,

in

become

best

has

election

(1970-1973).

Allende
Party

for

politics
lay

Party

in

Party

achieved

other

party

party

had

the

has

either

attempt

to

During

those

Chilean

the

years,
both

that

years

it

This

self

but

ment

of

an

study

all

events.

for

and

the

margins

is

based

primarily

of

the

it

more

striking

and

as

was

during

into

is

work

1922-1947.

years

its

organisation

this

and

the

Com-

systematic

much

scholars

which

Chilean

the

of

developed

process

other

no

an

actor
those

the

mainstream

the

newspaper

of

life.

literature
of

as

from

moved

subject

PCCh

no

respectability

this,

neglect

political

political

pamphlet

that

labour,

and

and

Chilean

or

remedy

Chilean

the

the

Communist

American

appeal

Despite

been

not

Communist

organised

acceptance

foreign

characteristics
in

of
enjoyed.

party

Latin
with

Chilean

Revolution,

successful

electoral

similar

degree

by

links

Communist

in
Cuban

the

Salvador

Chilean

the

other

in

played

significance

most

Communist

President
the

until

No

close

such
had

some

the

America.

Party

study
an

Latin

Chilean

munist

being

to

claim

fact,

and,

it

role

ill-fated

in

of

years

many

could

the

Yet,

a force

been

had

the

the

of

government

and

for

known

Chilean

the

years,

recent

groups
Use

time,

has

been

also

iv

not

had

which

on
only

some

of

part

made

of

in

the
the

archival

party

and
it-

developmaterial

from

Foreign

the

del

General

in

the

was

Museo

Recabarren

collection
able

in

only
public

London

of

process
when

this

and

private

.v.

The

author
items

libraries

the

Chilean

Direcci&n
Communist

material

collecting

a few

yielded

from

and

Santiago.

in

Trabajo

Party

in

Office

was

in

which

for
but

Santiago
were

elsewhere.

the

not

that

avail-

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

is

It
people
of

have

who

this

and

I
Dr.

My

and
I

Justo
Nacional

in

Direccicn

pitility.
Adrian

only
but

control
events

and

del

of

Studies,

me

University
the

of

for

their
de

Juan

first

hand

and
of

the

vi

to

for

of

co-operation.

and

his

successor,

of

the

Biblioteca

this

Archivo

Cruz
Museo

in

of
this

thank

the

of

Latin

the
thesis

Jorge

and

the

of

hos-

and

Leyton

and

Recaharren

materials

Institute

London,

preparation

the

upon

like

should

la

my

Ramirez

patience

accounts

touched

advice

Angell,

the

Party's
to

access

developments
I

staff

Communist

for

also

Program

made

to

uhfailing

help

Section

Trabaio

the

giving

Finally,
Fellowship

the

am endebted

Vasquez
not

Newspaper

preparation
to

Alan

Merino

many

gratitude

Hernan

their

Mario

and

to

Rojas,

for

to

Santiago

General

too,

his

the

to
the

of

for

Chelan

the

of

debt

thanks,

am grateful

Alarcon,

during

assistance

Sulbrandt

thanks

my

lakemore,

Harold

Jose

record

a particular

Alejandro

Seron,

Necochea

which

owe

encouragement.

arria

for

me

given

work.

supervisor,

to

a pleasure

under
many

of

their
the

study.
Foreign

Area

American

financial
possible.

support

PRINCIPAL

ABBREVIATIONS

Alianza

RSA

Buro

CC

Comite

Central

CR

Comite

Regional

CL

Comite

Local

CNSL

Confederaci6n

Comintern

Communist

CTCh

Confederacin

DTIQ

El

FN

Falange

FOCh

Federacin

FOR

Foreign

IC

Izquierda

JVP

La

PC

Partido

Conservador

PCCh

Partido

Comunista

PD

Partido

Democrata

PL

Partido

Liberal

POS

Partido

Obrera

PR

Partido

Radical

PS

Partido

Socialista

SSA

Secretariado

Chile

de

Democrtico

ADCh

Sud-Americano

Nacional

de

Sindicatos

Legales

International
de

los

de

Despertar

Trabajadores
Trabajadores,

Nacional
Obrera
Office

de

Chile

Records

Comunista

Jornada

Comunista,

Valdivia

de

Chile

Socialista

do

Chile

Sud-Atnericano

vii

de

Chile
Iquique

.1.

Chapter

Foundation

The

Origins

and

the

Chilean

Communist

Party

of

.2.

The
and

the

of

of

roots

Chilean

modern

economic,

and

social

experienced

late

the

in

changes

political
nineteenth

lie

movement

class

working

Chile(PCCh)

de

Comunista

Partido

the

which

that

early

twentieth

and

in

the

country

centuries.

its

Like
struggle

by

plagued

development

striking

-a

to

continued

Republics.

Chile
to

those

gave

the

matter
which
usual

the

on

owed

in

lived
Valley

one

which

and

ment,

based

made
(1)

(never

lengthy
in

the

coastline

communications
task

of

city

governing

See Harold
Blakemore
Americas
Geographical
75-5
5,
for
pp
Chile.
of
ation

more

one

hundred

meant

that

central

Santiago,

had

T.

governland

good

Smith,
(London,

geographical

the

miles

matter.

easy

coastal
with

centres

population

detailed

the

and

than

Clifford
and
Perspectives

and

Central

long

mile

together

relatively

was

inhabitants

Mountains

of

other

with

700

rugged

its

of

than

cohesion

population,

more

capital

of

this

peculiarities

Chile's

Andes
of

concentration

wide)

the

the

in

social

and

the

American

fortune

good

despite

area

between

its

Latin

majority

vast

turbulence

bloody

degree

Thus,

distinctive
lies

its

of

a greater

the

country's

sea

other

enjoyed

orderly

and

the

economic

continent.

narrowness

and

most
much

country

This

ranges.

contrast

geographic,

terrain,

difficult

peaceful

its

and

Chile

however,

to

afflict

from

emerged

impoverished

Spain

relatively

of

period

had

1830,

After

war.

civil

a prolonged

which

from

independence

for

Chile

neighbours,

which
(l)
Latin
1971
appreci-

3"
0
Similarly,
one

the

economic

form

of

The

his

forge

hacendados,
share

the

of

their

rivals

was

been

early

nineteenth

tion,

driven

Thus,

two
since

all

of

conflict

in

extent

immune

from

countries

(3)

Central

economic

class

Latin

tended

ruling

social

the

numbers

and

been

submerged
or

had

Indians,

by

by

America

did

(3)
the

and
minority,

white
not

between

embittered
not

the

miecegena-

exterminated.

mestizo

so

Chile

Negroes

coincidence

which

attitudes

Finally,

terms.

the

tended

elite,

the

(2)

Valley

Secondly,

classes.

and

sharp

attitude

relationship

a numerous

the

in

feudal

or

political
to

prevail

the

Chile.
factors,

the

its

owner

racial

constituted

sort

experienced
had

(undo

dominated,

wealthy,

elsewhere

These

(2)

the

latter

and

in

had

of

whom were

the

power.

century,

groups

the

provided

Chile's

large

in

racial

type

social

same

imported

out

fundo

between

political

homogeneous

never

the

preoccupations

for

relatively

and

loyalty

of

economic

on

close

constituted

who

estate.

almost

their

one

great

and
and

bonds

strong

to

Chile

force

work

experienced
or

Firstly,

a paternalistic

upon

fundo

based

directions.

engaged

were

and

the

agriculture

two

had

towards

the

of

in

hacendado

agriculture,

organisation,

dominance

Chileans

of

majority

activity,

social

cohesion

to

vast

caudillos,

however,
of
in

conflicts
the
it

did

not

which

decades
experienced

make
all

Chile

Latin

entirely
American

independence.

after
the

pulls

of

G. 1. MaBride's
(New
Chiles
Land
Society
York,
and
1936)
the
provides
importance
classic
study
of the
latifundia
to
of the
Chile's
development.
Francisco
Encina
Castedo
Resumen
and Leopoldo
de la
Historia
(3 vols.,
de Chile
1961)
Santiago,
i.
p3 1.

.4.
regionalism
from

suffered
Liberal
its

rival

bitter

development

the

skill

Battle

Chilean

liberal

foresight

and

created

end

the

as

Diego

Portales,

La

peace

re-establishing

of

Chilean

government
(4)

(5)

faction

to

impose

managed

and

and
which

and

statllity

by

his

the

Chile

had

the

firm,

experienced

three

Heise
GonzalezI
(Santiago,
1950)

1833

the
that

to

Chile
pillars

principal

a colony.

of
1967)
the

Constitucional
7-50.

by

Church

and

authoritarian
as

Historia
pp

on

the

See Simon
Collier
Ideas
and Politics
Independence
1808-1833
Cambridge,
detailed
during
account
of
struggles
dence
period.
Julio
Chile

led

restored

aristocracy,
the

war

perceived

be

brought

and

pelucones,

between

recreating

more

the

only

forces

their

criterion

the

at

centralist

pipiolos,

friends

landed

1830,

civil

its

1833
Chile's

intermittent
of

could

harmony

society

defeated

of

One

Portales

by

Army

period

Anarguia.

Constitution.

the

year

particular,

the

In
and

the

in

channeled

a century.

opponents,

not
circum-

framed

which

peluconos,

was

and,

who

conservative

the

seven

wen

system

and

peaceful

impersonal

ingenuity

the

almost

more

democratic

known

lasting

the

1830

and

human
of

for

politics,
and

an

and

Lircay,

of

to

much

owed

deep

less

or

after

fortuitous

of

which

gulfs

countries.
more

and

Nonethe-

less

rather

experienced

product

development

political

to

Chile

the

American

sustained

of

(4)

that

were

and

Centralist,

power.

meant

Latin

Santiago

and

for

Chile

most

period

Chile

Constitution

in

in

the

stance.

in

groups

which

altogether

to

battled
cohesion

than
The

Federalist

as

Conservative

from

rule

accept

wars

underlying

separated
less

civil

and

less,

to

reluctant

(4)

Chilean
for
a
Independo

05"
They

the

restored

'democratic'
crats

regimes
the

and

tion

Church

the

and

of

separation
invested
while

and

firmly

the

in

despite

hands

enlightened.
the

of

taken

to

an

institutional

not

permitted

Congress,

more

Chilean

society
which

serve

a relatively

that

to

finance

over

had

and

of

providing

groups
peaceful

the

could
manner.

franchise

Presidency,
remained

limit

participation

popular

Constitution

was

still,
did

two

the

Armed
of

from

dissolve,

In

given
sum,

and

recognising

for

and

was

Forces.

acceptable

were

terms

bes-

in

relationships

compete

were

Presidents

not

power

responsi-

degenerate

consecutive

merits

un-

not

steps

not

could

an

the

made

was

dictatorship.

and

the

However,

important

existing

upon

for
the

the

was

Republic

the

control

example,

than

more

power

aristocracy.

1833

Presidents

the

rival

for

a personal

Constitution
legitimacy

elections

Presidency

the

that

to

towing

in

state

to

powers
1833

within

for

which

limited
the

Education,

ensure

limiting

the

total

envisaged

severely

attempt

and,

was

landed

the

of

process,

political

bility

role

the

of

principle

of

of

republican

current

President

1833

the
form

almost

ensured

deliberate

the

the

friends

In

the

while

the

indirect
his

and

then

recognised,

By

instituting

Portales

the

consultative

legislature.

by

to

aristo-

reorganisa-

a quasi-monarchical

of

office

a primarily

bi-cameral

in

powers

the

in

was

through

militia.

Thus,

norms.

landed

the

Army

civilian

adapted

suitably

from
the

instituted

constitutional

and

and

curbed

of

they

government

confiscated

previous

which

properties

had

creation

Constitution,

and

privileges

framework
political

power

.6.
Under
the

experienced

century,

mining

banking

came
based

was

not

new

middle

primarily

sectors

businessmen
increasingly
social

a new

However,

to

able

challenge

the

the

landed

flexibility

in

elites
basis

revolve

of

or

Two issues
century
and

powers

together

to

wished

the

emergence
the

thwarted
of

their

Chile

intense

become
of

their

number,

personal

series

of

efforts
joined

to
with

secure
the

considerable
commercial
on

re-drawn

dominated

nineteenth

to

authoritarianism
Church.

the

In

for

issues.

These

issues,

between

those

lay

Republic,

loosely-knit

century.

on

continued

rivalries
of

not

willing

religious

the

of

was

being

presidential

President

mid-nineteenth
in

from
policy,

particular

privileges

and
the

with

who

in

in

politics

the

and

the

of

class

new

an

form.

forces

showed

mining

of

to

ruling

and

commerce;

end

change
new

socio-economic

in

lower

social

far

wealth

and

demands

aristocracy

constitutional

around

and

began

generate

divisions,

class

banking

the

traditional

the

absorbing

political

and

to

whose

class
and

economic

emerged

the

at

developod;

functionaries

to

and,

economic
scale

on
men,

artisan

large

Indeed,

power.

the

urban

mid-century

sufficiently

but

response

economy

complex
scale,

and

in

appeared

land

professional

With

elites

sustained

nineteenth

were

flourish.

new
on

the

of

resources
to

change;

social

decades

middle

began

for

necessary

agricultural

and

commerce

and

growth

the

In

Chile

Constitution,

stability

and

peace

1833

the

of

aegis

growth.

economic

the

parties

political

the
the

remnants

1840s,

some

the

pelucones,
for

presidency
of

behind

pip

one

solos

"7"
the

form

to

Liboral(PL)

Partido

to

split

Conservador(PC),

which

Partido

the

its

liberties
form

If

did

in

the

The

and

social

tion

from

the

(6)

new
issue
in
factor

and
these

of

PLC

more

defence

of

public

broke

social

mili-

to

away

change

its

newer

drew

its

the
from
PC

landowners

landowners,

of

manifestation

years

the

Catholic

businessmen.

the

support

elites;

played

of

sectors

drew

the

over

parties,

particular

example,

progressive

The

state
PR was,

mid-century

leadership

economic
and

inspira-

elites.

mining
of

side.

(6)

and

it

and

the

of

traditionalist

since

change

government's

secular-minded

clearest

catalyst

significant

the

of

and

The
a

for

PL,

PH represented

the

of

Parte

pelucones

position,

Liberals,

with

hacendados

voice

functionaries
perhaps,

emergence

the

its

economic

associated

devout
the

while

only

the

class.

became

main

Radical(PR).

become

less

body

the

Church's

wing
and

Later,

caused
the

took

left

the

mid-century

role

ruling
the

the

Partido

the

they

the

anti-clericalism
than

minor

defended
which

18603

the

in
in

parties;

Nacional(PN),

Finally,
tant

two

producing

again,

Church

the

on

curbs

liberties.

public

to

hostile

administration

an

which

greater

and

powers

presidential

for

pressed

presidential
formation

the
in

Chile's

was

authoritarianism
of

political

constitutional

parties

not

but

development.

Chilean
development
Standard
of
works
on the
poliinclude
tical
Alberto
Edwards
parties
and Eduardo
Frei,
Historia
de los
chilenos
olfticos
partidos
(Santiago,
Evoluci
1949);
lien
Echaiz,
Leon
n de log
(Santiago,
2nd ed.,
1971)politicos
chilenos
artidos
Los
Germ fin Urz
Valenzuela,
See also
partidos
a
(Santia-o,
1968r
chilenos
politicos

08.

the

nineteenth

one

famous

the
saw

Chilean
in

power

balance

century

Republic,
power

presidential

ference
constitutional
into

1880s,

strong

and

Congress

could

who

President

Balmaceda

although,

ironically

the

forefront

In

the

face

to

rule

without

cipitated

the

beginning

(7)
(8)

of

enough,

as

battle

the

the

arduous

Revobtion
stage

is

usually
of

Chile's

Congress
by
for

that
he

had

presidential

his

own
taken

any

position
been
power.
tried

Balmaceda
action

the

1880s,

late

the

precisely

an
and

followed,

task

congressman

altogether,

Revolution

final

an

curb

inter-

that,

strong

obstructionism,

Congress

1891

a
to

congressional

1891

in

1861,

to

converted

In

himself

1833

So

hostility.

found

of
of

The

governing

its

incurred

president

in

make

Thus,

which

which

body.

independent

often

congressional

Republic

passed

were

reforms

is

from
by

the

Indeed,

development.

troubled

Liberal

the

during

while

()

dated

to

wrestled

Congress

Chile's

generally

in

according

Parliament

and

and

pre-

history
way,

England.

in

little

same

King

President

between
periods

Autocratic

the

century

seventeenth

distinguish

to

in

that

writer,

power

of

its

constitutional

much

of

arms

defending

or

expanding

Chile's

characterised

rogatives,

used

on

legislative

and

executive

intent

each

government,

for

the

between

Conflict

which
downfall.
to

development

mark

pre(8)
the
under

See Alberto
Edwards
La Fronda
Aristocrtica
(Santiago,
1936).
For
contrasting
views
on the
subject
contentious
1891
the
Revolution,
origins
of the
see Harold
of
British
Politics
Blakemore
Nitrates
Chilean
and
(London,
1886-1896
Ram rez
197
and Iiernan
Balmaceda
Necochea
Contrarevoluc16n
de 1891
y la
(Santiago,
3rd
1972).
edn.,

9"
0
1833

the
As

its

the

Constitution
name

by

Emboldened

government.
Congress

began

Republic

with

an

critics,

with

a decreasing

terial

to

lic

became

a working
tasks

and
loose

influence

structure

of

the

task

of

which

often

ably,

the

weak,

uncertain

the
this

(9

constructing

a
the

eluded
Parliamentary

challenge
reputation

and
of

corrupt

well

of
came

governments
and
have

social
been

See Ricardo
Donoso
Alessandri,
(2 vols.
:-Mexico
1952)
City,
ful
survey
of
contemporary
Parliamentary
Republic.

patronage
but

the
suscepti-

fragmentation

congressional

astute

Republic

economic
may

most

means

their

and

and

stable

the

made

be

Inevit-

undeserved,

with

associated

incapable
change.

one

majority

presidents.
to

of

need

routine

state

results

conflicts

Re-

most

over

parties

puband

in

possessed

election

internal

fierce

to

of

efficiency

the

the

and

Parliamentary

perform

control

political

office,

themselves

still

through

the

found

Presidents

Congress

to

some

congressional

details

minute

of

to

to

Minis-

the

of

inimical

Congress

to

bility
the

in

Liberal

according

from

most

Presidents

ability

the

use

ministers
the

the

responsibility.

features

government.

influence

the

Revolution,

under

won

of

arm

1891

the

and,

of

a manner

striking

majority

of

by

in

Increasingly,

public.

sense

Congress
in

had

frequency

remove

and

it

saw

executive

in

victory

Republic.

Republic
the

over

powers

caused

administration,

Parliamentary

its

increasing

of

dispatch,

the

use

censure

interference

to

to

instability,

faculty

the

legislature

the

of

Parliamentary

so-called

suggest,

might

ascendency

the

of

(9)

meeting

While
it

led

demoledor
agitador
for
i,
pp178-191
a useopinion
the
critical
of

10
.
broad
to

sectors

be

done

to

purge

twentieth

early

which

War

the

Chile

Tarapac

and

general

experienced

needs

had

an

even

came

to

play

of

nitrates

exports
source

from

bulk

fell

(10)

(11)

of

for

Chile's

late

the
an

the

share

By

defeating

the

finances.

statu

and
of

between
of

Moreover,

its

of
most

foreign
important

own

internal
The

market
industry

through
Taxes

43%

social

its

the

most

development

workers.

the

Chile's
in

satisfy

economy

and

of

profound

of

became

Peru

factor

the

expansion

in

victory

became

key

to

of

and

deposits

the

services

average

of

Chile's

stimulated

on

control

nineteenth

in

brought

sourcee(11)

under

the

economic

and

swiftly

numbers

rapidly

this

the

and

government

obtained

governments

rapidly

large

an

impact

in

revenue

of

income

to

greater

in

system

nitrate

which

and

contributed
to

had

something

social

found

industry

nitrate

wages

be

industry

expansion

paying

rapid

Nitrates

industries

and

the

rich

Antofagasta.

by

it

the

export

ancillary

political

(1879-1883).

acquired

The

the

in

can

Pacific

economic

changes.
of

Chile

important

most

of

century

Bolivia,

that

(10)

cause

the

of

and

major

twentieth

early

believe

reform

century.

The
change

to

Chileans

of

the
levied

on

important
1880

total

since

the

investors,
export

the

single

and

their

role

1920,
annual
industry
the

industry

See Julio
Heise
CTonzlez
Hi5toria
de Chiles
El
Periodo
Parliamentario,
(Santiago,
1861-1925
1974)
5, for
Part
the
defence
an interesting
of
record
of
Parliamentary
the
Republic.
Ramirez
Hernn
Necochea
op cit,
p14.

11

.
in

received

was
tion

the

of

complex

the

the

of
the

vagaries

economy

became

hostage

(12)

The

was

Middle

great.

men,

commercial

and

industrialists

small

the

demands

the

processes

and

the

of

was

their

traditional

occupation

by

attracted
nities*
in

the

Chileans
During

the

flocked
north

to
and

lived
almost

the

the

major
south

towns

as

the

same

period,

more

than

facturing

zone

around

(13)

of

trebled

cities

and

and

Concepcidn

professional

to

meet

still,
and

deprived

the

coalmining
south

of
and

better

new

opportuzones

productive
1907,43%

By
27%

an

agriculture

and

population

the

growth
industry

in

with

in

indus-

stimulated

country.

the

whole

single

workers,

wages

the

the

striking

a decline

compared

was

expanded

were

the

turn,

businessmen,

higher

of

the

economic

more

Farm
by

in

provinces

(12)

Perhaps

created.

prospect

sum,

nitrate

migration

proletariat

In

functionaries,

economy.

urban

its

society

manufacturers

internal

of

the

in

the

and
to

this

the

Chilean

government

invest-

tied

by

of

sectors

private

directly

of

indirectly,

or

growth

of

consequence

initiated

economic

fortunes

the

not

demand.

integra-

the

economy

which,

world

to

social

directly,

promoted

was

industry
of

Thus,

and

of

spend

nitrate

to

try.

motor
to

subject

the

spending

principal

capacity

prosperity

taxes.

into

Government

process.

government's

these

of

industry

nitrate

became

ment

form

the

in
of

of

1875.

(13)

the

nitrate

and

manu-

experienced

See Anibal
Pinto,
(Santiago,
Chile,
Hoy
1970)
ed.
for
but
pp9-16,
discussion
a brief
clear
of the
impact
the
industry
of
nitrate
economy.
on the
Julio
Cesar
Jobet
Enaa
desarrollo
del
o Critico
ecodo Chile
n6mico
1955)
social
Santiago,
ppl32-133.

all

12
0
a similar

employed

were

17,000

mines,

the

nitrate

on

the

railways

working

the

and

in

customed

living

the

and

the

worker

was

and

dependent

of

workers

by

affected

to

according

It

fell

peso

was,

working

worker

experienced

ness

and

specifically

(14)
(15)

(16)

becoming

by

which

his

may

have

but

the

fourfold

and

inflationary

which
led

designed

between

living

to
to

the

cost
1891

to

creation

defend

the

value
while,

consumer

of

(16)

1908.
much

as

the

which

of

1910

and

and

develop

itself
The

pressure
conditions

helped

number

Chile

1880

em-

and

increasing

inflation.

real

fundo

the

employer

wages,

between

source,

this

on

time

any

from

an

persistent

two-thirds

survival;

brought

as

iden-

industrial

of

daily

ac-

first

the

For

and

been

class

of

between

dependent

slow

for

Indeed,

eroded.

had

regimentation

workers

harsh

often

sense

develop.

interest

of

another

perhaps,

different

coal

of

numbers

worker

strong

to

the

migrant

increased

articles

the

manufacturing

were

the

which
a

wages

on

swiftly
were

to

to

exposed

large

which

began

community

a
was

the

those

the

which

concerning

was

conditions

consciousness

illusion

of

workers

in
in

71,000

of

countryside,

tity

ployee

10,000

and

concentration

from

different

life

50,000

some

fields,

in

With

very

1910,

By

(15)

industries.

in

(14)

increase.

class

as

the

migrant
conscious-

organisations

interests

of

the

Reyes
Enrique
El Desarrollo
Con dencia
do In
(Santiago,
Proletaria
1973)t
ppa -3
"
flarrfa
Jorge
Seren
Los inovimientos
sociales
del
Univereidad
Inerooria,
principios
sip lo XX
1953)
Chile,
pp10_13.
Ibid.
Julio
Cesar
Jobet
p18:
p. 134.
opcit

working

de
de

13
.
.
classes.

Perhaps
class

working
provinces
of

nitrate

with

the

from

company
camp

a brutal
the

impartial

justice,

gambling
medical
nitrate

with

the

of

these

was

when,
and

See
the
of

by

the

lack

or

choice,

lack

and

of

proper

language
nitrate

to

workers

identity

class

they

jowl

administrative

often
the

of

by

cheek

transmitted

regularly

schools

complaints

of

of

poor

prostitution,

scattering

that

sometimes

of

living

sense

departure

and

the

and

worker

convenience

system,

perennial

wonder

strong

necessity

southern

truck

of

the
and

to

liquor,

pastimes
Small

was

prices

of

rudi-

kingdoms

The

Moreover,

a particularly
which

the

were

(17)

different.

solidarity

(17)

distilling

lifestyles,

whose

developed

toleration

most

discipline

and

rights,

open

workers

nitrate

very

Chile

workers.

personnel

central

illegal

and

civil

the

attention

the

of

of

absence

hostile

provided

own

fashion.

were

the

private

access

order

maintained

arbitrary

and

its

at

numbers

the

in
in

store

controlled

police

and

the

compp6ny

life

of

large

camps

of

nitrate

means,

Lacking
were

The

necessities

the

water,

camps

companies.

the

while

desert.

Atacama
the

unscrupulous

constructed

poorly

amenities,

the

were

the

of

mentary

in

in

together

by

recruited

often

the

There,

Tarapac.

and

in

than

seen

formation

the

of

process

better

Antofagasta

workers,

isolation

the

consciousness

of

herded

is

nowhere

other

returned

and
parts
to

the

copies
responses

of

provinces.

Enrique

Reyes,

nitrate
government

workers'
and

op
the

ccit,
pp129-211
complaints
and
employers.

for
the

14
.
.
The

identity.
found

those
of

the

tion

the

in

migrant
of

similar

to
and

change
the

society,

which

tion

until

security

sense

for

better

nineteenth

pay

and

Congreso

Social

year.
the

(18)

and

conditions.

Jorge

first

form

1902
Obrero,

and

Barria

country

id-century

for

with
instruction

Sern

music

pp

cit,

impact

movement

20,000

in

societies

societies

which

education.

p67.

employers
of

late
con-

grew

the

members

mutualist

and

Generally,

organisation,

claimed
the

social

fighting

the

a national

organisa-

worker

political

with

mutualist

rnutualist

members.

not

Under

class

provided

its

was

The
of

century,

concerned

which

with

form

usual

economic
artisan

1853.

in

basis,

created

urban

an

of

belonged

experienced

of

most

the

change

concerned

particularly

(18)

not

Associated

philharmonic

the

Chile,

benefits

was

in

in

twentieth

and

century

siderably

development

the

trade

class

the

society

on

of

sense
for

creation

educational

form.

intensive

development.

the

into

well

forma-

the

towards

clear

experiences

significance

mutualist

remained

organised

partisan

1s
the

and

first

and

was

of

mirrored

the

less

places
class

of

coalfields

tended

of

that

which
stage

social

in

movement

class

earlier

produced

it

profound

organisation

an

if

only

sense

while

towns

the

the

means

strong

southern

development

had

no

provinces

in

the

working

worker

the

attitudes,

consciousness
the

foster

nitrate

worker

While

of

in

Conditions

by

were
to

helped

conditions

where

fields

nitrate

in
were

were

that

15
.
.
Towards
ing

class

conflict

society

for

by

resistance
the

in
in

the

was

founded,

the

mancomunal.

Iquique
mutualist
cursor
socialist

and

The

the

modern

the

certain

societies
(19)

of

life.

the

they

A government
in

claiming
while

1910

reported

59,136
the

survey

members,

mancomunal

not

of
only

seems

both

true

the

Lota,

the

prewith

Coronel

However,

of

that

of

in

appeared

Associated

all
a

amongst

appear

to

have

forms

of

worker

total

7 were
to

the

while

influential

were

do

society

mancomunales

1900.

workers,

in

appeared

was

Copiap6,

mancomunal

port-

seamen

features

union.

Taltal,

and

Lota,

and

first

influence,

following

years

sectors

organisation
sations

Tocopilla,

society

trade

1898,

resistance

and

and

workers

organisation

essential

anarchist

of
in

first

society

Chilean

than

in

in

resistance

a long

resistance

in

bakers

which

the

Santiago

miners

worker

mancomunal,

combined

the

created

of

action.

groups

the

pay

militant

in

and

after

form

and

resistance

better

for

other

provinces

Shortly

and

to

the

workers

ideas

anarchist

fight

including

northern

rather

Lebu

shop

country

1900,

of

direct

spread

another

in

by

members

(19)

Valparafso.

to

railway

of

organisation

designed

sharpen-

century,

nineteenth

penetration

worker

society

elsewhere

were

of

its

founded

workers

the

specifically

conditions

the

form

the

of

end
and

a new

produced

First

the

have

of

433

had

organi-

resistance
disappeared

For
general
the
accounts
of
class
organisaworking
tions
in
Chile
in
the
late
and early
nineteenth
twentieth
Jobet
Cesar
Aecabarrent
centuries
see Julio
Los on
del
del
ones
movimiento
obrero
socialismo
(Santiago,
1955);
chileno
Chelen
Alejandro
Rojas
Trayectoria
del
(Buenos
Socialismo
Aires,
1967)
and
Marcelo
Segall
Desarrollo
del
Capitalismo
on Chile
(Santiago,
1953).

16
.
.
(20)

altogether.
then,

were

the

of

in
in

strikes
viewed

to

effort
tion

direct

some

and

sometimes

between

(1905)

responses

of

found

for

the

1907

where

peaceful

to

which,
the

some

treatment

Army
crowd

meted

to

out

of

striking

its

workers

(20)
(21)

Jorge
Barrfa
Ser6n
op.
cit.
p67See Julio
Casar
Jobet"s ecabarren
these
a brief
account
of
strikes.

around

the

the

and

Escuela

civil

vigorous
can
in

strikers

gathered

and

While

justification

families

in

(21)
riots

opened

nitrate

tens

Valparaiso

in

(1906).

reached

machine-gunnrs

periods

killed

Army

excused
such

repression

government
There,

no

authorities

without

long

for

occasioned

extent,

quickly

employee

strikes

Antofagasta

sometimes

organisa-

and

on
and

in

an

ssociated.

and

dragged

workers

and

themselves

strikers

decade.

of

in

worker

were

Police

they

and

peacefully

others

hundreds

Santiago

they

of

of
was

repression

employer

bloodshed.

in

equanimity

settled

were

strikes

ended

disturbances

but

which

intervention,

and

the

with

negotiation

government

(1903),

militant

frequency
century

physical

their

was

mancomunal

type

more

strikes

most

and

short

relatively

twentieth

with

process

societies.

increasing

the

of

authorities

the

crush
the

and

Although
by

the

judicial

to

resorted

decade

the

the

The

actions.

first

by

for
and

organisations

worker
instruction

and

society

strike

the

of

majority

reasons

major

resistance

involvement

not

the

of

vast

philharmonic

mutualist,
One

life

The

Iquique

in

for

that

climax
fire

be

on
and

Santa

ppl14_ll7,

a dense
their

Maria;

for

17
.
.
2,000

some

people

dealt

strike

The
by

the

developments

economic

ted

social

Partido

Liberal
the

after

putes

an

Revolution,

in

larger

even

(23)

ships.

none

their

as

the

tried

In

a problem

to

condition

terms

be

solved

the

their

capture

new

of

working
sup-

political

working

rather

relation-

degrees

designed

the

disshould

class

varying
of

that

labour
state

of

showed

the

and

idea

the

the

that

specifically

political

PL

of

regulation

to

the

papal

balmacedistas

by

settlement

parties

for

them

the

programmes

adopting

needs.

seen

of

in

the

accepted

PR proposed

these

concern

classes,
by

the
role

While

paternalistic

port

1906,

the

incorpora-

in

down

formed

in

unaffected

nineteenth

ideology;

eventually

intervene

should

while,

play

its

working

not

PC formally

laid

Democrtico(PLD),

1891

state

into

Chilean

were

late

the

principles

Novarum

Rerum

encyclical

the

christian

the

Iquique

years.

by

1901,

In

the

of

parties

produced

change.

to

several

political

established

century

repression
blow

moral

took

recovery

social

the

The

and

a physical

movement;

class

(22)

died,

to

meet

classes

were

than

make

a concerted

force

to

be

harnessed.

The
to

attempt
such

was

first

represent

the

Radicals

political,

social

(23)

and

Partido

dissident

(22)

political

First
140
but

party
to

appeal

DemScrata(PD),
in
and

official
dead
and
the
figure
now.
puted
See Peter
G.
1972)
Aires,

1887.
economic

to
the

working

founded

Aiming

at

emancipation

classes
by

group

less

nothing
of

the

as

than

of
the

people

the
reports
of
massacre
claim
only
(La
Patria,
wounded
Iquique,
24.12.1907)
29000
dead
is
of
not
generally
disSnow,
Radicalismo
pp57-59.

Chileno,

(Buenas

18

.
PD adopted

the
tion

of

in

stated

its

entirety,

objective.

(24)

emerged

within

affected

by

and

of
day

to

whether
if

supported

of

approach
1901

support
the

in

Alianza
on

the

the

by

in

emphasis

greater

workers'

organisations

(24)

Julio

(25)

Both

(26)

coalitions

based

on

who

Cesar

and
third

differed
they
and

Jobet,

placed
to

direct

Recabarren,

question

the
the
the

PL,

the

or

the

and
in

partiwho

at

this

who

had

currents
to

urged

stage,
was

or

other

PD

the

against

doctrinarios

PD's

be

should

argued

need

the

of

socialist

from
on

the

a breach

Democrats,

socialist

caused

questions,

Even

reglamentarios

political

doctrinarios,

(26)

of

the

oponed

the

was

politics

These

Liberal.

1890s,

the

PD was

great

and

soon

which

two

reglamentarios,

The

issue

the

existence

current.

by

coalition

coalition,

the

caused

the

elections,

Alianza

first,

in

PC. (25)

the

the

the

of

Liberal,

between

conflict

democratic

the

the

either

for

appear

of

which

the

years

presidential

complicated

to

early

so,

between

cipation

divisions

participate

based

Coalicidn,

in

the

factions

from

Perhaps

the

of

short

if

even

which,

fallen

almost

implementa-

the

different

Several

differences.
in

for

programme

have

would

internal

serious

conflict

and,

reform

PD which,

the

personal

most

incoherent

fight

to

means

electoral

a rather

enacted

social
begun
in

create

activities

pp126-128.

the
CoaliciSn
the
Alianza
Liberal
and
were
crein
191
the
Congin
ated
when
support
of a majority
became
Although
for
ress
the
essential
presidents.
CoaliciSn
it
1919,
survived
until
was replaced
when
by the
UniSn
Nacional,
Liberal
the
Alianza
and
until
1925,
their
to change
tended
component
parties
sides
they
Presidents,
their
for
felt
when
wished.
part,
the
to rule
no binding
obligation
coalition
with
which
had elected
them.
Lia
Cortes
Fuentes
Dicand Jordi
(Santiago,
Politico
1967)
do Chile
cionario
pp31-33"
do Petris
f; ctor
del
Partido
Giesen,
llistoria
Democra(2vemnoria,
tico
1942)
de Chile,
Universidad
ppl
-33"

19
.
.
strongly

more
of

the

Democrats

socialist
did

they
1905.
of

1906,

PD for

Escuela

Socialista
the

provided
precursor

Not

PCCh,

all

socialists

only

working
support

amongst

the

decades

of

Chilean
this

anarchism

began

anarchists,

for

tion

(27)
(28)

(29)

of

the

and

(29)
which

to

bear

example,

resistance

the

lay

claim

to

An

ideology
had

was

anarchism.

fruits

at

were
societies

the

were

was

the

allegiance

which

attracted
influence
first

the

turn

prime
and

immediate

POS nor

Like

the

and

(28)

greater

during

Santiago.

members

leaders.

to

classes

working

a more

the

its

of

the

in

200

some

probably

1906,

In

Socialista

have

to

and

becoming

belonged

ideology

century

hold.

Escuela

many

with

classos.

lasting

reglamentarios

towards

to

control

capture

Socialista(P0S),

Obrero

the

the

socialism

the

the
their

step

came

Partido

of

break

forming

by

group

but

period
to

to

PD until

the

within

the

1901,

in

doctrinarios

managed

socialists

of

most

although

a faction

as

a further

took

cohesive

the

the

act

combined

socialists

of

to

a brief

doctrinarios

the

betterment

economic

and
Howevor,

supported

begin

not
In

the

The

(27)

class'.

working

'moral

the

towards

two

socialism,
of

the

movers

in

prominat

century
the
in

formaa

Reyes,
Enrique
op. cit.
p42.
Escobar
Andros
in
Hevista
Occidente,
y Carvallo
/Feb.
122(JMn.
1960)
interestno.
pp6-1
an
gives
,
ing
the
account
of
early
struggles
socialists
of the
the
inside
PD.
Other
by the
same author
articles
in I(evista
Occidente,
119,120
nos.
and 121 are
in
the
useful
the
also
study
working
of
early
class
in
Chile.
organisations
See Julio
C6sar
Johet's
Hiecabarren,
for
pp93-101
a
brief
account
of
other
socialist
parties
which
the
turn
the
emerged
at
of
century.

20

.
important

of

number

Iquique

fated

its

helped

embraced
form

to

working

firstly,

were,

political
politics;
action

the

present
the

workers'

POS grew

But

century

figure

prominent

to

only
joined

he

learn
first

complementary
years.

some

bourgeois

the

a rejection

of

electoral

in

direct

independent,

to

were

attitudes

with

formidable

obstacles

this

background

of

the

of
to

be

to
by

the

the

trades

showed

with

express

his

youth

saved

the

Constitutionalist

his

in

him

from

the
Army,

POS and

man

who

came

be

of

fourteen

this

most
movefamily

loft

he

In

typesetting.

joining

the

squad.
in

Balmacedista
from

it

subverting

served

the

a modest

and

firing

to
of

class

working
into

its

decade
to

born

by
of

the

day,

printing

mettle

burgeoning

socialist

of

second

this

are

of

purpose

the

Chilean

was

At

the

of

in

politics

1876.

spread

examine

made

Recabarren

the

the

out

produced

in

Valparaiso

school

anarchism

of

considered,

Emilio

Luis

ment.

Army

is

who

of

must

class

working
and

for

Both;.

proceeding

mention

dominate

1891,

and

before

development,

in

out

organisations

ideas.

PCCh

the

those

come.

The
labour

and

ortranisations.

POS and
to

years

major

a belief

secondly,

and,
by

hence,

and,

short-

rejection

a complete

process

particular,

survived

and

beyond

In

ideals.

which

attitudes

far

stretched

two

groups
usually

were

anarchism

articulate

and

class

These

its

the

Although

impact

ideological

formally

who

by

generated

organisations
lived,

1907.

of

ill-

the

including

movements,

strike

strike

the

within

Later,

he

Norte

Chico

21
.
.
to

non-commissioned

and

rose

the

PD because

fit

class

working
PD,

he

swiftly

and

in

1897

to

turning

real

in

career

the

in

Social

Gregorio

Trincado,

the

founder

invited

him

to

who

for

newspaper
invitation,
first

the

a long

tunity

to

stand

1906

an

election

to

seat;

him

in

that

same

ment
ended
(30)

(31)

of

Recabarren'e

create.

in
in

the

as

For

he was

his

By now
of

the

found

and

El

Congress,

Antofagasta
a figure

Recabarren's

of

Tocoa

Trincado's

him

the

he was
the

however,

in

-a

strike

life

refused
agitator

supposed

national

to

oppor-

Antofagasta

his

early

of

operate

a labour

as
for

in

which

for

the

of

Trabajo,

gave

he

attention

accepted

deputy

sentenced

already

Santiago,

mancomunal

Tocopilla
for

The

conference
to

the

current

when,

and

newspapers

reputation

in

strike

1903

founded

and

he won.

which

in

Recabarren

in

candidate

year

details

to

work

of

bloodshed.

go north

workers'

because

1906

the

Tocopilla

line

socialism.

came

of

In

colleagues,

to

national
he

mancomunal.
to

went

of

There,

Obrero.

the

socialist

Valparaiso

second

Congreso

pills,

came

joined

(31)

like-minded

PD round

circles

organise

the

he
of

party'.

with
with

the

his

Democrat

to

chosen

together

bring

point
in

prominent
was

1905,

and

betterment

class

himself

identified

1894

In

the

sought

a working

was

and

himself

pledged

it

said

(30)

rank.

and

involvewhich

had

prominence,
see

Julio

Jobet's
Csar
Recabarren,
pp7-8
selectas
and Obras
Emilio
de Luis
Hecabarren
(Santiago,
1917)
ppl3-15.
Fernando
See also
(Santiago,
Alegria
Recabarren
1938)
biography,
which,
is
although
a fictionalised
held
to adhere
known
generally
to the
facts.
strictly
Official
PCCh publications
to
neglect
generally
Recabarren"s
to Balmaoeda,
mention
active
opposition
his
death
became
who after
to
rapidly
the
a hero
Left.
El Des ertar
de los
Trabs
Iquique,
12.9.1912.
adores,
(Cited
hereafter
as DTIQ.

22

.
fled

Recabarren

to

the

Argentina,
Party,

according

to

to

the

to

do

gaol

Sebond

sentence
In

with

other

Santiago,
to

went

to

accounts

he

met

Chile

became

active

in

1911,

after

members

of

that

in

province

clear

Recabarren

political

party

that

at

in

the

the

of

a new

party

With

the

approach

emergence

inevitable.
the
up

old

feud

rivals

vied

forthcoming
secure
Democrat,

(32)

(33)

between

for

the

nomination
Pedro

the

PD's

Araya,

and

for
was

Iquique,
a deputy's
already

more.
matter
PD in

the
he

proceeded

reorganise

not

1912

altogether
form

to

the

and

locally,

possible,

if

made
not

congressional

their

more
as

flared

conservative
in

candidates

Recabarren
seat
sitting

elections,

doctrinarios

and

of

configuration

entirely

nomination
In

is

nationally

of

his

served

1larch

the

decided

reglamentarios

elections.
the

both

Democrats

socialist

while

PDT

to

for

definitely
point,

circumstances

of
where

it

authority

electoral

and

While

the

once

an

Iquique)

preparation

had

no
he

faction

(33)

elections.

whether

(in

had

Tarapac

where

affiliated

1908,

over

to

Europe,

PD politics

socialist

withdrew

congressional

new

the

he
in

quarrelling

newspaper

another

PD in

In
he

although

Argentine

the

Lenin,

to

and

in

Europe.

Returning

Recabarren

found

the

then

International

so-(32)

involved

first

He went

arrest.

avoid

he became

and

some

to

country

where

Socialist

the
to

managed

even
for

though

that

Soviet
The
historian
Vassili
Yermolaev
that
claims
Recabarrn
Lenin
in
twice
1908;
in Brussels
met
by Jorge
Soza
Egaiia
in
Santiago,
Al Siglo,
article
2.1.1972.
Andros
Escobar
that
claimed
y Carvallo
Aecabarren
Second
the
PD to the
Interaffiliated
in Revista
122.
Occidente
national
no.
for
Ibid.
details
dispute
Recabarren's
the
of
with
Santiago
socialists.

PD

23
.
.
Despite

Araya's

Santiago,

the

constituency.
in

leadership
nomination

with

(34)

election.
but

the
In

Recaharren

total

of

if
the

the

failure

by

finally

the

PD's

working

the

on

In

classes.

electoral

pacting

exploiting

classes

bourgeois,

had

needs

of

the

In

sum,

handing

no

people
activities

propaganda

Hecabarren
the

had

leaders

workers

not

the
in

recent

he

that

and

knowledge
and
or

the
of

showed

no

the
to

of

leadership
and
to

22.2.1912.
DTI(,
E1 rarapaca
Iquique

(36)
(37)

Popular
Grito
El
Iquique
21.5.1912.
D1'Iq
iecabarren
in
DL6.6.1912.
reasons

carry

POS in

the

policies
the

the

policy
the
was

material
out
press.

party
leadership

national

the

of

advantage

concern

the

of
that

a definite

(34)
(35)

stage

from

doctrinal

bourgeois

break

claimed
the

the

PD

Congress,

interests

national

create

accused
over

to

the

in

years,

the

in

results

creation

served

worked

to

made

election,,

politics

others

particular,
had

had

that

majority

and

that,

1912

news

coalition

justified

grounds

of

PD had

the

promised

the

and

a government

Recabarren

(out

Tiraoac

the

the

its

Recabarren

persuaded

1912

Chile

in

in

votes

produce

take

to

supporting

PD. (36)

of

in

intended

further

to

pact

61

which

a pact

exchange

elsewhere

and

leadership

of

the

of

Tarapaca

June

to

Coalicin

with

PD

the

and

endorsed

defeated

soundly

Araya's

1912

the

(35)

cast).

Recabarren

in

stood

national

Recabarren's

annul

were

to

votes

votes

ngly,

gruc.

both

event,
599

13,000

Although

fully,

the

to

both

that

result

polled

some

PD refused

PD's

the

to

protests

exploitation

(37)

of
-a

70-19126.9.1911;
expanded

ELI
on

11.5.1912.
these

24

the

inside

Santiago

before

it

that

P03

had

changed

its

it

was

time,

politics
groups

to

from

Although
Tarapac,
1915

Congress
and

that

activity

At
one

the

of

of

spoils
of

some

arid

the

time

newest

camps

and

three

towns

the

of

which

occasional
of

the

of

square
of

monotony

its

of

any

the

of

union

movement

which

were

it

links

not

National

Both
of

was

before

socialist
the

with

dominant

the

and

nitrate

Recaharren.
Tarapaca

Republic,

of

the

all

1907
of

the

Desert,

by

the

Tarapac
them

was

Consisted

Atacama
only

In

of

part

province

interrupted

and

came

in

first

their

The

oasis.

P03

mid-1912,

foundation,

the

kilometres

importance

trade

strength

Pacific.

was

membership
the

in

leader,

Chilean

of

independently

close

P0S's

provinces

War

58,000

its

much

this,

centre

numerical

energy

in

organisation.

important
with

During

semi-autonomous

celebrated

a national

yoars

stream

characteristics

groups

most

main

the

Arenas

and

the

in

Puntas

and

relative

personality

groups

1922.

turnover

founded

the

its

industry,

small,

POS was

Tarapac,

was

in

the

these

1913,

after

the

PCCh.

created

and

to

the

Santiago

in

Despite

of

series

Tarapaca

a half

and

PCCh

a high

influence

into

over

until

existed

disputes.

developed

carried

the

irrelevant

usually

nine

of

to

name

considerable

it

and

in

break-away

similar

life-span

internal

wield

P05

Arenas.

suffered

which
bitter

and

it

and

of

socialists

many

the

of

appearance

emergence

Punta

and
The

of

the

with

coincided
in

the

PD since

by

shared

evidently

was

which

sentiment

were

the

nitrate
had
on

only
the

25
.
.
the

Iquique,

coast.

capital,

had

Pisagua

Arica

and

total

population

of

nitrate

induetry.

in

the

or

from

Bolivia

workforce
bouring

brothel

The
school

were

neither

the

nially

associated

with

more

amenities

dominant

in

designed,

formed

held

party

or
the

a
velada

P05.

the

the

province.
and

from

these

of

Chile

of

total

two

to

neigh-

groups

extent
which

often

clear

socialist
was

toured

or

a propaganda

sometimes

Enrique
Heyes,
6.8.1914.
nri

hundreds

op. cito

the

moral
form
of

p34.

of

had

fill

nitrate
workers
message.
particularly

workers

but

absence

to

would

forthe

was

parties

POS adopted

the

by

written

it

This

least,

been

had

facilities

at

the

and
Indeed,

Democratic

The

centres.

church

Party

education

educational

population
the

times.

society,

and

Politically

activities.
some

cultural

than

Liberal

and

a frontier

much

Conservative

election

at

POS's

plays,

which

out

organisations.

social

cultural

drama

performing

population

1914,

mature

rather

nor

Radical

the

forms

(38)
(39)

the

and
on

by

and

active

effects

It

tavern

the

Church

became

only

very

was

social,

the

of

Tarapac

of

organised

domain

came

sub-structure

organisations

the

(39)

1912,

the

half

almost

countries.

lacking

in

involved

provinces

Indeed,

Of

each.

directly
all

southerly

Peru.

50,000,

In

some

Almost

more

4,000

were

(38)

the

and

of

of

populations

40,000;

of

a population

110,000,42,291

from

migrants

were

had

these
social

marked

propaganda
the

vacuum.

12amj2a
themselves,
The

concert
favoured

attend

26
.
.
to

veladas
tions

hear

and

to

the

people

to

socialism
the

of

Public
to

prominence

in

there

fewer

debates

at

viewpoints

159000.

on

The

main

and

elsewhere,

the

Taltal,

POS had

most

Valparafso

Iquique

of

and

a weekly

socialist

however,

such

the

for

Iquique,
square

main
defend

between
an

their

Catholics
audience

of

the

in

ventures,

and

sometimes
publication.

between

Antofagasta
daily,

while
Although

the

and

and
1918.

published
Socialista
circulation

do

1922
El

los

El
3ocialista

The
several
of

(42)

Arenas.

Despertar

1927

1915

El

Puntas

(after

until

were

Antofagasta,

and
El

In

newspaper.

party

Iquique,

Socialista

survived

published
and

El

in

propaganda

was

newspapers

Iquique

was

of

short-lived

were

Antofagasta

(40)
(41)
(42)

where

meeting,

drew

God

Valparafso

Comunista)of

was

towns,

socialists

Concepcin,

of

a week,

in

a debate
of

unusual

In

gathered
and

Republic

coastal
of

(40)

h,ovement.

an

institution.

an

existence

seven

Trabajadores

papers

the

of

misery

the

assumed

freedom

occasion,

implement

Santiago,

Although

of

Scout

in

anarchists

the

Boy

work

(41)

Tarapac
1916,

of
workers

one

on

and,

socialists

and

hear

to

week-ends

the

throughout

on

something
of

economic

message,

restrictions

thousands

the

of

Indeed,

the

from

used

socialist

Tarapac.

became

example,

ends

debates,

and
the

were

true

the

from

ranged

which
drink,

of

evils

meetings

popularise

topics

on

speeches

declama-

recitations,

performances,

musical

newstimes

Valparafso
of

21.7.1914.
Ibid.
4.12.1914.
Ibid.
27.4.1916.
Ibid.
For
the
a detailed
study
of
between
1900
press
Osvaldo
Arias
and 1930,
see
Escobedo
La Prensa
(Santiago,
Obrera
Chile,
en

these

workers'
1970).

27
.
.

issue,

each
from

constantly

ideals

through
through

and

The

The
their

they
They

provided

groups
The

the

few

paid

were,

to

aries

exclusively

all

jobs

the

permitted

party
tion
manner,
(43)

(44)

one

the

newspaper

were

and

pu rposesq

full-time

part

the

of

often

of

the

from

these

PCCh

early

the

list

of

who

received

as
first
their

himself,

is

the
P05's
lonr*est
newspaper,
reported
500
in
1914
pesos

that

local

POS

activists.

party
to

men

who

function-

propaganda
as

party

another

Recabarren

DTJ , for
exa'uple,
successful
most
debt
monthly
of

training

only

organisation.

party
of

for

not

fact

the

given

work

to

country

Indeed,

dictated.
leaders

their
of

movement

the

to

also

lay

of

for

ground

song

literature.

meetings

on

Furthermore,

used

party's

dedicated

organisation.

from

training

in

as

intents

in

were

also

the

and

poetry

pamphlet

the

of
for

premises

served

and

but

backbone

the

constituted

socialist

POS newspapers

activities

*anda

propa:

of

the

POS news-

literature

presses

variety

importance-of

of

through

serious

newspaper

suffered
The

propagation

of

a wide

of

publication

they
(J3)

articles,

publication

form.

serialised
the

explanatory

for

3,000-14,000

of

readership,

the

undertook

the

region

difficulties.

financial

continual

the

a large

suggesting

papers

in

sometimes

were

newspapers

in

and

newspapermen

functionaries
the

needs

and

second

training
impressive.

genera-

prominent
were

in
trained

the

PCCh
in
this

in

the

way.

this

in
(44)

runninr*
and
an average
totaland debts

4,300
ling
1917;
in
17.5.1917.
21.5.1914;
pesos
Wollt
Barra
Salvador
Elias
Lafertte,
Salvador
Ocampo,
Galvarino
Gil,
,aclovio
Nufino
Galdames,
Hosas,
eplveda
Luis
Leal,
A.
119Prnhdez
Atamn

all
life,

the

of

early

years

of

its

28

.
The
to

of

absence
were
the

of

owners

Socialists

The

ter.

as

is

ary

If
it

means
been

Socialists
fice

and

The

POS's

earned
regarded
however

and
were

to

clearly

by

to

in

the

was

individuals

Julio

form

indeed,

all

political

tho

example,
perfect

Coosar

Jobet,

of

themselves,

ecabarren,

the

PD.

public

and

cooperatives.
its

in

who
process,

and

the

and

the

modify

pp33-38.

P05

ideology.
increase

as'the

socialism
who

class

anarchists'

reformism,
action

of-

ends

anarchists

accepting

identified

already

political

with

the

for

reformism

both

lines.

had

achieve

the

rank

activity
party

to

bourgeois
as

which

unions

of

without

a reformist

who

trade

revolution-

revolutionary,

elections

means

objective,

And

for

aecabarren,

in

honoured

socialist

wing

hostility

participation
noble

socialist

political

implacable

the

of

the

was

those

were

be

would

then,

were

goals

participate

of

adoption

it

them

exhorted

were

tern

and

factor

all
equal,

utopian

along

long

effect

tested

treachery.
equation

to

chose

tried

society

just

a common

free,

goal,

lat-

the

a more

where

labour,

P0S's

The

P0S's

the

and

their

of

of

reorganisation

is

the

of

of

'production

who

workers

expense

creation

production'

(45)

intelligent'.

and

(45)

fruits

the

of

of

classes,

resources

the

at
the

which

fruits

the

also

'masters

of

in

society

egalitarian

luxury

proposed

the

and

physical

and

two

into

production

mental

decadent

in

living

of

iieans

their

only

possessed
former

the

an

and
elements

essential

divided

was

society

enough;

the

Yet

attempted

romanticism

vapunness,

analysis.

profound

clear

by

P03

the

which

socialism

charactorised

was

spread

the

of

nature

their

had

29
0
.
habits

and

who

invite

the

POS welcomed

Similarly,
authorities
it
in

positively

by

some

by

made

such

means

But

despite

its

force

was

revolutionary

in

organise

not

only

trade

the

capitalist

new

society

POS very

close

was

personal

behaviour

evidence

of

objects

the

of

varying

it

built

bring

(48)

POS was
the

immediate
the

defeat
upon

units

which

brought

by

purveyed

by

the

developed

? amblinc

and

conde,

(46)

DTIg,

(47)
(48)

See,
Ibid.,

(49)

Recabarron
thinking
was
still
1921.
See,
for
his
example,
Socialist
Republic
a Federal
Julio
; (eise
Gonzlez
'riistoria

mation

P03

changes

in

visible
decadence,

moral

and
strong

the

the

and

drunkenness

of

seen

anarcho-syndicalist

physical

whoring,

need
were

in

Impressed

degrees

the

on

revolutionary

classes'

it

place,

which

as

habits.

where

a revolution-

first

nuclear

and

pro-

gains

which

beliefs

about

P05

best.

workers'

the

as

the

organisations
as

(47)

that

placed

the

part

capital.

cooperatives,

socialism

Tarapac

Drinking,

puritanism.
the

and

working

rife,

were

the

and

active

action

at

In

anarchist

and

in

particularly
disease

key

workers

an

and

arguing

senses.

the

be

its

to

the

temporary

defend

Secondly,

intended

also

as

would

(49)

rivals.

be

to

system

to

and

the

violent

emphasis

unions

also

take

reformism,

the

necessary

as

to
labour

groups

two

in

but

the

least

at

interests
of

anarchist

of

direct

rejected

would

ary

to

between

P03

the

state

lot

the

which

attempts

the

the

relations

Conversely,

few

(46)

thernselves!

perfect

the

ameliorate

encouraged

regulating

posed

others

to

made

to

venereal
of

atmak
smokinc
in

were
the

2.7.1914.

for

example,
2.7.1914.

ibid.

16.5.1912;

13.8.1914;

these
lines
along
draft
constitution
Chile,
of
reproduced
de
Chile,
pn463-475"

21.8.14.
in
for
in

30
.
.
socialist

press

turn

their

backs

from

being

good

idea

that

being

it

the

its

While

in

in

the

tic

in

decision
Iquique

their

and

to

the

the

end

of

the

P0S"s

the

habits

was

1912.

of

In

without

carried

over

ideology

were

of

when

ideology
POS had

European

Bonete,

some

was
no
or

other

POS launched

into

trouble

form

trade

particular

becoming

less

pronounced.

need

to

brand

of

against
the

with

newspapers

this

other

by

edited

attempted

and

an

campaign

socialist

priests

fuelled

a bishop-

nominally

ran

and

particu-

establish

however,

particular
any

them

was

a vitriolic
it

principles

decade,

to

socia-

most

conditions

made

the

out

1915,

to

anti-clericalism

until
In

Chile

response,
El

interna-

its

common

century,

Church

carried

priesthood

the

P08's

paper,

attack

P05's
and

in

Catholic

Christian

The

(51)

socialist

were

elsewhere
the

(50)

By

(50)

twentieth

which

social

ditions

early

and

in

courts.

turned

the

weekly

Church

local

features

of

Lafertte,

the

a good

anti-militarism

these

Thus,

anti-clerical
Elias

The

sons.

and

the

of

all

Tarapac

relevant.

by

moderate

them

prevented

brothers

features

striking

movements

larly

which

be

to

expected

PCCh.

tionalism.

events

vices

to

of

man

anti-clericalism,

list

POS were

fathers,

possible

not

family

Other
its

popular

husbands,

was

a good

into

the

on

the

of

members

and

draw
socialism

to

reupon

act

(51)

unions.
feature

on

the
to

trahe

El 13onete,
Iquique,
had a circulation
of
some 2,000
See the
issue
copies.
for
15.2.1913.
Elfas
Lafertte
that
he was only
claimed
for
the
legal
editor
pur3rotn;
the
poses;
Aguirre
real
editor
Elfas
was
Lafertte
Vida
de un Comunista
(Santiago,
1957)
P9824.12.1915.
if I

31
.
.
anti-militarist
Chilean

the

it

than

to

Chilean
their

be

own
or

as

the

change
the

and
fended

of

its

narrow

on

the

movements
shortly
Second

(52)

of

class

oppression,

golpes

of

right

to

think

deep

P0S's

and

pronounced

'bourgeois'

with

International

See,

of

for

example,

and
for

through

was

essentially

Armed

Forces

full

serios

greeted
comment

marked
working

them

membership

articles

to

Indeed,
join

the

does

not

on

the

to
the
in
Army
: masonry
its
and
right
press
which
for
1.5.8.1916;
is
defended.
DTI
certain
reforms
16.8.1916;
17.8.1916.
1.
Nunn,
Frederick
See
Politics
Chilean
1920-1931:
The
Honorable
mission

the
for

Armed
details

Forces
(Albuquerque,
the
Conspiracy
of

the

class

concern.

applied

of

they

caustic

which

PUS

one

was
Rejecting

patriotism

and

de-

(52)

itself.

world

1919

of

POS had

the

features.

the

then

identified

Conspiracy

as

revolutionary

1925,

or

their

Secondly,

internationalism

the
while

and,
aiainst

even

the

interest

foundation
and,

also

disorders

a passionate
its

it

silence

development

the

after

of

with
drunken

inevitable

the

enduring

concepts

celebrations

saw

and

of

sense

the

offended

Forces

before
1924

Firstly,

discipline.

radical

long

thus,

anti-militarism

accuse

Armed

POS clearly

Army's

POS studied

the

of

to

rate,

any

'agitators'

POS's

who

the

military

patriotic

reasons.

While

Chile

most

two

subvert

towards

source

The

the

power

to

attempted

possible

t)e

ut

those

judge

to

ent

in

the

at

century

more labour

for

had

attitude

instrum,

turentieth
far

muted

Forces

who

the

enemies.

rather

ambivalent.
the

killed

courts,

POS's

the

had

foreign

Armed

dignity

in

Army

had

tended

since,

1970)
ppll-12,
of es.
and the

of

n0117-87

32
.
"
to

apnear

Second

the

POS did

became

Recabarrenq
Recabarren
Communist

Party

foreigners
do

not

and
while

Italian,

Loj:, rqia

became

a nrominent
(55)

country.

by

illustrated
invited

to

carried

over

internationalism

(54)

(55)

the

into

in

the

fact

that

Party

by

larpe

on

socialist

PCCh.

celebrating

The

pampaq
of

practice
demat

Day with

were

usually

which

was

rated

public

their
well-

also

socialists

POS also

May

of

nitrate

is

-a

POS

the

lessons

internationalism

Congresses

Rivast

movements

Argentine

the

on

In

the

groupq
over-all

Nariano

the

learned

the

numbers

prominent

the

as
on

Arfrentineq

organisation

POS's

the

some

impact

in

who

The

National

Converselyq

became

Frattiq

force

became

a great

an

union

later

POS althoughq

presence

workersq

trade

and

(53)

their

Bolivian

some

had

have

Party-

Socialist

which

the

Nevertbelessq

political

own

to

despite
pampa.

an

in

passive

notably

Argentine

group

However,

to
most

(54)

prominent

appear

membership

the

Argentina.

of

became

the

with

(53)

internationalism

in

form

to

contact

years.

socialistst

active

helped

in

remained

several

its

Chilean

A few

theorizing.

nitrate

for

confine

not

it

pranteds

International

the

they

been

have

its

meetings

Recabarren
to the becond
Intornational
sent
a report
details
in 19121 lYfIC4
giving
of POS activities
13.2.1913.
In 19179 the POS transmitted
fears
to
its
International
the Second
that
60cialist
the Spanish
Party
iorld
War.
Spain
to enter
the First
was urging
It did
this
through
the Argentine
Party
Socialist
because
that
Interparty
was a mpmher of the jecond
to be so$.
national
and the POS 'was not yet able
5.6.1917wiq
(PCCh) Luis
Comisi6n
Nacional
de EducaciOn
Wilio
foQador
Recabarren,
del movimiento
rovolucLonario
(iantiagop
1972)
chileno
p5 and pll.
Guillermo
Lora
Nistoria
del Movimiento
Obrero
Bolivi(La Paz)(1970)
ano 1923-1933,
PP135-135.

33
"
.
occasionally,

and,
the

PO

for

example,

to

demonstrated

Mexico

then,
but

POS had

although

the

internal

differg
which

problems
tiVe

howeverg

some

fairsq

financeg

local

variationsg

the

this

is

wishes

in

(57)
(59)

of

strikers

asp

gathered
in

by

and

openness

DT-N

size

office
and

were

that

of

the

democratic

social

trade

Recabarren

the

of
All

posts
and
the

by
the

could

party

were
within
the

POS's

same

method

newspapers.
impose

not

process*(58)

complexion

the

of

POS are

3.10.1916.

l 6ocialista,
See below,
P40
in which
he did

jarntiat;
o, 15.5-1913for
a description
this.

of

one

afthe

party

election

of

to

union

Whatever

selected

administrators

say

and

by

a more

commissions

(57)

filled

Santiagog

on

work

as

denjocracy,

to

In

party

processes

the

administra-

affairs.

activity

the
and

a five-man

propaganda.

and
were

ideology

place

tend-

generally

permanent

party

internal

public

spite

to

made

and

parties

was

section's

appointing
of

local

the

discuss

elected

1915

until

Tarapaca
to

the

was

the

not

in

ideologi-

prominent
structure?

of

which

conduct

editors

The

(56)

and

press

for

were

But

day

organisation

candidates
as

periodically

by

party

Iquique

organisation

unit

aspects

characterised
the

met

attempt

such

with

in

most

organisation

footing

urofessional
deal

abroad

organisational

national

basic

to

committee

no

POS's

its

the

the

of

the

of

wbat

the

section

workers
treatment

were

Although

to

events

times

At

(56)

City.

features

ed

2,000

when

labour.

of

specific

Carranza's

against

These
cal

withdrawal

against
1916

in

protest

the

with

incident

his

34
9
.
for

matters
compiled
POS in

since

conjecture

of

and by 1917 had grown

this

last

figure

In

for

if

indicationg
skilled

there

yearal

didates

but

than

the

public

large

number
not

number.

In

19179

POS from

the

societyq

It
of

from
and

ned

was

not

to

founded

in

(59)
(60)

but

to

Iquique

Teresa
DTi
Ibid.

joined

have
in

an

was

that

and

only

eight

The

wealthy

inside
women
under

Flores.
21-11-1917-

and
the

in

were

great
the

in

excluded
ban

to

they
party

a Centro

Chilean
were

members

The

of

the

pampa

any

not
it

members#

leadership

in

foreigners

and

POS*

nitrate

element

masons

19139

Although

has been made

defending

lead

the

early

as POS can.

pos

did

become

could

the

an alien

although

the

the

meng doctors

on the

article

POS puritanism

proselytise

appeal

to

it

In

mention

workers

any

came from

appeakance

foreign

class

are

professional

Earlier

partyo(60)

brotherhoods

special

compafiera

that

claimed

keepers

Catholic

of

admittedly

charge

the

of

office

workers.

made their

appear

membership
tavern

unskilled

19500 members.

working

POS9e support

elections*

do

members

the

the

who usually

in

they

of

a scatteringr

were

and lawyerav

of

bulk

rather

be around

sectional

if

hational

unreasonable

1917 would

who occupied

the

the

300 and 400 in

POS was predominantly

the

the-man

a not

POS In

that

between

of

were

some 800 members. (59)

to

correctq

the

termst

social

butq

is

statistics

seems likely

had a membership

1915

projection

it

Howeverg

either.

Tarapaca

no accurate

of

were
made

Famenino

Recabarrenta

Centro

brothel

eventually

wara
was

35
"
"
laid

to

claim
of

welter
few

women

some

antagonisms.

did

their

make
for

The

hampered

siderably
PD

and

trading

become

that

pactag

Antofagasta

showed

elections

Nattonallyg
an
If

POS was

the

elections
Tarapach

lors
the

(61)

was

and

it

important

Ibid.

it

(65)
for

in

19?

platform

its

871.

(63)

580

it,

The

election

of

to

air

to

municipal

council-

municipal
it

Firstlyq

reasons.

efforts

representatives

municipal

its

views

Pave
and

11-10-1913.

(62)

Recabarren
Florns
Teresa
cited
the
daughter
schoolgirl
of one
P03,
bers
the
of
as parLLculnrly
18-2,1915.
Ibid.

(63)
(64)

28.3.1915;
Ibid*
28.3.1915.
Ibid.
280-1920.
DTIQ 13-4-1915.

(65)

from

early
in

success

which

to

Increased

in

six

on

two

these

in

(64)

had

several

and

coni-ressional

increased

-0.

preater

the

votes

strenoth
in

electoral

rarap&ca

in

had

unsuccessful

had

1915,

in

alone.

POS a public

votinp,

after

congresarrien.

total

this

49000

estimated

congressmen,

elect

in

POS's

the

polled

of

first

19219

of

strength

356

Of

purposes

until

first

con-

example

its

question

increase

POS

19189

not

was

the

elected

was

its

elect

steady

for

po,

the

voting

the

in

while

nrovinces

19159

of

to

POSIs

the

it
on

to

managed

Nevertheless,

1915

flexible

more

it

the

1913,

In

the

parties

although

councillors

had

other

(62)

force

follow

to

and

Tarapaca.

electoral

an

refusal

with

Thusp

votes.

municipal
it

Its

pacts

make

as

orators
in

cause

evolution

Neverthelessq

effective

Socialist

by

soon

as

In

disappeared

01)

mark

the

POS's

it

members,

nersonal

propagandists

the

40

6.3.1918.
El Socialista,

Bnrneaq
and Rebeca
founder
the
of
memorators.
effective

Antofavastaq

36
.
.

jobs

which

all

party

sinceq

members

who

10%

their

POS municipal
complying

1915,

the

POS held

presided

and
by

over

Ram&

Interestingly

Socialist

lected

to

to

but

the

Argentine

Parliamento(68)

to

create

in

Valparafso,

the

17

sections

to

in

have

it

was

necessary

co-ordinate

existed

should

lax

rather

by

congress

11 delegates

Valparafsog
The

of

it

Socialist

programme
to

bring

leave

the

the

of

first

intention

ArgentAne

copies
because

early

FOS were

Tarapaci

been
of

and

principles

the

had

Vifia

Congress

Argentina

of

had

from

POS, Congress
with

him

with
he

absence

Nacional(CNN),

its

activities

throughout

the

countryo(69)

(67)

See ibid,
20*5,1915;
26.5.1915;
for the official
report
on the
Congress*
I-mid. 20*5.19l5.
26.5.1gi5.
Ibide

neg-

decided

the

Ibid,

the

direct

and

in
was

which

national

attended

that

While

custom

(66)

(68)
(69)

additional

way

been

first

those

The

-a

decided

Arenaso(67)

Congress

Eiecutivo

which

this

Taltals

forgot

municipal

POS funds*(66)

was

on

Mary

the

Comitig

been

a declaration

and

leave

obtain

had

to

enoughq

principles

Party

he had

and

and

action

the

adopt

it

its

Puntas

based

adopted*

POS an

a reoently-elected

Meryp

of

the

Antofagasta#

Concepcidn

programme

to

which

Iquiqueq

wax

deputy#

appear

PCCh.

representing

gave

to

wages

to

supporters

and

jobs

received

a meeting

POS access

19179

the

Santiagop

14arg

turnp

into

over

del

activists

directiveg

this

with

to

by

employees

In
in

of

the

its

in

finance

contribute

gave

given

whichp

of

carried

be

could

development
source

it

Secondly,

programme.

seat
of

14.11-1917-

27-5-1915;
3.6.1915
POS's first
National

37
"
"
first

The

action

central

newspaper,

despite

the

have
to

gone

very

newspaper

gress

in

to

to

PC$

the

CEN lacked

held

active

in

send

delegates

growth

of

new

the

pampas

shared

politics

andq
of

in

althou.

electoral

7h

the

ap, -)ear

to

broken

if

was
did

and
the

of

nrocems
tacticsq

tho

conflicts

by

In

towards
evidence
away

on

POS

personal

POS most

those

direct
have

narty

politics.

antipathy

little

it

larded

particularly

anarchist

the

internal

caused

V-1at

newspappra.

anti

heavily

was

Butt

encourafre

in

bitter

with

tl-e

new

ideology

which

socialistsp
the

create

generally

issues

(70)

to

or. 7anisattons

of

series
were

members

to

it

vearsq
electiong

in

south

and

Con-

bothered

directions,

some

disputes

structures

concerned

many

congress.

and
new

most

The

places

national

north

sections

which

were

a presidential

new

Party

later

of

internal
to

antaponisms.

eve

the
Indeedg

sections
in

respond

and

National

nineteen

efforts

effectiveness

from

conflicts

other

second

their

suffered

the

of

to

is, nnred.

often

to

appear

failed

activities

another

arrange

the

settling

formulating

its

I-lowever,

sections

Most

way.

were

six

on

its

Like

(70)

to

only

1920,

the

own
finance

and. 9 despite

until

groups

their

local

CEN9

found

to

was

Valparafso.

of

the

CEN circulars

1916,

not

culty

SoCialista

helo

CEN tried

reply

CEN undertook

of

much

and

the

El

existence

CEN demands

when

the

which

the

diffithe

first

nitrate

electoral
renjainss
when

23.9.1916.
Ibid.
El Socialista,
Antofarasta,
10 - 13.6.1920
the
reports
contains
official
P03's
the
Second
National
Congress.

the

sinall
POS

on

38
9
"
leadersbip

insisted

Certainlyq

the

POS

the
social

that
and

political

it

some

ment.

(71)

first

or

indication

TI-ese

1913;

in

l916.

Santiago

a councillor

propagate

the

neglected

to
Santiago

for

Chilean

19139

offices

public

it

since

the

In

1913

in

conflict

of

in

council

(73)

in

POS section

of

its

level)

councillorsq

had

emerged,
In

split
similar

to

(in

local

the

VOS to

Pisagua

its

whether

council

at

the

caused

senti-

POS elected

municipal

with

work'

anarchist

Problems

politics

relationship

examination

Comunista.

(72)

the

the

Santlaao
experience

(72)

leader

funds

coalition

issues

the

detailed

POS in

on

the

uses

which

the

when
the

a majority

POS's

The

the

1913

reDresentativesv

particular

in

of

of
of

part

progressive

and

strength

after

but

humanity

of

the

declarations

party

redemntive

of

practice

the

political

its

Secondlyp

to
of

and

(71)

in

support

effectv

organisation

economic

municipal

join

$not

ellections.

public

desperate

rather

and

was

in

participating

repeated

struggle

give

as

on

Santiago

involved

was
first

the

Partyq

POi

inember

to

his

left

to

be desired.

socialist

programme

regular

give

and

a nsutualist

used

reports
his

society

enemiesq

at

on his

influence
to

council

whicb

of

worthy

more

later

flidalgog
Izquierda

to

elected

According
much

is

bianuel

Trotskyist

Hidalgo
-

in

the
to

municipal

be

to

elected

Hidalgo's

behaviour

He failed

to

meetinosq

activities
to

secure

he

belonged.

to

the

municipal
(73)

El SOcialistat
ValT)arafso,
17*9.1915o
Recabarren
was
thi-3
1923
still
repeatinfT
in
the
statpinent
- after
FCCb I, ad been
founded.
Yederaci6n
Obrera
17-5-1923See LCIq
16.4.
]. 916;
10-77.71-9-17) for
(',Ptatlg
of, tilp
in
Pisa,. Ita.
conflict
3e e, S-1 i0ciallsta,
Santia-o,
2nd f0x'trlifht,
Aurustj,
1913,
for
the
Hidalgo.
cic; e at-, ainst

39
"
"
Hidalgo

disciplinary

many
group

of

to

nublish

in

that

his

Santiago

dragged

sections

the

of

acts

of
of

internal
cause

Hidalgo's

gested
grammes

the

that

continued

FOS

now

were

the

years

early
to

be

source

in

Puntas

work

andq
of

to

in

that

the

of

the

indeed,

the

sake

the

incurred

in

the

he

yearl
their

that

trouble

sugpro-

in

Santiago

considerable

the

dominated

dispute

FOS

rights

Arenas

PD since
The

the

continued

be

himself

late

both

because

CEN partly

(76)

similar.
the

dispute

the

of

POS for

the

Hidalgo

in

one

on

the

POS

rejoin

should

undermined

dissolve

the

wheng

very

was

to

continued

while

Socialists

many

effectively
during

from

supporters

andq

so,

the

Section

Santiago

reconstituted

wrath

1916,

independence

its

of

Even

In

frictions.

declared

by

(75)

harmony.

the

conflict

1915,

opinion

nersonal

for

jobs
The

outside

began

to

expulsion

its

Hidalgo

with

Articles

in

CiN

expressing
leave

to

mattert

some

of

and

section

(74)

time

but

municipal

newly-formed

without

andq

the

on

find

first

the

3ocialista.

Voz

ooponeats.

for

him

FOS

own
La

to

his

of

Hidalgo's

refusal

some

of

his

attributed

his

aection

aFainst

nowspaperg

own

to

and

relatives

first

foundee

supporters

205

taken

actions

newspaper

malice

to

expelled

was

the

from

Santiago

area
section
for

the

national

leadership

(74)

Malgo's
Santiago,
20.10.1913.
La Voz Socialistal
Martfnozl
later
Included
Carlos
Alberto
supporters
de Chile
founder
Socialista
member of the Partido
later
Snrique
Dfaz
Vora
both
them
opposed
of
and
Interthe affiliation
of the POS to the Third
national.
C41 Socialistap
Valparafso,
31*12.1915.
174.10.1016;
Ibid.
DTIQ 15-12.1916.

(75)
(76)

although,

not

always

because

of

40 .
.
Hidalgo's

actions.
1913,

In
but

in

nitrate

Iquique

not

fill

campaign

him

elected
the

POS and

'Lordq

the

to

your

the

right-wing

Ing

counter-attack#

electoral
overweening

Tarapac&

pride

and

arroganco*(78)

autocratic

factors

contributory

to

fact

PCCh -a

it

letter
-

Communist

FOS appears

to

entitled
in

printed

that

in

with

press

and

of

Incident

the

were

conflict

from

a blister-

party

suggest

temperament

had

over-concern

While

which

who

withdraw

ust

the

of

does

Internal

a vituperative

to

of

Bakers$

the

delivered

Recabarron

imperious

POS In

those

upon

they

mismanagement

and

the

open

an

pity

of

ways

and

have

itself

a man

of

them

In

matterep

in

absence
by

and

the

of

launched

caused

accusing

important

the

El

his

administrator

kinde

wraths

daily

not

was

In

a tour

elected

administrator
which

respond

mitigate

been

in

immediately

now

action

an

had

position

Recabarren
against

from
that

of

Recabarrent

involved

found

approve

the

Co-operatives

it

since

importance

less

rather

of

On returning

Recabarren

did

to

menti. on

Tarapacao

pampa,

whom he

conflict,

another
of

worthy

also

occurred

of

(77)

Rocabarron's
least

at

both

historians

the

POS
to

tend

neglect.
While
able
as

friction

internal
a result

the

of

during

internal
Woll

its

(a

Barra

(77)

for
In 19209
exampleg
to
practically
ceased
that
its
covered
one of
Reyes
figure
notable
-a
literally
was quite
a
11*12,1920;
Santiagos
El Tarapacat
Iquiques

leader

of

no
Indeeds

the

consider-

experienced

lifeg

dissidence.

Salvador

(78)

have

Tarapacl

now

party

manyl
rebels

emerged
like
in

1913)

in
Santiago
section
it
was diswhen
Evaristo
membersp
prominent
in
FOS politics
nationally
See Claridadl,
police
agent.
23-12.1920.
17-5-1913-

the
FOS
function

41

.
and

Hidalgog

and

became

appear
dropped

leaders

prominent
have

out

of

the
of

continued

returned
politics

altogrether.

might

and
have

well

cance
efforts

of

if

influence

in

beginninp

the

it

sirniftfor

not

were

field

the

POS

the

regional

only

on

tbe(nergies

and

associatesq

altoiTatber

increasine

and

close

a party

remained

dependent

POS newspapers
of

disapneared

even

or

a handful

or

allegiances

orpanisation

the

of

dissidents

Other

original

its

weakq

survival

Tlecabarren

their

date

later

at

party
PCCh.

the

of

to

Electorally

the

into

reabsorbed

were

to

its

trade

of

unionism.
From
the

encourage
tions
the

such

created

and

for

ties

of

tion

was

some
the

of

help

other

Dflq
jbLd.

for

survive

of

create

Camara

which
the

of

had

political

18*2.19132.10-1913.

Italian
scarcely

had

first
del
been

the

Most

the

in

begun

to
most

direc-

Iquique
in

influential
union

to

activi-

this

in

effort
Trabajo

of

POS began.

unifyinp

trade

complexionsy

foundrymeng

(79)

and

ane
Its

iinions.

Camara,

long

POS

carpentersq

and

Iquique.

co-ordinating

organisation

the
of

not

various

to

amonpst

of

In

the

the

miners

employees

way

development

Howeverv

(79)
(80)

did

unions
cobblersq

clerical

unions

look

unions

of

craft

organisa-

societies.

foundationg

its

to

utmost

associated

and

instruction

following

its

POS did

unions
and

ligbtermeng

stokers

trade

cooperatives

series

mechanics9

early

of

immediately
a

a form

very

growth

as

month

these

the

movement.

function
notably

the
(So)

before
those

42

.
Radical

with

to

object
the

the

months

able

of

to

the

trade
functions

essential
ism

itself

and

labotir.

unions

were

fication

of

on

these

the
no

of

to

suggest

that

POS

en

General

1917,

some
do

89000

Chile,

that

1917p

but

it
were

trade

year.
however,

ibid.
2.10.1913.
Ibid.
25.3.1915.
E1 jocialista,

1915,
in
only

the

had

ever

for

de

total

give
There

a form

Obreros

and

Santiago

a fleeting

confederation

claimed

types6

search

sunport

secto

and

was

Valnarafso

that

union

all

a UniSn

givinp

union

of

uni-

suggested

trade

solution

to

were
the

itself

unions

created

was

which

in
BY

(81)
(82)
(83)

BY

but

FOS

form

this

capital
trade

retarding

party

returned

socialists

anarcho-syndicalists
some

soon

support

socialist

Federal

trade

union-

existing

The

th. eir

of

between

duties

to

that

trade

of

that

the

forming

organisation.

umbrella

with

inside

(81)

two

favotir

these

was

of

the

and

Obreras

In

task

fulfil

by

problem

basis

craft

evidence

adopted

this

to

(82)

proleteriat.

to

solution

tions

is

the

tn

uncomfort-

conclusion

relations

bourgeoisie

the

aidinp

the

felt

POS

failing

only

not

of

the

., oreoverq

positively

the

regulation

few
a

to

to

nroceedings.

perished.

in

propaganda

the

and

come

failing

were

its

in

aftor

Camara

POS bad

unions

POS

andq

the

existenceg

TIY 19151
existing

witkidraw

began

allegiancesq

the

of

narticioation
forced

FOS -was

Democratic

Liberal

and

existence.

to

the

Union

dominated
mewbersbip

by
of

(83)
the

Valparafso,

organisation

14.7.1917"

which

was

to

43

"
produce
had

tion
The

by

this

battle

nent

had

been

had

he

and

guarantee

liberty
the

of

on

Eduardo

Gentoso,

the

Recabarren

in

ar ticlesq

Gentoso

tricksterg

the

stand

up

GFOCh came
(84)

(85)
(86)

Recabarren
Tsar

self-appointed
life

private

open
an

of

a series

accused

and

public

and

from

response

jotirnal

the

of

ex-colleagrue,
highly

personalised

being

of
of

the

an ambitious

workin.

actions

g class
not

could

(86)

scrutiny.

to

In

an

but

Recabarren's

Locomotoraq

and

blessed

workers

a spirited

machinists

Recabarren

nothing

the

as

earned

hanners

being

corral

La

function

some GFOCh

(85)

of

After

to

of

union

exploitationl.

PD.

the

whose

The

to

editor

railway

to

GFOCh of

wa! res sehich

(84)

POS.

custom

the

GFOCh provoked

attacks

state

the
their

intended
of

the

having,

accused

societyq

inovenientg

by

particularly

their

Drinciples

conservative
and

state
launched

GFOCh continued

Recabarren

of

'clerical

the

its

and

society

the

by

year.

previous

the

wong

(branches)

in Chumb

the

was

from

in

founded

lawyersq

Conservative

imposed

years.

eipht

softe

emnloyed

retrieve

hostility

consejos.

of

various

a 101, deduction

incensed

was

trades

confedera-

union

Chile(GFOCh)

do

to

a mutuali5t
the

for

assisted

a campaign
govern,

existence

by

whol

the

trade

Obrera
of

workers

ininortant
in

been

Federaci6n

railways

it

really

already

Gran

1909

first

the

between

hostilities
end

in

1915

Barrfa
Seron
Jorge
(Santiagop
1910-1929
as Moviniientos:
after
jYj'TQ
27.5.19.3.

La Loconjotoraq
30 - 7-_19'777

and

by

Recabarren
19179

and

Recabarren

L-os movimientos
sociales
(Cited
1960)
pp109-111.
)
1910-26.

Santiagog

27-12.1913;

the
had

de, Chiles
here-

17-1.1914;

44 .
.
been

evidently
could
trade

persuadedby

the

converting
mutualist
left-wine

sect(Irs

to

the

whatever

cision

taken

Federaci6n

the

its
its

despite

working

i-Aoreoverg

rooted.

it

sequencep
al
trade

(87)

curious

the
of

an
two

possessed
Hecabarrenq

reputationg
union

ift

movement.

Jorge

'3arrfa

yetp
great
and

Ser6n

much

its

marf-, in

the

at

to

inside

-a

. koviraienLos:

and

to

the

deeply
con-

national
leader

influence
outside

1910-26,

principle

and

prominent

a growing

aiid

commitment
and

assets

and

revolutionary

POS lacked

the

PD9

the

rivals.

of

society

of

POS sometimes

the

POS's

that

more

parent,

was

Events

the

November

something

amalgam

internationalism

class

to

anarcho-syndicalist

reorganisation

revolutionary

of

practiceng

and

de-

the

GFOCh

actiong

and

and

rather

ideas

very

version

anarchist

workers

all

Revolution,

become

still

ideology

In

managed

(87)

to

was

a puritanical

reformist

of

but

to

clearly
that

allies

the

Bolshevik

beginning

events.

others$

But

the

of

their

of

name

and

in

Conventionp

same

the

and

was

held

membership

Chile(FOCh).

time

party

resembled
at

the

the

of

militant

movement

and

its

open

change

de

POS was

regional

national

to

the

Conventiong

At

to

Obrera
At

19179

GFOCh

occupation.

was

for

class

National

task

the

conservative

a vehicle

working

GFOCh

radical

and

1917,

September

POS delegates

Valparalsop

persuade

of

the

of

national

essentially

an

into

a GFOCh

At

underway.

from

GFOCh

organisation

in

By

the

that

socialists

strongg

confederation.

union

month

for

basis

the

become

other

of

nation-

in

the

Chile

in

pp112-115.

45
.
.
the

years

POS into

the

formed

led

and

cance

it

International

economic

cham--e

of

3lumpedq

whole

only

the

Unemployment

and

social

unrest

drew

sweep
as

away

result

grown
to

the

considerably

in

by

adopting

left

system

and

economy.
founded

their

isations

the

,Liddle
to

In

groupsp

the

Asatablea

of
the

FOChp

Obrera

the

Workers

of

de

Al

for

(88)

the

differed

which
reduction

Ibid.

of

poll9-125.

food

from

capitali.

prices

in

and

tho

the

organ-

'Sorld(I'WW).
their

!ave
'i'aciorlal

demands

for

sup-

9
to

ittempts
its

st

undertake

national

taci6n

earlier

ttirn
of

-,
organisation

had

sharp

the

workers,
imen

19199

anarcho-syndicalists

long-lasting

with

country

and

together

By
FOCh

would

the

to

attempts

of

which

administering

powerful

the

declaration

abolition

yearg

from

taken

revolutionary

as

intense

an

worlds

had

same

sectors

similar

and

by

not

class

strength

the

drove

w1iich

Inspiration

in

for

demand

generated

wave

into

affecting

influencesp

for

Third

Chile

ignited

and

International

class

thrust

middle

prices

sip nifi,
the

As

broad

trans-

PCCb.

the

pressures

the

most

join

recessiong

elsewhere

of

to

was

the

replacement

responsibility
(88)

port

its

national

War

political

called

which

of

sevoritye

rising

order

these

to

World

also

from

and
old

of

principles

the

which

the

name

sharp

but

-proletariat

Revolution

its

reaction

well.,

Russlan

decision

unusual

into

economy

force

War

World

First

the

chain

the

of

First

the

crisis

nitrates
the

take

of

end

end
political

to

and

The
an

the

following

an
campai-n

general

46

9
(89)

reform.

radical

demonstrations

and

workersq
Bussian

Revolution

but

Post-war

traditional

the

workers

the

same

of

war

against
Social
19209

in

climax

the

to

elected

weakq

sometimes
Parliamentary
in

disrepute

rule

of

(90)

(91)

part

students
unrest
year

the

the

at
and

ineffective

had

death

up

whip

Arturo

corrupt

and
question
class.

Barrfa
Jorge
6er6n
S1 movimiento
(Santiagog
1971)
P51-

its

reached

By

was
19209

only
brought
the

the
of

povernments
not

in

popular

Alessandri

Republic.

with

fears

manipulated

turbulence

system

arbi-

, oreover,

leaders*(91)

dominant

dis-

together

espoused.

und, ermined

its

adapt

suffered

labour

brougitinto

sectors

popular

to

the

constitutional

traditionally

of

least,

and
had

not

students

which

of

class

did

political

in

Presidency

but

Reform

middle

cynically

and

Republic

into

(89)

in

the

from

only
University

of

bad

government

the

the

occasionally

they

cause

Perug

for

manifestations

and

the

year,

schools

university

class

whose

with

feeling

fidence

to

torture

arresto

nif-ht

government

unrestv

kiddle

strikes

the

involvement

the

response

content.

in

Feru*(90)

and

social

workers

not

from

also

middle

with

inspiration

their

Desvite

create

of

often

students,

coonterate
to

Argentina

movementsof

trary

to
and

drawing

in

Finallyp

began

oritinsj

class

the
con-

public
politics

to

ripht

The

tiphtly-Icnit

obrero

on

Chile

See Frank
11onilla
Audent
Politics
Glazer
and Ayron
(New York,
In
Chile
1970)
for
the
impact
nP32-57
the
of
post-war
crises
on Chilean
students.
Carlos
Vicufla
Fuentes
(2 vols.
La Tiranfa
on Chile
9
3antiago,
2nd edition
1945)
1- Chanter
3 vives
a
lively
account
of post-war
the
unrost
popular
a"d
the
3anfuentes
took
mpasures
it.
government
against

47

.
Olif.,, archy

had

which

in

cohesion

face

had

experienced

anO

the

political

the

newly-eii.
the

fied

In

Barros

ergent

class

for

the

rival

wanted

radical

aroused

the

of

his

and
no

of
an

he

of

his

was

hostile
motivated

no

easy

Conpreas
as

(92)
(93)

3ee

was

much
and

personality

to

his

Ricardo

by

to

of

become

of

controlled
a deep
demagogic

but
who

the

fears

sweepinp

social

Bor. rojlo
th

cast

the

wa. s

the

Oligarchy

and,

lie

contestg

was

Presidento(93)

becoming
redeem

and

hemself

and

much

which

1arros

bitterly-foupht

and

on

quo

as

those

all

Luls

and

campaign

found

nersoni-

13orpoilo

of

While

he

sectors

wis

Barros

masses

02)

divided

Alessandri

series

status

attempt

matter

the

of

promised

the

close

Alessandrig
it

a demopogic

reformg

moderate

extremely
in

In

reforms.

defender

defeated

protagonist

coun-

was

Alessandri

the

enthusiasm

constitutional

role
in

as

the

traditional

the

challenge

as

its

larle

by

Arturo

of

lost

discrpditedg

devised

this

i--)olitics

change,,
wild

to

1920

mid-

Oli, 7archy

challenpe

Presidency.

the

the

had

to

candidacies

opponents

enemy

In

power.

which

supported

ready

were

himself

presented

it

class.

traditional

of

With

which

middle

for

Borgofto

a product
he

system

had

change
cbanpes

massive
1880.

since

proletariatg

ruling

the

of

social

and

to

itself

adapted

economic

the

try

of

successfully

century

nineteenth

Presidentv
his
by

distrust
mothods

soon

election
his

as

that

-es.

who

were

pled,

opponents
and

found

hatred
by

of

his

a rejection

Donoso,
i.
opecit,
pp240-2659
1920
the
of
account
election
campaign.
Ibid.
Alessandri
177 votes
p263.
received
Electoral
College
176.
to 'larros
Borx,, ofiols

of

for
in

an
the

48

his
in

reform
his

programme.
Indeedq

nath.
he

officeg
-a

tary

aolpe

oroblems

routine

tasks
the

fly

because
the
to

of

209000

it
in

crises

19199

numbers
to

had
-

FOCh to
As

FUCb

80,000

the

the

consolidate
concert

in

1921

had

(95)

remained

relative-

with

lefL-wino

Democrats

Ejecutivo

ca*rinp

rave

control
Federal(MF)

FOCb andt

of

the

and

declaration

a revolutionary
the

of

19179

in

JuUta

it

growth

influence

in

expanded,

rapid

its

succeeded

adopt

the

con-

members
in

still

join

wainly

fortunes.

P03's

the

already

The

4000

and

even

to

had

FOCh.

from

probably

In

actins
it

the

an estimated
to

decision

importancep

of

with
years

to

manared

(94)

post-war

boost

POS's

executive

gersuading

principles.

(95)

19199

anarchists,

national

(94)

the

smallq

indeed,

in

in

neglected.

the

mili-

economic
and

the

links

the

continued,

solution

POS took

force

by

confrontation

the

Con-

with

only

pressing

were

pist-war

a tremendous

Althoufh

and

government

close

the

As

without

a political

its

FOCh in

given

ly

left

time

into

tenninated

to

came

confrontation

increasedt

Internationalp
it

was

obstacles

Alessandri

after

1924.

were
of

formidable

a bitter

which

instability

social

verted

placed

September

of

ministerial

Third

They

into

situation

gress

"

shortly

locked

was

P03

access

of
to

See Ricardo
Uonoso
18
159
17
J.
opcit.,
and
%'ohaptors
,
for
description
those
from
a
of
events
a viewpoint
to Alessandri.
hostile
Barrfa
Jorge
110-26,
erori
p112
%oviutinntos:
and
Other
have
FWAI Inewt1at
p120.
wkiters
su,,,gested
bership
the
roached
as
as 200,, 000 in
s-,arly
1920s.
Sees
for
Cowrlimism
-I. J.
Alexander
exatuole,
(New Jerseyq
in Latin
America
1957)
P173.

49

0
additional

means

newspaper,

La

facilities

use

FOCh

and

it

could

the

FOCh

growth
the

the

POS's

for
to

according
National

one
one

by

Democrats

with

these

over

the

potential

the
as

the

Indeed#

POS was

to

1920

were

Even

amongst

POS was

it

was
able

their

retained

delegates

the

and

the

was

allowing

FOCh

on

elections

the

increase

an

principle

and

Although

evident*
FOCh's

(97)

FOChq

a political

the

(96)

the

dramatic

resisted

endorse

the

of

FOCh's

Radicals

and

the

outnumbered.

by

only
to

the

working
its

exert

influence

FOCh.

increasingly

in

or

the

sectors

parties.

Liberalso(97)

that

groups

large

Deccember

anarchists

and

With
its

in

Of

sectors

despite

apolitical

15% of

held
and

officials

provincial

established

sources

2% Conservatives
radicalised

the

could
centre3

social

influences

and

remained

Convention

it

Nevertheleagg

power

of

paid

Of

strongg

provinceal
as

national

sources

POS was

and

few

Socialists.

were

membership

allegiance

nitrate

the

new

the

meetings

that

ensure

the

FOCh's

its

to

and
Where

northern
for

premises

of

(96)

a now

notably

Most

Obrera)

finance.

in

propaganda

Federaci6n

and

particularly

of

of

drift
local
informal

of

in

force

electoral

non-involvement

became

politics,
to

but

membership,

fiercely

anarchists

organisations
basis

FOCh's

electoral
the

into

the

it

1920

participate

continued

in

by

to

bourgeois

In 19249 La Federaci6n
Obrera9cited
hereafter
as
FederaciG
Obreral
Justicia.
was re-named
Article
by L*Oscar
Guzman In Adelantes
Talcahuanoy
7.12.1920.

50.
0
contests.

political
FOCh

1920

in

limited

franchise

votes
no

the

weans

horeover,

directly

exerted
the

two

in

and
with

1921

diverse

somo

FOCh

helped

support

it

is

organisations
between
to

tip

1920

congressional

to
presidential

elections
(2

persuasions
to

were

elected

from

their

local

an

electoral

the
the

difficult

the

little

had

other

and

probably

of

Blictoral

the

pressure

popular

If

won

strength

adjudicate

Political

Democrats)

in

is
in

AlessanOri

to

result

it

tho

eight
Socialistst

Chamber

FOCh

of

organisa-

(100)

tions.

The
rise

to

the

fuse

to

form

idea

which

(98)
(99)
(100)

the

Larch

the
of

members

Deputies

by

twenty

decisive

was

voting
the

the

given

abstentionism,

vote

one

FOCh*s

Electoral

but,

event,

of

the

Nevertheless,

the

favouro
on

of

the

source,
in

support

(created

honor

impact
in

Radical

in

indirectly

Alessandri's

electionsq

FOCh

candidates)p

FOCh*s

gauge

FOCh

do

presidential

balance

(99)

victory,

or

Tribunal

claim.

the

Alessandri's

with

rate

margin

if

one

Alessandri

high

sinceq
narrow

to

elections

that

victory
extremely

do

on

excessive

improbable

College.
to

the

and

an

the

to

votes

presidential

seems

Alessandri's
by

According

twenty

contributed

Collee-e

by

(98)

FOCh's
idea

that

a new
evidently

potential
the

Labour
was

as
P039
Party
given

the

PD and

a1onsome

force
the

British
encouragement

FOCh

pave
should

lines

by

an
the

6
Barrfa
Jorge
Seron
19lo-,?
,, ovimiento3
PP132-1'j4.
Federacion
5.11.1921.
Obrera
El fIerald_oq
Aricaq
17-3-1921.
The iocialist
deputies
11'ecabarren
the
Victor
were
Cruzv
Radical
and
Luls
Labarca
was iantlago
the
DemocraLs
Correa
Tere
;vid
.,
Hainfrazt
Varz. As Lar(ILIOZI
Oscar
Chanks
i,ufloz)
-Pradonas
and .,anuel
'4avarrete.

51
.
.
(101)

socialists.
its

and

delegates

of

number
only

last

Convention
until

consider

meet*

which

December
short

1921,,
by

shrift

was

that

it

(102)

(103)

PD which
to

intended
inside

narties
the
had

by

and
of

success
to

conic

the

which

met

who

from

77

to

33

had

this

was

was

which

the
withdraw

the

to

saw

special
and

motiong

directly
Conventiong
traditional

with

as

which

This

aimed.

it

in
given

party

any

collaborating

motion,

Convention

Party

prior

Congress

outside

Hancagua

positions.

votesq

1921.

at

with

announced,

continue

-a

a motion

presented

reformist

to

Decembor

Labour

cooperating

or

passed

the

against

(101)

Recabarren

collaborationist

which

in

a new

of

was

decided

was

resolved

Convention

issue

FOCh

the

prohibited

who

the

it

party

now

International

Third
be

the

Convention

time,

the

Instead

on

FOCh

next
same

to

also

FOCh

decision

the

to
was

the

At

the

At

the

the

prevented

(102)

party,

idea

this

of

Aecabarren

new

the

when

affiliation

question

With

defer

to
1921

to

scheduled

held

of

agreed

December

the

significant

a
favour

in

by

switch

minute

Santiagop

held

FOCh

the

when

apparently

were

formation

immediate

in

Convention

National

Third

1920,

December

By

fit.

(103)

PD delegates
discussion

of

by
the
Socialists
iwpressed
were
apoarently
Labour
Party's
'gross
from
empirievolution
1918
to
its
in
socialising
as wanifested
procisin'
They
the
hoped
that
creation
of
evidently
gramme.
tr.
the
in
Chile
harness
party
similar
tcle
would
a
help
to
to
moveii, ent
and
political
union
acttori
the
mentil,
overcome
apoliticism
and
anarchist
injits
29-1').
1921;
in
3ee
many
workers.
of
articles
2-7-1921.
16.12.1920.
LeLter
from
Adelantep
Falcahuanos
Juan
Fradenas
,,,utioz.

6orne
11ritish

La

aci6nj

Jantiagog

27-12-1921.

52
.
.
Party

Labour

new

The

trade

come

R)o

Greatest

from

the
(104)

a failure.
had

also
list,

motion

argued

the

in

was

defeated
the

FOCh

the

Despite

Convention

was

not

quite

Recabarren

and

his

allies

it

the

motion

Secondlyp
were

deeply

withdrawn
some

(IL04)
(105)
(106)

has

been

the

is

opposed
from

conservative

the

ISA

the

the

join

ISH

already

was

was

have

leftists

other

indeedg

which

called

Socia-

I. M for

the

for

one
this

support,
a further

and

by

motion
107

votes

favour

of

affilt-

the

Rancagua

approved

some
to
FOCh

it

to

the

to

who

that

stigrest
the
this

cortainly,

case

votes

first

the

against

membershipe(106)

to

affiliation

railworkers

the

In

appear.

twelve

40Oo of

for

triumph

might

evidence

of

unqualified

that

some

in

vote
decision

that

claimed

represented
there

to

and

46

to

votes

16119

to

placeg

appears

considerable

overwholininf-

FOCb

the

ating

to

6indical

(105)

7 abstentions.

with

the

a motion

the

to

that

presented

74

by

ster)

andq

despite

eventg

this

affiliation

decision

its

rather

International

Socialists

some

the

of

But

affiliating
12

who

Veraq

Dfaz

postponement

year.

to

about

misgivings

Enrique

the

opposition

However,

or

the

wing,

the

consider

International,

union

anarchists

to

proceeded

Third

the

Joining

recently-created
Roja(It;

then

Convention

of

question

ceased.

effectively

left

Federaci6n
29.12.1921.
Obrera
30-12.1921.
lbidSeep James 0. k,orris
Los Elites,
(3anttafof
y_el
consenso
1967)

those

ISR

had

already

was

the

case

immediately

los
)103-

who

of

after

intelectu,

3L1e9

53
9
"
FOCh

decided

seems

likely

Thirdlyp

to
that

some

in

Chilling

tions

rOCh

while

the

JEF9

have

fallen

the

(108)

filiation.
cagua

was

decision

clearly
to

join

The
its

practice

-a

during

priorities
to

the

(107)

(108)

(109)

Third

opposed

which

International

be

December

1923

contained
who

had

resorva-

General

of

hartfnezq

appears

to

JEF

another
voted

those

reconsid-

memberp

against

JEF

elected

who

had

afHan-

at

the

approved

IS. R. (109)

which

these

to

Hancagua

Secretary

and

the
by

dominated

the

for

or

actually

Nevertbelessq

the

the

category

in

Rancapua

Alberto

last

Congresses

national

tions

POS9

had

Baloffetq

Gaspar

anarchist

wah

at

elected

Carlos

this

ISH

JEF

Indeedq

Socialist
into

the

of

who

Recabarren

currents

scheduled

affiliation*

the

contrary

it

and

suit-(107)

without

Conventiong

those

of

about

the

to

membership

next

representatives

approved

1920

December
followed

anarchists

not

was

Thus
the

at

of

concessions

Convention.

in

affiliation

lzroups

affiliation

making

ered

consider

in

1920

bep-an

immediately
gave
years
in

the
after

true

a,,reed

December

of

the

conven-

FOCh

indication
to
1920

holdinf,

practice

of

consider
and

the

POSts

affiliation
in

December

Conservative
founded
railworkers
El Faro
a newspaper
0brero
in
'
Santiapo
Recabarren
tg_
and attacked
and
'Bolsheviks'
June
1921.
Some anarchist
until
newslike
El Productor
papers
Iquique
bogan
to
of
niso
the
FOCb in mid-1921
attack
Federact6n
althouf,
,h
Obrera
to have
continued
a working
relationship
with
the
IIVW until
1923early
Piartfnez
the
POS99 affiliation
opposed
also
the
to
International.
Third
Sees PoJ.
Alexander
op. cito
As Secretary
p178General
the
JEF9 Rla7t_fnz
of
dragged
his
feet
the
over
ISR9
making
contact
with
he did
alle. - ng that
the
have
ISR's
not
correct
Federacio_n
addresso
Obr_era
18-7-1922.
Seep
El. QoCialista,
5-1-1922
Antofagastat
for
those
9
to
the
elected
JSP at
:Aancaz, rua.
Of the
14 membersp
the
two
only
identtfiable
already
mentioned
are
as
opt: )onents
of
affiliation.

54
.
.
19219
to

Rancaguat

at

Ramfrez
tional

P0S's

the

change

to

Necochoaq

the

the

Socialists
one

of

in

party
the

any

the

to

out
of

such

and

sinceg
way

of

makin,

the

of

absence
assume

(109)
(110)

(111)

the

that
FOj

to

the

party

carried

any

their
or

instructed

on

known

views

through

signs

little

out

is

real

newspapers

of

such

activity

opposition
its

newspapers

that

sections
as

to

the

no

to

evidence
significant

any

the

of

considering

was

PUS dissidents

past,
-

there

that

skilful

true

socialists

admit

now

courseq

the
doubts

have

the

of

was

instructed

not

of

result
it

and

only

against

the

no

few
and

beg

could

who

Howeverg

the

press

tf, ough

while

or

Certainlys

1920

and

was

little

placed

was

'those

of

action'

established

to

leadership

decision

the

that

campaigned
It

(109)

1921.

affiliation

actively

December

of

a purge
in

opposed

Interna-

POS during

membership.

FOS

school

affiliation.

some

the

our

the

Hernn

Third

the

and

and

historian,

suggests

opposition

(111)

that

the

of

a purge

democratic

old

Join

dayso(110)

Congress

efficacy

to

International

rhird

PCCh

inside

Vera

absence
by

carry

PCCh.

prominence

early

manipulation
FOS

the

official

of

Dfaz

apparent

the

to

evidence

loyalty

Enrique

the

non-controversial
the

on

join

decision

available

essentially

to

the

debated

hotly

was

stress

name

According

Howevers
was

voted

had

scale
found

usually

the

through

either

their

of

inakes

creationg

own
it

reasonable

Indeedq

existed&
to

suggest

publish

the

even
21

Formfict6n
Ramfrez
Ori. -en
Hernan
ecochea
Pardel
y
.
(S: ntiarrog
Comunista
1965)
tido
do Chilef
PPI'5-7.
Snrique
Ufaz
Vera
desultory
carried
out
a rather
camI'Anora.
the
against
new PCCh in La Regi6n
paign
Coronel.
1.1.1921.
La Comuna,
del
iarq
-Vifia

55
"
"
Conditionso(112)
laid

down

for

only

oneq

81

atic

mannerg
little

was

Third

of

suggesting

that

convince

the

factors

which

made

seem

clear

to

strong

commitments

class

internationalism

better
the

product

ump

than

meet

the

of

of

reception

which

it

had

19189under

(113)

Second

challenge

mixed

(112)

the

of

in

the

the
guidance

both

November
the

fall
of

Recabarren

had

War*

Tsar

shown

working
seemed

the

achieve

had

millentfailed

Although
in

Revolution

the

the

Internationalp

unqualified
of

join

to

and

which

World

there

FOS

Third

Internatiortall
First

felt

commitments

to

attempt

to

contrast

greeted
the

the

the

the

with

association

to

change
1920

system-

non-controversial

foundationg

by

(113)

decision

revolutionary

latest

parties

basically

its

and

man's

with

been

of

by

served

initial

From

in

so

membership.

(Comintern)

enough.

did

the

involved.

issues

local

most

to

International

the

Antofagasta

Socialista,

International

Communist

discuss

and

membership

need
The

Third

the

which

the

Russia

enthusiasm
-

by

(whose

the

to
POS's
had
with

beginning

absence

in

Gon(litLons
'fl, (- ?I
were
aimed
at differentiatOia
the
1-ietween
the
Comintern
members
of
and their
deviocratic
roformist,
social
Phe (; ondittLons
riv-als.
the
included
acceptance
of' democratic
centralism
(see
A-)peridlx
A for
ail explanation
colle. of)t)f
of this
the
of reformists
purring
and reformism,
agitation
t1he Peasantry
forces
the
amongst
and the
and
armed
defence
the
Soviet
Union*
of
Viflaq published
La Comuna
19219
June
of
until
important
because
CEN9 did
to the
of its
proximity
the
21 Conditions
let
discuss
not
publish
alone
them.
21YIIA( published
the
21 Conditions
once
and
Federaci6n
Printed
a few
articles
on them
while
iiines
Obrera
t'he
Conditions
four
published
ane-!, -ade
to discuss
the
issues
involved
some attempt
but
between
1921.
Au, cust and mid-October
only
At
the
POS newspapers
same ti'lle,
all
gave
glowinT
accounts
in Russia.
of
events

56
.
.
Argentina

the

at

response)

uneven

(114)

port.
the

Russian

the

FOS

to

who

to

movement

as

Communist
he

Party

and

by

panied

conducted
to

affiliate
a gesture

than
of

a
the

(114)

(115)

step

it

to

drastic

easy

as

buainess,

the

Third

of
which

the

sympathy
would

the

in

the

fundamentally

working

Chile

that

at

and

the

the

Fulfilment

way
Indeedq
was

Russian

the

permit.
to

not

accom.

to

decision

presented

and

Revolution
transform

be

functioned

party
the

the

of

circumstances
was

time

POS

join

to

class

successful

any

decision

name
the

and

Socialists

the

that

until
POS's

unchal-

prominent

in

possible*

International
for

only

in

recommendations

and

the

(115)

the

factor

Recabarren

in

persuading

key

The

founded

deferred

changes

Its

most

stature

been

make

of

not

unlikely

to

Chile*

Finally#

be

change

the

his
is

have

as

the
any

that

careful

was

so

was

idea*

International

ted

as

the

were

Conditions

such

could

opposed

leadership
Third

a whole

in
Secondlyl

decisions

his

and

factor

was

in

of

reputation

was

also

leader

class

few

untarnished

Recabarren

POS but

sup.

uncritical

a powerful

POSIs

the

Bolsheviks

entirely

Recabarren

challenge

were

the

Internationalo
of

the

of

working

cared

Third

for

accounts

giving

yet

was

1920#

By

probably

almost
as

Influence

leader

openly

the

the

respected

or

POS was
and

join

and

lenCed

21

the

Revolution

decision.

had

of

Thuag

prestige
the

end

enthusiastic

equally

1917

seen

rather
the

nature

party*

For articles
hostile
to the Bolsheviks
and the November Revolution
(mainly
foreign
from
reprinted
newspapers)
10-11-1917;
306 DTIQ 21-10-19171
13-12-1917La Comunap Vifta del
Marg 1.1.1921.

57
.
.
lhe

the

strong

opposition

it

evident

are

Rancagua
of
the
to

in

Party

the

Third

change

approved
into

(116)
(117)

official
(116)

delegate

from
approved

International.
a further

demanded
and

existence.

on

by

January

the

a Cf iILati

of

the

of
published

Congress.

onposed

(It-le s Lion

sectors

some

the

POS unanimously

apoarently
(a

in

Comintern

tll, '-

rornot

21
lstq

in

Argentine

the

affiliattnp

Although

Hidalgo
changing

Conditions)
19229

the

a rou

thisq
PCCh

s ed

stuns

of

the

of
oresence

Party,

Communist

a motion

motion

few

accounts

There,
the

PC39

on

the

party

others

and

POSta

the

toop
formally

name

was
came

(117)

See, El Socialistat
Antofagastap
12.1.1922;
13-1.22.
12.1.1922.
Ibid.
Ramfrez
Necochea
has allerred
that
Hidalgo
to affiliation
(q_riffI2_nq P187-8)was opposed
Hidalgol
howeverg
has denied
this
althou., h he adthat
he did
mitted
tbe chanpe
oppose
of name.
Article
by Wilfredo
Erc_*Ilap
6antialTol,
,jayorgaj,
21.4.1965.

58
"
"

Chapter

The

Early

Years,

1922-1927

59
"
"

In

terms

Parliamentary
Forces

the

as
the

clearly

of

national

Republic

and

most

striking

perienced

between

1922

September

1924

into

In

century
years

Army

serving

events

were

equal

impact

in

December

a time

of

stillp

the

on

ciesl
the

tactics

development*

left

the

and

del

the

for

livedq

little

Campog

its

to

an

Recabarren
leader

more

at

important

began

Latin

these
had

Comintern

changes

the

of

a dominant

the

brought

1927

of

whileg

of

four

others

suicide

Forces

in

though

PCCh9

The

affairs

organisational
with

Ibafiez

Important

of

nineteenth

Carlos

which

Recabarren

early

in

PCCh without

mid-1920s

Armed

election

turbulence

consequences

the

the

of

interest

the

POS9 adopted

culminated

its

internal

While

which

fortunes

closer

lasting

the

Republic*

political

the

since

after

ex-

golpes

seen

the

1924

in

affiliates
have

for

great

in

display

the

of

military

brought

Colonel

officers

Presidency

the

rule

were

Chile

which

The

Armed

destiny

nation's

the

of

the

of

1925

a process

dictatorial

of

1927*

not

a way

initiated

and

the

developments
and

demise

re-emergence
of

January

and

politics

the

arbiter

active

the

politics,

to

American
which

were

to

PCCh.

howeverg
practices

change.

the

PCChO9 poli-

remained

Revolutionary

those
rhetoric

of

60
.
.
to

continued
actions

the

and

Alessandri

FCCh's
the

and

revolutionary

been
Senate

though

was

that

time

that

porters
than

the

both

Alessandri

the

their

respective

more

At

the
favourse

September

5th

their

conception

own

to

they

refused

who

resigned

(1)
(2)

of

aim

golpeg

who

pass

much

to

hecome

his

office

Frederick
i.i.
Ibid.
rp55-66.

on

the

their

the
and

Nurin

docile
fled

Uhilean

force

motor
initiative

the

of
country.

Politics

and
for

the

and

for

They

reform
tools

in

act

younger

interest*

national

sup-

the
to

the

own

1924,

tractable

approached

the

conflict

them

Alessandrits

of

their

eventp

provided

acted
of

the

March

more

of

had

of

erstwhile

little

persuading
In

his

the

Even

in

of

had

propramme

possible*

favour

stages

opponents

he
in

reform

election

proved

19209

in

the

some

various

his

officersq

his

alienated

Congress

new

with

junior

Congress

so

and

Forces

in

iuajority

as

it

name.

his

arrange

nominally

olde(l)

Armed

to

managed

which
by

had

difficult

as

displaced

power

block

to

of

acquired

now

to

come

not

conservative

powers

government

Alessandri

Con! ress

had

its

its

and

g-overntrent

which

had

PCCh

policies
the

rolpe

with

along

a hostile

used

make

the

that

by

which

to

and

1924

Alessandri

confronted

reformist
towards

September

strategy
5ince,

with

attitude

demonstrated

clearly

he

hand-in-hand

go

programme

forced
but

President

the
(2)

1920-1931

T)52-')3.

dl

The

before

opponents
of

the

leget

the

stage

didacy

the

to

appeared

Furthermoreq

FOS

of

the

1921

Alessandri
his

retreated

the
the

PCCh

elections

in

took

and

over
in

whilet
one

supporting
porters

its

side-lines

Senate

(4)

cooperation

he

office
he

and

the

was

little

than

his

right-wing
without
the
at

side
POW

and
to

proof

ample

then
remain

it
the

after

thatq

for

aloof

from

FOS

towards

the

PCCh

on

stood
and

the

towards

to

veer

it

exhorted
bourgeois

his

which

Alessandri

other,

all

towards
The

a position

Thusq

the

Soon

neutrality

appeared

prospect
in

predecessors.

between

(3)

disposed

better

change*

times,

Liberal

opponents,

conflict

for

none.

(4)

hostile

can-

possibility

Alianza

return.

not

his

offered

the

second
so

because

presented

gave

of

done

liad

Alessandri
of

a po6ition

and

government

(3)

support

up

into

some

opponentis

aspirations

class

working

least

for

rhatoricp

populist

but

at

his

congressional
took

merits

Col-

the

in

his

as

Electoral

Alessandri
It

that

Recabarren
tile

election.

present

while

change

receiving

in

belief

from

different

for

elections

his

an(I

presenting

support

presidential
real

any

radical

to

POS decided

of
of

the

no

was

first

after
in

candidate

1)24

ber

19209

Alessandri

towards

attitude

jepteii,

In

110.i.

a protest

out

POCh's

"

its

sup-

conflicts

by E4UI6
Article
W jocialistag
in
Antofa7asta,
14.8.19209
'Barros
0 Alessandril.
AliaLiza
The POS rejected
the
with
a formal
pact
but
hotli
Liberal
1920
its
National
Co"gress
at
Victor
Cruz
local
had
agreements
with
and Aecabarren
1921
Liberal
Alianza
Warch
in
the
congresparties
Itofavastat
El Jocialistaq
sional
elections.
11.6.1920;
16-1.1921*
12.6.1920;
3-3-1921.1LLIA

62
.
.
preserve

and

The

for

military

that
call

been

Chileans

cular.

creation
the

promises

they

(5)
(6)

(7)
(8)
(9)

goals

by

officers,

of

not

had

(8)
made.

Hidalgo
support

addressing
(g)

the

Recabarren
Luis

and

for
public

But

caution

Victor
the

not

partiis

'moment

on

Cruz

other

leading

began

to

movement
in

the

thrown

the

the

implement
and

to

radical

in

called

military

meetings
was

for

the

to

Dillitary

broad

seems

partq

Recabarren

reaction'

'abolish

amonpst

prospects

that

ane

to

Assembly

slotran

help

his

Constituent

military's

FOCh to

encourage

actively

army

the

like

Communists

its

and

and

PCCh and

for

the

liber-

Con3titutiong

chord
for

by

enthused

general

Taking

the

political

a new

responsive

Ilth

intention

The

that

civil

respect

frame

to

from

when

September

gangrened

Recabarreng

and

particularly

in

change

struck

Howeverg
on

*abolish

to

news-

party

forebodinp,

(6)

changedo(7)

politics'

sectors

early

ranginp

deep

would

Assembly

attitude

of

Forces

Armed

Constituent

to

a manifesto

intended

they

PCCh's

have

the

that

gangrened

of

Issued

the

emotionsq

of

the

during

posture

iinwinent.

was

movement

declaring

change

dictatorship

tiesq

class

working

although

a variety

revolutionary

wilitary

the

polpe

to

voice

this

maintained

Sevtember

gave

paiDers

to

PCCh

the

of

hopes

the

of

(5)

movetilent.

days

independence

the

company
entirely

and
of
to

Federaci6n
15-3,1923.
Obrera
Seev for
7.9-1924;
Justicia
DT14 5.9-1924;
examples
(hereafter
La Defensa
Obreraq
Tocopilla
cited
as
DOT) 7.9-1924.
Justicia
13.9.1924.
Ibid*
16.9.1924;
Ibid.
13.9-1924.

63

.
the

winds;
in

workers
the

and

so

Vie

had

grown
tI-en

festo
mises

stic

officers

ment

from

their

in

the

and

in

tbe

choices

before

like

and

in
in

(10)
(n)
(12)

it

the
tIe

of

Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.

anDeals

PCCh

showed

Senate
of
the

PCCh's

11.9.1924;
31-10.1)24.
8-11.1924;

sides

to

no means

easy.

weakness

idealimove-

military

be

the

Alossandri

'Irues

in

indecisive

early

1920sq

The

PCCh's

and

his
dis-

an understandable
from
and

13.9.1924;
JOT

move-

(12)

in

and

pro-

cautiously

were

itself

from

its

collea:

strategy

sterumed

both

the

a ti)ani-

keep

thepunger

of

between

conflict

FOChq

to

1924.

of

by

the

militnry

which

months

were

29th
issued
- to

the
Junta

conservative

and

By
the

the

control

a revolutionary

distrust

appreciation

final

laclcimz-

opponents

senior

more

the

the

after

ani

controls

appeal

an

over

October

of

(com-

cominp.

failinl,.

of

wili-

criticisms

PCCh

the

goals

made

recover

Although

neutrality

the

Gobierno

do

tI, e Junta
repeated

to

in

on

and

Junta

the

FOCh

slow

Cot-Limunist

under

The

taken

between

betraying

of

had

not

cooler

accused

(11)

ment.

which

the

rsobierno

do

Junta

pledges

to

as

Furthers

the

and

relations

completely

and

(10)

wero

noticeably

which

some

sincerity.

their

doubts

the

of

supnort

redeemed

expressed

departure,
September

of

pledged

officers)q

senior

the

military

movement

Alessandri's
end

the

as

and

military
of

only

press

ability

x)osed

by

far

party

tary's
of

Recabarren

16.12.1))24.

a realistic
the

strength

17.9.1924.

of

64
.
.
Alessandrils

PCCh showed

the

tion

role

suppression
recent

of

Even
in

although
years

the

party

tion

was

pear

to

hasten

as

(l: ))

infantiliaml.
both

the

political

felt

the

determination

to

FOCh9 when

approached

golpeg

insisted

sum of

money

strike

call

the

tionary
(13)
(14)

in

war

the
the

feed

to
from

Congress

the

the

strategy
Ramfrez
Carlo3

the

PCCh appears
than

rather

PCCh did
on

its

to

not

its

which

would
during

the

the

strike
September
a large

demanded

legitimacy

secondq
would
been

act,

(14)
its

romanticism.
a revolu-

acquire

Necochea
origen,
PP255-278.
Vicufta
Fue
La Tiranfa
on
-3

-a
From

by

ruled

revolutionary

neither

its

the

while

after

immediately

foundationg

early

revolu-

a general

it

have

PCCh expressed

launch

it

PCCh

do notap-

costs

all

andq

before

the

that

they

the

Firstp

the

the

stages

days

strikers
-

but

at

early

that

believe

actions

PR to

on guarantees,

caution
If

by

did

1920s,

early
civil

avoid

military

beginning

hard-headed

the

in

the

'revolutionary

various

at

in

played

consequence

of

take

defini-

of

identified

inevitable

Thusy

of

crises

the

have

Communists

to

had

and

a period

need

lack

remains

resolve

and

millenium.

against

suspicion

The

imminent

have

the

being

equally

organisations

workers'

PCCh historians

official
of

Forces

Armed

revolutionary

is

initial

movement's

which

caution

movement

and

sog

the

military

the

which

strikes

past*
lacking

was

that

given

the

and

the

towards

understandable

Similarly,

appeal.

popular

did

it

possess

Chilegl3ppl5g-161.

65

.
the

organisational

1926,

centralism
loose

rather

delegates

to

at

the

party

the

adminstrative
(CEN)q

Nacional,

the

disciplineg
andq

helped

different

but

able

The

PCCh not

toral

matters*

tions

into

a process
with

little

to

was

in

also

its
After

PCCh
whichp

than

opinion

only

organisations
in

resistance

See Appendix
democratic

by

was
the

A for
centralism.

PCCh

an

national

con-

the

by

given
the

or

way

the

accoi;
lapsed

explanation

may
of

absence

ripid

coexistence

national

party

anothero

POS in

its

organisawith

the

convertinp

been

the

pnrty

peaceful
the

of

had

goneralv

but

pre-ocoupation

orocess

which

a rigrid

lead

the

mirrored

overwhelming
the

the

fairly

one

in

hierarchical

until

pronounce

activi-

orpanisations

hindered

sent

U(tcutivo

developmentg

the

and

congress

strict

or

authority

apply

to

follow
its

of

of

other

of

permitted

currents

to

eleven

party

Comitig

problems

did

stage

it

the

of

party

attempt

absence

rather

since

congress

tion.

this

at

discipline
of

not

sections

most

been

to

to

the

Despite

Maximum

powers

thorny

of

solution

(15)
national

remained

assemblies

co-ordinated

the

discipline

gresseso

have

did

which

military-like

CEN -

in

invested

was

open

which

level.

provincial

delegated

left

Federal

a Junta

PCCh

composed
in

democratic

and

the

sectionss

periodically

met

who

cell

normsq

of

Until

actiono

the

adopted

to

anpronriate

onary

organisational

association

members

ties

its

T)ractices

revoluti.

formally

PCCh

as

and

decisive

on

the

when

more

structures

intent

a party

in

completed

elecPOS sec1922

rapidly

plished
into

of

the

and

letharpy

cell

and

66 .
e
worthy

of

any

Chilean

19229

the

C&i

PUCh

assemble
in

and

five

the

been

lax,

Even

Recabarreng

Fourth

in

did

was

attendance,

between

Congress

in

active

a quorum

the

of

kAoscow

local

(16)

quorum.
the
February

and

soction

had

who

attending
1922

November
a

to

membersp

size

in

absent

its

of

of

end

unable

was

constitute

the

reduce

admittedly

not

two

excluded
to

become

to

necessary

it

it

that

the

By

elections*

cowplaining

wenibers

Comintern

19239

party

19239

January

between

karch-

until

1923-

on iiecabarren's
of

approach
was

five

of

posed
bantiago
began

to

the

restrict

sations

such

rooming

and

In
out

by

Indeedq

number
July
the

party

co-ordinato

areas*
to

Comites

elsewhere

and

FCCh

of

1922

by
t1jese

and

of

the

increase

the

confiision

FCCh
but

in

September
38

only
in

the

(17)

December
1924,

were
number

of

it

rapid

the

it

58

fallen

to

(19)

Although

membership

18,2.1923-

throur,,

70-(18)

claimed
had

1923.

spread

of

El Conjunistap
Antofagastag
-0hrera
Federaci6n
10.7-1923.
id.
21-7*1922;
31.12.1923justicia
30-9.
L)24.

mush-

during

would

(16)
(17)
(13)
(19)

organi-

now

thoir

sections
party

in

necessary

create

active.

growth

found

sections

fieure

considered

respective

ranidly

1923

this

and

Neverthelessq

16

claimed

indicate

significant

by

caused

increased

had

com-

their

to

sections

organisations

the

CEN had

dedline,

quicker

country

Howevery

the

centresq

Administrativos(CCA)
in

the

there

proliftrate

Centrales

njid-19239
of

even

to

activities

powers

was

elections

began

the

- and with

Propaganda

memberay

more

or

i,.oscow

Congressional

activitye

party

of

upsurge

an

1924

'Narch

the

from

return

appear

to
during

h-

67 .
.
19239

Comintern

remained

statistics

While

the

be pre-occupied
for

battles
some took
of

in

Santiago

supporting
the

time

the

PCCh during
One of

this

than

tather

the

attentions
ding

important

Cowmunists

early

years.

the

main

reasons

CEN PCCh in

the

officep

in

part

at

they

could

which

Moreoverg
(20)

(21)

the

the

leastq

the

PCCh and

the

latter

1924

were

because

spend

PCCh consciously

on

this

trade
placed

and

PD - that
life

it

at

well

against

PCCh presented
FOCh

the

focus

central
given

some sec-

accusations

of

signs

why the

Indeedq

attend

the

powerful

leagues

many Communistsq

PCCh remained

to

time

for

of

but

the

whole,

showed

the

of

renters$

against

Its

elected

in

with

problems

class

Iquique

and

to

mattersq

been made equally

have

could

to

working
true

on the

only

which

meetings
chose

the

levelled

energies.

and

in

But

was thatq

appearance

electoral

became active

strikes.

tended

and with

Antofagasta

POS had often

elections

PCCh sections

propagandisingg

part

also

was an organisation

the

was particularly

of

parties

in

which

This

areas,

provincial
tion3

office

active

and 1924*(20)

internal

largely

sectional

1922
of

majority

with

a more

their

between

29000

around

PCCh membership

that

suggest

their

of

the

choice

of

the

FOChq

some

and

some

would
union
itself

FOCh members
to

reluctant

atten-

take

reduce

the

affairao(21)
in

a secondary

Report
Congress
of the Fourth
of the Corrmun13t
(Londong
international
Re ort
no date)
p292.
of
the Fifth
Congress
International
of the Communist
(Londong
1924)
p269*
Federacion
17-12.1923;
Obrera
Justicia.
17, io, 1924.

68
.
.
position
to

the

to
FOCh

the

impossible;

conpresses

those

after

and

formally

its

immediate

times

of

PCCh

which

national

early

the

electoral

ful

trade

the

union

the

rejecting
FOCh's

role

the

reverse

Althoulp

the

PCCh

19209

and

(22)
(23)

until

the

its
the

national
1920s
of

Finallyg

at

than

rather

the

Communist

a Labour
be

declara-

Recabarren

although

the

was

early

FoCh.

for

of

dues

programmes

FOCh

to

arm

had

Fartyq

during,

tLat

precisely
countryts

19239

most

who

19247

there

of

power-

FOCh

workers

the

JEF

marked

and

of

varied

1922.
in

have

been

exnlanation

FOCh

until

divorce

in

GEN PCCh

the

in

(23)

the
1ndeedq
orx,, anisa-

neither

of

truth.

technique

the

able

the

to

Communists

office
to

an

the

after

national
a, )pears

FOCh

of

inimical

complete

FCCh,

as

fraction
in

the

of

closer

was

the

Justicia
15-12-1924.
,
See Appendix
A for

the

itsvembors

ascendancy

occupied

tool

increasinply

of

Increasingly

the

over

introduce

not

though

the

be

to

oreAnisor

between

personnel

late

held

of

the

appeared

the

did

later

tion

both

forming

of

became

the

Aecabarrenq

idea

control

activities

became

to

vehicle

party

the

FOCh

the

appeared

concert

late

payment

during

of

was

PCCh

to

until

pay

PCCh

Indeedq

as

beliefsq

of

to

confederation.

While

terms

it

PCCh

advised

elaboration

political

and

if

FOCh

those

as

the

years

,h

the

pronouncements.

its

the

the

for

chosen

rejected

formally

(22)

crisis

was

and

FCGh

the

demands

were

the

of

abandoned

formally

to

members

than

rather

financially

tions

FOCb;

to

the

control

fraction.

69

.
the

overall
the

through

on

conduct

of

both

columns

of

Federacifn

through

1922,

JEF

the

the

the

of

Although

likely
in

was

of

1921

(24)

It

FOCh

at

the

very

(25)

paying

membership

probable

least

during

dues

Published

which

12,000

dues

decline

In

1922,

then,

shown

signs

of

showed

were

payments

The

reasons

revival
for

the

unemploymentg

levelled
of

1923

(26)

After

FOChla

governmental

to
total

December

does
late

gross

309000

until

until

809000
late

decline

December

membership

seems

in

indicate

in

exact

around

from

range

recorded.

FOCh

it

estimates

improvement

no

the

30000

this

payments

119000

some

membership.

gauge,
from

and

1923;
1923

negative

makes

that

December

figure

Widespread

Floresq

Communists

FCCbOs

fell

209000

seems

of

the

to

membership

between

to

in

the

largely

tho

difficult

decline

in

membership

6OtOOO.

have

July

after
Toresa

of

statistics

reliable

FOCh's

the

hold

by

decline

of

this

December

out

andp

cowpaderal

the

strengthened

lack

that

1922.

his

1923*

and

substantial

the

proportion

couLactsp

personal
Obrera

of

presence

1922

FOCh

process

through

FOChe

During
over

not

dues-

-a
1924
the

when
steep
to

appear

1924.

decline
hostility

were

several.
and

indif-

forenceg

the

(24)

Joree
1-jarrfa
Seron -iovimientos
1, )10-1926
o141;
llamfrez
OrD-en
'Directat
Icci5n
Jecoclifaj,
p93;
Santia,, -o, Decomber,,
1922.
Jorge
Ilarrfa
1)10-1926
6(,r6n i,, oviwic. -ntos
FederaciO'n
Obr, raq
3.1.1924'.
dues paywents
rocords
v4onthly
shovir an average
of
4tOOO dues payers
!n early
l')'214 aiid 79000 in mid1924.
Fe(laraci6n
1.1.192'-P;
JusLicia
Ohrera
8.24;
-.
6.12.192T-, 19-3.1)25;
20.3.1)25-

(25)
(26)

desertion

of

the

powerful

railway

unions

In

70

1922

August

Communists'
strengthened
Communists
factor.
the

YUGh

the

membership

industrial

along

facturings

food

public
COnse-JOE

do

According
FOCh

to

Federacion

organisations
to

caused

stagnation

in

the

both

FOChq
in

FOCh

the

coalition
between

local

Provincial

(27)

(28)
(29)

in

FOCh
both

on

Antofacasta

against

and

politics

protagonists
in

was

itself

manifested

the

increasing

the

there

in

based

groupinf
the

on

wanu-

transport

this

was

not

or
possible

(28)

formed.

be

reconstitution
and

considerable

the

PCCh

the

of
conflict

which

andq

on

and

PCCh

sides

Union

e, ave

local
the

PCCh

tog other
,

FOCh

in

led

section
with

influence

influence
and
to

rise

Communists,

were

Communists

electoral

organisations

the
of

This

towards

Occasion,

the

anarchist

itself.

a repugnance

19231

of

ascendancy

still

in

leadership
Civic

lines,

reorianise

declineo(29)

and

Despite

craft

confusion

much

ahother

than

the

Obreral

emphasise
to

to

were

The

decided

where

Varios,

(27)

had

construction,

Industries;
Oficlos

decline.

Industriales

processingg

servicos

the

organisations

to

rather

Conscias

in

FoCh

tended

Convention

Rancagua

the

as

local

to

howeverp

themselvesp
The

and

contributed

all

national

on

grip

Demottatsp

radical

and

in

non-cowmunists,

of

withdrawal

anarchists

particular

led

the

and

"

Liberal

strtipirles

which

the

Thuss

for

the
which

exai. ipleq

campaign
had

joined

Democratsq

'rho
left
because
rail
felt
their
unions
they
interests
beinq
in favour
those
were
neglected
of
the
of
joined
coal
the
and nitrate
workers
and later
ISH on their
Politics
Alan
An-ell
own account.
and
Labour
the
(Londong
Chile
in
1971)
iovewent
p36Zederaqi6n
9.4.1922.
Obrera
17-3.1923.
Ibid.

"

o71.

De.mocrats
of

PTI

the

profited

over

tion

to
9y

JEF

FOChy

lax

being

in

the
in

arbitrarily
refusing

to

friction

between
the

as

standing

in

by-election
pact

the

section

of

the

JEF

two

move

since

were

not

(30)
(31)
(32)

its

d"ttesq

performance

PCCh

of

FOCh

and

the

was

he

for

Castor

JSF

in

was

the

an

and

its

Com-

vacant

and

which
that

he

for

The
when

making

Hidalgo,

an

from

the

02)

been

so

electoral

Althourh
Santiapo
Howeverp
to

trying

rothey

because

having

offence

for

proceeding,

(possibly
of

JEF

for

period.

accused

Vilarinp

Socialist

congf-essional

expelled

had

the

its

Tizzoni.

JP

FOCh

the

(3X)

of

accused

Convention
were

organisa-

by

increased

a five-year
whom

its

the

employees.

candidate,

charle

and

with

seats

candidate

Rancanua

Tizzoni

its

of

JEF

Santiagog

Communists)

activist,

four

employees,
the

behalf

FOCh

of

the

dented

Mdalgo

on

criticised

Communist

FO'kahq

of

Martfnezq
JP

JP

the

one

dominated

time

The

the

PCCh

dissatisfaction

of

Hidalgo*

two

the

Provincial(JP)

Alberto

Conservative

the

with

in

Carlos

dismiss

While

othero

that

declaring

hold

conflicts

signs
at

the

with

association

Junta

the

showing

Treasurerg

the

to

spread

General,

3ecretary

the

break

('Ikq))

contacts

that

was

was

the

munist

close

of

mid-19229

Santiago
of

its

from

nature

tended

work

municipal

to

order

council.

disadvantages

the

unstructured

In

the

,-reatly

of

one

dissident

and-

In

tiadicals

worked

openly

incensed

one

forcibly

ejected

4.4.1923;
El Comunistas
23-3-1923;
Utofagastag
16.9.1923.
15.4.192-3;
26.4.1923;
25.4.1923;
5-7-1922;
10-7-1922;
Federacify
28.6.1922;
Obrera
22-7-1922.
24-7-1122.
Ibid.
to the
PCCh
Uidalgo
was readmitted
in
December
1923.

7z
.
.
from

tbein

J&F

the

the

of

strands

in

convention

Santiago

a full-scale
prove

they

members
the

and
to

the

vacant

from

excluded
the

the

person

duly

took

second

largest

who

received

her

The
of

were

experiencingg

the

chist

leanings

the

on

of

votes

was

FOCh

the

Teresa

in

the

which

leadership

of

Recabarren

National

Party

Congress

Santiago

(33)
(34)

Ibid.
Ibid-

(35)

Ibid.

2.7-1922.
3.8-1922;
922

5.10-1922.

in

held

hAd

been

interestin,
Flores

Teresa

Jv,

who

older

in

older

in
and

his

Vifta

4.8*1922;

colleagues
to

take

the

light

itseems
-

a full-scale

in

of

party

later

likely
the
of

activists
of

closest

a more

constituted

younger

generation

in

thatq

sugp , ests

mid-1922

between

in

failed

re-elected

More

involved

culminated

a conflict

the

attack

who

decided

had

personalities

and

his

Indeedq

a conflict

than

elections

was

Flores
of

affairs.

in

to

J0.05)

sobe

which

incidents

round

votes.

Recabarren

in

and

first

most

the

members

of

launched

JEF

the

Gonzalezq

number

seat

attacks

part

events
that

the

the

of

Ernesto

appearance

face

active

JEF9

the

up

one

seats

the

Although
in

orovincial

attemptinp

on

upheldg

were

two

allies

llidalgog

sit

(34)

excluded.

his

and

to

The
FOCh

at

and

riebt

decisions

JEF's

fill

with

had

Martfnez

less

had

they

(33)

offence.

Vilarfn

Vilarfn

ooint.

to-ether

where
on

attack

that

this

came

conflict

pistol

at

for

expelled

suimijarily

was

headquarters

anar-

leaders

an

the

at

the

assault
associRtes

Septeinber

1924.

5.8.192290

8.3.1922;

73
0
"
Although
to

continued

be

electoral

1924

congressional

the

bld

For

those
allowed

of

the

to

this

sight
the

of

the

class

an

(36)

(37)
(38)
(39)

(4o)

in

which

its
of

atmosphere
in

Congress

left-wing

For

PCGh

the

defeatp

electoral
to

the

should

to

of

his

with

single

candidate
date,

to

that

unlike

emergence

of

of

Congress

not

lose

concept

votes

have

should

because

1923,

December

the

pack

of

The

'not

eventg

number

PCCh

pacts

or

elect

on

representatives

enjoined

to

largest

PD prior

took

failed

the

in
that

to

attack

bado(37)

prooramme

efforts

&arch

the

the

as

Chillan

the

differences

Congresso(36)

equally

was

JKY

the

and

in

that

Proviso

In

the
polled

The
more

hold

our

was

sincep

all

GBA,

unscrupulous

it

party

the

of

it

Party

argued

wiLh

morality

FuCh

failure

1924

were

strugglele(A)

prevailed
ViRa

the

supporters,

although
In

Congress,

of

Alessandrils
own

they

policy

approval

any

with

pact

JP

occasioned

which

Recabarren

bourgeoisie,

endorsed

PCChts

September

elections,

Party

the

the

at

National

the

and

the

mid-1922,

elections

guard'

be

after

strained
tactics

over

between

relations

the

(39)
which.

POS,

the

place*(40)

immediate
activists

object
at

of
Vifta

the

attacks

was

not

of

Itecabarren

the

youngerg
himself

evidence
tensioti
I)otweoti
t1in
of
continuiriF
and J? zWitiagoq
25-1.1923;
Obrera
see Yederaci6n
25.9-1923;
24.6.1924.
Ibide
l#Ool923o
13o2.1924o
IXrl
iee
Ricardo
Donoso
for
1. PP350-372
op.
cito
an
the
1924
account
of
PCoh candidates
elections.
polled
some 13,000
to 5,000
in
votes
compared
Iarch
1921.
Federaci6n
07-)rera
7o3-192;
14. '3.1,924.
No
official
1924
for
the
statistics
exist
elections
but
it
likely
that
seems
200,000
under
votes
were
cast.
6ee Justicia
30.9.1924
for
to 16.10.19214
Llhe official
lVia
reports
Con: ress.
oi the

74
.
.
Victor

but

Luis

his

colleaCue

Cruz
had

had

In

stood

made

with

in

the

Cruz's

election

guilty.

(41)
on

Cruz's

was

suspended

for

periods

of

nlexion

was

also

members

not

to

the

vent
in

of

in

series

municipal
from

resolutions

the

on

in
times,

Cruz
sen-

limited

more
leftist
which

with

of

measures

coincalled

bourgeois

on

20

reformist

were

errors.
to

appears

it,

elenjerits

designed

(some

September

on

which

received

do

Congress

CEN

doubly

nine

Congress's

Into

the

be

to

councillors

falling

the

debateg

resolutions
to

to

others

The

been

represented

expulsion

anything
in

Since

taken

while

(42)

and

held

was

permanent

had

directly

heated

and

years

enouphp

have

military

to

pre-

elected
(43)
accepted
coup

opposition,

The
Recabarren

major

left
and

party

for

before

held*

Before

seven

candidates

(41)
(42)
(43)

three

have

PCCh's

Recabarrents

closure

was

reflected

power

Interestingly

without

it

punishment

exclusion.

1924)

April

been

Valparafsov

still,

votes.

and

electionsg

in

worse

had

long

from

ranging

out

purchased

and

After

vote

or

of

committeeg

the

tences

PA andq

pact

1924

the

candidate

the

use

the

approved

In

Communist

Recabarren

of

associate

legislature.

the

as

close

the

a pact

implicated
had

Cruzq

he

problems

Santiago
the

before

leftq

for

the

DOT 14.1o. 1924.

Ibid.
9-1091924.
Ibid.
1-5-1924;

the
for

elections

had

apparently

howeverg
new

CEN -

Justiciai

settledg

Coneress*s

a new

C6N had

Rocabarren
butq

in

13.10.1924.

formal

had
Ihis

been
approved

absenceg

75
"
"
three

only

of
The

elected*

to

the

refused
destroy

the

he

the

t the

from

idleness
ignorant

tunculturedg
Recabarren

ful

group

was

a profane

part,

the

and

grandeur
'old

conventionalism'

(44)
(45)
(146)
(47)
(43)

personal

their
been

had

they

of

the

would

party

not

bureaucracy

(4)

3-10.1924;
Justicia
6.1o. 1924.
Ibid.
7.10.1924.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid*

15-10.1924.
17-10.1924.

tbat

all

(47)

4.10.1924.

youth-

that

their

they

had

For

for

the

until

had

tbeLr

delusions

of

defeat

the

to
for

rest

this

partyq

determination

responsible

they

that
that

Recabarren

attacked

re-iterated

(46)

the

power.

boine.,

to

claims

and

which

member

ability

declared
to

non-existent
for

failure;

and
nothing

rebels

which

guard'

electoral

away.

were
desire

Vifta

their

the

to

up

each

of

1who

privately,

petulantt.

grossly

contributed

ideals

left-wing

lacic

total

face

of

sections

persons

1-iore

to

a campaign

the

of

he

C3N:

on

to

failings

idealists

left-wing
had

officot.

(45)

rejected

specifically

young

were

capacity

and

fierce-

to

composed

the

reacted
the

on

circulars

C-EN was

and

the

embarked

and

public

individual

the

supported

Aecabarren

seat

and
their

of

enumerated

ranged

now

experience

responsibility
he

In

or

outnumbered

own

CENe

now

claimed

lacked

his

accept

tha

being

of

prospect
to

(44)

Guardt.

led

. were
included

C.,A members
had

who

I)iriself

was

whom

new

others

and
told

of

four

remaining

the

on

attack

one

seveng

Gonzalez

Ernesto

ly

the

party's
the

been

Opacttst

swept

76
.
.
The

1924

October
Chillan

the

in

insurgents

Vifta

fresh

for

the

throughout

These

elections

were

asked

to

from

by

vatted
of

select
the

those

mentq
toog

down

the

who

by

in

the

FOS

since

triumph

of

insurgents
elected
everg
the

at

ViA&

stormy

petrel

responsible

members

1912

or
the
the

told

has

suggested

been

Chilean

the

by
-

his

and

was

was

thong

Vifla

the
the

CEN
How-

adherentoo(53)
would

Communismq

continue
the

the

complete*

that

and

end

himself

that

Hidalgo

the

militants

yearg

guard'

recent
at

Recabarron
of

30

some

the

been

had

timep

expelled
for

who

end

by

that

announced

1913;

dominated
had

or

some

require-

seniority

CEN formally

'inspired'

of

unlike

By

be

were

candidateaq
thatp

the

suspended

four

CEN*(49)
members

and

thirty

had
to

Necochea

Hidalgo

while

30th

at

the

a now

ensure

met

in

regulations*(50)

and

was

to

they

now

Recabarren

were

some

mid-

CEN elected
hold

the

and
in

end

an

select

November
of

By

Ramfroz

to

section

re-olectedo(52)

also

be

list

deemed

were

Included

old

to

on

party

The

December

elections

section

conflicto(51)
of

old

Viffas

at

Santiago

members

the

hold

Santiago

elected

laid

laterg

country

to

came

press

party

a little

and#

called

sections

exchanges

passionate

Recabarren

between

Vifia

to

be

rebels

(49)

Ibid*

(50)
(51)

See DrIQ 21-11.1924

for this
list
of candidates*
2.12.1924.
Justicia
Many of those disciplined
had
from the party
in protest
withdrawn
already
against
4.11,1924.
Recabarren's
ibid.
activities;
31-12*1924.
IbidThe now CEN included
Galvarino
G119 Lino Paniaeuaq
Tomas
Carlos
A* SepUlvedaq
Conellis
L. E. Guzmanq Recabarrang
Roberto
Salinast
So Barra Wolle
Guzmalnq Conelli
and Barra Woll had
joined
the POS in 1912;
DTIQ 21,11*24.
Gil in 1913e
Ramfrez Necochea Origen, PP195-199-

(52)

(53)

24.1091924.

77
"
"
almost

certainly

him

this

at

became

did

Hidalgo*s

not

although,
TrotskYists

with

failing

habitual

bourgeois

'Collaborationism'

with

and

if

stood

ViRa

omponents
in

but

anythine
together

Alecabarren

and

Tbusq

had

their

for

example

as

his

admitted

named

guilt

the

bureaucratsp

who

believe

lity'

and

In

terminated

It

Elfas
P159.

years
an

on his
may be

Lafertte

behalf

remembered
Vida

do

un

Federaci6n
Obrera 4.1.1924.
Justicia
17-10-1924.
T)i cl.
1-.
.

doubts

no

his

upon

publicly

those
infallibi-

concede
ISanta

the
VilarAq

comunista

indicted

be

which
and

before
that

name,

Vilarfn
in

to

POS's

had

strupele

appeal

December

a bitter

activists
of

in

certainly

assailit

letter

writinp-desk

when

t1, e

(56)

Vilarfn.

scathing

with

intercede

PCCh1*(57)

thirty

that

to

Castor

were

early

PCCh

suf-, gest

the

aside

worked

the

himself

of

architect

of

an

evidence

objected
the

to

evidence

an

Aidalpo

In

change

Rcabarren
the

to
he

leadersbip;

(55)
(56)
(57)

no

personalities.

whatsoever

Florest

is

wig

froin

Recabarren

and

the

over

there

to

Hidalgo

it

ap-oarently

have

re-admission

while

differences

of

clash

(54)

for

to

not

appears

petitioned

1923-(55)

tthe

on

enough

had
Obrera

Federaci6n

all

direct

with

They

parties

at

little

is

a propensity

and

amart

relations

harmoniouso(54)

well

Hidalgo

Recabarren's

that

anytbing

there

allq

been

groups

ijoreoverg

autobiographyg

suggest

19209

behaviour.

stich

of

Lafertte's

to

rebels

for

some

After

have

to

that

true

Bidalgo.

appears

for

the

is

it

from

inspiration

political

any
laterg

point

prominent

draw

de

Teresa

Ksar

of

not
(. antiapo,

las

the

one

to

1957)

be

78
.
.
in

parsimonious
FOCbj

the

and

not

it

was

not

lidalgo

casep

to

handp

in

authority

that

likely

the

in

Ramfrez

dismiss

seems

PCCII

the

Ridallo

on

attacks

possible

of

out

suggestion

particular

vigorous

is

it

while

Necochea's
this

attacks

in

those

on

delivered

had

Thus,

1922,

his

the

of

villain

in

piece.
Recabarren

Although

ber

19thq

with

an

in

liussia.

inside

may
stature

that

papers

publicly

workinf;
in

PCCh

the

almost

class

whichq

the

to

to

as

a prelude

a-ainst
10

the

military

FOCh.

howeverg

about

calming

suicide.

(58)

political

the

by

bullet
he
the

do

published

disquiet

and
a

joint

and

national

in

goneral

his

an
which

itows-

death

his

ands
FAnd body

head

rumour

-a
to

en-

PCCh

and

PCCh

Insurrection
The

-(58)

such

dis-

Chilean

the

the

commission

abbreviated

Recabarrents

PR urgnd

Gobiern
for

stomach

was

murdered

recent
and

been

had

his

on

of

wounds

latmhinp,

Junta

creating
the

circumstancos

Decem-

suicide

Inside

passing.

that

fears

such

and

parties

Lafertteg

no

boupht

strup7le

on

consternation

caused
FOCh

committed

had

he

his

to

had
the

In

all

rumour

according

caused

the

several

courage

had

and

movementp
the

rise

event

regretted

particularl

gave

The

1924t

mid-December

which

pistol

his

winning

7 a. m. 9 he

approximately

at

automatic

travels

by

insurTents

Virla

the

against

clearly

was

adventure

and

report

version

of

set
death

Recabarren*s
to

the

on
this

his
re-

Lafertte
Elfas
Juan Chacon,
op. cit.
ppl65-166.
howeverg
has clainted
that
the idea
came from
young
to b, -Acl< the insurrection
officers
who proj*ised
with
troops.
(3antjap
their
JosC i',ip,,uel
Chac6n
Varas
og
,
1963)
PP51-52-

79
"
"
it

portq
from
of

established

was

had

which

pains
final

months

that

Recabarren

would
failing

him

the

deatho(61)

of

by

affected

was

burden

the

the

last

for

the

with
tially

(59)
(60)
(611)
(62)

the

of

In

the

PCCh

and

Comintern
altered

the

sui-

a previous
If

this

was

the

he

was

that

to

reaction
by
to

his

h13

break-tip

of

physical

and
party

caset

the

opponents

with

do

he

his
beon

have

to

appear

and

were

probably
strain

montal

durinf-

affairs

lifoo
Recabarren
months
firmly

more

made

although

events

his

death

PCCho

life

political

national

mental

imminent

suicide

he

powers

(62)

additional

of

months

the

thrust

the

of

The

his

established

his

workors'

the

the

that

little

have

associates

(60)

the

Flores

for

reasons

in

also

desperation

and

Teresa

with

basic

the

to

illness

His

relationship

to

eyes

and

commontators

by

driven

had

1924.

various

appear

party

he

30thl

disillusioned
and

that

that

by

was

Closest
felt

he

head

suffering

symptoms

irascible
It

his

when

made

polpe

inside

told

August

on

and

military

had

indeedp

suggestions

dismayed

lifeo(59)

andq

attempt

the

his

life

the

in

increasingly

him

made

of

his

end

cide

excruciating

were

the

coniplaintg
nains

been

had

Recabarren

neurological

a progressive
which

that

partyls

were

to

PCCh's

DTIq 22.1,1925.
Ibide
nies 0. I-Iorris
consenso n?-05,
interview
with
1973-

the

character.

of

mainstream
close

changes
It

by

era
to

Chilean
contacts

3ub3tan-

which
is

an

were

events

increasingly
produce

of

and

followed,

which
into

the

the

roarked

no

mpans

Los eliLes,,
los intelectuales
liss
scline. of those stj-estions.
J. cle La C. Leyonq 3ajjLiat,, oj,

y el
arch

80

Recabarren

that

certain

class

working

younger
vided
Junta

de

19249

for

the

Gobierno

was

no

the

Juntn

only

the

declared

was

to

hand

bitter

programme

had

helped

cipitated

the

September

officersq

led

by

and

urged

Junta

de

Gobiernol

to

Alessandri
office.

(63)

to

Chile

it

Alessandri's

IbAftez

reform
which

and

pre-

the

23rdq

3ounr

Narmaduque
deposed

alessandristaSg

to

commitments

regeneration
complete

seemod

those

precimely

On January

and

implement

but

conditions

their

national

and

return

the

the

confid"nce.
to

steps

pro-

con-

invited

and
his

the

term

of

(63)

ostensibly

constitutional
The

to

Carlos

civilian

to

power

create

reaffirmed

Although
1925

over

had

that

their

movement

military

Colonels

reform

stitutional

take

to

tbe

who

golpe

of

worthy

golpe.

on by

Grove

longer

opposition
to

1924

to

clear

officers

September

the

whose

elements

become

had

failing

of

goals

preparing

it

progressively-rpinded

impetus

Not

be

unimpaired.

of

end

more

and
the

to

the

Cbilean

the

in

reputation

of

set

eitber

survived

and

standing

inovement

By

have

would

his

with

experiences

1833

Alessandri's
marked

Chile's
the

normality,
Constitution

arrival

was

in

return
reality
aboyancep

in
to
was

in

March

rule

and

Santiago
civilian
somewhat

Congress

was

different*
closed

For the devolo-oments

leaditir
up to the Jam. tary
1925 couzo se-9
Ia
Charlin
Avi6n-toi-o
Oarlos
i
-)el(6alltiagoq
A8PUbliCa
1972)
Socialista
PT)5()-()9;
i'redericlc
lot?
Carlos
-4ujjn op. cit.
Pr)67-87;
A,,. J.-lez
0
(jantia,
Ai
19-3-'4;
de
I
oldado
un
-09
vols.
-ecuerdos
1,1
ia 1),,,
o!r7-

81

.
liberties

civil

and

military.
than

more
loyalty

the

to

Noreovers
went
as

the

he

had

of

his

declared

although
to

traditional

their

need

the

making

the

the

IbaAezq

the

principal

he

found

soon
the

overcome

Finally,

in

military

Colonel

of

ambitions

presidential

factor

another
the

that

resistance

reforms.

of

military

preoccupations

return,

spokesman

the

that

and

involvement

(64)

movement.

insisted

return,

leader

of

the

young

concern

in

the

months

to

frame

and

his

on

rested

military

constitutional

continued

emerged

politics

own

on

recognised

govern

duties

Alessandri's

after

months
for

his

opposed

who

of

support

military

of

the

had

his

of

to

the

of

mercies

himself

ability

goals

pro-condition

those

in

as

Alessandri

back

tender

Alessandri

occasiong

one

the

on

rested

Similarlyq

officers.
Alessandrits
remained

which

a now

promulgate
of
tasic
ate

had
the

been

IbaTfiezq

who

name

to

forthcoming

(64)

Period

the

he

held

a cabinet

go forward

as

presidential

cabinet

as

See, for
Gobierno

once
no

convention

example,
(Santiagop

would
and

for

seat

September
as

detrandedt

abuses

a116

Yhen

obliged

to

tolerin

Colonel

of

Wars

allowed

refused

Alossandri

Arturo
Alessandri
1967;
3 vols.

his

when

it,

candidate

and

this

19259

Minister

a prosidential
elections

the

and

intervention

military
In

end

felt

longer

assertive

Covornmente

was

which

Republic

completed

office

of

constitution

increasingly
of

from

his

Parliamentary

the

conduct

his

of

overwhelming

to

the

resign

handed

Recuerdos
) Wo PIT8.

over
do

82

.
his

power

to

again.

(65)

Ibafiez

Navy

disgruntlement

and

to

intrigue

forced

1925
they

didacyg

once

an

eminently

on

and

Health

earlier

by

red
(65)
(66)

the

the

Armed

menace

reforms

(which

Asalariados

Forces

which

later

formod

the

and

Figueroa

de
the

Chile

established

Larrafn

Seep ibid.
1Iq pp263-282
resignation.
of his
Carlos
ia'ezp
op. cit.
,.

would
for
119
9

Salast
by

Uni6n

partios

would
as

incapable

Alessandri's
pp29-31-

the

white

and

usli,, tcii)p

be

of

popularity.

supported

blue

of

Minister

Santos

of

conglomeration

manage

a military

considerable

who was

and

can-

encouraged

Salasq

that

hope

Larrafnq

He

a reforming

hoped

the

product

another*

won

apparently

ad hoc

organisations
de

had

year

did

unimpressIve

as

the

When

Figueroa

Santos

for

own

unity.

Emiliano

Jose"

who

the

parties

tried
of

that

his

national

totally

friend

Ibafiez

an

Republicano
by

in

been

In

press

political

Ibafiez

sweepine

promised

collar

if

a personal

this,

doing

PCCh and

and

the

ambitions

doctor

who

name

could

(66)

continued

ha(,

apparently

of

candidate

politics

presidential

he

the

respectable

traditional
the

in

single

that

and

failed

strategem
agree

In

fail

more,

lie

the
Army.

candidate

single

elootionag

presidential

would

to

choose

he

that

insisted

Ile

candidacy*

should

parties

October

this

his

withdraw

political

president

the

of

though

even

his
from

sectors

suggests

which

evidence

drop

to

opposition

of

some

amongst

become

to

to

that

is

there

however,

face

the

in

once

resigned

and

forced

eventually

was

candidacy

presidential

Borrofioq

Barros

rivalq

old

Social
be

seen

a powerful
of

account

83
.
,
(67)

stonpine.
own

presidential

once

againg

IbSRez
Salas

received
home

in
of

War*

Ibafiez
not

continued

chiefs
1925.
act.

From
first

of

opponents.
gusted
(67)

(68)
(69)

at

consolidate

Larrafri
jalas

jantos
Larrafn

romped

forced

resignation

by

in

early

of

persecution

the

tho
in

to
19279

lie

Larrafn

which

to

the
office*

launched

the

political

resignedg

persecution

October

ready

of

his

arainst

the

in

tbat

tiltiev

naval

was

appointment

whom

same

the

Ibafioz
Jnistor

February

political

At

candidacy

the

Figueroa

instrudt

of

19279
of

own

1927p

April

authority

of

to

support

presidential

the

waves

last

the

beginning

his

personal

of

of

ministers

duties.

thoir

the

at

',.'Linister

as

himself

the

of

was

cabinet
of

upon

his

the

positiong

In

in

his

arranged

many

it

first

the

the

President

as

appointwent

undermine

blocked

By

and
that

to

had

(69)

Interior

Interior

to

from
in

took

and

the

worked

who

Ile

the

blocked

office

but

remained

who

of

and

1925

December

approve

Kinisters

Army

Figueroa

YQueroa

votesq

took

Larrafn

Ibafiez

mercy

he

butt

186,187-(68)

with

Republic

did

candidate

Although

polls.

Sp091

Figueroa

he

the

to

went

both

and

his

revive

would

transaction

miscalculated

remarkable

this

that

as

chances

jantos

and

fplt

IbShez

had

distouched

Carlos
Vicufia
119
".
cit.
PPBO-85 makes out a case
f
_
these
lines
along
j6ez
119
and Carlos
op. cit.
r)l,)33$
36 tends
to agree
lbafiez
himself
v,,Lth him.
clai'mcd
his
that
by circums-ances
actions
were dictated
ar)d
Lttis
not ambition:
Prieto
Sl Prosidente
(;orrea
(jantiaf--ol
Ibafiez
1926)
11)'TileztS
pf)1-12-120.11,11t
to patriotic
Claill's
disinLorest
aro not ;Alto,, etlier
Probably
convin C ing.
-*
ri,
as Nuno has stp,;, e: itWq
a
tfiez
,
it,
simj: )ly did
not luiow wliaL L(:) do in October
1-)? 5;
OP- ci ,
Pl 05Julio
U sar Jobet,
'l Partido
T.
Socialista
Chile
cis
( antia,, 7oq 19-11; 2
volv.
T),-)20,29.
Anz
Carlos
oT).
cit.
['L
C
Carlos
Vtrijfia
,
r) 3-'P7;
1"11prites,

On.

cit.

II,

.
rnlr,

9n
-90.

84
.
.
family

his

and

President.
election

to

tbe

votes

of

between

intimates,
following

the

Presidencyq

the

Ao

of

been

bad

memher
bourgeois

urging

tial

reactions

leastp

may

the

PCChts

Recabarren.

young

and

CEN would

Indeed)
public
acted

(70)

to

while

have

figure,
on

their

According

polled
3029142
(71)

(72)
(73)

the

the

it

become

CEN later

2229139
people

the

been

their
no

In

i4acion

votes
were

,9
to his

eli? -ihle

of
by
the

certnin

that

he
most

he

had

overktq

-,og

Hidalgo

while

PUCh's

Jantia?

at

movement

had

any

of

urping

means

that

claimed

directions*(73)

La

by

ini-

dominated

still

differently

responded
did

is

coup

part

death

the

had
of

in

emergence

CEN was
narty

23rd
different

The

after

cEi

from

aloof

Colpe,

the

control

alive,

to

on

one

January

second
of

the

since

Hidalgo

stand
the

leader

since

1925p

(72)

the

result

recover

been

bad

Recabarren
the

tbo

Howeverp

officers

to

Prominnnt

most

recabarrenistas

workers

C9N

been

have

to

enthusiasm.

the

of

a detainee

16th,

CEN greeted

the

uqqualified

almost

Communist,

one

already

January

as

the

conflictsi

with

as

late

as

them

aTon,

shared

were

(71)

Afuera.

Although

21

was

own

unsur"rising

remaining

time

tbat

by

who

Island

The

Vice

as

his

organised
an

candidatesq

of

Lafertte,

polling

IbSiFtez

to

over

Ibadez

month

(70)

a handful

Elfas

and

The

cast.

handed

survived*
prominent
always
once

23.5-19279

opponents'
to vote.

the

1baAez

89072*

Lafertte
but
received
some 29000
votes
nationally
593 from
tfie
Communist
only
of Tarapacap
strongholds
Antofa'asta
Concepcion.
Ibid.
and
Justicia
16.1.1925.
!-arri
by
"V*oll;
Arti. cle
-'alvador
,
ibid.
? -1.1925:
CEN and FoCh imnifesto.
-1.1926.
1,
D'M
for
1925.
CEN report

85
.
.
had

officers

young

pledged

promptly
Fovernment
but

party

this

that

redeemed
the

which
soon
was

which

was

would

be

its

it

its
a
to

both
by

terniq
the

threat

old

Junta

timet

of

convocation

the

crusade

now
to

oligarchyl

ininiediate

(74)
(75)

battle

revolution
against

attack

the

In

term,
waged

working

Justicia25.1.1925.
27.1-1925.
Ibid.

tvarsuasive
went

sog

benefits.
PCCh

had

to

andq

class

the

some

to
the

to

al--)ort
tbe

which
the

at

rule

sanie
and

prepare

a new

CEN arxued

thatq

between

serve

military
short

helped

civilian

combatants

only

the

reaction

planning

both

followed,
and

with

Assembly

would

military's

cooperation

return

beinp

the

strategy.

tile

been

longer

the

military

doing

in

right-wing

Constituent

a
In

constitution.
the

to

Chile's

hastened

the

which

webIcs

and

term

golpe,

had

Gobierno

de

CEN9

a handover

of

for

upon

the

lonp

the

supporting

bad

given

and

short

support

revolutionary
the

party

sophisticated

position

evolving
According

brought

in

military

the

inside

conditional

increasingly

an
for

towards

its

that

the

consternation

widespread

apparently

grounds

that

ensure

the

of

the

CEN on

in

share

sectors

caused

Aoreoverg

CEN produced

to

The

expedientp
(75)

some

the

way

emphasise

temporary

justification
way

best

the

actioti
to

perforniance.
the

by

justified

to

offered

shocked

which

FOCI,

JEF

the

and

even

and

pledges-04)

CENIs

moved

suo-port

offer

an

actedp

its

CE, POCh

the

to

movement.

the

bourgeoisie

and

to

call
both

unite
In

those

the

and
for
in

86
.
.
the

circumstances,
flank

the

of

with

the

When

these

reforms

masses
masses

be

it

the

in

Finallyq

development
by

party

war

the

of

its

improve

revolutionary

to

outcome

this

to

strategy

began

to

to

have

PCCh

similar
The
of

the

committees
CON,

the

constant

(77)
(78)

military

set

aims

of

pressure

the

up

the

orpnnisations,
military

for

of
the

the

of
a

nmrsistently
It

though

the

after

soon
his

after

andf

coup,

Midallot

and

in

elsewhere

especially
but

military

since

imnlementation

These
in
arguments
can be found
29-1-1925;
3.2*1925.
The ftillest
tile
CA, Is reasons
explanation
of
(-iantla-o)
Flandera
! 10ja
Year
1,
Justicia
27-1.1925.
id.
29.1.1925;
12.2.19?
5.

laterg

the

country.

(77)

of

a wide

range

created

movement

the

in

Nacional(CON)

representatives
was

tool

fairly

days

by

event

providinFr,

even

Obrera

over

the

06)

clunj-

Two

included

which

of

1925t

of

the

militaryg
in

movement

presided
were

with

strugele,

ComitO

creite

unconditional

(76)

the

was

which

workers'

rise

to

belpeV

Santiagop

momt

Alessandri.

President

returnp

durins

criticise

the

possibilities

The PCCh appPars

utilise

and

strupples.

position

PCCh

the

disillusion

links

such

bourients

would,

revolutionary

strategic
the

increase

and

their

close

maintaining

would

civil

harness

to

well-placed

infltience.
of

they

contacts

close

emptiness

inevitably

as

promisesq

the

suT)port

bourpeois

under

learnt

had

to

were

waintaininp

still

were

who

tactics

thus

bourgeoisie

and

would

best

FCCh's

it

was
it

of

to

pop"la-

by

"o

means

maintained
those

aill's-(7,9)

27-1.1-925;
coherent
and most
in
can be f ound
19'25.
jll)ril

JustlcLaq

87
.
.
Howeverp

in

official

delegate

leaving

exercise

briefly

tegy
and

joined

Frente

Unico

in

and

FSR bad

Civil(YUC).

The

an

the

by

Although

Alessandri
front

united
elections

tion

and

of

the

military

received

of

hands

of

its

coalition

of

Democrats

stra-

Reptibli-

to

formed

Radicals
but

rule
botb

to

the

oppose
by

civilian

opposition

and
wast

Alessandri

for
of

One

of
coup

even
in

the
was

which

would

(79)

Ibido

9*2.19?

for

with

though

reasons

why

the

promise

of

a new

an

to

admini3train

in

confidence

the

the

elements

July

and

continued

the

certain

its

for

call
for

It

year#

suDport

Jtjne

to

preparation

main

prepare

begun

the

links

shocks

Assetubly

YI-Ad.

in

facto

close

rude

in

express

movement

military

had

and

later
do

the

with

to

begun

FCCh had

the

i(ago-earners

all

maintain

some

jee
for

the

of

created

defend

both

movement

January

:Ln

pursuance

FUC was

il-lay 1925

scheduled

to

committAeg

Social

been

Governmont

a posture

maintain

the

to

disillusion

considerable
and

the

movement.

military

the

Frente

The

expression

in

curious
the

ostensibly

effectp

the

influence

PCChq

rather

(80)

Uonservatives
in

the

arcb-conservatiVeS

cano(FS3).

block

to

(79)

19259

April

its

withdrew

attempt
to

Communist

representatives.

In

an

parties

politioal
of

PCCh

the

CON in

the

from

other

the

FOCh

the

early

of

admission

19259

February

of
PCCh

elected

1925,
had

both

(81)
supportod

Con. -3tittient

constitution.

Indeedg

5-

26.14,. 1925;
Carlos
4q'S(t4cia,
5.4.1925;
early
of
criLicismis

Charlin
7.4-1925;
Alessard-I

citop,
16.4.1925;
eatid the

PPIJ-4-11-5Ij. 5.?
militarys

e5

88
.
.

a constituent
in

returned

assembly

its

type

of
the

elected

military

did

not

be

that

ensured

was

done

was

Hidalgoo(83)

by

been

having
now

in

control

the

Church

from

Presidencyp
Executive
(82)

(83)

the

it

had

little

This

military
in

delay

State#
extended
the

See ibid.

the
the
of

troops

instituted

remove

the

finance

Legislature

and

13th-17th
9

March,

approved
strength-

It

office

by
and

of

for

votes
to

separated

also
to

Incorporated

1925

it

bills

elections

of

periods

finally

was

ministers

Santiago.

direct

over

legislaturel

to

In

despite

influence

no

which

the

whom

had

Commission

to

of

it

considerably

pressures

passage

of

Chic&

or

constitutions

power

one

that

Consultative

relation

constitution

PCCh claimed

a minorityq

1925.

which

'communists'

Constituyente

presence

and

commission

the

the

should

an po3sibleo

15 membersq

of

the

which

country
soon

an

of

Congress
to

censures

the

that

framing

sub-committee

the

successfully

seven

of

by

promised

resolutions

July

from

removed

sese(82)

a consultative

work

Chicaq
debated

to

Alessandri

including

real

Presidency

the

like

normality

members

called

Constituyente

organisations

and

appointed

ill-disguised

under

of

short

constitution

approved

ened

too

was

Although

in

the

PCCh had

the

Assembly
-

a small

the

influenced

owns

Constituent

the

that

Chile

would

constitutional

121

have

but

the

they

Alessandri

to

came

to

workers$

materialiss

time
to

returned

Insteadq

of

constitution

Howeverg

arguing

of

range

a wide

which

the

had

Alessandri

before

the

both

the

some

rather

reports

on

the

Chicae
proceedings
of the Constituyente
According
to Donoso opecitev
Ip pp417-418;
pp4224239 seven of the delegates
were classified
as
goommunistal
fourp
be
howevert
definitely
can
only
identified
time - Cruzp
as PCCh members at that
Hidalgot
Contreras
Labarca
and Cordoba*

89
e
.
vague

social

principlezo(84)

The

FCCh objected

Caesariaml

enshrined

supporters

to
in

system

the

PCChIs

1279509

the

stance3q
In

19259

on

troops

(84)
(8.5)
(86)
(87)

and

attempt

blessingg
to

the

the

accompanied

by

shared

approved

by

company
the

for
the

authorities

Colonel

Ibanez

restore

public

order*

the

See Federico
Gil El
1969) pplO5-8
for-a
Justicia
7.8.1925*
Ibid#
3*9elq25*

Antofagaata

the

strike

which

by

the

usual

was
andp

Minister

and

the

had

been

(87)

The

isolated

nitrate

polftico
of the

a revolu-

Alessandri's

with
of

acts
companies$

dubbed

Estimates

sistema
summary

were

problemp

dispute.

policep

strategy,

workers

the

the

circum-

and

Tacna/Arica

of

meatinigg

its

revise

to

managers

van
other

provinceng
the

element

the

was

Tarapaca

reasons

on

the

to

between

a plebiscite

stores

now

groups

under

PCCh
in

of

towards

political

whichg

the

friction

was

the

ratify

constitution

North

Although

which

parliamentary

old

CommIssion,

workers

explosive

violence

now

caused

an

provided

tionary

the

nitrate

for

other

to

its

(86)

administrations

preparing

truck

have

hold

ordered

and
the

of

Consultative

in

economicp

military

of

as

the

strike*

primarily

strikep

69825.

might

June

went

to

occurred

event

retention

objectionag

*presidential

the

constitution

plebiscite

national

votes

now

the

Although

Even
an

for

vote

the

(85)

constitution,
the

in

to

vehemently

War of

ordered

those

the

killed

de Chile(Santiago
r925 Constitution*

19.6.1925*
Ibide
Sao alsol
Vicufta
Fuentes
Carlos
119 PP38-50.
The plebiscite
to decide
OP* Cites
(seized
Tacna
Arica
by Chile
whether
in the War
and
be returned
of the Pacific)
to Perug was never
should
hold.
In 1929,
it
that
Tacna
was agreed
should
to Peru and Chile
keep Arica.
revert
should
See Luis
Galdames
Estudio
do la Historia
(8th
do Chile
odes
Santiagos
1938)
pp504-506.

90
.
.
bloodbath

in

the

to

three

the

thousand

troyed

Despite
its

revise

felt

It

it

the

passive

response

detained

labour
for

in

the

hoped

had

the

enjoyed*

still

considered

Certainlyp

on

elections

those
links

to

shaking
the

particularp

be

off
PCChIs

with

Ibaftez

the

the

year

that

amongst

the

which

(whose

had

(88)

James 0.
estimates
Justicia

(89)
(90)

Justicia
19.6.1925;
irrl_q
14.1,1926.

described

the
in

part
as

found

October

the

'gross

were
of

the

nation,

Oligarchy*
andq

June
error')

Morris
Even
op. cit.
p209.
from
29000
to a few
varied
15.8.1925;
14.1.1926.
DTIq

10.7s1925o

and
movement

military
the

and

evidently

vivas

the

of

with

be

military

fuersas

dead-hand

relations

the

main
the

movement

stagev
the

of

with
can

PCCh

military

per.

the

for

the

its

greater

release

continue

Popularity
at

that

perhaps

scheduled

the

with

Justicia

sedately

in

Santiago
protest

even

to

electionss

widespread
Indeedt

still

intent

the

For

from
for

in

later

argued

not

completely

not

formal

Howevers

earlier

maintain

from

profit

work

evolved
of

1925,
to

to

determination

CEN's

approach

November

party

leaderse(90)

the
it

the

it

is

des-

FCCh did

the

so

and

deportedo(89)

and

19259

lodge

saved
it

arrested

CHN based

indeeds

a, fullin

seized

the

andq

enabled

was

do

than

hundred

one

launch

to

used

not

that

more

had

had

and

strategy

little

killings

secution

did

under

FOCh organisations

June

of

it

probable

do

against

reason

Why

seems

could

were

massacre

strategy*

but

clear

PCCh and

activists

the

was

FOCh property

PCCh and

Communist

and

from

range

occasion
the

against

(88)

area.

the

and

offensive

scale

followed

which

massacreq
grew

Communist
hundred.

in

91.
.
late

in

warmer
Ibiftez's

determination
demanded

which

Indeodq

1925*(91)

became

that

candidates

ber

presidential

electional

to

Vice-Pregident

Barron

in

his

the

country

one

whog

tected

the

Altar

of

Justicia
force

to

liberties

was

making

the
in
the

the

one

senator

in

help

of
and

by; aulections

chamber.
(91)
(92)
(93)
(94)

for

the

FCCh was well

vith

strike
protest

elections

presidential

a pact
six

vith

a further

best

known

what

been

the

only

handq

has

pro.

rodents

the

and

Holy
if

Ibaftez

for

his

which

the

PCChg

FOCh and

irregularities

in

was

those

the
-

has

and

in

to

playing

the

use

thegallery

elections#

electionag

PD and

to

refusal

congressional

In

just

despotsol(93)

it

November

deputies

elected

if

lyrical

spiritualp

alleged

or

rewarded*

the

Octo-

resignation

waxed

right

the
to

payment

his

He has

from

they

the

after

man who

his

against

to

declared

preparation

in

sword

whens

convention
when

offered

moment*

a general

crush

resign

Justicia,

one

treasury

national

our

USRACh had

the

the

with

energeticq

....

this

at

flaming

with

Borgofto

been

needs

and
Ibaftez

'Ibaftez

praiaeo(92)

trustingeeeha3

comply

ministers

cabinet

presidential

and

to

not

PCCh applauded

the

the

the

USRACh,

following

representative

PCChq
elected
year

to

each

(94)
Justicia
27*8.1925;
editorial.
2-10-1925Ibide
Tb--ide 31*10*1925,
K-nuel
(senator);
Hidalgo
C6rdobaq
Josi
Santos
Reyesq
Pedro
Salvador
Wollq
Barra
Ram6n SepUlveda
Luis
Leals
Victor
Cruzq Manuel
Herreraq
Abraham
Bart
(deputies)
Quevedo
Howeverp
in 1925.,
were elected
the PCCh orginally
Bartj
it
although
claimed
soon
transpired
that
he was not a party
member but a
FOChista
joined
In 1926,
the PD*
Juan
and he later
Luis
Carmona was elected
to the Senate
and Carlos
Contreras
Labarca
to the Chamber of Deputies.

92
.
.
The

to

began
the

change

beginning

towards
first

of

October

Imminent

of

workerst

by

that

creating

to

create

to

and

white

of

and

Oscar

19309)

the

the

of
saw

its

even

unwilling

that

(95)
(96)

electionas

the

who

a broad

united

the
of

socialistp

as

had

Suggesting

do

the

basis

Justicia
12.4.1926.
22.10.1926.
lbide

hostility
had

of

Jost

of

range

a wide

mem-

Martfnez
the

Chile(PS)

in

the

for

party

became

a now

to

the

After

in

the

Into

come

roles

continue
it

helped

originally

Alberto

While

should
that

of

non-communist

important

ideology.

USRACh

its

support

Socialista

potential

Howeverg

itself

Carlos

play

front

opportunity

leading

included
to

threat*

organisationso

the

of

full

dictatorshipo(96)

candidacy

the

workers$

of

fascist

party

USRACh

By

was threatened

presidential

some

Partido

the

the

delivered

this

lost

attracted

(both

-Sc,hnake

it

country

because

The

collar

USRAChj

radicalg

the

had

howeverg

electionsp

long

which

the

of

combat

largely

support
and

bers

had

USRAChe

Salas

blue

creation

the

existence

of

a military

to

PCCh

the

formation

the

organisation

an

Santos

that

of

a front#

such

towards

for

the

hostile

a position

organi3ations
timep

increasingly

PCCh had moved into

danger

The PCCh called

From

lbaftozo(95)

attacks

and had declared

opposition
by the

the

1926

elections*

upon

many trenchant
19269

1925

April

movement

military

PCCh became

and in

military

the

November

the

1926,

for

support

the

after

of

the

of

posture

PCCh
exist

a permanent

of
was
after

not

93
"
"
for

the

working

emergence

of

a now

congress
the

popular
The

USRAChj

the

bourgeois

patty
Not

content

creation

of
General

parts

to

the

PCCh

made

ly

critical

to

have

important

ambivalencep

(97)
(98)

likely

of

Ib9ftez

February

19279

the

PCCh

which

his

the

to

called

anti-fascist
PD shared

first
PCCh was

the
the

increasingit

seems
long

USRACh

essentially

PR and

the

PCCh

intentions

good

was

made

the

became

19269

the

By

appeared

politiciansp

of

in

although

and

formation

sectors
when

in

the

intendedq

movements

Thusp

own.

the

and

USRACh

their

parliament

to

contrast

and

military

October

after

in

the

its

on

attacks

parliament

opponents

lost

had

the

dictatorship
the

in

owns

approaches

although

faith

the

was

difficultq

a military

and

its

with

support*

USRACh

half-heartedg,
of

some

PCCh

marked
-

if

Ibafiez

class

front

a united

dangers

of

which

another

masses*

ahead

Empleados,

between

Howevers

Iblftezts

valent

most

of

went

of

working

hostility

retained

became

PCCh

just

was
the

organization

USRACh's

the

the

the

Since

Obroros

somefroahp

as

increase.

of

do

equanimityo(97)

mystifying

the

front

considerable

1925p

late

in
on

polemicas

creation

to

after

intent

undermine

made

USRACh

party

a united

1926,

of

end

declared

with

view

not

partyppossessing

supports

PCCh

did

it

movements

radical

class

with

UniSn

to

working

and

class

moves
isolated

reaction
which
ambi-

for

the

defence

committeex.
the

(98)

USRAChts

against
from

his
its

allies*

Ibido
13ol2ol925;
lolol926.
23olO. 1926;
lbido
18*11.1926;
12*2*1927;
1392*1927*

23,, 11.1926;

3.2.19271

94
.
0
by

Ifq
cally

1924

late

and

early

because

of

claim

that

19259

by

larly

FOCh membership
1926

early

in

decline

events

tions

FOChIs

in

the

a whole*

Recovery

surgence

the

of

implementation
trade

unequal

ture

the

its

19259

two

while

in

(100)
(101)

was

now

trade

caused

the

with

FOCh members
19269

FOCh as

the
by

an

concerted

CEN9 following

give

their

uneven
and

confusion

the

FOCh's

strength
to

effort
In

on to
the

the

PCCh

the

lawsg

elected

by

to

d6signed

uhlon

a re-

and

While

June

of

organi3a-

confederation.

were
the

rapid

to

considerable

first

the

difficulties

enoughl
its

regu.

hampered

legislation

in

mark

events

blow

the

authorities

regional

structuroe(100)

PCCh made

September

date

by

were
of

powerful

a savage

Ironically

relationship
JEF

the

economic

application
(101)

declinedp

was

social

the

accepted

confliot,

(99)

a legal

unions

gru*ngly

now

1009000

bloody

the

perhapsy

some

cause

country4s
of

the

result

stimulated

major

that

after

partlyg

The

dealt

and

and

members

smashed

North

of

some

membership

which

the

69000

duese(99)

paying

partly

although

reached

only

a con-

change

Howevers

During

experienced

economy

radical

interventions*

military

and

for

hopes

the

the

in

improvements

general

fortunesp

its

in

FOCh had

the

politi.

condition*

a weakened

19259

isolated

PCCh was

the

in

also

revival

siderable

1925

early

FOCh was

the

19279

the

struo-

December
CEN PCCh

example

Ce-sar Jobet
Ensayo
Crfticog
Julio
P172;
20.4.1926.
for
See, James Oo Morris
op, cit.
a study
background*
legislation
political
and its
Ibid.
pp204-210.

of

Justicia
of

this

95
0

"

Communi

Uruguayan

the

Partyq

at

The

Sindical(CCS)*(102)
direct

and

of

activities

the

in

work

party

designed

CCS was
unions

the

at

to

to

and

commissions

similar

Central

a Comisi6n

created

organise
the

co-ordinate

regional

local

and

levels*
Although

dramatically

clined

effervescence

class

PCCh to

series

by

In

served

traditional

form

of

Arrendatarione
ters$
datarioa,

in

Other

role.
came
Obrera
the

worker

which

workers'
during

prominent

the

Forrovariat

the

the

PCCh and

did

manage

the

to

workers'

groups

(102)

justicia

(103)

Seat
which

the

Ley
to

impetus

in

the

the

now

to

the

included

mid-1920s
do

Empleados

de

Liga
law#

play

worker3l

of

the

ren-

do Arron-

Nacional

a prominent
Communistobs-

which

Federacign

the
do

Chile(UECh)

Profesoreso
to

join

front

a united

increasingly

1926.

revival

a Liga
came

of

the

of

rentao(103)

in

a degree
late

created

which

organisations

FOCh grew

working

261
control

form

to

de

other

agitationg

organisation

UniSn

had

anarchist

for

basis

USRACh refused

achieve

to

de-

political

representatives

Communists

General

Asociaci&n
If

the

together

came

(LNA)

19259

included

as

Under

leagues

influence

its

produced

which

general
intervention

military

commis3ions

commi3aionsl

the

have

to

appears

1925t

early

Communistsq

organization3g

the

extend

tripartite

of

These

and

by

organisations,

seconded

strength

June

after

produced

the

enabled

FOCh's

the

cooperation

It

launched

PCCh

the

weakerp

of

with

with

other

a campaign

with

28.9.1926.
ibide
5o2*1925
for
, produced
Ley 261.

an

account

of

the

events

96
.
.
anarchist
Lay

40549

whichq

in

favour

worked
the

PCCh and

the

governmentIs

it

was

of

the

had

under

to

Neither
success

effective

the

January

action

police

strike

and

1927
the

and
19279

against
the

of

problems

howeverp

movements

wages

January

In

a general

solve

the

reduce

(104)

launched

laws

security

to

employers,

failure

much

social

claimed9served

allies

classes*

working
have

its

the

against

organ13ations

to

appears

foundering

strike

of

opposition

USRACh*(105)

While
difference

to
to

appear

local

been

in
intense

power

as

a result

of

did

of

party

policy.

expressed

by
to

coupq

ure

to

sufficiently

for

the

Santos

toral

pact

tiong

public

its

PD and

The

Antofagastan

CEN was

the

openly
section
*bourgeois

of

the

degrees
the

CHNIs
the

wassacrep

But

vigorously
reformistf

l0oll,
Justicia
1925o
91 Na3ionalistaq
Valparaf3ov
1927 for
USRACh's
position

only

opposition

attacked
January

for

the

to

its

fail-

to

Its

support

and

despite

twice

their

support

FSR,

CEN remained

challenged

the
the

in
of

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and

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1925

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of

PCCh policy

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criticism

(ioO
(105)

death

leadership

national

were

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to

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this

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occurrence

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1925*

during
the

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CEN for

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lat
fortnightp
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97
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factors*

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collaborationisme(106)

and

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serious

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death$
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than

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(106)

(JCV) 8-3-1925
Comunistag
La Jornada
Valdivia
rethe Antofagastan
18.9-25;
printed
see ibid,.
attackg
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23-9-1925
attack*
6.5-1925;
justicia
22.5-1925*

(107)

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98
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sections

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19259

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(109)
(110)

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rkdicated

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87

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59000,

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party

remarked

membership

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of

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Santiago

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precipitated

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of

of

external

was

partyo(108)

Despite

4tooo

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party

interests

events

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parties

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pression

of

part

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of

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absorbed

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19259

regional

the

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was

'complete

261

the

and

more

attracted
Ley

April

was

the

FOCh

laws

while

change

radical

party

12.4.1925;
Ibide
7-3*1925,
14. lel926.
DTiq
Following
PCCh custom,
early
national
party
congresses
are numbered from the first
POS congress
(1915) throughout
this
See Ramfrez Necocheag
work*
Origen, q p265 and WIQ 14.1.1926
for the figures
on
membership
and sections.

"99"
had

possessede

ever

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for

report
tion

new

of

tion

of

by

ted

Congress

the

centralism

The

July

in

1925*(112)

In

the

the

adoption

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now forms

did

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the

Congress

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funds

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members

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(112)

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bourgeois

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formal

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1926.

of

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19249

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democratic

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of

19259

study

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congressmen*
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wages*

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See Appendix
Ag for
the place
of the call
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centralism
cratic
DTIQ 30.1*1925*

and

demo-

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100
0
them

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at

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19269

greater

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(115)

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rather

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name

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generation

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of

absence

Congressq

election

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apparent

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of

activists

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conflicts

serious

Congress*(113)

in

systematically

his
to

re-

been

of-

carrying
law

5-1*1926.

The CEN elected

in December 1925 did include
two of
(CEN POS and
the 'older
Manuel Leiva
generationIg
(CEN 1925) but
PCCh 1920-1923)
and Lino Paniagua
these : o: n dropped
out leaving
effective
power to
Luis Hr
J. R* Bascuftan Zuritaq
Maclovio
andez,
Galdameas Jose Santos Zavalaq
Roams.
Rufino
23.2.1926.
Justicia

101
0
4054)

(ley

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to

CHN refused

19269

April

this

rejected
their
the

section

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to

function

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partyls

Party

Congress

one

Valdivia#

treasury

Party
August

19269

abstain

for

(116)
(117)

only
an
he

office.

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(117)

indiscipline

of

andq
members

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newspapers

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to

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organise

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re-absorbed

in

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1925

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designed

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deputy
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resolved

CEN instruction
to

remove

the

suspended
conflict

Rebelignq
Santiagog
1-5,1926.
6.8.1926.
JCV 24-7*1926;
Justicia

to

Seventh

the

structure
to

Abraham
to

CEN had

distinguished

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in

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began

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a

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areas's

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to

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102

Valdivia
the

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lished

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cipline

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language
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tern,
(118)

(119)
(120)

early
(120)

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direct
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of

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contact

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PCChIs

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relations
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doctrina-

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PCCh and

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1926.

dis-

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of

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Valdiviaq
La Satallay
was
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JCV 28-7-1926.

in

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impose

resolve

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of

conflicts

interest

internal

pre-dated

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closer

1926

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over

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(118)

approval

determination

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at

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had

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during

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faction

vities

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PCCh newspapers

doctrinarios.

Cominto

times

Th-e first
direct
contact
to have been
appears
1921 when the Latin
made in September
Countries'
Bureau
of the Cominterng
acting
on information
from
the Argentine
Communistq
received
Rodolfo
(in
Ghioldiq
sent
French)
a letter
prematurely
the PCCh into
the fold;
welcoming
in
photocopy
J,iuseo Recabarren.
A CEN circular
in Federacion
15*8*1923
Obrera
comIlaina
of the difficulties
of
trustworthy
finding
tranalatorsfor
communicafrom
tions
the Comintern
which
evidently
often
in German.
came written

103

.
Comintern

the

for

warg

the

of

study

financial

a331stanceo(121)

regularly

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in

is

direct

contact

general
of

in

its

the

1926p

communist

now

organinational

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(121)

(122)

(123)

although

of

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The

SSA studied

of

technique
party

Communists

Comintern

delegates

the

the

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and

practices

and

to

in

each

questiong

become

ac-

ideasq
came was
published

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to

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-

in

extent

1926. (123)

until

Cone

used

the

not

Southern

reformist

in

PCCh on its

the

the

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up

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the
to

of

set

Aires

least
to

affairs

golpes

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192, % at

PCCh was

the

approved

SSA undertook

forms

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in

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during

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to

Novemberg

in

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the

leaders,

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warmest

success

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parties

Comintern

Sud Americano(SSA)

line

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with

political

electoral
tive

to

evidence

an

the

against

organisational

Congresses

1924 and appears

sending

campaigns

Moreoverp

1924 and 1925. (122)

September

new

Party

some

a Secretariado

for

calling

circulars

to

introduce
the

purge
policies
the

and

samel
an

open

FederaciSn
Obrera
11-7-1924;
IYrIQ 7-9-1924.
The
Comintern
for
evidently
financial
in
called
aid
1923 and the FCCh began
to that
a campaign
and in
Federaoi6n
August*
Obrera
15,8.1923It
is unthat
the PCCh raised
likely
is
much money - but it
that
interesting
finance
the PCCh later
whatever
from Moscowq
the first
flow
received
of funds
was
in the opposite
directionc.
See, for
by Jaime
Fortufto
exampleg
in
an article
26.11*1925
Justicia
and the minutes
of a CEN meet0-gin
ibide
11-3-19259
this*
which
suggests
Unfortunatelyq
precisely
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or comments
the Comintern
gave is not known.

Ibide

8*1291925,

io4
.
.

future

ing

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underwent

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were

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old

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while
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In

lack
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(124)
(125)

Uruguayan
the

and

procedure
party

SSA delegate

arrived

Chile

in

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The

PCCh was

one

of-the

American

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between

links

partyp

from

facilitated
work

low

the

a mass

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grounds
partyq

l8e8.1926;
29*11.1926;

had

peasantryg
SSA criticised
that-it

had

had

neglected

25*8*1926.
30*11,1926.

of
to

to

cells

subordinate

strugglex

defectsq

serious
of

level

political

of

popular

and

malfunctioning

the

amoript

Although
on

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Ibide

the

it

CNN and

that

SSA found

Parties

1926

SSA published

the

powerful

the

of

September

in

most

personalist

unions*

for

and

criticism

(124)

the

absence

dramatic

most

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on

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amplified

Ampliado(CEA)v

the

the

Party

PCCh a foretaste

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highlighting

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of

Ejecutivo

giving

national

proceedings

ComitS

which

Communist

November

of

need

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to

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carried

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deviationism
the

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ratification

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leadership

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and

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trade

was

suggest-

and

letter

mission

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ranging

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leaderx.

letter

open

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of

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on a fact-finding
its

debate

Justicia,

respected

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in

the

of

The

process

published
was

action*

mid-19269

committee

what

weaknesses

for

resolutions
In

and

-a

meeting

Congress*

strengths
of

debate

amplified

pared

of

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detailing

letter

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the

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the
failed
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CNN for
to

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105
.
0
work

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front
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the

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to

ceeded

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Justicia.

SSA's

letter

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while

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pointing

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FOCh and

tributor3
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to

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thrown
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by

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to

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whole

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open

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letter*

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toop

would

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date

to
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trade

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debate

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the

of

for

alive

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and
been

have

aroused

union

had

to

vent

SSA delegatesq

Partyt

were

bolsheviSSA

the

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largely

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an

in

always-played

anti-Argentine
both
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mem-

angerg

Finallyp

hardly

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leaders

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considerable

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in

commentsg

old

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movement*

gave

debate

introducing

of

PCCh had

the

role

SSAIS

One charge

the

that

effect

to

pro-

criticiams(127)

organisation

bers

SSA then

Quevedo

Hidalgop

hep

that

that

greater

particular

Had Recabarren

likely

CEN and

stated

the

The
in

line

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Leal*
is

the

united

political

between

party*

were

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of

general

for

the

The

through
to

struggle

public

objected

made

the

to

angered

nation

CEN's

these

Sepu'lveda

subjected

and

three

it

the

of

conceptionsi

a congressmens

application

proclivities

reformist

criticise

Ram6n

the

SSA declared

the

development

the

reformist

were

In

correcte(126)

danger

and

that

found

it

policyp

in

errors

made

members
a position

some

con-

feeling
of

the
to

instruct

the

(126)

For an Sxplanation
front
of the united
policy
see
Chapter
belowp
3. p125e
One Of the SSA delegates
to the CEA later
indicated
despite
thatq
Recabarren
his
had
undoubted
meritsp
faults;
had his
them.
he did not
Justicia
enumerate
5-1.192711*12*1926
Ibid,
ITribuna
LibreJ
to 27-12.1926;

(127)

(128)

more

successful

PCCh as

to

its

shortcomingso(128)

106.
.

late

in

Santiago

of

scattering
ingly

anoughg

bolshavisation
for

the

tioned

now
the

affairs

of

the

PCChp

the

and

the

SSA had
the
gulf

and

much

reformist

they

blamed

absence
their

timely

mistakes*
final

positions
(129)

of

their

sessions
at

the

the

and

own lack

that

admit

their
Of

speeches
political
direction

Only

Hidalgop

absent

Party

congressmen
Although

in

the

defended
Congress

and

any

Most
they

had

of

crossed

of

the
his

the

but
and

the

pro-

fallen

Congress

from
from

some

struggleag

than

rather

to

the

generational

education

adequate

around

organization

yawning

and

later

revolved

differencese

to

in

feeling

year.

pride

ques.

internal

the

the

past

ideological

errors

in

of

need

nobody

perspective

dignity

the

accept

electoral

merits

CEA revealed

prepared

to

debates

an

around

anti-Argentina

the

of

cantre

not

similarlyg

mainly

struggles

and
were

into

been

wounded

political

CRA did

some

respective

the

and

Interest-

Intervene

SSA to

a political

of

congressmen

its

the

discerned

sessions

found

the

SSA delegates

seemed

Insteadq

PCCh had

CEN in

and

all

although

again*

past

the

forms;

the

of

whether
the

for

such

right

through

in

in

organizational

showed

two

the

of

attendance

representativeso(129)

debates

as

the

with

in

CEA met

the

over#

press

congressmang

provincial
the

party
1926

December

a few

CHN memberal

the

in

debate

The

the

CEN for

CEA until
'reformist'

ideological

4th-7th
Seep ibid.
Januaryp
the reports
1927 for
The two SSA delegates
on the CEA*
were evidently
Ghloldi
both
Rodolfo
Contreras
Argenand Miguel
Communists*
tina
Their
were Vargas
pseudonyms
and
Lafertte
G6mezop. cit.
ppi84-187.

107
.
.
with

swords

SSA delegatesa(130)

the

and

political

during

1926,

failed

to

tY's
when

to

on

out

guilty

of

solution

that
of

first

they

been

for

its

speeches
doctrines

solved

same problem
tions

to

due

Indeedq

relations

that

in

a senatorial

Luis

Carmona

Oarmona's

(130)
(131)
(132)

a different

had

adoption

of

and
from

return
between

propaganda

the

two

by-election
triumphadq
an

the

groups
in

Hidalgo
Communist

12.1.1927.
Justicia
4.1.1927;
5.1.1927;
! bid.
,
4.1.1927;
8-1-1927.
Ibid.

the

the

of
for

respect

refusing

second

making
party
on

position
to

obey

(132)

had

become
in

the

North

had

campaigned

candidate

the

instruc-

tours.

6.191927-

the

a SSA delegateo(131

congressmen

taking

In

who had

while
of

or

Congress

or

make

the

were

all

Valdivial

time

persistence

through

unfairly

part

a comrade

preparation

sometimes
in

at

CEN accused

the

without
of

the

through

the

par-

congress-

useful
and

by

solved

Santiago

through

partp

been

had

when
the

any

Santiago

had

it

criticism

played

in

divisions

claimed

passing

had

CEN had

the

to

followed

not

Furthermorej

offences*
the

the

for

as

and

party

CEN had

the

had

tours

propaganda

congressmen

similar

men denied

it

the

inside

directions

legislationg

made

a few

for

between

conflict

congresamens

requests

certain

the

dis-

of

extremes

produced

the

to

According

congressmen

mingled

been

and

respond

line

CEN had

the

the

which

ideological

deep

no

show

disorganization

and

congressmen

did

it

divisionsg

articulation
the

CEA revealed

the

if

Howeverg

so bad

which

while

Juan

against
the

CEN

108

.
had

to

delegates

sent

campaign

Recriminations
CEA gradually

but

significant

the

conflict
to

between
take
the

of

the

in

met
those

Santiago
In

Congress
to

defend

19279

the

fight

by

inadequate$*

other

some

bitterly

SSA delegateog

guilty

the

Hidalgo
of

delegates

declared

urged

Throughout

(133)
(134)
(135)

that
the

him
the

in

to

whole

8,191927Ibid*
Seep ibid, * 8th-16th
the Eighth
National
1291-1927Ibid*

the

levelled
aroused

resign

the

of

funjust

and
his

of
found

if

SSA representatives
stay

who were

one

and

defence

a spirited
he would

specifically

Ocampo)

both

as

the

of

treachery

19309

charge

lines

treachery

of
of

norms*

same

came

Salvador

the

delivering

but,

charge

him

found

G6mez9

who

ra-

Congress

highlight

Hidalgo

(like

against

Party
the

in

political

bolshevik

of

the

a small

had

and

Eighth

charge

The

delegates

treachery

ideological

the

By

course

congressmen#

the

of

congress.

by

middle

followed

the

CENo

After

the

Perhaps

against

the

the

errors.

encouraged

adoption

debates

appearance

himself

from

actions

and

was

protest
to

the

the

some

taken

the

raise

15thq

CEA*(134)

him

had

the

the

against

sidesq

through

On January

in

both

committed

CEN and

to

steps
party

had

which

group

from

admissions

CZA both

the

of

to

they

CEN that

session

level

for

and

counter-recriminations

and
way

gave

the

men and

solved

Hidalgo

against

(133)

Carmona.

final

and

the

on. (135)

proceedings

of

Januaryq
1927 for
Party
Congress*

the

CEA and

reports

on

109
.
.

and

manner

the

as being

groups

one

who despised

the

on

the

otherp

the

that

the

think

the

that

its

Ing.

By

the

of

were

cell
the

CEN -

in

influence

the
into
of

Ibide
Ibide

the

was

SSA wag

5*12,1926.

errors

steps

The

Quevedo's
moderating

given

further

Party

Eighth

more

Congressp
of

a number

functionformally

firmly

Its

the

to

name

one

only

out

suspension
and

measures

against

singled

the

under

disciplinary

taken

been

the

examined

arrorso(137)

were

of

accuse

correct

internal

changed

had

who

had

approved

were

to

not
and

they

the

placed

a number

expulsion*

insisted

centralism

While

letter

SSA delegates

party's

now

congressmen
SSA's

the

which

further

withq

three

improve

press

party

completely

reformist

had

spentp

to

appeared

was

on

and

was

sessionsp

democratic

and

the

dealt

verted

(136)
(137)

to

1926

that

for

its

apparently

Central(CC)e

the

cism

end

CNN which

two

leaders

party

older

inexperience

identify

spirit

congressmen

of

Comitg

that

the

Congress

the

to

the

The

control

in

designed

adoptedp

but

of

passions

measures

CEA and

the

was

exaggerations;

Both

guilty

it

and

speeches

of

the

unjust

before

history

party9s

of

two

the

of

the

between

youthful

exaggeration

task

punish

them

its

congressmen

conflict

exaggeration

CNN for

the

the

of

significanceo(136)

without

and

of

a conciliatory

adopted

between

mediate

result

the

handq

the

to

tried

G6mez described

CEN.

the

and

had

had

SSA delegates

the

Congress

the

for

was

criticon-

correctional

expression

in

the

110
0

five

the

of

composition
alternative
to

tation
$old

guard'

Congress

1926.

Contreras

tinguished

Labarca

rolaq

was

also

tions

shown

also

in

On this
intervention
the

party

has

conflicts
one

unity

to

show

been

its

1927

had

(138)
(139)
(140)

the

savedl.

The
gthen

us

steps

served

included
had

who

dis-

balance

fac-

of

interlocking

it

vould

appear

frictiong

to

'old
the

guardIp

to

the

visit

of

way

the

party

should

com-

re3olvine
party

who

Argentine

the
to

one

as

towards

way

challenge

the

beneficial

entirely

some

that

(139)

unity.
had

earlier

SSA delegate3p

the

SSA delegation

go#

has

the

who

party's

(140)

the

which

organisation
no

leastg

serious

towards

owing

had

six

of

creating

went

of

member

$only

remarked

came

antagonism

the

SSA delegates#
The

almost

from
it

were

moderate

expressed

far

implieds

which

at

SSA was

the

that

and

mentator

As

occasion

of

been

CC*(138)

the

of

Ocampo

creation

had

who

which

the

of

CEA and
who

groupp

represented*
the

Leal

members

seconding

represen-

balance

the

Salvador

and

in

mediating

sub-commissions

A third

themselves

was

CEN in

$new guard'

with

geographical

SeptIlveda

the

of

members

nine

a careful

including

to

CC gave

contained

and

the

and

CHN during

Carlos

Expanded
the

targets

main

the

on

party

members

the

of

one

CC*

now

memberaq

the

opportunity

party

and

political

to

achieve

15*1*1927,
Ibide
Stephen Cligsold
America
1218-1968
Justicia
17012

took

to

improve

leadership
the

desired

Soviet
Relations
(Londong 1970)
6;
9.1.1927-

with
p17-

In

and

stren-

January

results*

Latin

*ill

of

which

months

ceeding

Ibgftez

which
heavily
and

the

on

the

it

national
But

for

almost

persecution

use
totally
and

repeated

warning

in

no

leadership

to

repression

for
which

had

taken

in
the

to

prolonged

PCCh

faith

had
the

very

PCChIs

up

set

shortp

ensued*

the

the

much

techniques

special

clandestinity
unprepared

have

were

fell

of
of

pre-

purge

opponents

correctness

appear

the

The

a reality*

political

the

No steps

in

dictatorship

local

and

not

fascist

his

despite

does

military

become

to
of

leadershipp

alternative

was

initiated

own prophecies*

evolved

given

appeared

FOChe

predictions
its

PCCh had

the

the

1927v

February

in

Early

in
an

been
party

period

of

112
0

Chapter

3*

Clandestinity

Policies,

"

and Third

1927-1934.

Period

113
*
o

For

to

jected

Cominternts

althoughq

It

had

persecution*

During

and

permitted

political

line

and

the

inherited

from

the

POS&

of

Meanwhileg
in

its

in

that

line

and

in

the

movement

its

in

The

PCCh emerged

to
of

final
while

blows
the

Chilean
to

make

the

Political

working

its

to

of

in

vastly-,

the

pres1931
and

trade

union

' reduced*

policiesq

turbulence

en-

these
in

in

clandestinity

class

turn

political

dispersed

membership

tottering

to

clandestinity

influence

left

efforts

As a result

Comintern

1931*

a sharp

greater

norms*

from

power

in

fall

conformed

from

to

had

PCCh into

the

undertook

electorate

implement

the

until

general

it

coming

his

American

the

practices

parties

its

and

determined
hegemony

and
the

to

emerged

condition#

schism

maintain

Comintern

organizational

by

PCCh to

stayed

communist

PCCh which

the

forced

the

Latin

neglect

1927

sub-

period*

its

of

the

in

been

same

its

Howeverg

began

and

a sorry

divided

evers

1928

all

the

suresq

the

where

the

organizational

early
it

policies

sure

was

in

Ibiftez

clandestinity

existence

on occasiong

affiliates

Colonel

Its

of

government

policies
had

years

function

been

sharp

allowed

by

five

to

freedom

relative

first

of

much

PCCh had

the

the

to

movement

capitalist
and

July

1931

capture
and

deliver

system,
social

the

distress

How-

114

by

generated

the

economy

may have

tion

the

of

it

had

the

failed

1927
survival

during

but

establishment
part

purge

initiated

of

longed

period

articles

had

ganination
tive

1926s

it

by

Ibaftez

to

indeed,

between

sustained

the

its

and

conditions

of

been

published

clandestine

work

finding

Party

solutions

experienced

during

antagonisms

which

easily
notq

in

settled*
Ibiftez's

special

Congress
for

1926
had

conflicts

but

fuelled

Moreoverp
attack

a lack

may have

the

the

gone

personal

press

on the

there

was

of

fascist

a parliamentary

not

pro-

or.

no

alterna-

directing

of

the

all

preparation*

some way
the

towards

PCCh had

rancours

conflicts

the

Occasional

capable

which

those
military

on

party

the

the

for

and

Howeverg
from

for

followed.

apparatus

clandestinity,
stemmed

1927

but

activities

no

and

difficulties

Eighth

which
the

Imminent
in

unprepared

February

in

the

of

dictatorship$

woefully

in

Chile

warned

fascist

was

olande3tinity

leadership
party's

*military

of

of

party's

or

which

PCCh survived

given

PCCh had

the

of

latter

The

achievement

policy

had

the

those

years*

Although

the

it

fall

PCCh failed

The

Comintern

nonetheless

revolutionary

than

party

108803

the

good

reconstitu-

Ibgfiezve

regime*
of

Chilefs

on

rapid

the

of

the

his

goals

no mean

was

to

hostile

the

following

immediately

make

1931

for

development

the

ambitious
to

and

those

propitious

experienced

achieve
it

seemed

less

Depression

Great

of

years

hardly

proved

the

impact

PCCh and
the

struggleg

were

and
not

so

dictatorship
system

which

was

115
.
.
generally
cause

recognised
of

national

bination
nine

including
both

these

PCCh congressmen

to

their

peace

party's

In
was
in

programme

of

from

loans

19209

Secondlyq
and

by

organisations

made

the

and

PCCh1s work

blow

in

to

the

a revival
a massive

and

by

Ibaftezq

a general

in

class

In

the

militancy.

working
work

by

aided

prosperity
class

working

Partyls

make

clandestinity

Firstlyp

towards

policies

the

of

clandestinityo(l)

industry

sap

of

a com-

four

a savage

initiated

to

19279

discipline

factors.

Chile

sympathies

caused

of

the

activists

clandestinity

difficult*
Ibaflez

jailedg

arrestedq

which

the

nitrate

tended

which

months

other

USA9 gave

Although

all

dealing

works

public

Ibaftez's

particularly

exiled

thus

runs

the

of

the

party

early

longer

the

fortunes

the

the

difficult

made

late

in

morals

had

break

IbfAezq

with

the

By April

factors

to

appeals

him

won

workers*

of

of

his

and

regeneration

Chilean3j

many

corrupt

as

and
working
gave

torturedq

occasionally
class
him

had

working

banished
killedq

organisations

uncritical

his

he
but

suppcrtand

class

to

distant

sought
to
to

opponents

not

provinceag
to Wadioate

encourage
cow and

those
contain

Abraham
Quevedo,
Jose' Santos
C6rdobaq
Pedro
Reyes
(deputies)
(senator)
Carmona
and Juan Luis
soon
Ib9ftez.
made their
peace
See, La NaciSn
with
9-3-1927;
2.4.1927.
Howeverg
Quevedo
and Santos
C6rdoba
were already
at the margin
of the party
the latter
for
was suspended
in December
six
months
1926 for
failing
to attend
the CEA and the Eighth
Party
Congress,

116

those

did

which

initiated
prominent
the

were

allowed

surveillance

some

submitting

the

probably
Ibailezo

and

the

Persecutiong
The

coin.
by

formation

legislation

also

to

up

in

which

Juan

member
Liga

Nacional

early

1928.

howeverg
of

leeal

passed

after

to

pledgeag
goats

in

PCCh

had

survive
some

until

August

pledged

FOCh

Thusq

Briones
de

the

of
behaviour

good

their

allowed

function

out

similar

take

conditionse

allowed

until

survived

same

JEF

because

to

were

part

for

police

opt

of

pledges
exchange

greater
they

close

to

opportunity

allowed

the

banishmentq

under

while

and

spent
or

organi3ations

were

organisations

(4)

by

were

under

presumably

(3)

the

In

a prominent

played

(2)

freedom

certain

parliament;

down

of

authoritieso(3)
congressmen

party

have

months

altogether

the

for

years

detention

given

scope

or

Lafertteq

in

and

politics
to

Ibaftez

Elfas

time

he

which

persecutions

In

either

like

activistsp

of

part

total

not

the

Thus

noto(2)

were

1927,

his

Arrendatarios

support
appears

to

(4)

was
unions
the

only

one

alone

side
the

September

of

the

lines

laid

golpe

was

Few Communi3ts
been
killed
to have
of note
apDear
dictatorship.
the
during
Ramfrez
Necochea
cites
Barriosq
one by name - Casimiro
only
a Spaniard
by birth
who was active
woramongst
collar
white
in
kers
Santiago*
Origen
For
p163.
a chillingg
if
undocumentedq
under
account
of police
methods
Ibaftez
Chilena
La Inquisici&n
see Townsend
y Onel
(Santiagog
1925-1931
1932)
Lafertteq
1927-1931
in
the
who spent
most
of
years
jail
1928
*free'
July
to
from
or bani3hmenty
was
February
1929
1930.
January
See
to April
and from
Lafertte,
Elfas
de un Comuni3ta
for
Vida
ppl88-226
an
dictatorship.
the
of his
account
experiences
under
See La Naci6n
declaration
23.3-1927
for
Brione3la
for
lbaftez.
of
support

117
.
.
given

some

limited

the

emasculate
it

legislation

this

Although

did

trade

continue

their

union

cautious

way*

Indeedl

FOCh and

the

PCCh it
the

without

andq

the

to

or

1930

in

held
the

of

to

a regional

had

political

working

organi3ationt

the

of

some

in

the

standing
labour

1927

and

(5)
(6)
(7)

CRAC was

belonged

by

Republicana

James 0.
consenso
were 421
La Opinign
de la C.
La Naci6n

Carlos

until

1930

supported

for

by

itself

the

not

in

Ibaftez

that
de

by

participantag
trade
to

designed

regime*

One such

Obreros

y--Emj2leados

of

ex-communists
fully

$cooperating
and

administrative

Ibgftezfo(7)

The

presidential

elections

the

of

approach

a new
Acci6n

a wide

FOCh

the

especially

a group
to

unions

the

do

now

congre3the

Cfvica(CRAC)

was

of

VNOR
of

associationg

range

both

of

encouraged

his

construction

after

was

elections

Confederacign
The

it

timep

the

form

to

legal

of

1927

pledged

national

shortly

its

of

Nacional

April

underaken

disappeared

sional

and
of

purification

May

in

of

congress

support

Vanguardia

strongholds

members

associations

class

created

old

one

Furthermoreq

now

was

one

at

allp

channel

(VNOE)

of
to

and

impossible

practically

according

PCCh9(6)

oreation

northern

the

to

a limited

in

in

forcep

opportunity

some
if

to

a political

as

participation

organisations
delegates

movement

activities

was

designed

specifically

FOCh members

PCCh and

afford

union

was
union

IbSftez*(5)

under

encouragement

founded.

workers'

Morris
Los elite. 91, los intelectuales
y el
The year after
fall
Ihiftez's
there
p2lO*
legal
55,000 members*
unions
with
Iquique
27-1-1930;
interview
with Juan
Leytong
Santiago
19722.4.1927.

118
*
o
organisationst
Obrero(CSO)

to

ties

legal

the
on

placed
Communists

the

After

in

stituted

for

the

by

in

July

The
the

and

appeals
national

name

immediate

at

its

known
after

public

CRAC

Termal

Congreso

even

sub-

14

is

(9)
a par-

as

electionag

leasto

that
-

Ibaftez

which

Congress

the

Ranquil.

purpose

the

authori-

CRAC meant

Neverthelesag

at

the

organisation

murdered

to

large

Tndeedq

of

arrangement

particular

the

the

and

Ibaftezts

(10)

mass

great

pressures

conflicting
local

1931.

later

appointed

in

by

join

table

sharply.

that
ong

its

congressional

were

which

unions

its

served

scheduled

CRAC lingered

to

to

electoral

representatives

fall

legal

diminished

activities

name

the

Tapiaq

CRAC had

ticipant

organisation.

Leiva

as

encouraged

new

in

well

as

(8)

appeared

Juan

including

UECh

were

which

Social

Congreso

mutualist

collar

white

unions

support

pressures
a few

the

and

of

number

the

including

of

of

the

PCCh and

coercion

and

to

loyalties

their

chains

of

FOChq

the

co-optiong

commandp

and

confused
deptived

accepted

the

subjected
by
of

their

change

in

(8)

La Naci6n

(9)

See below'ppl43-145,
for
an account
of the Ranquil
Leiva
Tapial
uprising*
who was later
revered
as
for
the causeq
a martyr
appears
as a member of
CRAC's regional
La Naci6n
for
Victoria,
committee
18-1*1930,
See La Naciin
16.2.1930
for
of CRAC
a list
In the Congreso
the PCCh
congressmen*
Termalp
had one official
Hidalgoy
only
representativet
who
had three
term
as a senator
years
of
of his
to run*
Howevers
office
two ex-Communist
deputiesq
Quevedo
Lealq
and SepUllveda
were appointed
as
representatives
of the PD*

(10)

5.2.1930.

119
0
.
circumstances
discontinued

and

to

earn

in

jail

where

the

fewq

perhaps

by
of

detainees
PCCh

Between
different

soon

ceased

authorities
series
maintain
the

(11)

terms

CC of

small
contacts
the

See

had

to

of

long

provinces
A

slight.

declared
fear

active

or

by

goals

of

hopes

of

Otheraq

support,

determined

alikeg

decided

to

The

active

Central

isolated

Groups
their

the

surve1il-

placed

oh

meant

that

a national
Committees#

organisationo
largely

were

denounced

PCCh

deteriorated

into

too

to

the

and

police

pressures

as

ong

repression

colleagues

function

personnelp

of

constant
the

four

struL? gle

waves

the

arrested

with

capacity

spend

were
the

after

clandestinity.

their

19309

and

and
of

in

their

distant

persecution

subversives,

denounce

in

an

authoritiesq

to

to

by

motivated

and

suspected

by

regime

who

on

employment

enormous*

the

1927

to

struggle

were

unleashed

the

the

those

difficulties

banishment

or

blandishment

For

afford

persuaded

gave

the

not

getting

government

continue

lance

of

genuinely

gainp

resisting
to

chances

IbSftez

personal

risk

or

Mostp

depended

could

signified

power

activities.

survival

they

and

to

accession

political

whose

wages

periods

the

their

families

had

allp

Ibaftez's

which

often

closest

to

cautious

neighbours

lot

the

alone

dayo(Il)

En

defensa

de

la

revoluct

tesis

In future,
PP14-17-r-oxx %oar1v-jLagoq iviarcn L933)
this
pamphletg
by the schismatic
PCCh
published
led by Hidalgog
be cited
will
as En defensa.

with

120
0
the

In
disagreements

to

be

the

whether

the

end

1928

of

discernible
by

Iriarte

PCCh from

1926

Positions
and

than

with

other

Carlos

left

and

to

those

proper
the

control
for

the

a completely

of

use

Ibaftez,

martyrs'
and

Finallyp

Labarca

of

such

Groups

and

Galo

later
the
of

the

PCCh)
the

local

and

the

opposition

led

groups
party

advocated

the

creation

a legal

of

for
union

Lafertte
op. cit.
pZO8*
See Appendix
brief
E for
biographies
Labarca
Contreras
and Galo Gonzalez-

included

which

rejected
wisdom

unerring

triumphant

nothinG

was

(13)

Gonzalez

by

co-operation

group

the

existed

as

and

trade

FOS and

isolationist

illegal

opted

led

CC in

A second

(with

emerged

the

other

a third

deviations

right

to

for

become

One groups

CEN of

the

a completely

Ibafteze

who

of

the
by

had

opinion

opportunities

opposition

Contreras

of

to

$factory

to

division

with

that

to

PCCh acoountsp

re-elected

to

and

official

and

use

attitude

opposition

(12)

mecha-

limited

the

of

involvement

opposition

opposition

(12)
(13)

argued

more

called

argued

refusing

a legal

Hidalgot

for

1923

to

rejecting

groups

these

member

the

opponents

a legal

leadermhip.

the

-a

1920

December

for

a tripartite

amongst

Isiaa

to

According

regime*

the

workq

advantage
for

serious

PCCh regarding

bourgeois

take

existed

which

clandestinityg

clandestine

Ibgftezla

should

party

the

of

towards

possibilities
Ibifiez

inside

organisation

adopted

by

created

atmosphere

emerged

the

of

nics

in

the

which

a policy
structure

of

struggle

both

as

121
*
the

vehicle

principle

Whatever

by

paperp

Alertaq

united

front

seek
Buenos
and

Moreovers

in

Nay

took

up

CC -

presumably

his

seat

undertakings
briefly

by

formance

in

the

dissatisfaction

summarily
(14)
(15)

(16)

announced

of

Senate

the

Victor

Cruz

the

with
the

giving
towards

from

1929

in

the

Chamber

claim

that

Senate

was

already

in

the

party

by

the

end

him

until

a Year

later

against

Hidalgo

he was
of

the

of

the

of

PCCh accounts

(14)

exile

authorities

end

in

alessandristas

permission

the

to

based

dietatorship.

the

returning

after

intention

its

of

class

working

and

mainly

a
a news-

publish

committee

revolutionary
composed

19299

and

Luis

official

taken

and

after

Although

were

Ibaftez

influen-

1928

of

to

a middle

party's

heavily

winter

managed

opponents

In

the

the

most

for

was

bourgeois

been

have
In

the

to

1930

until

leader-

the

inside

opinion

'

Ibgftez.

against

called

against

which

of

Santiago

which

Aires

other

to

in

affiliation

struggle

19289

policies.

group

clandestine

of

appears

Hidalgols

the

state

end

conduct

general
ced

the

the

towards

ship

for

appropriate
joined

Deputies*(15)

Hidalgo's

per-

considerable

causing
of

19299
when

no

steps

he was

expelledo(16)
Santiago
2.6.1928;
1928.
Alertaq
no. 31 August
the nature
Whatever
of Hidalgo's
undertakings
did not prevent
his
they
re-arrest
and further
in
1930.
1965.
1561,21st
April$
Ercilla
No.
exile
by Wilfredo
Mayorga*
Article
Cruz sat in Congress
December
1930 but only
1929 and January
during
the
once to attack
with
contract
spoke
a government
Congresog
del
Telephone
Chile
Company*
Boletines
1929 Vol. 11
Extraordinarios
Dii2utadoso
Sesiones
P1830Hidalgo
la
Manuel
con
colaborador
profesional
trabajadores
(Carta_del
CC del
burguesia
PCCh a los
Santiagog
rud.
P54.
a llidaigp)
quo siguen

122

The
a number
of

two

that

ternal

to

1930,

factors
his

his

May

or

Comintern

1929

grgentine
shifted

he

argued

Communist
from

the

greater
Hidalgo

claimed

(18)

since

Chile

since

the

PCCh was

Party#

the

seat

expected

of

arguments

itself

the

Comintern

and

invited

SSA should

offensive

would
would

Atlantic

to

than

Moreovery

Pacific

delegate

advanced

stronger
the

of

thougit

him

after

more

capitalist

the

Ilidal-

be

launched

be

of

nations.
was

visit

much
Moscow

impre3but

terms
in
the
delay
of
explained
immaturity.
Ibid.
own Political
his
for
the
Hidalgo's
exof
reasons
account
En
defensa
the
see
and
subsequent
schismg
pulsion
196-5-9inter15619
Aprilp
No.
21st
Ercilla
and
ppl9-22
R-J.
Wilfredo
Mayorga.
See
Aleiander
with
also
view
1973)
(Stanfordl
in Latin
America
T_rotskyism
PP89-99*

The
its
For

PCCh

the

he

than

importance

the

was

world

to

a visiting

persuade

Santiago-(18)

which

countries

that

to

very

never

dramatically

to

Aires

expulsion

According

tried

Unions

the

USA9

these

the

Soviet

strategic

by

Buenos
in

that
the

against

(17)

and

economically

be

sed

thatp

delegate

country

he

when

in-

profound

his

Congress*

was

in

more

SSA -

SSA worsened

the

with

were

in

expulsion

Congress

the

with

late

on a new

attributed

Party

Ejehth

in

there

himself

relations

relations
June

CC statement

that

clear

his

of

the

of

until

wishes

considered

Hidalgo

the

since

gog

from

is

deteriorating

cordial

the

it

work.

at

being

law

its

arrest

failure

the

occasion

a prepared

read

the

being

and

to
the

Although

security

December

to

(17)

failure

his

1930

for

delayed

probably

was

important

most

a CC subservient

create

year.

the

CCs during

successive

SSA to

of

expulsion
reasons,

of

Hidalgo

123
.
the

that

because

he was

portant

to

According
the

the

leave
to

In

into

to

outo(20)

when

a delegate

the

party*

held

in

because

of

another

amplified

Shortly

the

under

the

began

to

in

associates

The
Hidalgo

(20)
(21)
(22)

in

its

authorities
dateg
of

auspices
take

a new
of

the

of

in

a head
the

advice
no

SSA to
to

Issued

and

to

position
January

1930

inform

it

was
the

expelled

allies
was

unable

to

members.

In

August

19309

was

held

and

its

but

members

CC was

SSA and
measures

it

it9

created
was

this

toop

function

was
(21)

arrested.
in

Valparafso

CC which
Hidalgo

against

on

reorganiss

CC meeting

amplified
his

oreanisa-

regional

in

powers

CC and

and

1931-(22)

Valparafso

terms

and

the

CC - which

a new

disciplinary
early

an

and

CC meeting

that

after

with

arrest

the

to

returned
1930

the

PCCh was

CC to

Hidalgo

and

elected

and

SSA by-passed

aid

the

found

he

which

with

came

by

January

Santiago

to

the

which

Cbileq

In

denounced

the

that

incident

attion3

requested

give

sent

in

delegate

of

Matters

carry

this

im-

(19)

tiipe,

of

too

and

party

length

after

permission

necessary

the

communication

commands

conditions

was

particularg

direct

refused

peremptory

it

the

of

any

on a series

unacceptable*
entered

face
for

Hidalgog

him

give

public
Chile

SSA embarked

tions#

to

SSA refused

CC justified
his

ideological

its

expulsion

reformism

and

Ercilla,
Mayorgao
no, 156op interview
with
En defensa_, pplq-22.
Ibido
CC included
This
Contreras
Juan
Labarcal
Galo Gonzalezq
Braulio
Leon Pefta and Luis
Justicia
22.8.1931,

of
his

Chac6n,
Pefiae

his

124
.
o
collaborationism

supposed
While

it

was

he

which

suggested

that

should

replace

argued

that

both

clandestine

activity

on

activity

should

activity

legal

in

as

if

apparently
the

bear

SSA must

For

much

apparently
a

the

of

of

in

courts.
1926

CEN9

clandestinity

(23)

(24)

(25)

police

where

andp

of

laterp

to

Chispal,

Santiago

Santa

wife
Jose

27.8.1931;
PCCh's
of the
Hidalgo
see Manuel
la burguesia,
En defensa
pllq.

Ibid.
Z-ount

La

his

Similarlyp
leader

in

group
become

1,10.1931,
for
reasons
- colaborador

no.

Labarcs.

Cruzp

provin-

by

Zuritaq

the

to

him

confined

opposed
of

Icrimes'.

similar

Bascuflan

head

CC

the

or

employed

was

which

the

SSA

Hidalgo's

of

which

the

which

both

Contreras

order

to

members

innocent

banishment

Aconcaguaq
(25)

the

the

comfortable

town

local

by

in
-

leading

of

permitted*(24)

for

Carlos

yearsp

combination

stop

responsibility

altogether

Ibiftez

abided

relatively

cial

not

with

permission

-a

Furthermores

CC were

the

temporarily

only

some

'collaborationism',
Valparaiso

seat

secondary

consistent

its

CC gave

Senate

acquiesced#

but

conditions

where

he

contrary

parallel

urged

which

the

as

much

be

never

advocated

the

perfectly

methods

up his

take

to

Hidalgo

practice
illegal

and

Position

-a

Comintern

Moreoverg

and

which

Con-

more

a119
he

opposition

legal

illegal

after

reprimands

Party

rather

was

Hidalgop

legal

the

Eighth

the

to

continued

despite

in

received

(23)

recime.

Hidalgo

Coneress,

substantiate*
the

Ibaftez

collaborationism

of

charge
to

standard

in

had

others

and

difficult

to

that

statements

the

gre339

true

demonstrably

reformist

make

with

the

Hidalgo
PCChI9

the
a

member
in
Peasant

fullest
the
For
acHidalgo
expelling
profesional
con

29 Augustq

1931.

125
o

his

until
his

murder
from

release

At

factors

the

which

which

certainly

which

resulted
in

the

tactics
the

had

tactics
in

factoras

of
of

Soviet

the

UnLonq

was

put

into

En defensa

prevailing

the

PCChq for

the

party

dictated
effect

and

trade

to

by

1927

economic

united
electoral

China

struggle

for

change

of

of

election
a variety
the

conditionsq
in

Sixth

and

union

the

make

Howeverp

the

par-

exampleg

the

a sharp

pp131-132.

communist

in

fronttactics

at

circum-

resulted

Stalin/Trotsky

united

democrats

social

of

changing
united

the

was

development

the

the

political

congressmen*

economic
system

suited

allowed

had

mid-1920s,

advocated

in

which

schism
leftward

world

to

in

and

sharp

capitalist

reformigtop

case

including

failure

the

beat

permitted

1925

Communist

imperatives

(26)

the

of

analysis

the

nor
of

the

the

During

tactics

forces

the

stabilityp

means

with

In

of

that

struggle

proeressive

change

cease

set

development
namely

relative

one

expulsion

eventq

on an

front

to

HidalW3

policies.

the

as

activities.

the

that

of

cooperate

arrangement

the

suggested

United

to

bloody

to

Hidalgo

neither

reference

coloured

revolutionary

stances*

seven

any

based

a period

enjoying

front

for

authorities

a promise

placeg

direct

Comintern's

which

other

for

return

took

it

time

from

conditions

front

the

petitioned

determined

polioyq

of

in

probably

Comintern

ties

jail

PCCh made

official

of

19359

activitieae(26)

political

turn

in

the

and
power
tactics*

Comintern

inside
This

Congress*

126
a
which

Julyq

during

Moscow

in

met

.
August

September

and

of

1928-(27)
The
of

period
It

be

the

radicali3ation
a fresh

and

an

assault

it

felt

was

the

the

nesses

and

working

their

by

capturing

and

class

every
the

of

effort
Ueft

hand

the

tain

positions

and

implement

'united

(27)

front

longer
groups

be

of

made

the

bourgeoisie*

the

working

communist
of

aggressive

'united
from

and

front
below'

were

tactics

below#
entailed

revolu-

any

essential
Indeedq

influence

the

'social

fascists'

achieve

this

instructed

independence
from

in

the

To

classes*

parties

democrats

social

system.

liquidate

to

purging

their

capitalist

for

respective

since
reveal

parti-

weak-

their

with

would
the

by

oreanisational

possiblep

the

of

themselves

power

of

to
which

In

prepare

Cooperation

with

amongst

objectivel

hegemony

interest
must

exercised

the

such

situation

community

and

crise3q

breakdown

for

class

leading

necessary.

to

ideological

no

was

final

struggles

of

wars
coming

were
had

movements.

reformists

tionary

policies

parties

of

sharpening

the

the

in

decisive

approaching

the

In

criae3q

economic

imperialist

USSR*

new

communist

themselves

of

culminate

systemp

cularg

series
the

on

would

capitalist

ma3sea#

a third

commencing.

was

accelerating

the

of

conflict
armed

by

characterised

that

announced

development

economic

post-war

would

Congress

Comintern

Sixth

from

which

to

main-

other

tactics.
savage

groups

The
attacks

Seep A. I.
Sobolev
History
Outline
et al.
of the
Communist
International
(Moscow#
1971)
PP272-289
for
the broad
lines
by
of the resolution
adopted
the Sixth
Comintern
Congress*

on

,
leaders

communist

beat

were

to

served
the

with

and

which

in

interest

collapse

of

to

attempt
the

the

of

of

onlyq

Chile

cracy

and

the

USA9

were

to

from
In

between

the

Given

this

organise

(28)

the
the

national
rival

and
movement

rule

process
lbide

of
of

the

an

tasks

and

nature

in

struggle

fell

their

to

into

Independent

a feudal

the
in

category
name

land-holding

aristo-

whose

imperialismg

of

Great

Britain

the

tasks

of

and

anti-imperialist

situation,
an

agrarian
would

imperialists

PP275-283-

was

bourgeoisie

which

national

Comintern

according

Chile

basic
lead

the

of

revolutionary
worldv

by

dominated

a weak

revolutionary

the

Comintern

Sixth

the

country*

semi-oolontal

was

the

of

capitalist

precipitate

Programme

the

classify

and

fought

groups

to

the

at

of

development*

economic

being

divided

the

of

countries

stage

parties

communist

the

in

masses

help

strike

system*

event

and

systematise

Integral

the

of

which

capitalist

Programme

The

the

also

promulgation

(28)

Comintern.

of

the

was

the

important

Another
Congress

but

parties

communist

use

them

show

interests

movement.

the

educate

and

their

union

was

only

struggle

final

the

trade

not

would

revolutionary
hardest

association

period

the

with

their

convince

immediate

their

tactics

to

actions

that

revolutionary

third

these

weapon

and

by

determined

supporters

class

vorking

127

liberationg

l1berate
and

their
the

loyalties

the

were

the

and
PCCh

country

Chilean
revolutionary

allies.

128
9

Chile

through

ment

which

accomplish
According
the

the

indigenous

and

open

to

the

peasantry

and

the

to

the

and

and

allie3p

soldiers)

to

Although

did

of

Hidalgot

to

Hidalgols

bourgeois

the

strategy

have

burden

efforts
opponents

determined

by

the

a strong

system
both

actions
of

was

by

Its

of

thePCCh

peasants$

tasks

mass

workers

and

bourgeois

the

of

inherent

undertakeno(30)
the

not

capitalist

for

prosperous

dominated

collapsel

and

less

the

force
a broad

be

to

was

between

formed

revolution

Programme

motor

(committees

be

to

principal

final

the

unable

the
objectives

soviets

were

democratic

by

been

revolutiono(29)

When the
of

point

develop-

socialist

proletariat,

PCChe

contradictions
its

urban

its

for

on analliance

disciplined

brought

way

had

thrust
of

stage

bourgeoisie

these

of

PCCh would

democratic

Cominternp

achievement
based

the

the

of

bourgeois

the

movement

and

direction

the

under

movement

to
of

an

immediate

of

third

organise
Ibifiez,

in

outlined

the

bearing

period

on

Comintern's

the

policies

expulsion

ran

counter
the

a united

front

with

Moreovers

third

period

policies

led

(29)

The Comintern
five
postulated
stages
of economic
development
in historyl
the
socialism
representing
conclusion
of the historical
by
process#
preceded
See Kermit
McKenzie The Comintern
capitalism*
and
World Revolution
1928-1941
(London,
1964) p63.
The Sixth
Comintern
Congress
did not work
itself
out the details
of the application
of its
strategy
for Chile.
The Bur6 Bud Americano(BSA)
- the SSAIs
name was changed when it moved from Buenos Aires

(30)

the

SSA to

issue

instructions

to

the

PCCh to

to Montevideo
in 1930 - did
this
in conjunction
the PCCh.
See Las Gran_des Luchas
with
RevolucionProletariado
del
(Santiagoy
arios
Chileno
1932T and
Hacia
la formacion
de un verdadero
do clase
partido
(Santiagop
1933).
Hereafter
two documents
these
be cited
will
Luchas
as Las Grandes
la
and Hacia
formacion*

129
a
*
withdraw
against
Hidalgo

to

ran

later

which
the

as

the

third

Thusp

unionism*
policies
reformism

to

the

after

degree

he

stand
Hidalgop

by

SSA

supporters

no

Firstlyp
the

PCCh

means

and

expulsion

of

Hidalgoq

Trotsky-like

by

SSA brought
experience

past

provided
failures

could
to

suppose

the

of

PCCh
by
the

prove

should
for

arranging

PCCh
and

the

into

purging

leaderthe

to

largely

the

create

reasong

of

expulsion

a number
to

the

took

Hidalgo

for

that

Secondly,

its

rooting

a greater

reason

SSA

the

of

busy

was

position

and

soon

member

that

the

for

whichp

proportions

plg,

some

arranging

its

owed

communist

En defensa

also

now

the

Americanmembersq

enabled

the

for

acousodg

was

accomplished

future*

whipping-boy

he

imposing

unhappy

by

it

which

intervention

international

Latin
is

than

Comintern
and

its

the

accept

rather

a full

as

the

conveniently

the

useful

when

Certainlyp

did*

in

of

time

on

tractable

with

accepted

struc-

intransigence

Hidalgots

There

SSA was

the

in

SSA$s

his

which

control

legal

of
to

SSAq

the

group

Indeedq

Ibaftezo

refusal

also

union

destruction

of

been

uniformity

objectives.
ship

overlooked.

the

that

had

and

of

be

not

of

expulsion.

at

and

Trotsky

out

his

PCCh

Comintern

directions

the
to

trade

to

the

Hidalgo's

by

struggle

legal

opposition

collaborationism,

and

led

that

the

of

was

it

the

and

use

policies

period

the

struggle
which

advocated
in

demanded

policy

period

tactic

for

vehicle

third

triumphant
the

namelyp

the

take

instructions

Howeverg

central

emerged

FCCh

ture

the

to

and

streets

(31)

rojected.

counter

the

into

Ibiftez

Senate

the

from

Hidalgo

line
a figure

with

mistakes.

130
o
The

his

supporters

the
until

Valparafso

1930*

an

independent

for

Valparafso

against

leaving

the

spelt

cies.

In
the

and

out
one

his

of

the
such

to

to

mount

Furthermoreq
trade

union

working

class

parties'.

the

to

workers

revolutionary

it

an
they

workers

the

instructed

03)

But

the

effect,

polito
the

against

warned

little

new
exhorted

insurrection

determinedg

yearg

manifestos

were

were

without

new

clandestine
of

ful.

and

the

and

had

as

the

structure

undertake

actions

In

features
the

manifestog

stood

rhetoric

opportunL-ts'

publish

latter

used

pactaq

(32)

salient

legal

to

and

relegation.

most

weapon

strike

the

tions

fascists

the

Labarca

emotional

some

FOCh managed

reeimee

'false

'social
seat

FCCh and

which

in

PCCh's

by-election

electoral

indulge

the

the
in

policies
Contreras

in

wage

knowledge

bring

a congressional

eschewing

against

Howeverg
to

steps

19309
in

to

public

1931*

period

November

andq

become

July

third

with

campaign

CC began

not

take

to

begun

candidate

to

minate

with

in

In

opportunity

Ibaftez

fall

line

into
of

use

did

CC had

actions

the

of

1931

Ibaftez's

after

part

which

the

and

Valparalso

the

months

early

Hidalgo

of

expulsion

break

to
against

PCChIs

exhorta-

independent
Whilst

Ibaftez

remained

in

oreanise

the

(32)

La UniOng Valparafso
16.11.1930Contreras Labarca
39400 votes - lo% of the votes cast.
polled
FOCh Manifesto
A la clase trabajado
node but
in early 1931.
it contained
probably
published
no
Photocopy Museo
on the hidalguistas.
attacks
Recabarren.

(33)

officep
occasional

was

as much

public

as

meeting

the
and

PCCh could

do

to

distribute

131
&
clandestine

of

his

that

had

little

government

in

July

he was

Ratherg

It

economic

withdraw

their

office.

The
of

such

support

of

Chilean

exchequer

nitrates

87%-(36)
ChargS
and

d'Affaires

end
in

crisis

was

fell

by

lost

their

jobs

and

the
(34)

(35)
(36)
(37)
08)

to
centre

migrate
and

Wall

the

world

copper

of

19319

which

The

an

of

1931

estimated
the
the

wasp
social
Between

catastrophic.

alone

1209000

northern
country.

to

the

crash

and

allies

to

Chile

on
from

revenue

the
the

provided
declined

had

by

to

the

British

to

all

intents

cost
1929
1009000
people

the

from

crisis

usually

according
Chile

in

tax

05)

masses.

departure

incomep

its

collapse

the

his

economic

op-

PCCh claimed

Street

his

1932

other

solutions

caused

impelled

Santiagop

from
south

of

and

40% and

wages

struggle
find

any

final

the

the

which

by

by

although

the

bankrupto(37)

purposeeg

real

forced

by

70% of

with

PCCh or

to

that
and

the

By

economic

of

proportions

exports

do with

the

Depression

impact

to

by

generated

'World

the

failure

Ibifiez's

crisis

by

19319

down

brought
was

subsequent

was

inspired

Ibaftez

of

ponent

(34)

tnanifestos.
Agitation

the

of

and

19329

workers
were

nitrate

provinces

(38)

The

to

crisis

El Trabajador
Latino
Americanop
Montevideop
Year
39
karch/April
1931
two public
reported
meetings
which
the
FOCh and
the
PCCh managed
in early
1931.
to hold
But
these
were
in
Chilean
not
the
reported
press.
Las Grandes
Luchas
Bandera
13-8*19319
Roja
p9;
Frederick
B&-Pike
Chile
the
States
United
and
(Notre
1880-1962
Damet
1963)
p209.
Foreign
Office
(FOR)
Records
FO 371/158209
A730/
2199
H. Chilton
Sir'John
to
9.1-1932.
Simong
Frederick
B. Pike
FOR FO 371/150809
ope cito
p209;
A7384/1832/99
H. Chilton'to
Sir
John
Simong
20*11*31*

132
*
s
continued
end

that

of

during

unabated
year

were

most

1932

of

some

chinks

crisis

and

towards

only

and

in

perceived

the

the

pervading

gloomo(39)
The
generated
been

economic

produced

Until

the

recedeq

worst

threats.

Six

the

officers

protest

Even

abyss*
in

of

not

to

economic

flame

of

barracks
a far
the

(39)
(40)

find

19319
by

third

more
supporters

the

brink

restoration

his

conspiracies
of

Chile

threat
Aleasandri

The

by
town

to

and

and

sympathisersp

the

Copiap&.

Ibaftez

to

the

local

(40)

souaht

proIn

ignite

government
who

the

and

government.

tried

Montero's

to

his

assaulting
of

rule

inability

supporters

PCCh members
rhetoricl

Montero

civilian

solutions

against

period

moment

Esteban
of

erstwhile

in

mutinied

a brief

Juan

acceptable

Airesq

a revolutionary

of

President

Buenos

Navy
for

to

revolutionary

to

passions*

and

provincial

of

and

formal

rapid

in

serious

cuts

Political

a group

revolution
in

of

alienated
of

a series

intoxicated

calm

Chilean

the

on

the

and

crisis

December

teeter
election

to

serve

Montero

duced

the

wage

from

fled

nation.

began

crisis

the

rarely

independent

an

secure
had

it

has

which

economic
was

men of

proposed
to

as

Ibaftez

after
and

1931

October

did

weeks

appeared

the

government

against

Chile

history
of

effects

Chilean

no

patty

Chile's

in

distress

social

turbulence

a political

paralleled

the

Army
Howeverg
came
to

from
oust

FOR F0 371/16565
Department
of Overseas Trades
Report
on Economic Conditions
March 1933P
in Chiles
Refe no* C4126 pp-15-16.
The beat single
contemporary
of this
account
event
is an article
by Osvaldo Quijada
Cerda in Cuadernos
Libresq
Santiagol
1932# entitled
'La Pascua Trigica
de Copiapo y Vallenar'.

133
o
o
Montero

from

Moreoverg

to

ibaftistas

were

in

the

In

June

of

conspiracy

the

aftermath
19329

Chief
by

forced

President

Socialist

short-lived
the

more

conservative

Eugenio

Matte

allowed

an

Davila
the
to

Army

constitutional

monthp
Alessandri
(41)

(42)
(43)

decided

fresh

act

rule

by

on

Armed

Grove

and

the

once
in

triumphant

sacking

A1833andriq

more

and

Junta

were

from

months
the

In
hold

a five-cornered

See Julio
Ce'*aar Jobet
El Partido
Chiles
Is p3l
for
an account
of
list
parties
which
emerged
after

and

control*

return

elections

re-

gocialistg

three

1932.

days

Forces

take

September

the

twelve

revolutionary

a further

for

supported

After

to

up

estqblished

and

Davilaq
for

building

Grovel

the

the

(41)

Commander-in-

as

of

presidential
emerged

post

officers

from

emerged

atmosphere

by

(43)

office

to

been

Republic.

Carlos

in

remained

had

office

Hurtadop

ibaflistap

intense

from

forced

themselvesq

asserted

had

sociali3ta.

the

egged

and

Montero

the

(42)

Force.

Air
ibaftistap

and

his

and

which

own downfall

from

Grove

Chilean

socialists

which
his

precipitated

the

by

leaders*

respective

force

provoked

their

alessandristas

a new
fall

expectancy

and

Marmaduque
of

of

Ibaftez's

Monterog

some monthsq
Colonel

those

of

the

of

conspiracies

added

by

him

replace

and

power

until

country

the

following

and

Arturo
fight

Socialista
do
several
now sociafall,
Ibaftez's

Charlin
Carlos
Del Avion Roja a la Regublica
(Santiagog
Socialists.
1972) p6229 p684;
Carlos
Slez OP* cites
111i P131o
See Carlos
Charlin
for a detailed
opo cit.
pp610-789
of the rise
account
and fall
of the Socialist
Republic.

134
*
.
to

Presidencyfbr

the

occupy

The
by

ked

the

ly

return

For

Alessandri
whose

few
felt

limited

imagined

to

watch

not

in

special

and

Andp

harass

his

the

against

whose

his

government#

powers

the

opponents

the

wore

both

with
Alessandri

by

for

Congress
the

of

ability
these

when

opponents

ends

dealing

granted

on

and

the

final

for

from
the

sectors

its
rapid
of

the
of

background

third

Chilean

blows

development

unemploymentq

this

implement

of

indeedq

pitious

(44)

time

to

hegemony

deliver

peting

of

was

PCCh sought

the

police

officep

of

of

In

Chile.

to

activities

powers

to

automatical-

police

powers

were

effect*
It

the

threats

periods

the

and

of

not

term

the

and

tranquility

conspiratorial

were

did

second

by

mar-

Presidency

crisis

his

of

normality

the

political

seizure

on

relied

of

years

unconstitutional
and

economic

threatened

methods

real

the

return

first

the

constitutional
to

(44)

time.

second

Alessandri

of
of

the

signify

of

restitution

retreat

gradual

the

period
working

to

class

viewpointq

revolutionary

bitter

struggles
bourgeoisiev

capture

movement

capitalist

of

the

and
system*

did

conditions

reconstruction

the

that

policiesq

a tottering

the

the

thong

seem

PCCh and

struggle.
for

power

the

evidence

profor

Widespread
amongst
of

comunrest

Alessandri
609856;
1879914 votes;
received
Grove,
two candidates
of traditional
received
parties
909000 between them and Elfas
Laferttej
the
4,128 votes.
PCCh polled
candidate
of the offical
.0 Urzua Valenzuela
German
Los Partidos
Polfticos
(Santiagot
Chilenos
1968) P7&-.

135
o
the

amongst
to

menta
the

revolution
weak

of
led

had
least

the

heroic

interest

closer

affairs
vice

of
reap

and

public

the

BSAq

was

themaximum

conditionsq

With

a clear

from

advantage

the

PCCh

the

months

following

manage

to

seemed

set

for

that

doubt

wall

the

FOCht
Not

for

the

internal
aid

and

ad-

designed

policies

crisis

prevailing

a period

PCCh

its

party's

expert

it
3ec-

through

and
the

clan-

pasto

the

the

strategy

from

and

bode

in

showing

activities,

its

Cominternp

the

the

significant

recent

to

appeared

which

with

the

of

that

suggest

to
of

which

socialist

despite

reason

movement

which

to

emerged

loyalties

struggles

factors

the

it

as

little

the

class

for

seemed

by

produced

support

Moreoverg

be

recapture

working
the

to

Sud-Americano(E35A)p

Bur6

to

the

nature

seemed
to

all

govern-

successive

problems

of

approaching*

fragmented

and

able

in
of

was

fast

growth

ills

Chilets

there
be

would

the

of
the

with

and

ease
was

destinityp

tors

crisis

to

remedies

failure

the

effectively

grapple

economic

PCChts

Forcess

Armed

of

success

and

achievement*
In
PCCh

did

indeed

provincial

organisation3l

Ibaftez's

reactivate
resurrect

downfallq

some
the

of

FOCh

the

its

local

and

to

and
re-

commence

the

publication

Santiago

and

a series

(45)

The most important

PCCh newspapers
the
during
1930s were Bandera__Lioja
(Santiago)
early
and
(Antofagastal-;
El Comunista
for
the
its
partq
YOCh published
Justicia
in Santiagop
Antofagasta
PUblication
these
and Iquique.
of all
papers
was
frequently
interrupted
by lack
of funds
and police
PCCh and FOCh newspapers
Other
persecution,
included
El Despertar
(Iquiqueg
del
Pueblo
1931-33)9
La Defensa
Obrera
(Tocopillas
1931-33)9
La Voz Obrera
(Concepci6n-,
1931-32)9
Unidad
Obrera
and Frente
Cnico
(Santiagog
1934-35)o

of
of

PCCh and

provincial

FOCh newspapers
cities.

(45)

in
In

the

136
*
rung

it

sustained

had

by

Perhaps

failure

PCChI. j
conditions
for

the

been

in

lapsingg

but
the

party.

migrate

from

the
of

parts
the

with

traditional

those

Communist3

their

jobs

were
was

who

the

unemployedp
desperately

lost

without

been

few
short

if

the

the

PCCh
in

sapped

its
advan-

widespread

unemployment

made

fortunate

since
to

pay

throughout
political

to

enough

retain
could

which

activities

afford
funds

to

message

with
was

to

commensurate

Finallyq

of

not

forced

Communist

col-

producing

undertake

could

was
did

workers

strength

may have

examplep

contact

all

partyls

had

the

took

crisis

favourable

system

the

of

the

same

consequences

some

livelihoods.

Furthermoreg
(46)

many

to

reluctant

for

so

case?

in

those

seemed

ambitious
the

factors

capitalist

practical

Furthermoret

elsewhere.

their

the

zones

strongholds

tages

danger

Chilet
that

result

that

Although
mining

of

unemploymentq

immediate

its

had

this

was

concerned

aightq

sign

a sure

benefit

other

first

at

set

19309

early

Widespread

PCCh.
as

important

the

achieve

Why

losses

the

good

make

alone

policy*

most

the

whicht

seen

Comintern

the

to

let

Ibifiezq

under

indicated

goals

failed

PCCh

the

howeverg

longer

many
dues
the

turmoil

party
and
early
of

en-

members

the

PCCh

19303*(46)
the

early

in
R. J. Alexander
Communism
in Latin
Americaq
P178
has
that
the
PCCh was in regular
suggested
receipt
Comintern
funds
during
the
19305Not unof
early
Chilean
Communists
this
deny
naturallyp
and
claim
the
that
party
was self-financingg
relying
on duos
donations
from
payments
and
on
one wealthy
member,
Pairoa.
Amador
(SanJosS
Vega
Dfaz
de Lucha
Aftos
1962)
tiago,
But
Pairoaq
theatre
pp64-65.
a film
and
impresario
(EI
links
Siglog
with
commercial
abroad
_1
1.3.1941),
been
have
ideal
for
would
Comchann;
an
funds.
intern
On balanceg
it
that
the
probable
seems
PCCh was in
funds
during
receipt
of
some Comintern
the
19309
early
if
to
finance
the
trips
only
of
Chilean
delegates
to Montevideo
but
it
and Moscow
is
that
funds
unlikely
such
constituted
a regular
for
or imT)ortant
the
source
of revenue
party,

137
9
19309

suggested

moved

governments

to

deal

in

to

not

for

In

PCCh free
the

from

were
time

hostile

Although

it

or
the

overthrow
tortured

ceneoredp

during

logical

the

guilty

to

and

seized

the

des-

and

19303

early

surveillance

the

categorypas

was

detainedp

were

no

disposal

this

efforts

also

harassment

and

the

was
of

authorities.
Finallys

socialist
work

to
to

automatically
like

into
whileg

even

socialist

parties

competed

directly

Although

the

popular
the

force

PCCh

after

for

the

loyalties

was

hostile

ignited

end
of

of

19329

to

(47)

The

form

most

by

When

the

Partido

important

fall

these

the
the

converted

significance*

together

to

the

socialist

of

Ibaflez

partieng

socialist

parties

do

now

the

Republic
into

hads

an

electoral

came

ChilO(PS)

socialist

now

which

new

socialists

these

of

worker3o(47)

Socialist

support

series

the

Socialista

of

planks

popular

PCCh, a

of

not

Established

PCCh.

attract

the

the

emerged

enthusiasms

to
to

concern

greater

the

of

effort

did

difficulties

PD incorporated

an

for

support

popular

current

benefit
the

in

programmes

of

the

of

growth

Chile's

PR and

the

their

the

even

solutions

parties

by

into

it

their

at

authoritiesp

specific

at

the

fall

the

of

activists

shortp

means

revolution

of

hand,

at

opponents.

to

newspapers

party

troyed.

the

weak

hostility
in

was

dangerous

party

Party

banished;

all

too

the

government.

use

fact,

involvement

of

revolution

more

self-procljimed

target

the

their

with

PCCh wasp
the

that

in

parties

Nueva
Pdblicaq
Accion
were
Socialista
Partido
istal
Orden
Socialistap
Acci6n
Revolucionaria
lista
Partido
Socialista
and
Unificado,
Julio
Jobetp
El Partido
Socialistat
19 P31.

MarxSociaCesar

138
9

its
in

Chile*

From

popular

by

Grove

ted

by

the

economic

PCCh's

revivalt

recovery

of

the

rested

policy
ist

system

rapidly
of

outcome

enormous

expected

the

political

remained
the
force
(48)

the

pressures

the

collapse.

during

19329

intact

the

of

and

strength

to
for

the

assist

third

period
the

secondlyg

capitalthat

the

decisively

influence
the

the

counter-

that

collapse

system

economic

which

the

to

and

firstlyl

capitalist

of

basically

helped

than

success

genera-

PCCh9 neither

correct,

the

forces

of

the

by

point

emergence

be

to

Marmaduque

designed

Unfortunately

eventso

Although

the

of

acquire

proved

assumption

point

led

was

and

conditions

rather

assumptions;

the

the

inappropriate

speaking,

two

on

was

PCCh could
the

on

revolu-

prominence

policies

proved

party

Broadly

productive*

hindered

Comintern

the

impeccable

appearanceng

crisis

considerable

(48)

Hurtado.

first

despite

on

ideology

national

left

revolutionary

had

a marxist
of

Platte

the

it

to

challenge

PS counted

support;

figures

Eugenio
Ifq

the

boasted

charismatic
and

of

union

antecedentas

two

leadership

first#

the

trade

and

tionary

the

to

pretensions

with

a formidable

faced

PCCh was

the

19339

key

Perhaps

more
in

an

interest

if

in

some

as
political

it

crisisq

had

socialists

subjected

was

did

groupings

reach

important
its

stillq

survival
Despite

disarray*

a notable

not

to

political
in

post-Ibafiez

Ratte
Eugenio
Hurtadop
was the the civilian
caudillo
in the
Republic
of the Socialist
and a key figure
foundation
See Julio
Cesar Jobetq
ibideq
of the PS.
Iq pp99-104.
'Socialism
Paul
W. Drake
See also
and
Populism
in Chile;
the origins
of the left-ward
1931-330
(unpubmovement
of the Chilean
electorate
lished
Ph-Do thesiag
Stanford
Universityq
1971)
for
treatment
a thorough
of the oriCins
and early
years
of the PS.

139
o
o
Chile
of

the

caudillo3g

rival

non-aligned

to

means

ista3

for

be

soon

to
their

duced

to

political

system

Socialist

Republicq

dedicated

While

the
they

middle

class

did

also
Armed

Forces

Alarmed
that
(49)

by

event

use

Chile

although

turbulence

order
In

defence

the

represent
to

resist

in

Chileo(49)

all

a fundamental
towards

clear

their

the

spectre

of

had

raisedq

most

Republic
in

attitude
in

the

politics.
war

civil

decided

broad

impose

Socialist

of

and

of

to

involvement

officers

military

determination
attempts

the

to

helped

dubious

The

revolution

of

aftermath

order.

of

pro-

existing

constitutional

change

own

the

and

the

1932

organi-

were

not

they

a paramilitary
of

R932ublicanas

proved

and

sectors

Republicanast
the

1931

of

Chileans*

Socialist

institutions*

existing

public

ibaft-

and

controll

and

Of

abyss

movements

manipulation

of

the

the

and

those

non-revolutionary

to

into

Jklutiny

behind

traditional

the

ale33andristas

when

re-

alessandri3tas

nor

plunge

Naval

the

extra-con3titutional
they

neither

their

many

change

precipitated

While

with,
to

the

in

sectors

revolutionary

traditional

see

favour

Miliclas

value#

also

in

Milicia3

sation

parties

the

political

a reaction

the

while

support

the

create

Ib1ftezq

own andsp

their

Furthermoreq

and

reckoned

use

susceptible
threw

Ale33andri

Thuss

attempted

Republic

civilian

to

wish

any

and

powerg

revolution*

social

to

tq

return

supporters

military

prepared

were

had

parties

be

to

ibafti3ta3

and

of

sectors

a force

mained

the

be

to

continued

to

which

restore

The General
Staff
Army reckoned
that
of the Chilean
40%
30% of the Milicias
too
be
were
would
old,
in an emergency
needed
at home or at work
and 30%
FOR F0 371/
were of no use as allies
or enemies.
165679
A4222/73/99
from H. Chil
dispatch
on to
John Simong
Sir
18-5-1933*
dated

140
a
*

to

tions
of

to

rule

civilian

their

officers
or

the

some

the

final

andq

lenge

rallied

to

office

could

Republicanas
The
period

policies

acquire

the

bar

second

the

PCCh emerged

trade

had

Ploreoverg
Hidalgo

and

BSA-sponsored
(50)

armg
soon
his

the

from

the

after

CC was

En defensap

the

and

those

for

all

Milicias

the

the

rapidly

of

events
in

19319

in

Ib4ftez

been

it

was

dictator-

dispersedt
90% and

its
its

but

perished.

(50)

the

division

between

who
to

see.

backed
The

third

of

success

condition

estimated

fall

the

all

leftq

outcome

had

support

all

P83.

second

FCCh could

FOCh9 had

plain

the

Forces.

the

During

chal-

Alessandri

that

an

supporters

time

the

given

poli-

practically

clandestinity

Ibaftez'3

Chile's

on which

by

reduced

the

extreme

the

While

existing

for

Armed

influence

electoral
been

by

of

the

of

assumption.

PCCh's

union

one

not

revolutionary

Republic

Indeedq

which

of

support

namely
to

strength
unfounded*

membership

the

assumption

rested,

optimistic

the

of

to

the

Thusq

of

bulk

the

proved

the

face

those

also

shipp

in

on the

count

and

within

did

systeme

solutions

defence*

its

parties

a very

of

produced

thong

capitalist

remedy

indoodp

President

as

political

the

sought

19329

and

revolutionary

sought

most

he

groups

favour

turmoil

political

the

of

collapse

system

timeg

small
in

conspire

1931

during

crisis

tical

took

institu-

military

although

to

and

misery

social

Chileans

problemsp

role

NC03 continued

economic

presage

the

return

another.

The
by

to

and

constitutional
and

caudillo

Chile

the
first

officialo

141
&
task
of

its

his

expulsion

more

their

for

CC was

internal

intransiaento

terms

rapidly

assumed

to

them.
their

published
unions

abject

the

Trotskyist
began

own

in

and

on
re-enter

after

all

efforts

to

their

own

partyg

the

the

hidalgui3tas
into

road3

do
the

in

the

the
Until

name
(51)
(52)

(53)

PCCh

official
1933,

as

the

the

much

hidalguista3

PCChq

causing

became

active

to

have

exceptq

polled

more

appear

elections
difficulty

official

PCCh

except

been

and

continued

considerable

assign-

organinationg
In

account

PCCh

the

trade

Although
important

made

votes

inin

perhapsq

their

1933,

founded

failedl

had

in

and

Comunistao(52)

support

presidential

had
own

the

was

hidalguistas

which

own

as

the

for

and

case

the

of

hidal-

party

their

their

Hidalgo

where

1931

not

the

to

return

create

Izquierda

party's

Santiagoarea

to

newspapers,

elections

the

regulations

role

to

a number

their

surrenderl

most

They

to

party

justification

Although

consider

Unable

the

of

(51)

to

the

purgingof

re-admittance

Congress

under

the

and

3upporter3.

PCCh

right

CC was

official

Hidalgo

of

petitioned

a National

ed

the

prominent

guistas

on

by

undertaken

the

Lafertte

than

caused

activities

embarrasomento(53)
to

use

confusion

the

same

amongst

Bandera
Roja
22,8,1931,
La Chispa-T-Santiago)
first
was the hida1guistast
but
it
newspaper
for
only
survived
a few issues*
(Santiago)
Izquierda
howeverp
was published
regu,larly
between
1934 and 1936.
the
In Coneralt
hidalguistas
did not have much success
in trade
but
they
unionism
the powerful
Central
controlled
6nico
do la Construcci6n(CUC)
and had some influence
In the Federaci6n
(Teachers'
do Maestros
Union)*
In that
election
Hidalgo
337 votes
to
polled
Lafertte's
380 in Santiago
made a roleand also
fair
tivelY
in Antofagasta
showing
and Valparaiso.
Bandera
Roja 4.10.1931-

142
a
the
to

electorate
for

appeal

third

period

other

left-wing

party

as

ence

to

policies

the

Comintern)

of

bureaucrats)

which

of

the

PCCh*(54)

official

Weak and
contend
during

the

of

to

needed

it

the

successful

Indeeds

subjected
by

signs

a vicious

circle

Practically
third

period

during

the

of

the

capitalist

to

the

workers

were

rarely

concerned
(54)

third

all
and

the

into

of

the

system

led

the

embark

on

struggle

out

third

and

the
newq

many

See La Chispap
August
no*29
19319
for
these
criticisms
in
the
rency
world
struggle
Stalinista.
and

which

showed
drove

policies

locked

it

defeat*

party

survive;

policieso

authorities

and

features
the

the
to

FCCh's

imminent
make

revolutionary

to

system-

party

period

by

in

alienated

the

it

improvement

hindered

belief

and

carry

characteristic

policy

to

confronted

period

and

rule

condition

no

isolation

weakness

The

answered
with

vigourg

obedi-

leadership

disciplined

old

parent

which

harassment
both

19309.

to

of

forcesp

of

analysis
early

execution

further

and

in

ideological
and

the

the

to

unable

a strong

constant

of

further

party

into

to

political

disconcerting
the

was
and

into

convert

of

faced

and

with

entrenched

against

pressures

organisational

capable

and

19309

(the

PCCh wag

extraordinary

early

work

atic

the

with

the

divideds

on

(servile

supercentralism

levelled

they

attacks

in

bureaucratism

and

ability

c"peration

of

indiscipline

of

charges

their

advocacy

fomented

groups

the

their

and

FCCh's

official

Moreoverg

support.

popular

did

the

undermining

and

in

1931;
- which
between

recovery
collapse

repeated

calls

The

actions.
workers

of

who

addition

were

calls
more

thoy

September
noo3v
were
Common curTrotskyists

143
*
-

1%

gave

the

authorities

cute

the

party*

Perhaps
rhetoric

revolutionary

adventures

Thusq

on

bersq

urged

agent

provocateurp

they

town

the

collapse

only

in

workers

Three

in

Ralleco
in

workers
the

(55)
(56)

(57)

Tunel

and

wave

in

of

belief

systemg
death

the

that

Chileo(55)

in

kilometre3

Copiapgg

the

of

seven

Communists

23 assorted

of
200

some

a half

probably

rhetoric

land

Vallenarg

murder

in

capitalist

causing

mem-

in

and

awayq

PCCh

the

persecution

on

laterl

this

same

revolution-

the

Ranquil

uprising

(56)

nationally.

ary

the

a further

down

bringing

in

succeeded

own numberg

the

FOCh

and

barracks

spark
of

success*

a government

apparently

provoking

insurgents

and

Chicol

PCCh

and

a military

Norte

of

period
into

members

of

perse-

third

chance

alessandristas

revolutionary

the

party
no

to

needed

stills

a group

the

from

their

had

igniting

were

Far

of

the

some

19319

attacked

in

seriously

which

local

by

on

more

Eveq

Christmas

they

pretexts

seduced

revolutionary

a small

the

all

province.
the

middle

from

two

Las

years

a part

Thereg

colonos

evicted

winter

joined

of

a harsh

public

works

Rafces)

in

played

in

projects

spontaneous

(gold

from
with

their
starving

washings

jacqueries(57)

and
The

Quijada
See Osvaldo
Cerda's
Cuadernos
in
article
for
Libres
a full
account.
14.2.1932;
for
See Bandera-Rola,
21.2.1932
the
Comthe
munist
of
uprising
repression
account
and the
(Antofagasta)
followed.
See also
El Comunista
which
29*12*1931*
The best
Ranquil
single
of the
uprising
account
may
be found
in Hugo Morales
'Polftica
Ben(tez's
Social
Segunda
de la
Administracion
Presidente
del
AlesPalma'
(Memoriat
Universidad
Tecnica
del
sandri
Estadol
Santiago,
1969)
For
pp44-60.
contemporary
accounts
by the
of the
conditions
endured
workers
on Tunel
Las Rafceaq
Direcci6n
General
del
see Archivop
r-1934).
-Report
Trabajoq
Providencias
201-3100
26.7=1931"T-.
dated

144
a
.
insurgents
sparsely

landowners

the

movement

hardship

and
was

Lonquimayq

denty

the

by

dub

the

the

restozoorder
killing

guatog
graphical

there

their
the

formation

(60)

the

great

involvedq

groups
Sindicato

its

founder
were

the

Agrfcola
and

presi-

for

enough

a revolutionary

force
task

-a
200

over

the

attempt

(the

seat

the

elsep

for

of

insurrection
starves
of

and
soviets.

PCCh and

the

and

plot

based

the

(60)

Not

unlikely

on Montevideo

FOCh immediately

overthrow

assassinates

geo-

extremely

called
of
the

or

pledged

for

the

the

Idiotatorship

manses'

surprisinglyq

sent

macabre

Although

it

in3ureentsp

and

(59)

make

the

was
with

performed

inaurgents.
alone

the

Carabineros

of

they

a revolutionary

was

support

which

(58)
(59)

by

Although

process*

Montevideo

and

killing

the

Tapias

from

considerations

anywhere

of

the

desolate

(58)

to

that

the

of

Leiva

An expeditionary
in

Bfo-Bfog

union,

movement

Comintern

Alto

of

activities

Juan

of

in

three

trade

the

the

area

precipitated

all

Communist
to

mounted
BSA).

by

and

authorities

the

storekeepers

a FoCh

of

of

undoubtedly

suffered

involvement

a wide

lands

populated

few

de

over

rampaged

widening

and

urged

the

the

4.7-19341
El Mercurio
5-7-1934.
Fernando
Pinto
Lagarrigue
Cronica
Polftica
del
XX (Santiagol
Siglo
1972) p242*
See also J036
Vega Dfaz$s article
'El Aprendiz
de un Comunistat
Principio-slFebruary/March
in
1970 and Luis Corvalan
Ricardo
Fonseca -combatiente
(Santiago,
ejemplar
1971) p98 for accounts
of the murder o Leiva
Tapia and other
PCCh activists.
Unidad Obrera July 1934, lst
4th
weeks.
and

145
*
authorities

throughout

the

imminent

clearly

form

by

Although

in

misgivings

stages
influence

effects

1930s.

Thestruggle
movement

the
of
(61)
(62)
(63)

union
PCCh's

an

on

and

hindered

action

trade

line

force.
poor

instrument

of

to

capture

PCChIs

electoral
which

Las Grandes
El Mercuriog
Las Grandes

the

pains

mutineers$
the

the

at

from

PCCh

BSA

crucial
exerting

on

had

equally

during

the

early

of

as

the
it

Luchas
PP17-21.
Valparafso
3.9-1931.
Luchas
p2l*

and

played

a part

was

deprived

the

pastq

party

well

working

electoral

an

factors

other

the

independence

strict

revival

served

policy

hegemony

showingg
had

some

the

of

approach

the

the

took

was

threatened

movementg

recovery

insistence

which

who

who

period

the

call

to

(63)

third

PCCh's

them

on

some

prevented

the

Although

call

their

development.

aspects

adverse

class

hard

were

Communists(62)

overcome

party's

of

considera-

Coquimbo

the

of

its

to

PCCh

Mutiny

mutineers

and

stages

over

Other

to

Mutiny

Naval

the

-a

in

final

the

of

to

revolution

from

managed

the
the

that

alleged
early

PCCh

the

leaders

the

the

professional

a duoking

themselves

led

was

mutineers

with

disassociate

to

of

the

FOCh delegation

the

the

in

system

the

and

response

launch

rebuffed

though

financial

first

and

relation

Even
by

PCChIs

soviets

rudely

an

(61)

1931.

the

in

belief

same

capitalist

errors

motivated

tiohsg

Communist

detain

and

F3SA9 the

the

of

tactical

September

the

to

collapse

make

arrest

cauntrye

According

to

to

proceeded

in

in

the

146
.
*
pact*

electoral
in

the

early

deputies

in

less

use

the

of

prevented
committees

which

limiting

their

but

their

negotiated

it

deprived

of

to

recommended

courses

king

class

in

talist
on

unity

independent

destroy
not

(64)

(65)

third

offensiveg

determined

accept

the

to
legal

action

face

of

the

resurrect
unionism

the

of

tutelage

Views
of

what

and

IFOCh,

any
The

of

party

airing

a public

patronage.

and

might
bolster

to
seen

as

well
wor-

a capi-

insistence

its

Thusq

moribund

indeedg

failure

conditions

was

thus

the
the

designed

almost

the

timep

finance

otherwise.

orp
of

political

deprived

policy

dictated

action

the

Moreoverg

economic

period

policy

parliamentary

its

and

period
of

with

PCCh con-

the

after

one

sources

hostile

have

judicious

third

give

valuable
the

AlthouCh

the

only

not

wbop

through

(65)

congressmen

achieve-

deputy

of

for

its

one

Even

part

two

elect

elect

to

geatep

forming

opportunities

additional

hidalguistas

effectiveness.

more

elect

up

from

them

the

(64)

pact.

taken

electionsp

elections

same

to

managed

general

managed

electoral

had

gre33men

the

by-elections

congressional
it

thatcff

nationallyq
in

senator

1932
by

no

when

even

and

October

the

support

one

to

1930s

overshadowed

was

ment

PCCh won

The

FoCh
union
FOCh

the

PCCh

and

to
did

which
and

the

PCCh

in October
59076 votes
Communist
candidates
polled
1932 and Joag Vega Dfaz and Andr6s
Dfaz
Escobar
for
deputies
Antofagasta
were elected
and Santiago
With
Bandera
Roja
5,11.1932*
the
respectively.
the Partido
Unificado
Socialista
with
aid of pacts
Partido
the
Radical
Socialista
Hidalgo
and
was
to the Senate
for
Antofagasta
elected
and Emilio
to the Chamber
Zapata
for
Santiago.
of Deputies
En Defensa
P30.
Boletines
ordina
Speech

del
=ios =,

by

Andres

Congresol

Diputadosq
28aq
session
Escobar
Dfaze

Sesiones
22ollol933p-

ExtraP1306.

147
s
o
delivered

savage

leaders

and

that

their

FOChe

to

attempted
interests

demonstrate
be

would

Instructions

constitute

the

sindicales

revolucionarios(OSRs)
to

attempt
did

manage

them

to

resurrect

organisations

during

1931

against

unions

appear

rival

general.

Few OSR3 were

succeeded

in

they
and

generated
no

Despite
flourish

only

15

(68)

150

the

launch
to

during

Boletfn

held

failure.

del

in

came

hostile

strikes

1931

to

opted

delegates

given

doomed

them

of

at

every

19329

Cc no. 4,

join

the

Santiago
from

legal

these

February

in
to

were
the

activep

Communists

to

continued

in

the

At

FOChs

19339

early

union3s(68)
FOCh's

climatei-the

opportunity

FOCh claimed
appear

1933.

have

3corede(67)

conceivable
the

used

they

been

unions

economic

Although
and

have

legal

antagonismg

it

least

an
FOCh

local

appear

against

to

appear

Convention

the

of

to

successes

(67)

few

National

efforts

(66)

FOCht3

and

Furthermores

were

gains

some

the

and

at

which

hostility

in

unions

tactics

failed

in

re-

While

while

and

unions

considerable

significant
the

FOCh's

the

rival

the

the

oposicion63

provincial

have

to

formed

splitting

its

19329

and

joining
to

FOCh*(66)

of

some

by

form

to

and

the

supporters

sympathizers

inside

to

over

union

their

served

to

FOCh consejos

win

to

better

issued

were
old

trade

on non-communist

attacks

to

have

some
rested

See the introduction

to lResoluciones
do la
do la CSLA (Confederaci6n
conferencia,
primera
Latino-Americana)
Sindical
(Santiagop
1933)
for
an account
of the deficiencies
of OSR3 in
Chile*
Justicia,
Antofagasta
1593*19339
9

148
.
,

Certainly
in

by

the

alone

1933
Its

persuading

let

by

calls

on parallel

of

PCCh from

its

This

was

The

PCCh's

CC did
butq

at

to

and

revolutionary
in
and

teriorated;
promised

on
to

deal

Although
co-operate
events
hostility

(69)

(70)

(71)

with
and

the
towards

the

eve

revolutionary

the

workers

with
local
socialists
elections
all

the

his

the

Junta

own fall

Communists

and
of

even

1931

non-communist

showed

a t3SA

conditional
de-

party

powerp

*a mano

PCCh groups

of

the

from

Grove
(71)

dura*.

a tendency

19329
groups

third
took

to
the

hidalpuistas'during,
and

a full-blooded

its

and

form

Campesinos

arrival

CC dropped

Junta

to

of

the

the

confused;

was

Obreros

Witb

events.
Republic.

the

the

of

Socialist

for
on

from

party

influencing

of

the

political

coup

(70)

between

relations

the

the

implementation

howeverl

Chiley

prevented

4th

de

the

for

the

called

for

battle

other

prevented

Revolucionarios

press

calls

during
June

it

also

chances

support

programme.

delegate
support

the

timep

same

(Consej_o3

3oviets

CROCs)

evident

a qualified

the

difficulty

strike

tile

and

with

and

slight

admittedly

reaction

action

movement

1930s

to

groups.

having
to

respond

alliances

early

particularly

urge

of

fruitful

the

political

and

FOCh was

to

class

working

forming

increasing

the

independence

the

union

a wholeo(69)

as

masses

during

groups

19349

and

own members

Strict
hegemony

trade

other

period
an

See f3olet: fn del

CC, no. 4, Feb* 1933 and Izquierdaq
lst
June 1934 for
quincenas
details
of strikes
callits
did not
ed by FOCh to which
members
respond,
6th Juneq
CC Manifesto,
1932 entitled
'Guerra
onla reacciSn
carnizada
contra
monterista
Y clerical*
Fuera
el lbailismotg
in El CoMunista,
published
Antofagasta#
15.6.1932.
La Opini6n,
11.6.1932.
Radio
by Grove.
speech

149
0
0

became

appeal
the

principal

the

hegemony

PCChts

The

obstacle

to

left

the

PCChts

attacks

from

In

general,,

the

between

as

affairs

cularg

third

ther;,

period
into
by

and
PCCh and

its

well

and

trade

demanded

Proletarianisation

First,

the

drives

were

objectives

principal
to

be

workers

industries

nitrate3p

Secondlyp

the

whole
that

of

copperg
party
is

coal

structure

bol3havik,

la
formaci6n
See Hacia
El Grovismo,
Siquieros
la
revolucro'-n-obrara

hindered
confronta-

and

deepening

likely

most

union
that

PCChts

party's

recovery

force*

In

parti-

be

pro-

PCCh

the

three

allies*
the

with
the

in

employed

unite

life*

widening

the

hos-

progressively

profitless

had

its
to

ownp

policies

hindering

as

who
(71)

and

political

tampered

Policies

policy

period

letarianisede

proletariang

mainstream

electoral

a politicalp

its

than

of

it

launched

traitora.

Party

administraticnq

third

capture

leaders

class

Alessandri

the

period

and

other

to

Socialist

on

as

Communists

Socialist

now

authorities

Third
internal

the

identified

struggle

and

fascists

forcing

by

the

breach

the

the

it

with

class

popular

socialists$

were

PCCh's

attemptst

all

recovery

the

attacks

on

the

of

grovistas

working

social

as

against

isolated

tions

the

vituperative

towards

tility

as

clearerl

denounced

were

extent

the

of

of

a series

the

As

hold.

increasing

major

PCCh93

facetse

recruitment

fundamental

the

mining

and

transport*

be

imbued

with

virtues;

this

meant

that

pp20-25.
pr ncipal
camposina

See also
obstaculo
on Chile

was

to

(Santiagol
Juan Siquieros
n. d. ).
was
Seguelp
nym of Gerardo
a CC member@

th-e

Juan
para

pseudo-

the

150
0
.
the

membership

activityq
be

properly

that

centralism
general*

Finallyp

each

directive

level

a Majority

of
its

amongst
the

of

social

work

function

and

inside

the

opposed

to

bolshevik
signified

unemployed)

workers

$workers*

from

both

from

and

the

theory

bolshevik

with

include

should

party

be

should

and

of
with

and

extraction

identification

of

use

union

proletarianisation

they

members;

viewpoint

tive

(as

active

trade

political

self-criticism

and

in

theory

the

for

cell

a
for

with

acquainted

democratic

to

a fraction

to

belong

belong

to

had

perspecComintern

and

PolicY*(73)
The

tasks

no

was

spheres

FCChts

PCCh launched

ambitious
and

#Double

the

party

the

reported

period

of

panied

the

wardsp

howeverl

clandestinity

(73)
(74)
(75)

cause*

Socialist

Thusp

and

party

probably

from

one

and

for

influx

of

was
lost

they

preceded

Immediately

thrust

into

Las Grandes Luchas PP34-35Bandera Roja 22-el0e1931;

El
117--19328.5-1932;
Ibid.
11.6.1932.

of

another
its

appear

to

Antofaeastan

the

(75)

most

regional

werep

work

new members
which

and

monthlo(74)

party

examplep

the

national
the

to

other

the

in

the

when

systematic

Republic.

the

BSAs

months'
in

effervescence

political

the

campaigns

two

reached

a massive

in

on by

ranged

party

than

rather

events

been

the

rarely

were

in

party

organisational

achievements

Urged

recruitment
which

$Quintuple

external
have

of

targets

targets

its

than

these

in

success

policy*

with

frenetic

These

period
a number

19303

early

of

impressive

more

third

of

record

new

Comunistas

during
and

the
accom-

afterperiod

of

recruits.

Antofagasta

151
e
The

PCChts

effective

more

than

a thousand

calmer

political

allowed

the

is

it

some

The

peasantry

force

of

class

in

both
in

to

the

BSAq

in

its

traditional

industries

May

existence

tables

of

in

countryside

BSAq

such

Forces

The

minimal*
missed
serving
evidently
participate

(76)
(77)

the

the

there

PCCh

of

approached
in

the

few

Comintern.

be

the

motor

According

active

organisations
nitrate

and

despite

industry;

Commissions

significant

minimal

19309.

coal

copper

the

is

evidence

as

targets

of
for

unemployedq

Araucanian

service

members

the

in

PCChI9

the

gains

had

been

party

work

in

made

eithero(76)

womeng

as

and

no

by

from

PCCh reported

the

the

recruiting

to

early

of

Peasant

of

indicated

sectors

the

PCCh had

in

all

organisationg

Although
other

at

of

in

were

the

strongholds
none

coveted

but

the

gains

highpoint

successful

during

1932

may have

steadier

and

workers

Chile

sectors

and

nominal

the

in

1935,

most

industrial

and

revolution

success

the

sectors

no

while

1934

1925/26

until

no more

probably

andq

and

slower

equalledtl2b,

members

was

1932

and
1933

some

make

PCCh was

working

1931
during

have

59000

to
The

those

to

party
to

membership

during

climate

unlikely
49000

national

Indianag

did

recruit

but

it

the

Armed

some

was

so

chary

Forces

the

PCCh

soviets

set

naval

were

of

that

Las Grandes
Luchas
PP31-32El Comunistag
Antofagastag

in

Armed
again
dis-

mutineers
approaching
some

independently
up

the

of

successes

June

the

by

recruitment

members

the

soldiers

and
1932*(77)

15.6.1932*

asked

to

152
*
As for

its

foundered

of

the

on

Indians

the

revolutionary
the

not

the

and

by

to

Ratherp

the

the

to

of
the

ComunistaS(FJC)

and

the

spontaneous

reaction

sity

studentsp

by

the

proved

to

19329

the

tutelage
tionary

branches
to

the

because
oficialistas.

(78)
(79)
(80)
(81)

which

in

several
of

appeals
of

by

young

Both

bitter
(81)

for

published

(80)
its

disputes
Despite

own

and
between
the

in

product

and

young

the
By

of

Avancef

proved

the
difficulties

the

FJC had

of

generated

Grupo

newspaper

1933

(79)

univer-

misery

vanguard

citiesq

owed

the

PCChe

Grupo

provincial
Trotskyism

the

as

class

PCCh itself.

social

the

middle

Juventudes

were

the
that

itself
Chile.

de

FJC and

the

into

amongst

of

the

workers
the

gainsq

successes

of

Avance

to

complaining

in

in

apathy

forced
but

13SA9 these

Grupo

PCCh was

movement

and

striking

often

were

Federac16n

blessings

handq

other

the

crisis*

regarded

poverty

workers

efforts

be mixed

and

converse

experience

the

respectivelyg

economic

to

most

mature

who

organisational
creation

its

made

bitter

educated

According

extraction.

these

able

cultural

amongst

positions

young

little

PCCh

the

weres

cadres

Indiansq

(78)

themselves.

they

as

of
the

on

the

among

lack

and

Ironically

such

organise

party's

languages

Indian

the

to

efforts

Avance
end

of
its

rejected
the
on

and

revoluthe

had

susceptible

foundered
Trotsky4sts

mainly
and

which

the

the

23*2,, 1933.
Justicia
Las Grandes Luchas p32.
Boletfn
Polftico
No, l
November 1932,
Ibid
See Josi Miguel
Varas ope_cit.
p84 for Volodia
Teitelboim*s
in Grupo Avancee
of the split
account
See also QuQn dividi6
el Grupo Avance? (Santiagog
)
for a hidalguista
d.
n.
account*

153
*
o
PCCh had

both

with

a useful

with

third

to

period
to

of

ingrained

an

the

accept

to

prove
to

be

of

their

capabilities.

often

were

frequently

Failure

reluctance

of

some

dues

payments

their

income

which
to

Recruitment
logical
such

and
training

hazard

a detailed

it

according
(82)
(83)

and

announced
to

the

to

have

plan
the

been

for

country.

anotherl
PCCh itself,

been

butq

January

until

ambitious

throughout

activists
year,

Not

nature.

have

training

seems

later

beyond

blamed

also
-

from

on
the

and
cland-

system

a new

of

1% of

contribute

(83)

should

political

was

a prior

tasks

on

to

members

funds.

party

have

was

and

members

accordine

re-emeree

pro-

which

clandestinity

to

changed

many

wh& might

given

into

expected

of

to

recruit

groups

conditions

when

to

the

a reluctance

expected

retreats
local

part

Furthermorep

were

frequent

party's

estinity

and

the

not

implement.
was

members

(82)

though

to

recruit

its

reach

reasons

to

partyq

recruiting

3pies.

marxism

on

a mass
of

recruits

grasp

the

for

fears

police

BSA9

the

failure

its

to

trying

was

reluctance

need

by

exacerbated

it

party

leaders*

failure
of

the

provided

future

a variety

policies
PCCh9

the

they

and
its

to

objectives

According
duct

cadres

PCCh attributed

recruitment
the

of

supply

The

to

howeverp

groupap

less

by

it

exist,

where

of

the

did

the

training

(84)

In

ambitiougg

curso

did

a rudimentary

1933

neither

Sandera
Roja, 5.3.1932
Ibid
Plan do estudios
do un
(Santiago9t933Y

accompanied

plan

do

and

plan
was

hap-

CC announce
575

of
July

ideo-

of

the

same

butq
realised

capacitacioon

to

154
.
.
any

significant

for

training

use

cratic

centralism

since

it

ment

and

by

the

lack

These
disciplined

the

of

party.

Local

respond

to

and

did

not

inform

the

last

the

movement

of

or

moment

several

during

dues

was

there

days

even
before

consulting

the
of

often

not
Such

CO.

the

of

was

brewing

had

knowledge

they

it

occurredl

their

uprising

the

of

did

Communists

mutiny

though

an alarming

echelons

sentby

a naval

a sacred

times

various

the

only

1930ag

early

at

and

average

considered

the

that

launched

absence

algileand

the

was

directions

apparently

The

desired

harass-

police

on

organisations

CC that

the

be

Cells

and

dues

communication

possible

CopiapS

forming

of

to

a powerfull

between

circulars

lack

much

Ineffective*

seriouslyg

regional

the

instru-

by

close

properly

of

and

was

create

paid

links

effective

to

clearly

payment

More

dutye(86)
lack

to

functioned

the

an

funds*

membership

though

even

forced

were

rarely

left

demo-

as

But

the

the

on

fractions

the

press

but

cadres

articles

calls

party

efforts

party

fractions
10% of

of

the

instrument

chief

for

course

self-criticism*

frequently

was

the

published
of

and

instruction

of

ment

special

function

and

Howeverg

reCularly

which

proper

the

not

was

press

party

(85)

degree.

Coquimbo
until
of

the

Communists

without

in-

CC. (87)
effective

links

and

a defective

(85)
f86)

Bandera
Por la

(87)

jropu. Lart
Resoluclones
del
XI Congreso
del_PCChg
19399
tiacov
finance
by Andr6s
Escobar,
report
Conferencia
Regional
del
PC-Ch (Coquimbo)
p2;
Lafertte
op.
cit.
p239-

Roja
17.2,1934.
Paz v nor nuavAm
Sanp5e
Elfas

155
o
of

appreciation

into

PCCh groups
The
an

which

action
of

product

(88)

movement.
deviations

to

and

represented
and
to

cooperate

of

Ibaftez's

concessions

the

danger.

with

and

Juntao(90)

many
to

during

In

PCCh groups

(91)

other

to

made

candidates

through

face
to

CRs showed

any

class

enemies

In

Grove

and

deals

other

political

parties.

(91)

during

during

the

joined
to

Republic,

toog

other

political

1931
tendency

a natural

attempt

OleCtiOn39

of

other

adversaries

PCCh groups

support

a mass

Indeedq

Socialist

with

of

groups*

prevent

about

CC9 rightist

with

(89)

and

local

the

to

political

the

designed

committees

(88)
(89)
(90)

PCCh groups

designed

office

ported

greater

fallt

committees
to

ideological

stemmed

be brought

than

the

the

which

could

in

being

CC as

collaborate

1930se

early
$uprising'

deviation

according

independence

local

19329

the

rather

to

tendency

lack

make

estado

the

Copiap6

revolution

Howevery

-a

groupsp
to

del

a golpe

leftist

-a
the

the
by

classified

was

that

was

local

CRs and

some

during

errors

these

putchismo

a belief

through

period

of

led

policy

political

dramatic

most

from

third

aftermath

civilist
Ibaftez

return
some

joined

the

revolutionary

1931

1932s

local

or

sup-

and
parties

And

in

September

Boletfn
del
CC9 no. 6, February
1933.
Ibid,
Conferencia
Regional
del
PCCh (Coquimbo)
p3l p4.
Justiciag
See also
Antofagasta
31*1.1932
and
for
2.12.1932
evidence
of PCCh cooperation
with
Marxista
the Partido
Socialist&
and the Nuova
Acci6n
Pdblica
in committees
and oreanisations
designed
to defend
libertiese
public
The Communists
for
of Combarbalaq
exampleg
sup.
In the 1932 congressidnal
ported
an hidalguista
that
elections
on the principle
a working
class
deviationist
than
de la
was better
any Igancho
burguesfat.
Conferenci
del
PCCh (Coquimbo)
Regional
,a
in Iquique
Othersp
for
cooperated
example,,
with
Barid_era Roja 19-11-1932.
grovistas.

156
.
e
the

19321,

other

with
his

Antofagasta

CR9 of
political

which

the

to

How far
the

product

and

how

is

they

CC's

instructions

actions

of

subordinate

workers'

party

to

say.

to

known
and

of

to

late

for

range

into

the

While

commit

errors

the

strength

having

done

did

the
of
of
nothing

echelonal

right

and
19329
and

political

of

in

(93)

PCCh

no

January

in

alessandristas
regime.

influence

lower

the

examplet

a whole

causeq

sometimes

drift

to

the
responsible.

partially

like

tendency

(94)

of

Whatever

too

policy

misunderstand-

organisations;

Montero

support.

least

arrived

Republicq

disposed
having

difficult

were

period

sincere

at

third

of
of

including

against

limited

the

with

the

Socialist

of

after

deviations

wing

a product

Thusp

groups

strike

IerrorsI*

CC cooperated

less

in

confrontation

rule

right

Moreoverg

showed

wing

the

rejection

sent.

were

CC itself

the

the

civilian

and

CC was

the

the

left

is

that

instructions
the

were

policy

clear

Often
the

far

left

these
a conscious

of

that

of

it

support

of

Vignola

General

Blanche

restoration

committees

fallo(92)

Divila's

ing

to

General

with

confrontation
led

and

forces

joined

Iquique

a protest
during

Similarlyp
lend

the

to

CC appears
leftq

the

it

been

have

was

accused
inside

sentiment

grolpista
to

Junta

Grove

clarify

the

party's

attitude

to

(92)

For details
del
1933CC no. 49 February
Boletfn
of
Vignola
between
Generals
the confrontation
and
Politics
1920-31
Nunn Chilean
Blanche
see Frederick
PP173-176.
Roja
14.1*19329
Bandera
10.1,1932;
15.6.1932
for
See El Comunist-19
Antofagastaq
a copy
6.6.1932.
dated
of a CC kanifesto

(93)
(94)

such

movements

an

omission

which

contributed

157
e
41
to

fiasco

bloody

the

work
to

expanded
in

bars
tasks
st

the

charge

domains

private

Victor

Gonza'Olezv

clique

of

intellectuals

itself*

Furthermoreq

for

eight

six

weekag

months
he

as

and

the

CC as

by

run
of

small

corresto

informed

member

party

any

CC

for

Polftico

Buro'

than

the

of

a member

as
the

of

the

run

organi3ations

that

a member

to

contents

provincial

claimed

better

no

By

sectors

a bitter

the

party.
the

proletarianise

members

of

directive

the

by

When
party

CR Santiago
levels

Gonzalez

failures

the

authorities

inside

and
the

BSA

in

biarch

took

the

the

were

which

the

discontent

considerable
of

19329

June

Victor
struggle

harassment

continued

caused

of

complaints
of

1932*

during

(93)
(96)
(97)

he

was

manifestations

all

the

and

to

Santiagoo(97)
The

to

BSA

tended

CC was

whole

kept

which

the

with

the

among-

CC member,

disgruntled

one

1932

during

pondence

and

to

According

work

affair3p

reference

much

mem-

specific

with

propagandag

without

CC was

1932t

deal

union

and

agitation

peasantryq
as

trade

the

February
to

of

absence

although

in

formed

commissions

the

of

It

why

reasons

indeedg

members

organisationg

as

a wholeo(96)

in

thirty

of

because

And

CC*

the

include

such

them

in

the

of

one

was

errors

political

collective

CC9

the

to

According
committed

Copiapoo(95)

of

party

one

the

afflicted
of

some

launched

its

19329

disgruntled

BSA's
should

campaign

that

instructiong
include

Regional
Conferencia
del
PCCh (Coquimbo)
Roja 14*2.1932Bandera
'CC no. 6, February
del
Boletfn
1933-

CC

evidently
in

despondency

the

policy

party
had

of

p3.

158
e
.
of

majority
on

leadership

the

by

motivated
is

to

man of

middle

the

for
in

Santiago
the

the

to

the

Novimiento
to

order
the

charges

lar

to

those

it

claimed
had

following

and
accused

policies

oppression

and
The

tactics
application
(98)

and

la

that

the

persecution

that

suggested

See ibid.

the

concept
for

its

group3q

the

hidalnuistas.,

the

to

very

simiThe

by

intellectualst

it

suffered

from

down

and
government

partyo(98)
of

proletarianisation

an account

the

strategy

bring

Movimientols

the

name
in

partido

CC were

Movimiento

of

been

the

a real

served

on

have

to

tiorefundamentallyp

lacking

only

in

opposition

that

basic

of

del

and

bureaucratism.

which

the

funds

CC of

the

changed

CCWasdominated

in

party

a majority

appear

by

made

Marcos

OposiciOn

Include

to

Trotskyist

party

the

the

de

Grupo

CC's

the

of

Nonethelessq

against

being

CC accused

of

inside

bolchevisact6n

were

the

assistantv

de-Oposict6n

with

mismanaged

supercentralism
Movimiento

Grupo

levelled

it

which

came

were

that

members

CC memberst

the
hacia

which

Novimiento
that

three

confusion

avoid

the

of

they

a professional

his

other

fall*

which

Although

was

attack

'intellectuals'

true

prominence

Ib9fiez's

and

dissidents

as was
of

an
who,

towards

Labarcaq

emergence

CR Santiago

the

certainly

was

to

risen

mid-19329

politicalo

It

a number

following

months

reasons

but

Moreoverp
had

'intellectuals$

extractiong

class

Avance

of

antagonisms

Contreras

Generalq

Chamudeze
Grupo

class

say

and

How far

CC.

launched

hearts

group

the

working

difficult

Secretary

the

of

dominated

claimedq

their

to

workerep

of

the

using

Trotskyist

mechanical
was
Movimiento's

chargeso

159
*
of

its

envy

of

product
their
cruited

rapid

of

a proletarian

the

charges

demand

Chilean

reality

lating

experiencing

fession
had

part

of

their

their

expulsion
describing
worker

determined

(99)
(100)
(101)

only

took

of

were

one

the

party

to

steps
the

Ibide
Ibide
Hacia

mismanagement
of
(99)

the
had

CC members

who had

joined

to

make

public

to

Victor

CC had

to

July

the

that

prove

CC apparently

accepted

howeverg

regard

with

19339

in
as

CC did

directives.

proletarianise

Justicia
18.1,1933.
la formaciSn
p8.

the
to

the

CC PCCh and

process
that

a good

accepted

the

con-

Gontalezo

intellectualss(lOO)

suggests

ramiwith

the

in

no

defeated

pains

member

PCCh was

apparently

Certainlyq

not

disarticu-

of

challenge

according

because

socialistsl

when

upon

proletariani3ation

demagogy'

notp

was

anti-

analysis

a time

three

butt

the

Movimiento

the

re-

Novimientols

hidalpuistas,.

its

considerable

members

the

prevailed

criticisms.

Furthermoreq
centraliamp

been

recently

agrarian

an

Marxist

at

the

errors

recanted

FOCh later

and

their

of

they

of

1932*

had

to

and

CC9 the

the

with

CC accused

and

of

financial

with

Santiago

outside

Movimiento

it

Santiago

education

to

opposed

persecution,

By December

ease.
the

in

sharp

fications

prominence

it

the

work

to

independent

aligned

party

rise

bureaucratiamp

an

Although

political

aligned

of

for

of

as

revolution

the

lack

According

activists.

imperialist

and

the

young

advocacy

while

members'

its

the

majority

And

the
for

part

terror

@police
take

more

(101)
charge

of

own rigid

super-

JEF

160
.
o
obedience
tendency

of

guista
the

Trotskyist

CC9

a Party

properly

Santiago

opposition

fairly

Congress

prominent
for

and

with

and

bureaucratism)o(103)

the

PCCh

Puebla

in

returned

were
to

19349

both

the

occupy

of

eventa
question

began

to

selves

while

most

103)
104)

Tac-la

do

its

and

in

have

to

and

Juan

by

retreating

un

curso

de

Vargas

but
the

later

the

three

failure
when

policy
action#

policies
into

(io4)

Pcch.

been

of

courses
the

Socialists

young

period

of

of

expulsionag

importance

other

the

supercentralism

crimes

third

not

of

the

of

Parker

wisdom

could

a number

with

ignored

hidal-

students,

these

policies

CC

According

1933

charges

period

dictated

by

with

after

some

the

to

university

appear

responded

deastudios
Plan
oDecites
L3 7*

July

there

Some simply

continued

1933

Trotskyist

Of

the

activities

difficulties

for

third

the

in

Hernandez

speaking

others

(102)

Luis

inside

April

of

echoing

have

the

CC instruca..

party*

co-operation

for

and

the
in

mainly

Posts

to

brought.
preasure

while

expelled

reactions

they

groupq

to

Broadly
basic

because

Even

continued

activists;

part

advocating

Hidalgo

to

inspired

were

called

activigtag

expelled

were

await

PCCh

of

criticisms

in

function

the
who

members

with

and

to

1-iovimiento

the

easeq

relative

with

relation

(102)

act.
of

challenge

difficulties

have

to

the

defeated

was

to

proceeding

If

in

organisations

subordinate

before

tions

but

directions

Comintern

to

them-

apathy

capacitaci6n

la_I-ormaci6np299pp7-8

El Imparcialg
Santiaeo929-7:
1937.
Hernindez
Parker
became
later
the
head
the
FJC until
his
of
expulsion
in
1937;
Vargas
Puebla
became
is
a CC member
and
still
the
PCCh - see Appendix
of
a member
9 for
further
details
of his
career.

161
.
a
Watched

passivity.

and

CC could

afford

of

rejecting

idea

the

simply

quite
were

correct

the

expected

and

weaknesses.

to

itself
19329
Las

action

along
December

which

dealt
and

the
and

period

in

PCCh9

on how

these

were

to

prevented

the

lines

suggested

1932
the

that

included

neglect

del

May

BSA issued

the

Chileno
and

gave

Howeverp

clandestinity
effective
It

BSA.

not

was

meeting

the

party's

had

work

the

amongst

the

PCCh from

deviations

included

apparently

changed

(some

clandestinity

CC no. 4,

mentionedg

already
of

wing

'hiding'
from

re-emerge

In

vigouro

detailed

prevented

PCCh group

persecution)q

applied

an amplified

deviations

right

to

anewo(105)

which

Other
local

the

the

errors

own

CC tried

the

taking

CC held
and

produce

and

of

months

by

Movimiento

those

FCCh's

overcomee

CC from

the

from

Boletin

the

and

was

weaknesses

be

and

Proletariado

del
striking

1932

the

renewed

most

June

to

deficiencies

the

the

policies

failed

BSA9

the

Revolucionarios

gectarianiams

to

CC third

with

with

Apart

(a

outright

lay
of

policy

deviations

tioniam

policies

they

glaring

wing

party*

(105)

help

right

a mass

failed

the
most

inactivity

PCCh's

with

left

avoid

faults

howevers

BSAq

prolonged

the

the

until

left

the

period

of

followed

to

if

examined

events

try

and

definition

Luchas

which

of

by

consultation

instructions
the

unthinkable&

With

the

period
the

third

Grandes

of

For

party's

after

which

third

resultag

the

correct

luxury

the

not

by

closely

February

CRs had
in

time

1933-

errors
peasan-

becoming
liquidaits

name

evidently
to

fight

the

162
*
.
1932

October
work

and

the

work

activity

amongst

In

April

1933

of

organisational

Congress

this

was

Santiago

opposition

police.

Indeed,

Santiago

ference.
tions

group

of

Conferencep

the

12th

Session

declared

and warned

against

ismp, the

than

struggle
a deep

abyss

Perhaps

the

measured

ment
(106)
(107)
(108)
(109)

to

the

raided

by

the

sessions

in

the

was

a greater

perils

dramatic

its

period

strictures

to

of
which$

had a profound

isolationism.

psychological
underlined
(109)

Ibid.,
Jo-s-Tblieuel
Varas
la, formaci6n
Hacia
Ibid.

op. cit.
pp5-8.

p87-

and

create

parties.

Conference

although

and effectively

the

grovistas

PCCh to

political
the

with

revolutionary

the

and other

The

on sectarianthat

the

the

approaching

forged

being

danger

of

and sectari-

passivity

indicate

resolu-

conditions*
was fast

to

feature

the

inter-

Committee

Chilean

links

Recabarren

party

PCCh adapted

of

Con-

by police

unimpeded

and instructed

itself

a National

hold

revolution

proceeded

termsq

third

but
of

Executive

to

effective

of

the

and outside

twin

the

between

criticism

public

the

the

ftlessandri

most

continue

activities

its

to

the

of

that

Conference
were

it

finished

Notwithstanding

hidalguistas

because

(ECCI)

prevented

(108)

the

19339

that

Conference

masses.

July

At

which

to

improvement

of

managed

in

Santiago

International

in

Congress

union

(107)

Communist

anism

and

a Congress

political

because

FCCh finally

The

in

PCCh hold
and

penitentiary.

ference

the

trade

towards

(106)

youth.

aborted

the

disdain

and

elections)

was the

expressed
impact
its

inside
commit-

163
o
.
After
to

ceeded

criticisng

Trotskyist

and

hidalguista

strengthen

the

authority

all

CCO(110)

Despite

sued

the

at

CC in

January
had

ence

desired

deficient

in

Third

period

policiesq

of

same
loyal

the

were

forged

course

and

life

to

the

to

which

a body
than

of

emerged
and
its

to

be

whichy
control

seriously

come.

Ibid.

Bandera

p48.

Roj_a 17.2-1934.

recovery
and
bring

to

advantaCe3
bonds

the

which

who

was

over
challenged

of

at

allegi-

to

stay
conceive

could
And

party.

the

managed

emerged

with

the

persecution

who

by

Confer-

produce

helped

their

members

offered

leadership

not

the

Strong

activists

that

to
PCChIs

policies

without

those

established
was

the

standpoint.

amongst

Comintern

successfully
trol

partyts

other

tokensp

not

were

the

of

re3peCte(lll)

Neverthelesag
those

is-

the

since

by

the

of

meeting

failed

tho'k
hindered

which

PCCh

the

from

no

19309*

that

exhortations

work
every

almost

the

CC and

the

than

a plenary

party

actively

conflict

upon

ance
the

and

early

ideological

leastq

that

been

the

down

found

to

that

on

and

Conferencep

for

steps

ensuring

other

instructions

the

1934

results

during

Bureaux

1933

July

CC by
represented

were

Political

3uppres3ine

the

of

took

and

pro-

activists

prominent

'crimes'

organisations

provincial

fairly

of

a number

expel

Conference

the

Recabarreng

by

the

particularly
aid

the

of
party
for

BSAq

the
-a
many

conyears

164
.
*

Chapter

The

Popular

1935-1938s

Front

Strategy,

165
.
9

The
PCCh began
for

dramatic

following

of

the

timep

coalition
Party

the

Chilean

themq

had

PCCh's

conditions

By the
road

to

and

drits

Finance

Chilets
collapsel

the

Republic

the

of

recoveryp

helped

by
taken

Ninisterp

Gustavo

Ross,

the

nitrate

as

it

industryo

had

electoral
the

of

trade

Radical
time

first

the
had

preceded

interaction

of
policies.

Chile

measures

recoveryq

the

product

Comintern

19349

to

in

which

the

By

a unified

for

failures

were

in-

in

member

rigorous

economic
was

the

margin

rivenby

role

active

and

beginning

economic

trade

of

successes

Chilean

an

the

at

authorities*

influence
a key

the

representatives

seven

played

defeat

and

1938,

of

party

the

more

immediately

developmentag

elected

place

failure

end

by

the

all

years

the

persecuted

Like

the

insignificant

political

Presidency

history.

the

between

an

had

and

which
in

be

By

considerable

wielded

movement

union

Ibafteze

PCCh had

the

in

were

the

to

pArty

of

and

19309

the

which

achievement

later

the

the

of

dissensions

Congressp

in

to

ceased

mainstream

ternal
that

fall

and

contrast

sharp

engulfed

the

PCCh had

in

display
their

almost

which

signs

to

success

of

was

in

an upturn
by

on

clearly

world

President

The
been
During

key
in

its
the

the

Alessan-

factor

in

previous
first

166
e
of

quarter
as

the

improvedv

try
1934

so

in

dropped

December

19329

there

Although

unrest

social
the

of
the

nap

and

3ions

granted
deedg

legitimate
in
him

of

activities

destroying

the

during

keep

powers

police

timeq

order

and

tives

with

scruple

(2)

in

to

prosperity
the

which

used

his

same
had

reduce

opponents

of

19329

powers

check*

In-

illegal

the

recourse
the

even
a large

had

which

that

police

of

played

part

accompanied

office*
as

President

pledged

himself

office
he
and

he

pursued

single-mindednessp

characterised.

feel

frequent

harassment

consensus

Chile

In
for

his

ten-

social

to

special

opponents

his

uprisingg

passions*

support

took

December

Ranquil

continued

his

wonths

When Alessandri
second

to

and

political

first

his

the

revolutionary

he

and

point

desperate

of

signs

Republicanasp

14ilicias

special

of

high

official

kay

by

and

(2)

like

helped

indus-

nitrate

economy

40,000.

ill-concealed

Alessandri's

paramilitary
to

to

Congress

by

its

Aleasandri

danger

the

occasional

vehemence

in

was

regime

from

1934,

economy

President

Neverthelesag
his

the

whole

had

industry

of

the

to

were

early

after

recovery

of

had

unemployment
1609000

those

1933

in

period

that

fortunes

the

As
did

by

employed

workers

(l)

doubled.

almost

of

of

number

same

times

three

almost

the

during

been

had

were

exports

nitrate

they

as

great

and

1934,

those

realism
his

less

FOR FO 371/17507l
A 4658/230/99
John Simon,
R. Aitchell
to Sir
Ibid.

orthodox

and

for

the

to

restore

objeclack
efforts

from
dispatch
22-5,1934,
dated

of

167
o
to

to

return
to

mined
in

power

he

of

parties

(to

1932
gui3ed

in

support

after

accept

this

made

its

make

support

of

by

(3)

(4)

(5)
(6)

to

increasing

still

officeg

and

co-operate

the

cause

his

it

wing

the

the

meet
Ministry

the
four
unslaked.

of

PR13

not

(5)

share

ministries)q

the

principal

and

three

first

the

few

order

before

July

1933P

Radical

it

the

in

by

began

choose
principal

seats
thirst

made

promoting

that

month
to
for

and
PR

Aleasandri

demands

cabinet

the

to

PR as

the

with

lonir

the

to

prepared

government

Alessandri

Interior
of

his

PR was

Although

Radicalal
of

In

and

dis-

re-establishing

force

parties

Government.
to

the

was

to

PR9
seats

in

in

Conservative

For

felte

grievance

efforts

right

attempt

(controlling
was

of

determined
the

Radical

took

to

cabinet

re-election

cabinet
(4)

Howevery

sense

between

some

two

his

the

gave

importance.

in

parties

government.

to

minor

to

Deter-

administration

in
his

ca3eq
he

electionsq

situation

firm

one

his

posts

opposed

while

Alessandri

wing

right

technocrat)

of

months

in

andq

for

plum

had

which

those

ministries

the

(3)

lbafiez.

of

majority

offered

Liberals
as

solid

Congressq

members

after

construct

fall

the

a
and

three
office

(6)

See Ricardo
Donosoq
Ale3sandri,
y denioledorg
agitador
II,
P95P P57 for
accounts
of Ales3andri's
manoevduring
the
lutiny
Naval
rings
June
the
1932
and
See Carlos
Charlinj,
coup.
Dal Avi6n
Rojo
a la
Repdblica
Socialistaq
for
PP535-544
an account
of
liontero
in which
plots
against
alesaandristas
involved,
were
The Conservative
Cruchagap
Minister
was Mirzuel
of
Foreign
Relations.
The two
Radical
ministers
controlled
the
Ministries
Education
of Justicey
and
Fomentoo
Arturo
Alessandri
Recuerdos
de Gobi_erno
III,
pp6-8.
FOR FO 371/165689
Dispatch
A 5398/73/9.
to
Sir
Simon
John
from
11. Chilton
dated
5-7-1933Arturo
Alessandri
III,
cit.
op.
p479

168
o
.

only

reason

for

the

PR*

inside

the

his

cavalier

liberties*

public

were

a six

extension

month

April

an

additional

19349

In

unscrupulous

by

to

to

a seat

better

claim;

in

Santiagog

hold
(8)

The

Its

disregard

record.
and

by

to

appeared
running
to

present
him

to

to

reasons

for

jobs

those

of

that

the

ultimatum

from

cabinet

the

the
who

op.

his

by-

Liberal

it

had

its

was

second

opinion

was
decided
to

designed
right

and
the
the

were

to

supports

wing

PR ordered
did

party

to
serve

p135-

its
not

two

probably

PR wanted

II,

nepotism

naked
the

Alessandri

but

the

government's

public

and

defeated

PR therefore

continued

cit.,

given

used

which

by

of

There

firstly,

Donoso,
Aicardo
Jbide
PP136-138-

on

The

the

Radicals

contest

Radical

(7)

senatorial

aspirationsg

to

for

was

of

tide

Radical

successfully

offended

Radical

Opposition.
thise

two

Grove

for

and

request

Alessandri

harmaduque
in

were

powers.

PR felt

result

between

resign

police

the

which

ultimatum

choose

full-scale

to

government*

reJected

ministers

(7)
(8)

the

another

Alessandri

into

indicate

of

election

a plebiscite

first

against

force

be

a number

of

the

candidate
to

rights

to

arrange

Pernandog

generally

civil

Alessandri

song

&9overnment-sponsored

towards

results

Antofagastaq

means

more

his

his

of

still

special

the

Alessandri

aspects

against

opposition

the

not

while

vote

his

of

to

19339

of

to

prepared

fillip

elections.

end

was
towards

objected

policies

the

Radical

office

opposition

attitude

By

congressmen

In

of

growth

economic

by

cabinet

Some Radicals

administration's
alarmed

for

desire

Thwarted

protect
in

the

move

basic
the

169
.
.
in

administration
fluential
eats

Radicals
be

would

the

Alessandri

was

divided

Radicals

better

the

sionally-trained

inateadl

to

wing

opponentse

won

a battle

in

the

PR from
by

in

success

In

sometimes

The
difficulties

no means

disobedience

PR was

by

and

centre

parties

an

off-shoot

and

of
support

and

by

like

the

against

what

they

Peter
1972)

its

only

Partido

and

the

the

PRt

and

oppo3itionq

saw

G* Snow
pp85-86.

of

Partido

as

El

Alessandri's

left

right

and
had

Alessandri
his

some

cabinets

to

party

less

experience
the

by

left

important
]Republicano(PSR)

their

Moreoverp

hovered

desire
the

with

even

right

moved

to

protest

Alessandri'3

abuse

of

civil

Chileno

for

actions

occasionally

Radicalismo

Radicals

wing

Demo_cratico

dissatisfaction

government*

who

withdrawing

the

Social

torn

and

towards

attitude

the

PC were

parties

(9)

like

the

the

ambitions

PR instructionao(9)

A number

a growing
of

policies

on

in

to

return
to

no means

deciding

administration*

office

to

direct

in

19379

their

of

left

youngerg

Until

overe

PR

profes-

with

between

struggle

Radicals

Alessandri

between

succeeded

and

the

with

situation

present

1934
the

persuading

hope

the

1934,

youngerg

and

Although

with

conservative

an understanding

seek

April

cabinets

the

inter-

understanding

an

little

saw

in

satisfied

of

party*s

early

more

parties

who

members
being

was

wing

by

and

safety

in-

association

Indeed,

the

secondly,

the

that

continued

wealthier

right

left

wings

the

preferred

and

preferredq

by

served

andq

feel

to

administratione

who

office

positions

continued

between

Aleasandri

for

non-cabinet

(Santiagog

wing

170
a
Only

libortieso(IO)
to

pears

have

avoided

one

sector

the

quagmire

of

PCCh

and

the

opposed

Alessandri

from

the

outset.

parties

had

the

individual

left,

The

to

opposition
Clearlyp

to

if

be

form
PS nor

left

wing

unity

the

the

of

unity

had

August

19339

proletariat.

(11)

the

PS9 the

Democrat
by

the

by

both

do
IC

(13)

Alessandri's

came

foundered
It

this

to

the
on

was

neither

countenance

any

left

de

to

make

of

only

harassment

the

their

of

in

the

final

of

his

opponents

of

the

to

create

the

help

was

months

attempts
trade

of

reached

(12)

Unidad

(13)

'The PCCh rej-eoted

Proletaria
Sindical
The PS rejected
Lusticia
1934.
!

and

denounced

mutual

(11)

(Santiago)

the

Radical

a united

Conservatives
For
elcampley
protested
destruction
the
of
satirical
magazine
Alessandri
1938*
See
was furious.
1119
op.
cit,,
sandriv
p9l,
(Santiago)
8-8-1933.
ChoquO

Obrera

of

Similarlyq

create

obstacle

with

effort

nothingt(12)

the

use

attempted

la__Repdblica

particular

Antifacista

enemies

as

when

de Trabajadores

a Fronts

sectors

PCCh to

Thusq

control*

Grove

dissident

and
But

PS and

but

members

Defensa

were

organised

form

later,

Congress*

government

General

to

effective

an

chookedg

own

only

other

A year

PCCh and

movement

left

PCCh joined

denounce

partiese

the

the

of

these

liberties

Confederacion

the

%acional

a Frente

its

under

the

be

to

extreme

of

outside

or

public
to

none

mount

of

prepared

not

was

to
inside

abuse

the

Howeverg

policies

PCCh were

parties

to

(10)

wing

which

opportunity

ism.

its

anarcho-syndicalist

invited

Of

wing

ap-

Comunista(IC)

Izquierda

either

right

and

of

the

in

the

indecision

of

strength

Alessandri

restated

some

the

the

P59

opinion

political

union
antagon-

19349

when

new heightsq

the
against
Topaze
in
Arturo
Ales-

1-7-1934.

P61s
to join
call
a Frente
in
1934.
Jus-ticia
9.6.1934-.
PCCh unity
in
1933
calls
made
and
5-1-1933;
9.6.1934.
the

171
9
that

PS began

the

front

left-wing

of

to

resume

In

catalyst.
Party

and

to

with

of

class

collaborationism

though

the
in

guage

dealing

restrained
the

IC which
(16)
by

change

in
the

In

offensive

dhileg

unity

Chilean

independent

(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)

had

of

action

did

the

that
the

and

change

yet

another

could

only

attitudeq

its

to

be

course

that
to
the

of

offensive

*vital
is

PCCh1s

attuned

reactionary

It

by

the

light

the

lan-

go unnoticed
in

al-

more

markedly

PCCh undertook

become

the

19359

change

in

classe3-(17)
to

andq

February

not

had

policies

had

do

greeted

was

become

a sharp

and

fascism

decide

for

necessity'

clear

because

of

that
its

the
own

deliberations.
Ever

Germany

that

of

working
not

Block

19359

April

Block

imperialist

by

critical

predict

the

which

its

which

conditions

world

PCCh did

to

announcing

changing
world

began

Democratic

measure

it

Howeverg

development

the

PCCh

bourgeois

'feudal

the

with

-a

policies.

hostility

PCCh maintained

this

the

policyq

(15)

Chile.

of

the

libertieso(14)

public

the

government

provided

IC9

the

combat

Block

strengthen

dominationt

to

the

of

the

of

formed

Period

to

manifestation
serve

defend

a united

debt

PS9

Third

True

formation

the

Block)

to

decision

Sociali3ts(PRS)

Radical

Generallyg

organise

external

1934,

(henceforth,

Izquierda
more

Chilets

on

December

the

The

parties*

payments

to

attempt

another

in

since

19339

the

the

to

coming

problem

of

power

sternmin

of

Hitler

the

rise

6.12.1934.
La Opiniodn
The PRS had been
Radical
left-wing
dissidents
in 193le
Cnico
Frente,
26.12.1934.
Izquierda
27.3.1935.
Unico
Frente
lst
1935.
week of Aprilq

in
of

fascism

formed

by

172
9
.
had

the

been

When

socialists

in

threatened

fascist

the
that

arguing

attacks

front

from

union

movements

the

remained
19349
parties

the

third

to

urged

in

met

Issued

a call

frontst.

(20)

conference
form

to

Howeverg
the

conferenceg

petty

sectarian
bourgeois
because

front

partieal.
the

were

he

October

during

one

For

1934,

recent

also

account

of

totcompletely
reformist

national

this
the

Communist

anti-imperialist

the

reasong

PCCh

(18)

See D. R. Brower
The New Jacobins
PartZ
Popular
Front
munist
and the
Fernando
Seep alsog
Claud
pp3l-34.
from
Movement
Cominto
to
Cominform
rn
ppl76-179.
Sobolev
A. I.
Outline
Histor
et
al.,
Internationalp
munist
PP375-378Ibid*
p36FF.
ibid.

of

questioned

partiesq

also

(20)
(21)

(19)

in

Communist

probably

(19)

them.

over

with

unable

towards

leaders

whether

alliances

possible
to

(21)

trade

European

in

according

attitude

'united

Congress

other

American

delegates

great

Nevertheleasp

and

Owidest

the

was

of

which

Montevideo

at

the

and

Comintern

united

Latin

of

recommendations

then.

Party

a new

and

hegemony

policies

until

seek

the

dropped

secure

on

so

irrespective

Seventh

period

Communist

partiesl

overcome

the

French
were

which

and

by

now

cease

Dimitroffts

of

intact

socialist

that

lines

nominally
the

to

Dimitroffq

were

be

unified

managed

adopted

1935f

be

member

should

should

should

main

later

August

tactics

parties

Although

democrats

social

prevent

Georgi

fascism

with

took

leading

from

to

debate

Communist

dangers

belowl

that

Comintern*

together

1934

of

19349

July

Bulgarian

on

communist

months

the

inside

joined

take-overg

the

that

debate

Party

early

By

Cominternp

were

the

(18)

urgency.

some

Communist

Frencb

the

of

subject

and
loath

were

to

French
the
Com--J9-6-8)
(Cornel-l,
in The
Communist
(London,
1975)
y

of

the

Com-

fall
to

the

into
the

the

Despite
1934

during
the

made

result

of

led

by

in

the

arrival

to

Brazilq

had

popular

front

Seventh

Comintern

through
the

normal

was

the

the

(23)

afforded

by

the

differences

developed

achieve
(22)

means

and

power

was

divergences
-

countries

Of
through

the

by

to

the

front
had

seize

to

through
Ravines

proC633eS.
for

Brazil

between

two

Comintern

Europeq
armed

popular

fronts

been

power

power

maintaining

demo-

of

tactics

former

both

in

this

the

Of

objective

come

Chile

Americaq

adopted

were

electoral

team

variants

once

to

the

direct

the

united

butq

the

Comintern

two

broadest

in

Dimitroff

except

basic

Communists
PCCh

of

The

Possible

the

product

Planuilsky

was

was

the

origanise

while

that

states

which

been

Latin

test
later

in

Ravine3o(22)
in

to

in

which

action

special

countries

selected

Brazilian

force

of

policy

parties

have

Eudocio

Congress*

that

the

Chile

two

been

to

was

achievedq

appears

strategy

forces

cratic

Block

re-adJU3tinent

united

to

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Ravine3q

Comintern

left-wing
for

call

in

Peruvian

oountr103

with

the

attacked

of

other

the

1935

April

the

According
and

and

a partial

towards
19359

of

of

signs

attitude

months

PCCh

19339

and

clung

digest

to

managed

re-orientation

the

and

PCCh's

early

only

PCCh

invective*

familiar

with

the

deviationismg

had

1930

between

difficulty

it

which

policies

right

of

error

173

Chile

and

leadersq

that
could

outside
not

in3urrectiono(23)

included
Ricardo
1111artInezq
The team
a Venezuelan
Federico
trade
union
Glaufbaufq
expertq
an Austrian
in
ideological
Planuel
traininp.
Cazonq
specialist
9
Kazanovq
a German$
a Ru3sian
and Marcuccit
an Italian
Eudocio
La Gran
youth
Ravines
expert.
Estafa
(Santiagol
1954)
p312.
Ibid.
D&R. Brower
p287.
op.
cit.
9 p82.

--l

174
*
.
Whatever
in

the

Brazil

tion

Chile

and

of

Partyq

basic

tions

did

unity

as

seem

was

no

local

propitious

together

dangero

to

of

Minister
obstacles

(25)

(26)

give

of

not

oftly

right-wing

gether

(24)

in

in

the

the

formation

the

the
a national
the

Congress
the

still

for

left

but

and

and

Alessandrils

fears

that

in

in

the

also

in

March

(26)

remained

to

front

were

already

democracy

over-energetic

January

1935

they

effort

even

outmembers

some

to-

joined
to

in

was

and

1935,

creation

left-wing

actions

Neverthelesss
the

Chile

condi-

a popular

PR and

an unsuccessful

Interior.

1935
of

parties

strike

in

Nacional

April

of

brutal

rail

threat

organisation

government's

parties

of

Block

the

(24)

cases.

by

weak)q

for

Com-

Movimiento

the

the

Brazilian

fascist

left-wing

grounds

Indeedq

repression
raged

but

noisy

both

real

Partyq

'Nazi

being

in

adop-

obeyed

Preates

Carlos

used

the

also

the

of

tactics
that

Brazil

Luis

Important

to

for

officer

a preliminary

continued

noting

there

coalitiono(25)
grouped

worth

same

(MNS)

Socialista,

is

the

(the

time

different

remained

Although
the

the

leader

the

of

ex-army

strategy

for

tactics

experience

munist

it

and

insurrectionary

particular

at

reasons

precise

impeach

the

formidable
of

united

action

Prestes
to world
was an Army Engineer
who leaped
fame in the mid-1920s
by leading
a revolutionary
through
junale*
the Brazilian
of soldiers
column
Although
he later
not a Communist
at the timep
became leader
Party*
Communist
of the Brazilian
The PINS was founded
in 1932 by Jorge
Gonzalez
Although
it
von Plarees
and others.
some
gained
through
Communists
battles
notoriety
street
with
in the mid-1930st
it
and Socialists
always
claimed
to be socialist
as well
as nationalist
and in 1938
itself
declared
(Claridad,
to be anti-imperialist.
27-5-1938).
After
the abortive
coup of September
1938 (see belowq
it
the Popular
P197)
supported
Front
candidate
in the October
1938 presidential
elections.
Aicardo
Donoso op. cit.,
119 PP155-15956 Congressfor
impeachment
men voted
and 76 voted
against.

175
o
between

PCCh

the

the

IC

the

PCCh

whileg
the

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joint
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timeg

the

into

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taken

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the

idea

Socialist

to

of

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the

be

would

Communist3l
join

the

reason

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occasion

(31)

it

that

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behind
stop

theng
being

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to

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of
for

PCCh
the
the

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rebuffed
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had

mis-

echelons

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wa3

been

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3crutini3ed
(31)

re-

that

the

its

approaching

finally

abroad.

lower

Secretary

a scathing

had

demanded

Schnake

carefully

Blockg

to

(28)
(29)
(30)

action

the

intentiona.

good

effort

(27)

over

PS-(30)
in.

conduct

Unity

win

the

course

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Schnake

united
and

of

At

incorporation

PCCh for

change

the

a suggestion

with

years

to

(28)

own

recent

orders

actiong

leaders

intrigue

this

fresh

of

united

attempts

the

that

because
to

in

held#

replied
the

organi-

suggest

Schnaket

Oscar

Schnake

tactics

its

mooted
to

towards

unanimously.

congratulated

its

its

Union

a letter

he

Cease

the

PCCh also

regretted

agreeing

rejected

PS, (29)

which

be

considerable

itself-(27)

PCCh

to

was

PS and

towards

was

PCCh took

celebrations

parties

same

the

left

the

Day

May

the

which

with

action

there

inside

The

antagonisms

and

Ravinesq

tactics

stop

the

General

to

left.

the

of

resentments

new

first

Of

unity

parties

according

to

The
sing

deep

harboured

resistance

other

and

that

Trade
of

evidence

PCCh's
-

the

against

Ravines
Eudocio
Alsov
op.
cit.
P313,321.
below
p204.
15,5,1935,
jzquierda
Frente
Unico
2nd week
1935*
Of Mays
3-ch'nake
(Santiagog
Oscar
polftica
Socialista
PP85-89.
Ibide

fir3t
nominal
Block

see

1938)

176
o
to

policy

admit
Izquierda

newspaper

to

seek

for

applying

PCCh

with

the

by
in

held

to

in

dominated

the
If
the

win

when

went

beyond

unity

funeral
Leon

a Popular
the

struggle

the

PCChIs

from

Third

signified
at

(32)
(33)

(34)

of

least

it
of
the

Ugaldeq
Front

flamboyant

would

which

Period
a
as

far

unite

to

join

the

turn
as

the

to

the

PCCh

was

15,. 5 1935.
jzquierda
18.7-1935
See La_ppini6n
Socialist
for
descriptions
Congress.
at this

La. opini6n

8-7-1935-

call

right

trade

own

ausdid

occasion

PCCh'3

for

Senator

tactics

new

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historic

19359
Santiagop

concernedg

to

in
While

a retreat

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opened

for

forces

represented

and

at

call

democratic

for

nothbecame

them

imperialism*(34)

Block

its

mani-

paper

its

In

its
all

and

extremismg

sharp

launched

reaction

against

left.

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PCCh

the

attempts

the

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to

between
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de-

Legale3(CNSL)

that

on

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under

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action

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the

relations
clear

type

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conduct

became

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of

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confidencep

the

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de

union

PCCh's

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cooler

to

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PCCh

the

Nacional

the

of

fabrication

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attempt

trade

clear

of

May 1935,

a united

concessions

and

Confederacion

even

Pedro

votes

form

to

1935t

IC

in

received

Congress

the
June

successful

pice3o(33)

the

in

card

unifying

to

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it

became

the

Block
the

with

IC

(32)

rebuffs

soon

make

Valparafso
of

unions

ing

it

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pulations

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gleep

accommodation

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party*

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again.

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its

prepared

manded

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in

persisted
PS,

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was

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with

admission

Undeterred
the

the

of

reported

PCCh

the

advised
before

fractions

the

front
doorg

c(>operation

8-6-1935
and Consigna
tactics
of the PCCh's

177
*
with

parties

PRo

The

the

of
initial

Stalinist

other
declared

that

of

stridentism

rabid
(35)

ism'.

the

was
no

as

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for

front

lar

to

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to

its

for

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struggle

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PR9

IC

incorporated

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its

with

ahead

left

seat
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Mery,

as

its

parties

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was

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candidate
to

and

support

director
and
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of
on

exile

Izquierda
banderas
Consigna

the
order

fill

the

death

invited

the

him.

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shrewd

since

he

Opini6n

(the

run

from

24-7-1935.
Article
de Juan Antonio*.
3-8.1935-

of

wint:

Mery

as

and
canof

a known

opposition

who were

PS,

Luis

a member

principal

police

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left

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Juan

choice

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other

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the

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Partido

pressed

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nominated

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PCCh
to

(36)

left.

the

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of

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doubts

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popu-

serious

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by-election

demonstrate

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ideaq

Leon

Pedro

PCCh

(the

newspaper)
serve

front

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ibaftistal

(36)

to
The

centre

(35)

by

opportunity

and

popular

the

organisation

an

hostility

and

that

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into

efforts*

vacant

practice*

to

the

insisted

divided

clearly

an-

collaboration-

class

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as

'plantations

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against

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of

creation

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the

partq

for

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could

notv

swamps

were

proletariat

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parties

formula

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the

out

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whether

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to

lines.

continued

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the

vehicle

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with

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the

of

IC

The

in

ando

reactions

favourable.

not

centre

which

anon.

had

$Bajo

trying
planned

las

178
*
to

present
thus

was
Mery

placed

in

lay

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would

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to

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clearly

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support

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lY

between

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test

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but

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with

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parties

PR9

was
Mery.

Mery

and

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for

(30)

and

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hery
The

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to

had

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drop

by-election

by

seen

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marain

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candidate
sides

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for

as

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eventv

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final-

was

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been

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government-sponsored
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pro-

left

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for

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-

PR9

most

as

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leave

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Antonio

alliance

support

to

to

present

left-wing

governmentis

by

to

now

refusal

(37)

grace.

the

Schazarretaq

the

a moral

intended

to

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with

unity.

and

bad

of

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left-wing

since

toot

in

disintegration
at

support

was

was

the

Juan

it

sectarianismg

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self-sacrifice

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minent

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characterised

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to

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in

candidate

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unityp

whichq

it

as

awkward

an

left-wing

of

cause

Schnake

Oscar

seen

the

(37)

The

(38).

Mery and the PCCh claimed

towards
that
some
Socialists
boycotted
his
Unico
Frente
candidacy*
lat
1935week of Augustq
Eudocio
Ravines
See alsot
FOR
o 30 cite
p3l9FO/371/18664
A 65129/11/'g
dispatch
Charles
Bentinck
John Simon dated
to Sir
15.7-1935-

Socialist

newspaper

Consipna

was

very

cool

179
9
09)

government.

the

In
for

formally

Congress
of

ais

world
was

support

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tentering

Period

internal

and

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on

political

crises
than

rather

the
In

strugglee

the

were

to

seen

to

order

were

instructed

parties

and

organisations

bourgeois

ni3ed
were

as

trade
or

being

The
fronts

in
and

revolutionary
(39)

(4o)

revolutionary

popular

were

interested

all

political

was

those

dependent
not

countries
for

the

governments

In

parties.

communist

was

as

to

wide

form

whichq

of
once

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of

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recently
of

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so much

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countries

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in

faultsp

in

reformists

communist

its

with

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broad

co-operate

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rise

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(40)

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and

world

capitaliamt.

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democrats

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fascism*

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used

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despised

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now

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check

its

of

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of

development

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as

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ing

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clashes

occasions

ita

enoughy

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sharp

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to

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at

which

policies*
of

a period

policies

Interestingly

dissimilar

not

in

was

conditions

economic

policies

front

Ploscowe

in

FCCh launched

the

Comintern

popular

adopting

World

the

Fronts

a Popular

that

same month

Chiles

the

imperialism.
anti-imperialist

national
offices

popular
would

Echazarreta
Ureta
29,437
to Meryos
polled
votes
289134.
According
to the
British
Ambassadorg
Ikery
because
lost
bribery
of massive
and manipulation
of
the
FOR FO 371/18664
electoral
A 7289/11/9
roll*
Bentinck
despatch
to
Simong
12.8.1935.
dated
Degras
Seeg Jane
The
Communist
International
1919(3 vols.
1943
London,
1960)
1119
,

180

fundamental

undertake
tedq

basis

the
ists.

(42)

were

exhorted

regard

to

dispense

opportunism
tween

Although

from
of

strategy

circumstances#

had

some

success

the

Front

ideaq

vinced
they

to

turned

agreed

(41)
(42)
(43)
(44)

resist

join

the

delay

even

to

the

Front

made
was

though

admission

the

the

not

application

written

PS and
idea

was

the

of

the

the

IC

gaining

uncon-

coalition

and

to

PCCh claimed
its

the

in

by

Block

an applicathe

PR59

parties

had

inord-

an

after

was

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and

writing

rejected

the

join

that

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made

to

over

remained

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was
all

PCCh evidently

front

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to

suited

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leaderships

on

a retreat

continuation

better

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Blockq
it

IC

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19359

because

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Popular

to

November

subsequent
inate

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down

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continued

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tion

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in

and

the

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of
not

was

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(43)

it

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differences

presentations

emphasised

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right

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political

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sectarianism'

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communist

warned

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revolutionary
the

other

and

Front

to

the

permit-

be

to
and

themselvesq

growth

tended

which

socialists

with

retarded

communist

Popular

to

conditions
was

party

the

between

With

seriously

which

revolutionary

unity

of

If

reformso(41)

mass

a single

publicly

PCCh*(44)

proved

intransigenty

acceptance

elsewheres

the
In

Vienna
Correspondencel
Press
International
and
Vsl. 159 No-34,10.8-1935.
Ibido
Ibide
F-re-nte-Unicog
October,
2nd weeks
of Septemberp
lgj5.
Novemberg

Londong

181
0
.
Radicals

left-wing

particularp

Block

partiesp

Democratico

which

did

antagonism

towards

advantages

of

other

while

was

making

ance

for

the

precipitatod

Front

than

Communist

Despite

the

moving

towards

cooperationg

tinued

to

grounds

In

danger*
one

off

ties

banished

a number
designed

proceedings
privilege
the
meet

Minister

of

with

which

caused

More

important

Ross

Calder

1935

and

(45)
(46)
(47)
(48)

of

all

than

thiag

agreement

which

The

passions

1936*

government

the

dropped

Raviness
Eudocio
op.
Consi
na 14.9.1935.
Ibid.
*10-19351-b-id- 30-11-1935-

his

of

union

in

plotq

Novemberl
not

to

confederations

to

an

action

protesto(48)

the

Congress
by

this

charges

of

tax

p316.

started

parliamentary
In

aroused

cit.

news-

and

illegal)

was

choke

authori-

Intendentes

class

raged

the

provinces

ordered

howeverg

to

Radical

the

(47)

trade

in

revolutionary

Grove

working

was

month,

technically

were
the

in

prosecution.

of

con-

attempted

another

Interiorg

March

PR were

democracy

following

to

finally

government

shares

deprive
to

the

government

politicians

acceptof

in

Front
and

that

the

gain

which

Alessandri

buying

representatives

which

the

the

left

discovered

to

the

pressure

skills

the

deep

if

to

the

was

Popular

the

the

IC's

see

efforts

it

fears

by

a prelude

as

(organisations

which

of

Its

the

the

In

have

to

idea

Partido

the

and

quick

tactical

that

the

and

the

Howeverg

in

1935,

(46)

to

claimed

also

ideaq

for

voice

Hora.

PSIs

of

signs

September

critical
La

paperp

the

formation

1936.

give

share

progress

some

the

PRS

coalition*(45)

Popular

rather

the

was

by

attracted

like

PCCh

the

a broader

PCCh

events

not

were

debate

on

during
agreement
evasion

the
late
by
against

182
9

for

in

shares

Alessandri

event99

party

in

Block

favour

of

at

it

the

at

the

enemlesq

IC9

individual
by

the

PR and

rail

strike

plot

calling

countryq

for

the
by

prepared

(50)
(51)
(52)
(53)

and

In

(52)
came

into

Ricardo

of

the

Radical

by

Contreras

following

being.

a national

Popular

leader

the

Asamblea

March

Ritdical

organisaa resolution

Front

Labarca

the

of

regional

and

resolution

-a
but

Sotomayor

months

state
another

the

enthusiasm

Justiniano

Radicalq

typed

Rfosq

with

both

of_prominent

responses

approved

in

discovered
q

a number

In

formation

the

declared

important

most

the

Alessandri
OpiniSn,

hostile

resistance

was

Antonio

(51)

the

presented

(49)

Juan

PS on

of

series

to

La

and

the

Over-reaeting

arrested

and

Radicals.

Santiaeog

after

1936,

Hora

including

left-wing

a fresh

bitter

most

join

to

administration

La

closed

FCChts

permission

Only

February

In

ibaftistasq

Front

given

were

PS overcome*

revolutionary

des.

same

question

specifically

was
the

Buto

the

Blockq

coalition

the

of
(50)

1936.

the

the
PS to

the

amplification

January

Congressp

(49)

inside

led

ideaq

the

expand

Front

Alessandri
the

sieges

in

to

basis.

the

tion

In

a Popular
and

avoided

of

Congress

decided

was

forming

acts

calling

for

between

wedge

pressure

Front

exchange

opponents.

a growing

Popular

the

a further
left-wing

and

with

a National

although

of

together

a resolution

approve

an

Radical

in

Electricidad

drove

companyp

his

and

These

of

the

de

Chilena

Compafifa

US-owned

the

Marcos

1936,

the

evidently
ChamuPopular

(53)

Donoso

op.

cit-9

119 PP179-180*

-rtido
Socialista
Jobet
de Chile,
El
P;
Ce
j,
Don
Ricardo
ppl82-r83*
op. ci_t. 9 II,
Karcos
Santiago,
Chamudeaq
Interview
with
C. Snows op. cit.
Peter
p82.

Is
1969.

ppl24-7-

183
o
formation

The
significant

was

but

the

loyalties

PCCh

the
tion

by

hard

was
it

which

its

of

FS were

the

PR and

had

PCCh

with
doubts

to

as

coalition
by

served

by

who

and

the

by-the

Three
permission

Radical

frentistas
cial
of
seen
ial

(54)
(55)

by

senators.

had

been

intentions*(55)

to

the

up

cabinet

For

in

their

by

support

of
law

the

solid
Front

through

a further

proof

By

December

of

the

to

of

con-

cabinet&
fren-

between
had

serious

assumed

without

seats
their

indiscipline

partv

the

vote
and

Congress

thong

Radical

of
by

provin-

the

which

passage
was

dictator-

Alessandri's

19369

PR

attempts

various

division
PR

(54)

admin-

results

to

the

supported

better

of

return

were

security
be

took

strengthened
in

internal
many

Radicals
and

oreanisations
a new

inside

be

to

the

yearg

anti-frenti3tRS

proportions,
PRIs

that

to

serious

electoral

an

loyalties

response
PR

PH came

Alessandri

with

in

coali-

association

had

would

the

the

the

persuade
of

PR

accordance
and

end

who

with

then,

in

to

by

t13tas

the

19369

disliked

who

the

the

inside

as

that

the

of

creating*

Front

generalt

times

at

and

unity

into

effectiveness

by-elections

Indeedq

in

the

memberaq

the

Popular

association

fluctuated

Alessandri

effort

believed

During

gre331onal

much

1936
tactics

now

secure

Radicals

Frontt3

continued

Front

the

maintain

Left

the

important

to

the

its

and

totally

I-larch

in

Front

PCCh

most

right-wing

the

istration.

the

means

so

put

and

and

for
two

no

to

from

the

Popular

pressed

Resistance
essentially

the

of

victory

the

unity

2.12.1936.
La Hora 27-10-1936;
In December 1936,13
Radical
provincial
organisa6 voted against
Front,
tions
voted for the Popular
4
Ibid.
21*12-1936.
abstained.
and

of

184
o
.
the

PR and
to

appeared

Front

Popular

1937

March

either

of

total

the

votes

fell

actually
frentistas

had

to

vote

in

favour

sion

and

its

factorg

moved

for
than
the

Front

and

gains

the

left-wing

to

the

any
Radical

parties

In

gave

an
the

resign

on

1938.
freshly

the

(58)

to

cit-9

overwhelming
Frontq
of

pain

expul-

Front

presidential
And

acquired

ministers

the

Popular

in

19379

May

decide

to

PH expected

German Urzua Valentuela

oD.
La Hora 23.3-193716-5-1937;
17.5-1937.
lbido

although

con-

(57)

in

candidate
October

con-

anti-frentistas

Convention

presidential

rather

that

that

clear

scheduled

elections

(56)
(57)
(58)

it

with

the

Convention

ministers

Radical
those

cabinet,

while

Deputies

of

the

participation

continued

share

18.7%

to

in

pact

That

all.

Radical

made
for

support

an

Extraordinary

its

Chaqkber

the

Radical

Alessandri0s

19329

precisely

considerable

in

of

the

not

electionsg

for

and

instructed

cipline

the

serve

once

did

compared

Although

PR lost

the

it

PH convened

issue

last

29*(56)

those

in

made

tinued
the

to

as

18*2%

from
to

from

to

pointed

in

elected

where

3tituencie3

General

election

increased

have

would
votes

cut

clear

as

anti-frentistas

members

that

not

were

the

of

results

769941

only

34

the

the

with

not

or

pact

eventg

it

argued

to

polled

Pit

last

cast

of

the

or

the
the

hand

PR organisa-

local

the

which

elections

frentistas

in

number

they

parties*

In

Although

59,413

with

Given

a free

congressional
the

W13hede

in

Congres-

1937

harch

the

of

Outcome

elections

been

had

tion3

the

Front

Popular

the

towards

policy

on

rest

electionsy

31onal

as

future

its

it

was

sense
comply

of
with

P739 p87-

this
dis-

185
o
instructions

Convention

1937p
had
ly

the

that

It

some urgency*

assumed

Gustavo

Rossq
for

man celebrated

Alessandrits
tough

his

almost

pathological

dislike

didate

of

the

andq

of

the

government

probabilityp
in

in

line

May 19379

the

of

contest

cipal

the

membership

for

PRIs

were

Radical

of

the

whop

although

cabinets

to

Thusq

PR.

away

Front

Hf039

Aguirre

and

the

Cardap
one

this
saw any

of

the

be

Chile's
Front
after

from

the

towards
The

nomination*

Antonio

Pedro

support

Popular

the

PR shifted
the

the
of

was

accept

presidential

Juan
and

to

can-

Alessandrits

number

inside

inside

the

their

his

the

longer

no
in

have

Radical

frentistass

conservative

of

be

light

the

Radicals

opinion

struggle

contenders

Radical

one
would

majority

the

question

if

they

with

In

and

receive

would

like-

Financeq

of

FR9 would

participation

that

Presidentq

next

such*

as

President

increasingly

attitudes

the

of

conservative

continued

recognised

political

May

next

Minister

machinee(59)

most

advantage
and

Right

Chile's

seemed

also

By

office.

become

to

who was

of

problem

from

resign

and

leader

of

printhe

a much-respected
more

important

Radical

anti-frenti3taslp

(59)

Ross was a financier

Gustavo
who
and speculator
had made a fortune
Stock
Exchnageq
on the Paris
before
becoming
in Chilean
As
active
politics*
Alessandri's
Finance
Minister
1933 and
between
19379 he successfully
fiscal
pursued
which
policies
wereq
the Left.
perhapaq
unavoidably
unpopular
with
Although
something
of an economic
nationalist#
as
the Ross Calder
(see abovet
demonstrated
agreement
to savagely
page 182) he sometimes
gave voice
antidemocratic
and anti-popular
sentiments
a4vocatingt
other
amongst
measureag
immigration
massive
white
and a 'touch
for
of the lash$
the workers*
Poll
FO 371/18665
A 9193/11/9*
dispatch
from
Rentinck
to Anthony
Edenq dated
25-10-1935Hicardo
Donoso
II:,
the Communists
op. cit.,,
dubbed
p166;
him 'the
last
pirate
of the Pacific'.

had

not

occupied

a front

line

186
*
.
position

in

November

19379

between

the

the

4,091.

of

Rfosq

howeverg

and

the

embarked

on
the

advocating
to

Ibaftez

not

PCCh's

dictated

by

PR inside

the

Popular

Front.

upon

the

PR's

could

to

right-wing

first

suggested

Thusq

although

for
(60)

the

to

as
the

confiscation

(63)

To

the

neutralise
In

programme
the

basis

of

as much

centre

and
the

latifundia

the
of

and

the

as

it

to

control
the

combat

which

change

Popular
August

the

PCCh progre3-

revolutionary

for

keep

struggle

additiong

PCCh programme
of

their

internal

PCCh played

the

endq
did

in

to

need

this

its

Front
1935
lands

it

coaltion.
had
of

called
the

differences
The political
between
Cerda and
Aguirre
Rfos were slight
for
that
led
the right
they
all
and
left
Indeed,
of the Pit,
wings
styleso
personal
backgrounds
to become Chilels
and their
ambition
President
issues
next
them more than
separated
ando
ironically
the
$right
enou, -h,
Aguirre
Cerda
wingl
to be a more socially
proved
aware and popular
President
than
the
'left
See Florencio
Rfos.
wing'
Duran Bernales
(Santiagog
El Partido
Radical
1958)
for
a description
of the careers
and achievements
of both.

La Hora
(62)

by

Carlos

PR and

paramount

frentistas

the

the

grace

Cerda

General

the

ambitionst

Radical3o(63)
diluted

sively

the

presidential

tried

Front;

good

with

of

towards

attitude

was

PR and

the

Popular

Aguirre

candidacy

struggles

the

defeat

outflank

to

votes

strengthened
the

to

decide

Radicalso(62)

follow

support

Cerda

his
to

campaign

5,611

by

won

Radicals
accept

to

election

Aguirre

presidential

his
The

Cerda

conservative
did

internal

an

of

victory

In

strugglese(60)

Aguirre

and

The

loyalty

PR hold

the

two

(61)

internal

recent

29.11-1937-

8-1-1938Ibid.
See also
7rcillap
No. 1619,16.6.1966.
See, article
by Contreras
July-August
1967 entitled
Frente
Popularl,
P33-

article
Labarcat
'La Gran

by

Wilfredo

krincil)ios
Experiencia

Mayorga
14o. 1209
del

187
e
Churchp

for

service

industries

the

19379

to

(except

for

comply

was

the

interests

the

of

and

culture

subordination

that

clear

participating

its

policy

it

was

in

Alessandri@3

the

not

basis

of

was

benefits

to

attacked

Radical

anti-frentistas

its

virulent

invective

FCCh

the

broken

openly

it

was

loyalty

on
to

by

prepared
The

(64)
(65)
(66)

did

attacks

leadership

more

capital

to

modernational

and

aid

national

apri-

towards

the

PR9

the

made

the

in

Sintilarly9

for

without

those

his

rival.

Popular

for

the

was
it

PCCh

reserve
had

who

PRIs

enthusiasin

Radicals*

the

the

although

the

if

T)arti-

brought

to

careful

Radicals

Clearly
Front

such

which

Moreover#

great

Radicals

although

was

struggle

so

to

provided

programme

it

the

conservative

to

clear

PCCh

opposed

cabinets$

discipline*

Radical
Rfos

nominationg

PRIs

in

talked

protect

(66)

masses.

supported

vicious

direct

no

refused

which

categorically

cipation

most

early

industryo(65)

and

Pursuing
it

to

had

the

nationailsation

foreign

of

need

By

which
or

which

and

from

stolen

industries

law)

public

droppedo(64)

land

of

foreian-owned

the

lands

a programme

proposing

Chilean

important

the
of

soon

confiscation

those

of

return
were

proposals

with

terms

ate

the

and

PCCh

reference

of

nationalisation

these

Indiansp

to

the

the

presidential
and

price

without

of

acceptance
was

a -orioe

partys

the

the

of

the

PCCh

pay.

other

major

Popular

Front

PS9

had

Onicoq
Frente
last
1935.
of Augusty
week
Popular
Frente
23-1-1937.
23. -5-. 1936;
ibid.
(Although
17.6.193
the
Communist
Frente-Popular
began
in
September
19369
publication
it
was preceded
by a publication
the
of
same name
included
Aadicalsq
which
socialists
Communists
and
)
board.
on its
editorial

188
*
.
different

rather

attitude
P119 had

P59

like

most

of

the

warm

towards

the

the

Block

the

created

the
Socialist

Alessandri
in

one

which

Ploreover,

PS was

the

anti-frentistas
of

morass

reformism
fortunes

flagging

the

PR. (67)

dri

continued

to

give

as

clared

Secondlyt

that

been

and

the

risk

of

PS9

like

other

enced

by

democracy.
advantages

(67)
(68)

the

by

accepted
to

Socialists

reason

for

took.

(68)

Thirdq

the

world

battle

Finally,
in

the

possibility

Jobet
El
Consiff;;
a

Block

the
electoral
of

the

Partido
31-8.1935,

and
Frontts

Socialista

the
a deFronto

the
form

the

because

by

as
been

have

between

fascism

offered

some

Front

fields

union

some

to

run
the

was

coalitiong

which

Front

the

well

as

the

trade

was

Fourthlyq

raging

Popular

Alessan-

of

fractionalisation.

then

why

Block,

opposing

would

joined

the

democracy

the

parties
facts

revive

because

formation

the

good

which

parties

to

regarded

of

PS before

and

member$

that

amplification

these

PS Into

serve

Firstq

the

ignore

isolation

Front?

because

other

the

reservationsg

such

fears

no

the

voice*
of

conservative

for

finally

expansion

Socialists

as

find

fears

only

grounds

the

of

could

the

an

essentially

objective
they

had

join

to

Front

most

deciding

the

would

PS entertained

agree

dangere

and

the

it

its

of

it

did

then

in

Since

that

and

particularly

the

lead

would

had

against

coalitiong
have

luke-

allq

after

struggle

shared

Front

the

the

to

leaders

that

PS9

a new

unlikely

Socialist

most

for

need

no

saw

and

for

than

more

never
The

a vehicle

anti-frentistas

and

were

Front.

Popular

Although

coalition.

frentistas

its

leaders

as

the

towards

influand

immediate
as

support

for

the

PS1s

do

Chileg

It

p125.

well

189
0
own

In

Front

ternative
receive

some

loyalty

to

the

moment,

the

trade

during

the

party

broaden

the

question

of
The

central

urged

the

basis

of
the

overthrow

proletariat
(69)

relations

between

1936

efforts

to

PCCh's

in

Chilep

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party

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help
from
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the PS to
enabled
19 Deputies
4
in 19379 in conelect
Senators
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to the 5 Deputies
trast
Lhe now Socialist
parties
had elected
in 19329 prior
to the PS's foundation.

190

of

democratic

centralism

Unico

late

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frentistas

revolutionary
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links

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other

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parties*

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PCCh began

The

first

strange#

International
Vol-159
Press
Correspondence
10-8-1935.
Consigna
27-2-1937;
27-3-193722-5-1937Ibid*
Popular
Frente
2.2-1937;
10-11-1937.

to

the

sightq
there

No-34

191
0
.

the

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tions

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ly

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19379

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Claridadq
14-7-19389
According
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Right
1938
in
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votes
munifrentistaparties
elections
cipal
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polled
16l, 950.
The Union
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the
and NNS held
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29037
see 'below,
with
votes.
pp194-195P
the
for
the
Union
origins
'ocialtstftof
Popular
Frente
10-11-1937.

by
Article
jL5.6. i96G.

Wilfredo

Nayorga

in

Ercilla,

No. 1619,

192
e
less

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In

ambition

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page 205Consigna
2.11.1937;

Ibafiez

round

selection

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tiations

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China

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praginatic

popular

'popular

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gesturey
of

unity

passionate

27,2.1938.

193
*
9
charges

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betrayal

PS

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PR

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selected*
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election.

21-4-19380 illi Ilon6n 4.11-1937

eanonymously,

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relvards

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came froti.
probably
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Wilfredo
dissidente
See alsot
Mayorga's
'Las
intriga3
del
1938'
in
electorales
No. 1619,
June
1966.

194
.
*
PCCh.

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opponents

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ship

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(81)

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Unico,
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last
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week
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9.5-1937.
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PS claimeds
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appointed
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to direct
pelled
his
election
campaignq
for
denigrating
the
CC PS and for
the
revealing,
contents
of
PS Congress
to outsiders.
secret
sessions
12-5-1937.
Ibid.
Consigna
23-10-1937-

195
e
Castro)q

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press

members
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13-11-1937-

La O-pinion
Frente
7-1-1937;
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12.12.1931Frente
Ropularj
12.12-1937.
Iquiquet
Claridad
2-1-. T-. 1938.

Iquiqueq

(87)

196
.
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1938

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27-5-1938

Confesionea-Vo-Ifticoa(Santiagoo

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197
o

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(94)
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2229720

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in

murdered

APL. (92)

the

by

later

days

to

Gonzalez

Aguirre

a few

been

students)

class

From

rounded

were

massacre

middle

not

on Alessandri's

had
the

coupq

eventually
contest.

and

policeman

attempted

them

they

allegedly

h one

Althoup,

to

hoped

had

did

however,

Army,

The

Palace-(90)

and

the

the

PCCh had

but
helped
to plan
Ibaftez
the
coup
apparently
See,
it
into
over
araction.
vacillated
puttinr
by Iloi3a
themes
'Anti-Parliameritary
ticle
Bicbeno
(90.
1920-19701
in
Chilean
History;
in K. Nedburst
Chile
(Londonp
Allende's
1972)
p123Ricardo
iee
Donosolop.
119
pp258-261.
cit.
9
Infante
treinta
del
Barros
X ocho
'festipos
I\iaria
Ibid.
p90.

iee

belowq

page

2129

for

the

PCChIs

electoral

gains.

198
0
*
for

calls

made

to

sions
had

achieve

illusion
been

had

legal

with

favour

the
to

prepared

the

ambitions

unified

and

managed

lyp

relations

December

do

union

ChilO(CTCh).

dominance

of

in

the

Generalship
when
(95)

the

the

four
and
Socialisto

Seeg La
unionism

laid

FOCh was

on

the

the

Juan

the

as

the

Opini6n
11.2-1935
by CNSL memberse

for

July

Sindical

forced

which
a unified

of

to

the

accept

Confederationis
the

price
they
the

Secretary

Nartfnezq

unionists

de Trabajadores

CDN seatsq
of

Dfaz

now

surprising-

until

not

basis

negotiationsl

thirteen

promise

the

(CDN)

hard-fought

of

trade

Confederaci6n

Committee

of

Socialist

13nico

U&SLIa

Congress

Not

a Frento

the

the

Unity

was

FOCh

defeat

to

it

in

the

reasong

adopted*

and

finally

Socialists

the

process

themselves

form

Although

Executive

National

to
year

movement

and

tamely

hegemony

Union

Trade

Congress

that

that

of

1935

its
PCCh's

the

capitulate

tactics

Communist

agreed

that

own formula

its

between

they

dubious

June

have

to

for

now

was
for

campaign

its

accept

to

FOCh

Despite
to

occasions

of

the

to

prepared

movement.

after

that

trade

CNISL and

the

at

deteriorated

in

of

the

used

formula

unity

was

not

dis-

authorities

partq

(95)

abolition.

rather

the

and

it

union

successfully

its

unionism

its

than

trade

1936

legal

heartg

of

change

whileg

accept

rather

reform

for

conditions

a number

by

manipulated

or

employers

on

conces-

considerable

was

which

unionism

disregarded

boweverg

CNSL there

the

19341

and

significant

make

1935g

By early

inside

changed;

to

prepared

it.

1933

during

unity

union

been

had

party

neither

to

trade

had

unityq

of

secured
sub-Secretary

Generalship
completed

criticisms

of

his

legal

for

199
0
0
term

of

from

pressure

of

the

the

the

CTChq

than

rather

Indeeds

CN.SLo

clearly

illustrated

fascism

and

the

its

and

it

although
the
of

Socialists

was

not

the

of

political

leadership

towards

energies

creating

new

Howevers

in

and

(96)
(97)
(98)
(99)

(100)

living

collected

they

GrCh

launched

and
funds

the

against
for

the

non-aligned

they

lawq
new

Spanish

for

for
the

internal
Republican3.

over
unity

Socialist

their

and

respective

in

check
by

and

and,

directing
and

workers

uneasy

campaigns

union

the

yearsp

possible

that

The

trade

as

cordial

developed

row

by

Com-

very

never

animosities

found

they

were

early

an

areas

of

far

was

the

threatened

achieved

some

aspects
of

as

and

against

between

encouraged
their

GICh

struggle

a major

the

recruiting

unionsp

fruitfully.

cost

keep

to

independently

operating

certain

were

unionists

CTCh

FOCh

the

Fronto(97)

seriously
In

confederationo(98)
trade

their

CDN and

the

relations

that

creation

the

of

Popular

the

1939

until

a now

Communist

by

in

political
union

the

between

with

the

of

1936 and 19389

the

election

concern

membership

Between
munists

its

by

in

nature

political

was
trade

factor

agreement

any

it

their

on

deciding

the

was

PCCh

the

PS and

which

supporters

thoughq

Essentially

officee(96)

(99)

vivendi,

modus

cooperate

could
the

of

reform

reduction
security

of

the

law

(100)

10.9.1943.
CTCh, Santiago,,
Angello
Alan
op- cit.
P107Popular
Frente
7-8-1939The efforts
of the PCCh and PS to create
new unions
had considerable
1936 and 1938,
Between
success.
670
the total
from
number
to
of legal
unions
grew
932 and the total
to
:rrom 849699
number
of inembers
1259978.
Chilena
Fstadfstica
June 1947,
plOO.
Popular
Frente
6.1-1937;
15.3-1937;
9.4.1937;
--7.7-1937.

200
&
The
facilitated

the

but

altered

it

also

During
to

launch

strike

to

order

Front

their
to

erial

actions

at

the

strike

as

ensure

policy

(which

a high

propoirtion

favour

of

the

always

the

industrial

fears

the

of

of

selected

legal

and
them

they

were

that

the

orate
whol
(101)
(102)

the

more

and

the

over

C6digo

gratitude

general
middle

by

the
for

the

won

working
the

Dfaz
Juan
kartfnez
Proletariado
del
Eudocio
Ravines,

to

the

of

Treinta
de
Chile
cit.,

this

led

union

in

settled

strike

and
to

the

allay

classeaq

they

also

Ravinesq

the

PCCh's

enabled

it

union

field.

to

leaders

PP325-327-

consolidate
Careoffered

were

in

C45digo

heseade
(Santlapog

to

(101)

1938.

which

mat-

and

follow)

these

approaches,

in
del
the

to

effort

an

adherents
the

takinp

CTChj

Ravines

cooperation

opo

moral

refused

it

Trabajo
-

being

PCCb

they

conduct

del

of

to

destroyedo(102)

new policies
with

union

If

party.
and

trade

trade

assistance
the

to

the

to

concern

Trabajo

in

non-aligned

isolated

PCCh's

del

influence

to

trade

According

technical

Charged
in

the

its

expand

fully

win

now

purposes*

acceptance
and

Radicals

other

served

of

PCChts

and

in
the

resort

disputes

1937

workers

Under

final

of

professed

during

the

ed
.,

C6dlgo

According

PS had

part

the

of

actions.

opportunity

mobilisation

the

the

encourag

strike

encouraped

weapon

the

movement

process.

strikers.

workers

were

the

union

conceivable

were

the

Although
policies

every

for

of

had

confines

by

victory

support

PCCh

only

not

towards

attitude

workers
the

strategy

trade

revolutionary

within
the

use

to

care

the

strategyp

disputes

and

Periodp

accelerate

Popular

PCCh's

the

Front

a unified

of

creation

Third

the

Popular

the

of

advent

also

claims

the

Inspect-

Trabajo
PCCh now

Accion
1934-

en

Favor

PP3-4-3-6.

201
0

extended
party

to

ment.

(103)

anti-communist

cularg

his

in

hand

some
in

advantages
Not

suspect.
and

1938,

PCCh

but

the
by

scribed

Ravines

when

part

authorities

of

and

employers

alike,,

function

central

of

contains

some

in

the

trade

new

constructive

and

to

it

did

the
to

affects

of

the

the

passion

to

efforts

the

popularity

general
of

in

create

CTCh was

also

evident

(103)

Ibid.

P328.

of

machiavellian
for

the
in

unity

Poplilar
other

of

Front
areas

of

des-

influence
to

more

PCCb

coalition
party

line

Front
be

its

disputes

workers'

Popular

the

the

probably

far

practices
which

trans-

the

PCChIs

owed

the

workers

Ravinest

the

settlement

life

of

tactics

of

for-

were

precisely

while

probably

oirctim-

rights

was

union

expansion

movement
role

any

trade

the

a quiet

since

mark

Indeedg

DGT.

between
towards

for

despise

to

the

truthq
union

The

its

he

seem

Certainlyp

the

the

misses

under-

control

members

anxiety

jettisonod

Communists'

the

cription

he

or

activities.
their

Trabajo

the

which

in

unfair

strictly

its

and

political

that

claims

accionismo

rrabajo

del

Trabajo

was

parti-

General

indifferent

best#

at

del
in

del

an

was
In

union

Inspectorato

the

C6digo

take

to

bidden

or,

of

role

trade

1jinistros

the

were

hostile

the

its

he

treated

battles.

PCCh

the

afforded

extending

only

1936

way

War

Direcci46n

the

that

be

thomq

made

Cold

fighting

allegations

Trabajo(DGT)

he

time

the

move-

union

should

claims

the

allowed

trade

the

HavinesO

by

since

relationsp

over

control

Howeverg

avowed

industrial

of

its

extend

caution

with

field

the

in

than

describes.
in

displayed

and
activity.

the

202
*
leadership

the

Under
created

an Alianza

channel

the
the

and

youth

organisations

the

ALJ

19379

attacked

unity

of

the

working

frenti3ta
struggles

leled

by

together

democratic

from

first

the

Indeeds

with
the

the

NaZi

The

PCCh

cause.

Chilena(MEMCh)

(104)
(105)
(106)

(107)

FJS

being

The
was

and

and

the

the

the

series

channel

Movimiento

but

Socialistas
the

attacks

of

anti-

Fronto(106)
paral-

closely
The

was

Com-

group
opposed

Universitaria(BSU).
BSU became

the

to

so

cooperate

for

in

office

(107)

Chile,

other

support

group

the

for

it

organi3ations
for

of

the
dela

pro-Emancipaciign
by

into

to

elections

of

for-

politics.

GUA preferred

de

to

instead

FJC were

GUA and

in

the

of

auccessp

Popular

student

the

Popular

the

absorbed

arguing

the

to

subscribed
this

Socialista

movement

founded

for

Juventudes

students

Estudiantes

encourage

designed

Antifaci3t&(GUA)

Brigada

created

do

FJC

Most

echoing

in

between

student
do

to

members

PCCh and

Vnico

occasion#

Federaci6n.

designed
Front

on

the

parties
with

university

struggle

thatq

the

the

classes

flushed

and

the

on

by

the

bitter

youth

a Grupo

all

Passion*

developments

similar
founded

munist3

with

between

Juventudq

Federaci6n

the

Socialists

The

its

class

la

frentista,

FJCq

the

ALJ

Parkerg

struggles(104)

the

of

Howeverl

(FJS)

from

youth

of

itself

FCCho(105)

de

Libertadora

dissolved

mally

Hernandez

anti-imperialist

in

and

Luis

of

support

Front

wives

of

Popular
Mujer
prominent

Onicos
Frente
3rd
1935;
Bandera
July,
Roj-a
week
lat
1936.
Of Rays
week
Boletin
Interno
del
CC PCCh - Afto Iq No*29
1937
PP28-31
;
Frente
29.7-1937,27.8-1937;
Opular
the
see also,
issues
(an
Santiago,
Of Barricadag
FJS publication)
for
Septembert
October
1937.
and Novemberg
Claridad
24-6.1938;
2nd fortnight,
Barricadap
Septemberg
1937.

203
a
leaders

PCOh
for

Front.

the

flumanos(LDDT4)
from

all

of

victims

The

founded

with

War

Spanish

Civil

channel

support

for

parties

setting

up

in

the

cause;
their

PCCh

campaigns

to
the

longed

to

frentista

not

was
to
and

leave

to

The

and

frentista

other
for

been

to

helped

which

the
very

attracted

Republieffective
from

support

cause

and

those

of

possible

but

more

who
These

Communists
allies

onerous

of

the

of

to
or

sunported

campaigns

and

with

that

tasks

they
of

to

be-

orranisato

opportunities

and

positions

the

helped

already

routine

hy
some

undoubtedly

co-operation

fruitful
and

sunport

repeated
that

prestipious

launched

the

attract

their

the
the

they

array

(109)

organisations

parties.
the

to

undertake

and

resolve

gave

only

but

de

impressive

aid

have

not

may

Front

the

then

demonstrate

raise

the

to

Alianza

an

issue

to

members
aid

the

PCCh

Derechos

prominent

cause.

the

committees

helped

also

Frontq

the

objective

strenp,

tions

effective

while

los

as

(110)

probably

tincommitted

gave

another

committees

sectors,
The

of

frentista

provided

declared

diverse

help

well

as

de

associated

the

with

Defensa

de

the

Chile(AICh)

intellectuals

can

Liga

persecution

de

rights

women's

parties

political

Intelectuales
of

(108)

frentista,

the

for

campaigned

and

the

PCCh

were

willinf,,

administration

others.

(108)

(109)

(110)

Vergara
hemorias
See karta
de una mujeE
irr2verente
(Santiago
1962)
La Wer
NueM;,
PP135-6.
also
,
8-11-1935.
Santiago,
The LDDH claimed
to have helped
some 2,000
victims
1937.
tion
in late
Frente
of govern ment persecd
1 3-12.1937.
Popular
Leading
fiEures
of the AlCh
includei
Pablo
Neruda,
Romero,
Alberto
Vicente
4-11-1937.
Huidobro
de Aokha.
Ibid.
and Pablo
4.1-1937t
According
to Frente
Ponular
such prestihistorians
gious
and conservative
Pereira
as Wenio
Salas
Do"oso
and Aicardo
were among those
associated
the camnaign.
with

204
e
What
PCCh

the

introduction
casualties

cant

to

resistance
low

Period

the

of

the

Front

nor

did

it

RavLnes

Nonethelessq

the

Unlike

itself?

the

the

conceptions

Ravinesq

he

CC out

the

of

of

persecution

jolt

the

ting

from

advice
he

now

meng

the

opportunity

the

new

Secondlyq

and

he

old

leaders

the

important

he

methods

ex-Communists
Howeverg
to

do

(111)
(112)
(113)

and
the

with

is

of

low

which

years

linesq
pant

probably

calibre

Ravines
Eudocio
IbidPP336-338for
See,
exampleg
tencia
americana

replace

by

and

Rejecthem

with

gave

them

identifying
for

younger
new

mis-

and

errors

posts

with

its

success.

man

to

assist

the

men

in

charge

of

he

faced

(112)

the

difficulties
them

is

shown

by

of

its

cit.

imarcos
pp39-50.

endorsed
in

correct

oD.

first

he

inadequacy*

to

placed

To

it*

condemned

their

overcome

resistance
the

to

and

conuiiitteea.

to

used

inertia

their

of

and

account

to
the

correct

keep

Third

to

shake

the

guilt

of

a product

to

had

a number

regional

groups.

measures
the

themselves

tasks

their

aignifi-

attachment

energetically

working

Ravinesi
the

to

no

considerhble

CC9

strife

of

redeem

promoted
in

their

was

colleagues

them

to

line

sense

Comintern

allowed

and

for

CC members
a

the

and

along

action

inculcating

from

extraordinary

factional

to

schismatic

tbere

on

1930,

1928

According

mentality

and

attacked

takesq

and

policieso(lll)

siege

CC into

savagely

members

take

to

had

to

that

its

of

produced

rise

give

have

strategy

changes

strategy

strategy

now

Front

policy

recounts

of

calibre

Popular

the

did

effects

the

other

substanceo(113)

CC probably
or

members

p3139

by

and

with

had

little

any

genuine

una

adver-

p321*

Chamudes

Chileg

205
1,
e
attachment

in

arrived
ity

country*
line
to

years

covered

CC was

the

munistp

who

Dimitroff

Ravines
installation

for

(115)

(116)

team

in

favour

factors

of

th*N

of

1931

Manuilsky'3
had

1935

one

and

sourceg
launch

groups

to

Ibifiez

during

it

was

been

scarcely

the

an
1938.

that

tactical

before

CC to

for

work

of

the
to

continued

(115)

years.

subsequent

encouraging

insurrectionary
(116)

surprisinig

the

lbaftez

with

architect

was

Comdominated

team

Chile

apparently

Caz6n

seems

the

in

the

man

on

when

into

the

on

democracy'

Ibifiez

with

it

re-

and

a German

urging

had

barely
1933

to

in

military

leadership.

Caz&no

arrived

been

Caz6n
August

had

agreed

peremp-

the

of

fallinp

about

Manuel

'popular

to

student

party

members

strateCys

co-operation
according

Communist

these

in

issued

Furthermore,

apparently
a

the

sensitive

(114)

candidacy

Indeedg

ment

had

jobs

of

taken

had

party

he

the

strife

possibly

was

of
head.

and

when

appointmentsp
and

its

new

the

changes

out

was
different

radically
when

who

clandestin-

Labarca

weeks

deviationi3me

the

of

press

at

the: -Cqinintern

all

Mery

time

in

was

party

threatened

particularly

details

at

Period

factional

the

right

of

errors
not

came

from

of

that

at

Contreras

impose

a matter

and

he

when

to

Third

absorb

Moreoverp

by

in

Ravines,

parts

Peruvian

the

General

wanted

instructions

tory

at

He

political

time

Secretary

when

and

the

Chile

and

their

on

policies

a foreigner

was

a119

after

Period

Third

to

Given

that

moveall

some

CC

by Wilfredo
Interview
Mayorga
Sacuess
Oscar
with
(internal
Director
of Investigaciones
security)
Aguirre
Cerdao
Ercilla
No. 16189 8.6.1966.
under
See alsog
Ibido
by J. C. Jobet
the article
in Arauco,
February
Santiagog
'El
PS Y el Frente
1967,
entitled
Popular
an Chile'*
Interview
Santiago
Ramfrez
1972.
Necocheaq
with

206
o

Significantly

astically.
openly

the

questioned

new line

andq

own

or

Communists

the

tion

been

the

to

Despite

the

new
to

organisation
In

easy.
work

(117)
(118)
(119)
(120)

and

Ibafiez

effectl
new

desi3t.

organisational

new

resist-

open

the

was

PCGh

Cristobal

19389

some

strategy

the

en-

Saenzq
some

Communists

Communist

FJC

in

towards
for

expelled

Santiago

pro-

Ibailez*(119)

candidacy

of
the

demands

with

now

when

of

continuing
they

after

(120)

absence

the

the

early

were

some

Howeverg

Qautfn,

presidential

strategyq
the

of

for

of

which

that

sipns

approaches

Communists

ordered

the

to

members

party's

a few
for

work

had

the

against

in

some

policies

strategy

of

Ravines'

that

out

rare.

candidacy

and

to

the

(117)

mid-19369

Similarlyq

students

Converselyq
to

in

reply

now

when

latifundistaq

(118)

University

CC were

Thusp

Radical

19369

them

of

impose

complaining
the

enthusi-

to

Comintern

still

lDrotest

congressional

right-wing
objected.

to

moved

to

by pointing

early

the

none

Comintern

attempted

embraced
in

practice.

dorsed

tested

not

outside

were

into

put

had

new strategy

conditions.

CC was

enthusiasm

inside

ance

the

of

Chilean

the

members

sufficient

howeverg

records

to

Although
its

enoughg

had stemmed from

inappropriate

were

the

none

past

failures

their

embrace

right

apparentlyp

on their

onslaught
of

to

reluctant

members were

open

task
of

the

strategy
forms

and
of

the

party's

tactics

was

not

called

Marta
Verigara
Op.
cj,
p120
Eudocio
Ravines
cit*
op.
P321Claridad
16-3-1951,214-3-1938Popular
Fre-ite
22.2.1938.

opposi-

adapting

new

which

determined

for
would

now

methods

transform

of

207
9

from

PCCh

the

To

that

the

sector

Unlike

the

fractiong

'in

had

the

the

factories

a particular
task

of

and

The

unity.

tees

radio
task

particular

Initially

they

complicated

of

line

to

If

the
party

defects
party

and

bureauoriktism

on

the

(122)

than

a help;

commandq

the

by

de

afflicted
been

indicted

hold
still

that

to
were

have
made
con-

generated
the

of

there
to

be

nunibers

CoiuisiOn

were

of

that

sectarianism
too

on
was

few

trained

a territorial
dependent

still
and

de

1930s.

early

from

militants

Nacional

the

orplanisa-

indicated

still

work

the

1936,

orpanised

party

of

durinp

durinp

difficul-

produced

some

suffered

basis,

la
L'-jay 193

party,

transmission

still

small

the

commit-

complaints

was

of

the

bad

appear

forms

and

union

Front

for

in

prout)s

trade

bandq

"organisational

a f, actory

13oletin
No. I9
ibid.

towards

now

bad

new

organisations

Of

industrial

(122)

unions.

continued

energies

recruiting

impeded

organisations

Cells

of

func-

to

Pooular

create

chain

conferences

local

of

other

to

than

and
the

the

(121)

calle.

sector

formation
moves

now

the

which

the

rather

these

authority

the

cadres.

and

de

the

self-

support.

basically

factoryq

on

helpinp

a hindrance

that

Aegional

calleg

organisational

designed

the

do

leastq

of

tional

or

supportinp.,

at
more

tiesq

plant

of

of

been

party's

was

organisations

and

flicts

which

encouraging

now
radio

of

partyq

mass

the

and

fears

winning,

two

introduced

industrial

forinsg

of

by

open

a more

capable

PCCh

timid

iiiade

into

deviationismg

the

endp

tion

sectq

extrovertq

and

confident

introverted

an
and

oersecution

party

Orgranisacion

208
9

tasks'were

still

to

them.

perform

the

leadershipp
insteadq
bad
in

to

ine

crept

own

low
of

tasks

in

by

lack

of

of

slow

recruitment

control

of

groups

to

and

19389

of

the

the

in

complaints
the

of

triember-

of

party

continued

to

performance

new members

neplect

most

level

the

over

ones

organisation

though

early

organisational

and

new

improvement

overall

organisation

the

and

an

but

bodies

Even

the

andq

local

soine

Front

(124)

reporting

1937

by

CC on

of

Popular

life.

ideological

the

of

suited

of

persisting

tendency

the

their

of

faults

old

best

exhortations

improved

not

session

attacked

CR9 were

performance

shipp

were

institutional

important

of

the

themselves

submerge

the

had

A plenary

19379

March

the

Despite

situation

only

not

their

(123)

those

to

distributed

beinp

not

be

made. (125)
Butq
tions

tion

of

of
the

yearp
ferencesq
did

not

kjoreoverg

(123)
(124)
(125)
(126)

gave
is

the

Concepcion

and

party

sometimes
figure
while

in
the

party

In

news

CH Santiago

a
like

of

andq
series

of

O'Higgins

the

early

was

lambasting

forma-

the

after
1936p
for

coneratulated

hold

provinces

May

it

that

suggests
soon

deficiencies
to

organisational

which

coalition.

flagella-

ritualistic

its

improvement

were

able
in

for

evidence

organisational
were

and

itself

some

Front

Popular

their

repeated

a general

experience

Antofagasta
some

party
there

shortcomingsq
to

the

the

which

began

despite

the

CRs

of

correcting

during
regional
which

that
consimply

1930so(126)
itself

for

Roja 4th week of I-,ay 1936;

Bandera
20.6.19361
3rd week of August,
1936.
Interno
Boletfn
CCl Afto
1.
No*Zv
date,
del
no
p20.
... go
Seeq for
bepartamento
Regional
,iole t7ffn
eXamplet
_
Urpanisncion
k'ebruary
del
PCGh, 6antiapo,
qIe
1938.
',O,ja 4th week of 1%ay193r),
,
-Bandera

its

209
0

401 of

that

its

although
improvement

on

and
At
In

the

in

preoccupations

errors

were

create

control

for

at

least

five

Galo

members

and

even

to

to

central

tasks

ref-ional

Commissions,

the

foria

Control
(129)

closer

Congress

issued

(127)

Boletfri

cle

The

relations
the

new

were

the

members'

Distrtic-

recruits.

orr,, nnisattons
t1ireo

of
to

be

members

also

the

with
*one

de

Santiaeog
instruc-

Socialints
by

for

of

directly

X Congress

Aegional

dis-

of

in

instructions

to

now

Commission

TrotskyJsts

DGpartamento

and

was

local

composed

National

a new-found

structi-tre

and

which

Santiaro

organisational

reguliLte

provide

last

the

the

concnrn

by

self-

deficiencies

old

swollen
the

to

in

PCCh's

Anril

in

since

made

would

and

prosolyttse

the

(129)
(130)

the

which

Gonzalez.

Finally,

(128)

while

union,

justified

demonstrated

and

trade

held

sessions

Congress

to

(127)

some

had

The

yearslstandinirq
to

ted

its

in

region.

in

whichq

intended

work

Congressq

it

finished

party

Control

up

by

nrogress

1933-(128)

Issued

responsible
headed

the

a membership

were
set

PCCh

the

the

indulged

the

machinery
of

for

revealed

considerable

it

that

it
statistic

-a
was

and

Party

criticisedg

performance

concern,

X National

strength

and

for

activities

at

confidence

vaid

in

had

which

dues

now

1930s

19389

early

functionaries

on

Penitentiary

to

early

Santiago,

Congress

tions

the

youth

congratulation

cipline

as

a matter

full-time

two

peasant

1938

membership

cited

employ

during

deficiencies

organisational

onel.

(130)

the

Orf, -anisaci6ri

PCChq
del
W. 3r;, ary-1, )33O
iantia,,,
oq
El Congreso
do la
Victoria.
los
de
informesq
I'lesumen
discuslOtles
X Com_-roso
del
del
pCCjq
y resoluciones
jantia,
193, ",
-og
9 r)15Ibid.
p44.
Ibid I--, ) '-5-

210
*
of

compilation
to

accurate
the

Congress

showed

laying

PCCh

the

the

If

1935

had

more

line

than

its

In

effect,

to

cease

with

its

prevented

the

early

the

loyalty

the

new

to

of

demanded

that

and

who wereq

by

endp

Partyp

the

to

tried

oligarchyq
so

long

Imperialists.

(132)

193039

when

thong

sold

and

In
the

the

and

the

familieBO

'fifty

sharp

Republic

with

(131)
(132)

Ibide
p44.
Carlos
Contreras
19679 P29.

the

Labarca

and

the

the

masses

1920s

of

the

and
had
to

ruled
the

and

institutions

indifference

PrinciRiosp

of

the

who

the

capture

appeal

patrimony
to

to

the

progressive

countryls
contrast

extraordinary

use

democratic

treated

fathers

Moreoverv

example

to

on

strain

between

a gulf

in

improvement

PCCh began

the

which

classes

following

and

government

PCCh made

social

PCCh

the

membership,

the

political

deficiencies.

a severe

PCCh had

founding

of

the

create

definiti&ng

anti-national
for

that

new

confrontations

placed

different

to

To

Communist

patriotism

Chile

enthusiasm

appeal

support*

French

had

after

strength

enabled
with

date.

organisational

its

of

organisational

which

and

its

growing

strategy

effective

any

to

organisational

partiesq

class

strategy

efforts

correct

effective

more

existed

popularity

confrontations

costly

and

its

Front

Popular

19309

the

to

efforts

had
of

literallyp

do with

working

had

than

in

matters

a far

criticisms

own

taken

to

the

other

mass

PCChOs

are

shortcomings

for

machine

and
All

organisational

basis

the

party

professional

and

on

membership

duese(131)

of

payments

resolutions

the

of

statistics

institutionalise

allp

early
and

or

July/August

211
o
began

it

contempt,
the

praise
attitude
political

parties
to

the

Victorino
even

for
The

it

helped

also

Although

to

party

bitrary

and

now

could

that

it

was

the

PCCh99

in

clearly

demostrated

(134)

(135)

a member

vociferouslyq

measure

(133)

amongst

more

measured

its

and

be

timesp

facilitated

only

but

opinion

harassment*

and

to

subjected
now

a powerful

police

(134)

leadara.

ar-

the

that

revolutionary

of

of

PCCh

PCCh

struggle
which

coalition

harassment

became

more

(135)
If

the

violent

Jo34
the

to
at

paid

eventop

political

continued

for

Deputies

persecution

impri3onment

calling

protest

circumspect.

1935*

police

other

current

not

moderate

PCCh's

leaders

Republic

more

avoid

and

longer

no

praise

orientation

activists

arrest

was

new

towards

approach

of

Socialist

PCChts

to

to

and

by

celebrated

Liberal

closer

words

the

Communist

century

andq

the

events

changed*

nineteenth

a few

managed

Similarlyq

and

also

Lastarria

criticisms

its

heroes

holidays

patriotic

celebrate

Forceso(133)

Armed
towards

homage

to

terms

PCCh

of

fouaht

Sometimesp

increasing

strength

electoral
municipal

howeverg

elections

the

PCCh's

it
In

statistics,

to

difficult

improvementg

organ13fttional
by

is

without

perspective

was
April
allies

on

pat-

holidays
riotic
was different,
Navy Day in 1937,
for
examplev
was used to celebrate
the Naval
Nutiny
Frente
Popular
of 1931.
21-5-1937.
Boletines
del
COngreso.
Diputadoal
OrdinSesiones
1938.
Vol.
It P797
arios,
Roja 4=1936
e Bandera
4.6.1937
Po2ular
and Frente
for
PCCh comment
on the
Socialist
Republic.
For descriptions
Bandera
of police
persecutiong
see
Roja 4th week of May 19369 2nd week of July
r-9
1936t
week of August
Frente
Popular,
ConcePci6nq
25.12.1937*
Glaufbauft
one of the Comintern
team
memberst
was unfortunate
to fall
into
enough
police
hands
before
and was tortured
being
deported.

La OpiniSn

6.9.1935;

7-9-1935-

212
0
polled

and
five

the

elections,

In

cast)

the

1938

votes

(some

279175
frentista

help

7% of

the

party's

of

power

centre

to

elected
date

and

the

partyp

were

to

elected

the

In

coneressmen

were

in

Treasury

waiges,

(136)

(137)

(138)
(139)

in

1937

chief

with

constitute

Lafertteq
the

the

previous
to
recelved

Most

mid-1920as

Labarca,

prior

Secretary

Chamber

their

to

those

that
of

Generalt
Deputies

of
the
salaries

less

rather

of

President

practicag
pay

to

not

an alternative

officersp

instructed
they

careful

CC members

and

with

(138)

were

Senate

some

cast)

CC was

the

(137)

than

res-

PCCh
into
half

the
back

(139)

rapidly

Despite

line

and

The
so

in

had

Contreras

pectively.

Party

they

PCChI9

and

the

to

congressmen
as

votes

polled

regidores.

enoughq

Congress

the

toal

42

elected

and

it

the

of

Deputies.

six

and

some

congressional
(4.16%

votes

elections,
the

elected

and
1937

Senator

one

municipal

Significantly

allow

179162

elected

April

I-larch

the

In

PCCh polled

and

nationally

votes

(136)

regidores.

votes

49000

roughly

4)

PCCh's

as
the

its

broad

membership
electoral
appeal

probably
Support

of

the

did

between

Popular

Front

not

grow

1935

and

quite
1938.

campaien

No official
for
statistics
the 1935 municipal
elections
The figure
4tooo
exist*
PCCh votes
of roughly
was arrived
at by an exhaustive
study
of the regiobal
press*
Guilisasti
Sergio
Tagle
Los Partidos
Polfticos
(Santiagog
Chilenos
1964)
The six
Deputies
P319.
Amador
were Juan Guerrat
Pairoap
Escobar
Andris
Dfass
Jose Vega Dfazg
Marcos
Chamudes and Contreras
Labarcae
They were later
joined
by Oscar
Baozap
elected
as a
Socialist*
Entadistica
Chilenal
June 19389 p281.
Eoju=ifar,
Frente
18-7-1937.
Iquique,
Out of a monthly
salary
PCCh Deputies
of 29000 pososq
received
700 pesos.

a, id
to

from

i-ipw meishers

to

their

overcome

susnicion

and

caution

if

Nevertbelessq
1935

in

tr.em,bers

tV'Ilt

1939-

Indeed,

a0ij. ittedly

by

And

party

Cocei-jiber

l')389
7,000,

of

exa, pgeration,,

the

three

that

15,0009
an

showeO
In

the

must

paperg
periods
successful
(14o)
(141)
(142)

in

in

simis

19369

tie

tile

0,000

tf, e

repional

tile.

Even

between

nllowimT
one

asta,
,

PCC1,,

PCCh's

wembershii)

of

,5u,,, rf-, qt

would
10,000

election,

ritem-

19309-(141)

joined

Cerda's

for

a iuatter

reiiain

it

and
not

would

1920s.

in

hean

to

had

''rente

otily

a national.

been

Popular
journalism

achieved

was

party

directiong.

other

pul-Aish

daily
for

tl, e PCCI? ls
it

soon

T3andera Aoia
2nd week of i,.ay 1936.
Litenio
'101ctfri
del
(; C PCCh - Atio 19
14-. 12-1938.
;.A Ponularg
Antofapastag

No. 2.

effort

at

nopular

and

1935

between

the
9

conjecttire.

strfmtli

of'

which

objective

an

flad

CR Antofaf,

of

October

early

(142)

of

Aj-, uirre

prowtti

increasim

eptember

olds

by

estiwatp.

unreasonable

1938

t))e

whom

tbe

of

membership
to

prior

If

and

clailos

national

just

of

seems

claimed

trtumph.

stronif,

princioal
total

1.9000

it

althou-b

claimed
of

(V4,0)

59000

to

alone,

! )ror)erg

litindreds

Cerda's
tho

FJZ;

of
years.

tripled

even

classest

difficult

babits

Lrutli,

CR Antofapasta

over

Aguirre

after

thP

tl,, e

F_-Cli

few

the

contrast

for

be

of

to

me(i. bership

the

the

PCCh

tile

it

4,9000

of

or

19379

middle

clandestine

to

Ooul)led

early

part

the

relation

any

fi'Lire
in

not

in

hers

bcar

thiS

likely

in
estimates

previous

the

Cie

and

atitagonisms
learnt

of

found

nnt. ly

member. 1; evL!

class

doors

includinf-

Classe-99

all

party

established

some

whLch

nolicy

recruitment

the

o-, (--iied

newshriof
first

achieved

p28.

214
o

papers
ful

El

and

prosperity

which

might

be

As

profound
originally

be

a vast

all

social

signs

the

PCCh

had

that

the

would

was

to

union

create

to

up

to

orilkinal

Interparty

create

prevented

reform.

(143)

of

coalition
by

together

(143)

La ilora

than

from

it

becomine

external

by

Ioreoverq

7.9.1937,

in

any
as

PCGh

the

trade

organisationag

scope

or

measured
momentum.

formal

the

1937

September

more

anything
to

Chilean
and

comwitment
October

national

which

circumstances

the

which

a unified

familiar

common

tile

of

Front

until

type

from

althoueh

delayed

Front

support

and

goal

movement

either

Popular

the

effectively

rather

Front

suspicions

and

of

ambition

Popular

to

right

auxiliary

conception

structuring

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215
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216
o

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FOR FO 371/18664
dispatch
Bentinck
A 6375/11/99
to
John
Simong
jir
12-7-1935See also
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02PP173-179The

217
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218

Aguirre

Cerda

1938-1941

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219
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220

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221

internal

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19399

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19409

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mining

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1939

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around

(3)

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(2)

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on

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European
a bumper

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year

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(3)

ar-,ricul1939

FOR FO 371/2238
A 6078/324/99
Economic
Report
Pack
to Lord
lialifaxi
1939.
A. J.
dated
August
6ee Appendix
indices
the
B for
of
production
these
during
years.
lbid.

from

222
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Chamber

in

the

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(6)

in

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to

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1941

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terms

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had

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SeepalsopSalvador
Ibid.
Valdge
Cinco
Aflos de
Gobierno
de Izquierda(Santiago9l94U)pplog-112,
for
a full-e--rvif
right
for
wingg
explanation
the decline
in agricultural
production.

P. T*Ellsworth
ChiletAn
Economy-in
York9l945)PP107-118
See Appendix
D for
a comparison
increases
in
the
and wage
mining

Transition(New
of inflation
industries,

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to

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19399

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(5)

12.6%

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down

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recovered

government

cost

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population

19399

Aguirre

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had

(4)

ig4i.

and

rates

223
.
0
blocked

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For
descriptions
the
of
activities
Florencio
Duran
81
seep
opoosition
John
Stevenson
Keese
PP197-220;
(Philadelphiag
Front
1942)
pp96-106o

of

the

main

the
ripht-winp
of
Radical
Partido
Wean
Popular

MY 11.5-1939;
Frente
29. K. 1939Popular
Aevista
Pablo
See, for
to the XI
example,
report
(December
1939)
in which
he accuses
PUCh Congress
Frente
mine ownprs
of sabotaainp
coal
production.
25-12.1939.
Popular
in 194op British
Embassy
obserthat
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'mild
had been
vers
also
claimed
sahotaget
from ripht-wing
industrialistst
FOR FO 371/24182
despatch
A 418/51/9,
Chnrles
Orde to Lord
Oalifax,
11.10.1940
dated
Bravo
See Leonidas
Lo quo supo un Auditor
de Guerra
(jantiaqo,
1955)
for
ppl? 2-141
account
oft-he
ArLostazo-

224
e
body

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Fox

(12)
(13)

To Lord iialifaxg
19-7-1940.
dated
19.11.1940.
El 6iglo,
John Reese 3tevenson
op. cit.
P115-

A 2839/51/99

meansq

despatch

the

concern.
of

willingness

(11)

YO 371/24182

tactics

interests.

which
the

elections

ensure

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government

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19409

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soon

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pose

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legislation

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late

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(11)

Germany.

the

government

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a deal

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be-

extra-constitutional

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by

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to

1940,

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ted

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package

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away

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some

visible

government's

policies

and

lost

had

Rip-ht

the

his

limited

from

and,

Bentinck

225
*
that

indeecb
declared

from

tbem

representatives
the
of

combination
government
By

19409

early

zo

centre

and

performance
ineffectiveness
ting

or

dissatisfaction

in

February

by

forcing

informing

following

the

of

and

its

Howeverg
only
by

by

conditioned
Cerdals

Aguirre

the

Yront

as

presidential

the

Forced

PhIs

refusal

parties

to

P, ive

it

he

prepared

to

(14)
(15)

Aguirre

by

the

to

share

to
ament

government

Frente
Yb--id.

Front's
in

say
the

allow
of

government

Front

massive

goals

Popular
8.2.1940;

as

the

to

had

of

the

office

popular
PCCh

23.8-1939;
18.7-19'40.

develop
support
wished.

7-9-1939.

only

pay

for

Right

was
Still

its

the

PRIs

for

the

and

by

left-winp

with
he

accep-

liking,

its

governnient*
to

also
and

had

no

for

support,
his

but

members

who

nor

was not

individually

had

intransigence

the

on

rely

goals

repeated

Front

the

Cerda

consul-

(15)

its

he

coalition's

it

which

them,,

price

(14)

expressed

without

Hadical

the

of

a decisive

mobilisinp
and

towards

the

Deputies.

the

crisis

of

government's

protests.

conservative

part

the

was

gave

of

had

between

far-reaching

more

members*

their

differences

together

which

action

effectiveness

nominationg

coalition's

an

attitude

As

collectively*
ted

the

put

parties

cabinet

despite

to

PH underlined

the
a

it

Chamber

with

allies

Julyq

the

Front

major

and

parties
in

their

of

1939

managed

left-wing

majority
the

all

they

nArties

activities

August

until

his

as

Front

the
the

that

Ariosta.

degrees

varying

between

Congress

a tempurary

troublesome

as

co-ordinatin_-

in

after

be

could

Frictions

enewies.

prevented

only

them

of

some

role
around

Indeedq

ripht-winp
not

prepared
less
as

the

Front
e1guirre

was

Cerda's
fact

by

the
the

which

high

Aguirre

survive
for

the

the

association

of

the

until

both

for

the

PCCh

from

share

the

arid

coalition
support

unconditional
developments

his

with

made
source

administration

satisfy

Junta

Central

grantq

deny

needed

to

posts

Radical

faction

victorious

arrange

it.

(16)

Those

used

crises

resign.

In

February

Hadicals

to

resif-1, ii because

(16)

Alberto
(3antiago.

1940,

had

once

by

impose

instructin-

JC,,( instructed

they

Cabero
11ecuerdos
1948)
p24H.

had

become

from

their

ambi-

battlethe

capture

which

JCH to

Cerda

in

a veritable
to

Aguirre

posts

public

office*

the

the

of

which

permission

governwent

cabinet

Laharca.

body

that

remark

faction

with

the

to

of

desire

-a

thwarted

P11 into

the

A-guirre

on

moved
a loan

withdraw
high

appointments

to

liadical(JCR)

occupy

and

the

desire

insatiable

was

were

commentator3s

most

the

was

strupgled

and

to

Party

Radical

own

According

converted

facLion

his

the

towards

coolness

with

turbulence

had

office

as

distant

relations

one

have
to

for

his

to

of

that

Argentina

the

international

government

would

ground

and

until

turbulent*

cause

intense

tions

away

his

and

major

Cerda

moved

contrast

Frontp

Radicals

so

PCCh

to
policy

poverrijuent

prepared

means

not

lot

into

PS

principal

party

to

the

embarrassmente

close

the

influence

was

of

In
Popular

to

Cerda

government

Increasing

Front

major

the

and

the

of

one

only

seek

Pit

the

of

by

conditioned

was

became

(the

could

actions*

Front

coalition

PCCh

office)

the

incorporation

the

with

governmentq

towards

attitude
thats

226

to

the

power

all

Radicals

in

controls

a series

of
to

ministers
the
identified

incumbent
with

do don Pedro
APUirre
Cerda
Z-u--i
CT,e iladical
1fer, 110
was.

227

the

shortcomings
the

accepted
to

of
crisis

his

!ive

disturbances
Carda
it

that

the

and

ktinisters

to

Olavarrfa

13ravo.

in
to

their

their

peace

cabinet
with

of

Minister

(20)

The

La hora

the

(except
PR and

the

administration

Olavarrfa

of

from

Bravo

the

his

contintial

JCR

when

Linister

they

and
an

conwhich

offence
followinr,

The

Bravo)
decided

Radical
of

two

Atuirre

but

JC119

Arttiro

Interiorg

Olavarrfa

formal

of'

closure

orders

Cerda.

the

Radical

the

PR. (21)
for

Aguirre

between
1941

protestin.!

office

resigned

Aguirre

without
as

occasinn

resilgnations

defiance

Ministers
with

Ministers

their

accept

that

the

of

responsible

on

the

JCR

pretext

riotous

of

April

against

the

some

instrticted

protest

Radical

expulsion
the

all

in

in

office

month

(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)

to

refused

tinued

(18)

the

in

a head

the

of

struggle

decision,,

resign

by

The

to

majority

newspapers

(17)

PR came

a disputed

Cerda.

(19)

the

when

on

from
because

govern

in-

creatin

was

Indeed,

resipnation

to

interference.

Radical
Cerda

his

drafted

1940

Interior

(18)

Santiago.

by

ftirious

repression

police

opportunity

(thus

was

July

the

of

impossible

was

in

the

complexion

he

Corda

Apuirre

tised

anti

magnates

crisis

Mnister

in

Aguirre

and

Radical

over-enereetic

While

prace

cabinet)9

Radical

the

(17)

conservative

more

cabinet

another
the

led

frood

millionaires'

forced

on

with

conservative

so-called

for

refime.

cabinet

corporatinfr,

that

the

Interior.

made
to

form

participation
(22)

9.2.1940.

John., 11eese Stevenson

op.
Videla
Gonzalez
Memorias
I,
pp261-263.

0abriel
cit.
ppgg-100;
(2 vols-0
Santiago,
1975)

Cabero
Alberto
op.
25.4.1()41.
La Naci6n
29.4.1941.
ibid.
11.6.1941.
Ibid.

pl3214,9-252.

cit.,

228
o
The
it

PR remained
did

not

took

the

make

his

its

up

Cerdaq

Aguirre

peace

the

office

probably

ties

between

left

and

right-wingersl

tion

for

officet

1939

early

lar

the

(24)

February

1940

Radicals

who

hoped

would

Socialist

ministerap

his

Righto(25)
that

resign
1940

and

the

to

secure

(24)
(25)
(26)

the

cabinet

of

(23)

it

was,,, % the

the

of
removal

Interior,
of

the

See Arturo
Polftica
stances
Frente
Gabriel
Consip

been

to

one

forced

were
in

began

his

making

right-wing
Radical

the

free

the

of

to

the

with

to

refused
the

Similarlyq

a protest

re-organiae

PS evidently

ministers
(26)

3imithe

sourcep

arrangement

and

conservative

competi-

resignation

an

was

between

Front

by

Cerda

caseq

difficul-

by

of

Socialist
failed.

the

Rfos

sympathetic

come

ostensibly

crisisp

Antonio

to

passion

Radicals
the

Aguirre

the

was

strategem

Ninister

leaving

this

to

by

PR from

resignations

and

liveg

battle

old

nomination

had

precipitate

If

the

according

the

thoroughly

cabinet

thought

that

to

distorted

and

Juan

crisis

the

PR9

presidential

cabinet

long

the

of

Right-wing

of

Moreovert

ministers

the

and

1940#

PR's

monthq

unbridled

an

cause

persisted*

during

while

calls.

central

withdrawal

that

resignation

and

submerged
still

the

for

campaign

the

Cerda

Aguirre

for

pressing

rivalries

were

although

(23)

party.

personal

have

not

Bravo's

Olavarrfa

of

with

did

1941

In

posts.
he

that

opportunity

September

until

non-cabinet

realising

Although
for

cabinet

outside

give

the

against

evidently

also

ministers

July
conduct

intended
who

had

OlavarrIa
Bravo
Casos
de la
X Cosas
(Santiagrop
1950)
109v
for
the
p
cir-cumof his
resignation.
Popular
4.9.194o.
16.1.1939;
El Sip,, lo
Gonzilez
Videla
Iq pp261-263.
op.
cit-9

na
,

17.2.1940.

229
o
been

incorporated

since

OlavarrIa

into

the

by

forcing

the

JCR

as

indulging

Radical

in

its

other

harmonious

more
the

PR or

run

This

PCCh.

over

other

not

PCCh

it

the

internal

the

the
PSI

Front

Indeedg

it

Socialists

until

the
late

for

any
but

was

tho

Pi

government

in

tie

Agrilirre

between
the

were

first
short-

government's
1940

that

the

the

critic.

Thus,

(27)

3ravots
Seeg Olavarria
casos
y Cosas
p63 for
instructions
Cerda's
to 5M.
He was ordered
the
to
in
the
right
suspend
strike
countryside,
in public
industries
strikes
prohibit
service
deal
tnreatened
with
newspapers
which
public
tranquility
Chile's
social
and
relations
with
countries.

in

the
July

government*s
1939y

the

most
PS urged

context

Front.

overtook

PS as

PR and

the

both

ally

either

with

placoo

developed

of

had

affairs

towards

which
the

not

actions

Popular

the

critics

was

and

natural

harniony

howevert

Popular

persistent

President's
of

frow

Corda

antagonisms

politics

Despite
.
and

its

stem

first

Aguirre

were

not

the

well

only

he

foreign
In

as

the

officeq

policy

of

iwportune

secondly,
made

field

PS,

those

did

harmony
government

the

the

povernment
than

factors.

constantly
andq

comings.

long

of

did

Cerda

the

in

product

the

share

perhapaq

the

the

to

agreement

exceptq

posts

party
in

the

profound

of

Front

major

policy

(27)

play.
with

1941

April

government

power

obeying

discipline$,

in

resign

relations

by

'social

to

customary

Cerda's

Aguirre

to

opposition

Itinallyp

displeasure

restore

ministers

expressing

was

Pit

to

instructions

February.

in

cabinet
incurred

had

Bravo

Cerda's

Aguirre

tho

vehement
the

PGCh

frentista

President

to

Aguirre
to
and
ordor,
other

230
&
take

more

resolute

actioll

while

in

3eptember

19399

part

leastp

in

res1pnj
by
be

Socialists

of

to

able

for

to

PS's

criticism

duct

of

response
the
the

had

failed

ting

their

they

were

stration

from

so

adopt

the

with

1940,

the

Popular

to

in

its

deal

its

with

by

government

that

a policy
Using
in
Frontp

the

of

office

of

the

campaign

inconformistas

and

of
forget-

inconformista82-

PS should

of

seemed

which

PS leaders

leave

conditional

many

which

the

The

the

their

dissatisfied

and

accused

also

pressurese

administration

reforms

pro-

but

internal

ntinorityg
an

the

inadequaOies

T)rinciples,

argued

only

not

the

that

evident

fierce

to

futureq

the

became
was

of

radical

about

anti-frentistas
joining

would

policies

implement

failings

in

revolutionary

and

thein

replace

early

and

it

19399

influential

an

governmento(30)
the

of

compromised

called,

and

measures

participation

do

to

hopedp

was

firmer

PS leadership

bring

become

having

by

to

to

it

to

assessment

19399

of

ministers
to

government

government

the

party0s

unlikely

the

of

end

with

end

objective

an

roals

wanted

goals

1939

late

Front

(29)

the
of

who,
Front

take

to

opponents.

Towards

it

weipht

In

and

policies

ri, -ht-wing

By

because

the

its

instructed

Popular

urge

Popular

achieve

it

greater

press

PS continued

the

to

successo(28)

greater

Front

at

support
arguments
to

the

(28)

Consigni

(29)

Seeg for
PS manifestos
examplep
and
8-10-1939;
in Consigna
e5.11-1939;
-- 20.1.1940;
13-1-1940;
16.3.194o.

(30)

See Cesar
Godoy
Urrutla
(. iantiago,
3ocialismo?
(Santiaszo,
isivo
1940)
inconformistas.

admini-

towards
fashioned
the

prevent
sought

as

to

PS

oust

30.9-1939-

declarations
2.12.1939;

Is paniphlots
Adonde
va el
1939)
iriconformand (4uqg es el
6-f-the
for
tl-ie position

231
*
the

PS leadership

ber

1939-

Defeated

continued
in

pelled

attacks

April

1940.01)

With
even

the

in

served

the

all

to

short-comings

developed

the

had

the

PH and

Socialists

the

for

the

factor

in

PS

purge

control

of

of

the

PH
these

Radicals

Socialist

the

governmentle
left-

of

adoption

the

the

Radicals

Socialist

13.4.1940;
Consigna
Sees Jobet
El Partid
Ghelgn
and Alejandro
(T3uenos
Aires,
1967)
Sn1it.

for

for

had

been

and

Socialists

the

jinister

Cerda
posts

government

the
in

two

Health

office

of

carrying

Fomento

were
The

parties.

departments

of

and

place

distributed#

the

in

reformism

Apuirre

competed

of

PS always

The

bourgeois

After

which

differ-

the

PCCb.

the

ininister

harmony

the

were

for

between

functionaries

Radical

the

Front*

friction

constant

and

with

once

and

the

PH and

Popular
and

Cerda

Aguirre

the

struggled
the

the

of

accused

(31)
(32)

PS and
with

activities

source

his

continued

Nevertheleasp

press

contempt

had

inside

partisan

had

appointments

PR

of

indeedq

of

strongest

revolutionary's

officep

and

the

both

influence
took

the

between
they

ences

PS

the

policies,
Undoubtedly

of

1940.02)

bay

a policy

cabinets.

to

the

inconformistasg
to

ex-

created

in

criticisms

public

were

Urrutiag

Godoy

andq

Cerda'3

continued

and

the

governmentg

make

and

Trabajadores(PST)
of

Decem-

inconformistas

PS congressmeng

committed

Aguirre

PS continued

wing

firmly

in

by

five

de

the

in

held

PS leadership
Led

expulsion

more

participation

the

on

Socialista

Congress

Congresag

Included

who

Partido

became

at

PS

National
that

their

inconformistasq
the

the

at

out
under

of

30.4-1940.
0

jocialista
de Chile,
is
qjp3
Hojas
Trayactoria
de. 1 60ciallspio
for
PP97-101
accoullts
Of tile

232
a

the

under

the

own
of

business

do

to

Radical

party
binance

deliberately
by

Plinisters
the

two

ments;

the

Radicals

to

to

prowth

PS in

the

by

movement

of

unions.

(37)

unionsp

The

(33)
(34)
(35)
(36)
(37)

of

more

at

'unholy

the

prevented

adoption

teachers'

hostility

Socialists'
to

thn

or

personalist

towards
ceirentirip

to

particularly
trade

union

election

of

Sociall.

policies
railway

the
of

the

limit

the

in

and

accord-

resultedq

Socialist

of

terms

good

PS was

the

the

on

ned

co-operation

Close

largely

keep

The

climate

PR*s

thO

desi!

(36)

includint-

importance

of

timeg

alliance$

ut-

05)

political

particular

any

claimedg

and

to

their

doing,

relationshinp

which

influence.

it

whichg

number

of

Radical-Cotomunist

Officials

union

an

Socialist

of

annoyed

was

it

This

govern-

provincial

P.S was

determination

PR irrespective

Socialist
Frictions

creation

the

PR and

ivitnister

the

of

exampleg

the

in

PCCh.

PCChts

dominated

current
inp

the

of
the

with

the

with

relationship

the

Radical

fundso(34)
the

his

favoured

Intendente.

factor

between

work

for

Socialist

the

of

the

to

Iubleq

of

the

own

alleged

unduly

that

of

short
extended

additional

hostility

,product

them

parties

rid

get
An

of

sabotaeed

keeping

between

most

and

'his

sending

Socialists

'Education

appointments

by

(33)

of

IAinister
his

in

ministers

abroad.

channels

commercial

and

Radical

of

control

missions
that

diplontatic

normal

circumventin,,

-ood

in

workers'

PCCI,. g howeverg
rolations

(Santiago,
Palma Zdfliga
Pedro
Cerda
Luis
Afy,-uirre
1963)
La Rora 3-5-194o.
P159;
16.9-1939;
16.12.1939Consigna
16.2.1940
Ibid.
20.1.1940:
Ibid.
by Jobet.
Article
20.1.1940;
'O-'1-1940.
Ibid.
2 6.1.19 10;

st

233
o
Cerda

Aguirre

with

Ironically

enoughp
their

in

agreed

they

some

incidents

when

the

of

was

some

street

in

leaders
(CDN)

underhand
the

strong

pressure

once

which

increased

lead
PCCh's
and
acid

(38)
(39)

had

drastic
defence

the

the

the

j; ave
the

World
to

from

Russian

criticism

bedevil

Although
changes

of

the

from

the

in

the

the

gave

howeverg

outbreak
PCCh'a

Finland

PS -

and

the

brouGht
in

some

CDN but

the

the

two

PCCh

the

source

another

domestic

pact9

peace

-a

relations
of

both

of

of

PS-PCCh

of

factions.

1939

October

and

timeg

Nazi-Soviet

invasion

in

body

to

the

accept

warring

control

that
that

two

using

candidates

leaderships

political

By

to

into

split

of

their

of

union

executive

national

refused

peace

of

emerged

War.

election

Socialists

size

seatso(39)

friction

Second

CTCh

compromise

again

additional

the

trade

Socialists

the

leaders

union

and

secured

the

national

and

the

there

Socialists

Socialist

to

officers

on

1939P

and

and

'Accusing

ensure

Communist

which

of

to

results

parties

of

January

serious

the

did

war

not
the

policiesp
partition
forth

area3

occurred

ostensibly

Communists
a more

enIndeed.

conflict

in

Communist

election

antagonism

were

Coquimbo

and

warfaree

parties

yearg

same
between

methods

election

in

frequently

errors

and
open

PRe

PCCh

national

between

the

the

government's

from

two

the

with

rivalry

the

CTCh*(38)

CDN9

the

even

;Qighting

the

the

of

PS and

far

Thusq

of

over

the

and
of

developed

struggle

Only

local

terms.

July

conflict

of

never

were

leaderships

best

its

deep-seated

of

the

while

although

their

that

sured

was

appraisal

shortcomings9

to

than

of
a wave

helped

Frente
PUular
16.1-1939;
7.8-1939.
26.10--1939.
Ibid
The CDN was expanded
,a
bersq six of whom were Communists.

to

to

Poland
of
lead

16 mem-

234
o
to

(40)

parties.

Leaving
of

consideration

up

two

the

between
of

tinued

unabated

it
the

PCCh

were

not

in

victory

nor

it

accept

the

PCCh

did

invite

PCCh

1938

the

gave

on

cumstances

gramme
support

to
when

and
and

his

government

it

had

no

Armed

wish

Forcesq

intervenedirectly

(40)

(41)
(42)

he

sympathy

in

to

exacerbate

which

had

before

of

result
office
his

in

serve
(41)

be

would

Corda

needed

could

got

The
in

in

politics.

the

recent

Aguirre
in

Communist

at

means

Front

pro-

international
particiration

The

past

cir-

present

the

the

and

which

the

all

all

fears

1938

when

the

using

inadvisable.
the

the

reasons

of

high

government

that

were

for

frentista

and

And

dominant

play

implementation

be

would

in

to

the

Aguirre

con-

Corda.

ambitions

hot

cabinet

Hight

block

indeed,

Aguirre

clear

the

as

occasion

the

when

disposal

its

that

it

would

refused.

party

break-

tho

of

and,

Communist

it

formed

p overnment
,
would

1940

made

that

any

December
the

PCCh

elections

presidential

Cerda

by

The

hostilities

cause

between

relations

strained

office.

government

role

that

1940,

nrincipal

detailed

a more

1941.

July

until

seems

two

the

momento

during

December

in

Front

the

relations
were

parties

Popular

the

for

asideq

PS_PCCh

between

clashes

street

of

a recrudescence

PCOh

anxieties
prompted

added
of
them

that
the
to

(42)

9-9-1939;
16-9-1939;
5ee Consigna
30.9-1939
for
,
PS attacks
line.
PCChOs now international
on the
-11-1939
Frente
14-10-1939;
Popular
for
Jeeg
ac,
between
Socialists
of
street
counts
clashes
and
in Lota
Coitanunists
in which
differences
foreign
over
played
policy
a part.
Popular
Frente
7.10-1938;
10.12.1938.
10-12-1938.
Ibid.

235
*
o
Des, nite
the

and

cabinet
it

which
suggests

pave
that

the

to

According
the

of

Labour

top

the

and

Cerda

these

further

want

opponents
to

in

serve

Videla

states

sinceg

in
in

Chile,

tinue

to

support

he
the

Videla's

Gonza'lez
from

apart
of

cabinet

by

Comintern

sup-oort
Thus2

of

policy
havin,

j%rithout

Cerda's

Aguirre
narty's

form.

Py

Aguirre

by

office

the

and

hostile

the

Cerda

opposition

which

assured

to

(1+5)

1-)
i (I .p2.16.
11

representaPCCh

the

con-

wo"Id

its

not

ambitions

of

it

in

povernment

the

PCCh

recof-,

nised

Videla

the

of

cabinet

to

serve

hi-9debt

op.

cit-9

Socialists

the

deprived

PCC1h was

Cerda

Aguirre

thatt

thong
the

ate.,
of

rejection

"Yonzglez
n207-

decision

Cerda's

stiggests

for

pay

offer

publicly

Gabriel
fbids

('xonzilez

Comintern

cliik,

the

on

(43)
(44)

evidence
political

public
calling

not

categ-orically

Afuirre

or

did

lie

(45)

satisfied.

were

P(; Cho(44)

whether

for

ripht-winicr

the

that

of

Aguirre

that

PS had

assured

government

Ninistry
agencies

the

with

inter-

to

him

because

approved

been

had

a close

hysterical

already

conversations

was

government

firstly,

fully

ministerial

the

reports

witb

which

for

asked

procure

Videla

because

he

private

office

two

cabinet

that

tives

for

in

his

secondlyg

and,

refused

to

requests;

inflame

who

party

order

Gonzalez

rejected
to

in

positions

Communists*(43)

Videlaq
the

reasons

evidence
Cerda

Apuirre

timeg

Cerda

is

there

ask

in

serve

praiseworthyy

say

Gonzalez

that

at

Aguirre

with

cede

did

party

PCCh

to

not
decisiong

that

to

refusal

ptiblic

convincingg
for

positions.
ally

PCCh's

the

and

Communist

of

traditional

manner.

to

office
nosts

Ole

were

P(jCV,
matters

in

his

governmentq

to

the

PC Ch
k,

I,

p26.

while

236
.
o
in

Cornmunistst

the

the

of

realities
it

capital

If

from

for

reasons

there

no

was

notion

that

tbe

profit

from

its

association

responhibility

for

avoid
discontent

PCCh

those

which

even

though

could

be

Labour

this

that

given

that

union

influenceg

there

is

no

evidence
of'

counter-proposal
since
in
that

he

the

failed

also

public
he

(47)

the

PCCh

did

not

want
it

asked

in
would

to

that

to

tile

seenis

it

wanted

suggest

sensitive

give

the
it

PCCh
unlikely

in

PCCh
seems

of
since,
trade

for

struggle
to

bound

Cerda

made

ministry

and

indeed,

to

reasonable

tho

of

share

proper

at
PCCh

But

object*

Aguirre

it

lioweverg

response

be

the

unfounded

Plinistry

the

government,
that

an

seems

happened*

the

the
to

capiLaliso

cause

for

(46)

successeso

regime's

what

Socialists

a less

because

a negative

elicit

administrationg

iince

(46)

effect,

Importance
the

cabinetq

inovitably

in

ministry's

arn

and

PCCh's

irrelevant.

in

failures

its

the

serving

the

with

to

specifically

office

would

was,

argued

of

darker

on

made

office

cabinet

refused

political

the

that

have

possibility

what

make

the

,nised

self-sacrifice.

commentators

refusinp

real

to

suggests

also

sorne

which

of

a gesture

roco!

office,

sout-ht

and

evidence

same

speculations
'real#

rejecting
situation

could
The

cabinet

posts

Suppose

all.

(47)

had

any

real

in Latin
Communism
Seeg for
Alexander
example,
jI. J.
Cabero
Alberto
America
cit.
P335op.
p192;
for
the
P.','Ch's
Halperin
'rnst
suggests
reason
another
Third
in
to
residual
participate
cabinet
refusal
the
towards
Period
with
repupnance
collaboration
in
Chile
Communism
Nationalisiti
bourgeoisie.
and
;79-2.
1965)
(iass-,
The same objection
to
applios
in any
the
ti, eory
his
eventg
since
narty
accepandq
Front
difficulty
the
little
it
ted
strategY
with
that,
had
boon
conditions
unlikely
other
seems
ii, ore
found
have
the
would
SLICII feelintrs
Y)arty
propiti6usq
1939.
table
in
in
surujoun
obstacle
an

237
o
expectation
it

that

able

eventq

the

while
its

receiving

In

relations.
1939

April

moratorium

on

bad

which
1938

organi3ation

increased

parties

considerably.

agreed$

with

of

labour

in

though

production.

(50)

supporters

to

del

Trabajo

the

j:)erspective

difficulty
told

a popular

(48)
(49)
(50)

and

there

to

More

generally,

their

labour
them

whether

or

government

no

excuse

was

the

the

field

the

the

consider

not

they

in

for
power

and

of

PCCh

October

PCCb
of

also
a

series
to

some

paid

increasing
on

called

all
causod
trade

from

conflicts
the

government

unionists

should,

Videla
Gonzalez
19
o* cit
p216.
.
Po131.1lar 5.4-19'39:
Frente
lbid3.4.1939;
14.4.1939;
14.5-1939.

its
C6difro

the

strikes
they

activity

after

within

illegal

solutions
and

conflicts

to

an

creation

problems

to

requestag

the

peaceful

ti-e

of

right-wing

1939,

moreoverg

embarrassmont.
was

and

industrios

of

muchl

exhorted
of

or
that

keep

gave

unionag
inonths

find

to

a number

not

govern-

agreed

the

early
to

designed

conflicts

attentiong

in

In

PS)

peasant

reservationag

tribunals

special

of

09)

minor

the

with

landowners

allrmed

sense

PCCh

Cerda's

Aguirre

spectacularly

had

in

marked

to

(together

the

no

support.

response

FCCh

any

not

the

the

year

particularly

the

which

and

was

at

annoyed

towards

that

during

ambiIn

postsq

attitude

unconditi6nal

support

been

its

(48)

administrative

its

indeedp

its

This

in

of

share

havinp

claimed.

have

iwprob-

seenis

also
at

has

well

may

party

1939

government

labour

Videla

characterised

during

the

aggrieved'

Gonzalez

proper

gtievance

ment

IT,)rofoundly
as

it

officog

government

was

tt, warted

tions

of

high

of

were

now
if

that
possible,

238
.
s
avoid

striking

efforts

of

1939

in

the

PCCh

in

than

from

increased

government

was also

industrial

peace

its

the
ties
goals

of

its

in

the

it

July

vigour

and

elsewhere
from

precipitate

action

by wryly

congratulating

the

party

to

its

uncritical

were

the

government.

the

PCCh for

final

the

after

govern-

inconformistas
demanding

(53)
having

Front

months

the

of

demagogically

who

activi-

repeated

were

the

attack

urge

Popular

criticisms

to

to
the

with

in

But

to

support

pursue

which

mild

began

(53)

began

deal

to

and

the

favourable,

eackings.

19399

525

to

maintaining

grant

entirely

(54)

1939.

August

to

not

calls

in

part

unconditional

steps

disputes

1938

in

was

firmer

PCCH dropped

PS and

its

opponents

entirely

almost

the

19399

take

increased

with

19399

gave

right-wing

Ariostazo

ment
in

to

its

play

employers

PCCh

In

performance.

of

the

the

labour

strikes

Howeverp

unnecessary

avoid

during

government

to

expected

of

1939. (52)

in

workers)

fewer

workers)

the

of

were

number

489078

by persuading

Although

a result

as

there

the

although

and to

government

PS

(involving

1049048

of

248

wage increases

the

and

1938p

(involving

the

Partly

altogethero(51)

The

PS replied
an

acquired

'admirable

spirit

the

PS was

openly

(51)

Ibid.

22.4.1939;

(52)

See Appendix
The
years.
Estadfstica

(53)
(54)
(55)

Frente
Popular
8-11-1939;
11,12*1939*
19-7*1939;
Ibid.
28.8-1939.
4.11-1939.
28.8.1939;
Ibid,
See also
the resolutions
X1 National
of the PCCh's
Conigresal
December
1939 Por la Pazt ]or nuevas
del
Frente
victorias
(-SPopular
iago)
p18.

when

(56)

Consigna

of

resignationt.

(56)

predicting

that

JZ6 for
statistics
Chilenag

2.12-1939-

Thus#
the

Nazi

at

a time

Soviet

pact

25.12.1939strikes
on
March

during
the
Aguirre
labour
disputes
come
1939
and May 1940.

Carda
from

239
.
the

and

dramatic
had

which
the

of

revision

of

spectacle

internal

of

the

to

international

was

give

it

its

dueg

Accordinp
like

First,,

the

imperialisuisq
of

port
classes

neither
the

nort

of

that

the

tern

predicted

in
&

class

of

parties

of'

apgainst

this

*predatory

the

of

the

wart

the

war

bourgeoisie

arid

and

the

untrustworthy

with

the

to

the

communist

to
to

stru-F.

had

final

analysisp

by

shown

in
their

t, ey
for

le

liqtiidate

reformists

these

allies

As

follow.

firstlyq

and

Comin-

increase

shnrp

aave

secondlYq

st, ip-

enstire
The

sup-

rulinpr

rht

woiild

tasks,

since
in

to

democrats

social

thatq

lead

or

the

conflict.

Comintern

major

movementq

class
for

port

two

world

warg

revolution
the

analysis,

the

influence

workinp

of

-onisms
this

that

competing

syli, patby

sou!
the

of

would

war

and

tile

War,

World

contraryq
in

brunt

the
the

that

anta?

result

the

bore

workers

PCOhq

the

betweon

reformistst

and

response

diroctton

that

Second

tile

the

in

not

dispuise.

desorved
On

by

which

rivalry

of

response

rivals

in

the

embroiled

democrats

in

policies

to

attempt

classes.

the

critical

fnct

-a

which

nations

social

very

oroduct
of

working
tt-ose

of

inaction

Cominterng

the

was

its

its

the

to

condemned

and

revision

no

with

considerable

enemies

policy

made

presented

nartly

took

of

Comintern

of

product

to

events,

whicbg

PCOh

its

dumbfounding
dramatic

was

that

Ln

increasingly

the

Although

in

PS

a
becoming

was

government.

proceeding

with

and

Chile

produce

similar

energetically

which

pressuresq

satisfactton

to

PCCh

would

policies

19359

early

critics

government*s
to

in

occurred

PCCh's

the

War

World

Second

the

of

outbreak

the

ii, pre

the
siiptools

24o
.
(57)

proletariat.
the

return

orientation

those

in

whichl

countries

partiesy

including

applying

the

of

warghad

chances

nationa

be

able

butq

they

successful*
resources

of

Comintern

manded

no

drastic

was
Chile

nothing
and

that

conditional
there

(57)

(58)

were

of

movements

for
been

had

imperialists

in

changes
it

the

did

overall
to

serve

fact

that

the

goal

less

than

the

economic

of

the

support
also

World
Frente
festo
Ibid.

this

PCCh

of

from

liberation

its

because

partly
tive3

the

have

imperialist

the

the

of
they

which

advent
to

seemed

econoto

needed

for

powerful

to
the

News and
Viewst
Popular
4.11.1939
for
7th
November

war

of

strategy

or

in

the

redirect

the
and

away

government.

domestic

reorien-

outbreak

concern
move

the
the

factors

atten-

party's
strategy

transformation

social

tutelage

fundamental

from

the
by

pushing

of
it

and

with

But

de-

domestic

Front

Popular

imperialist

renewed

began

thong

concerned,

after

policy

Howeverg
to

the

with

movements

support

PCCh was

the

as

tation

tion

continue

would

path

the

political

to

These

war.

So far

policies.

only

these

once

(58)

and

the

deprive

would

and
the

prosecute

block

to

liberation

national

Not

success*

of

less

whichg

significance

added

acquired

strategy

demo-

social

and

liberation,
instructed

re-

semi-colonial

and

were

PCCh9

of

class

this

reformists

national

Front

Popular

greater

mic

for
the

colonial

with

alliance

struggling

were

cratss

in

parties

had

which

one
frok

excluded

marked

war

those

However,

Period*

specifically

was

party

communist

to

similar

policies

Third

the

during

prevailed

line

hard

to

the

theng

Comintern

the

For

was
objec-

policy

of

early

1940t

the

PCCh

llell-1939*
Londong
See
the
Cominternts
where
was re-printede

un-

in

alsol
mani-

124
o
a

direction.

si. milar

Iront

the

the

IF3

se-med
towards

modation

the

PCch's

the

PC,:;]-! had

was

attitude

had

,7overnment

to

policies.

Rut
the

since
c red

it

the

PCCh

If

was

the

the

few

of

-,overnment

it, f'l
losini),

i-onls.

Lou,, I-)(Illod

which

]. ')31)1

J'uriw

restraint,

imlustrLal.

of'
was

wearini,

achievements

to

a ry
In

pround

su re s

pres

incotiformisLas

Front
thin
its

i! ic rp. aq e(l

trnde

the

Lhe

onable

iniplementation

at ion

accom-

Front

of

argument

was

an

opponentsq,

woulcl

concrete

9a9

ttie

contaltiLw-

this

militant

more

ii

the
Front

Pootilar

for

support

unconditional
-e

attacks

have

forced

the

come

to

uniOn
inside

both

rally

the

Popular

to

check

its

drift

in

general

-ient

continued

to

policiesy

tile

tle
-

-,7ove. rnwent
indeedg

into

govermient

arranLTei,

an

it

upon

to

Aipht

witi,

had

es

in

the

: obruary

of

clian,

(-overriment.

thaL

i, ront

nrid

1-3.

iii. plement

sava!

early

1'ooular

pressure

sticcess

1940,

Oan. -'er

lithoux,

t'he

toi,,,, xrcts

ahead

its

while,

codLlition

sacrifice

powerful

worknrs

the

that

total

the

cliallonped

cabinet

wit)-i

Left

Lhe

boLb

from

in(ILeation
L00ation

more

urthe

tl-)e

to

movement
outside

by

in

the

tt-. e

of'

survival

from

of

rity
retreat

considerable

Press

very

iticonformistas

another

government

and

intef,

woan

1)y nersuading

unrest

the

accoiiii,,

would

tliere

i,oreoverq

dan, c_,,
ers

the

clear

an

which

',)y

particular,

lie

to

e,

Leftq

and

the

tiii,

p:overnment's
in

andq

19109

by

On

ttie

the

"tightg

objectives

to

tI)reatened

the

of'

unity

inovin!

be

-, ight.

the

and

on

to

seemed

that

7, y

the

with
Front

parties

towards
and

i, 'Jffht.

the
the

illi, -ht
Jociedacl

ned

tiather

around
by

accompanied

not

tactics

Oeterml.

more

the

could

only

efforts
the

PCCh

to
souj+t

government

virulently

Nacionnl

from

retreat

party's
was

stich

tiie povernmont

exhort

attacking
de

Ax,ricuTtura

and

242

( j, qA)

bastion

the

on

Lwo

his

of

Indeedg

they

two

for

PCCh

the

It

the

strikes

and

that

development

(59)
(6o)
(61)
(62)
(63)

ti-ere

law.
of

problems

of

it
there

(63)
labour
increasinf,

the

was

no

PCCh

unrest.,

was
be

PCCh

also

need

to

and
Perhaps

the

task

to

SNA as

res-

to

no

kept
began

more

ominous

,
r production

again,

thatq

for

to

passive

they

the

Once

illegal

should

PCCh
should

for

its

tell

not

face

in

the

be

combative

the

future

argued

also

C6dIC2

the

within

that

relationst

to

insist

place

be

begran

industrial

continued

should

71ut

PCCh

a full-scale

unleash

conflicts

deficiencies

government
the

not

signaturest

the

tile

that

industrial

regimep

(62)

Trabajo.

within

the

that

toog

contraryq

present

supporters
of

did

PCCh

although

and

(61)

time

towards

On the

offensive.

del

this

at

condernninf-

countryside

defended

and

and

64A. 960)

the

their

newspaper)

Fovern-

landowner

of

took

inatitution.

attitude
the

howevert

the

withdraw

attitudes

was

its

change

under

government

the

a manifesto

in

to

governiziont,

by

a wealthy

members

tryinp,

the

received

signed

unrest

forced

professional

pectable

were

up

stirring

totalitarian

its

well
was

had

from

as

Al t 1)ou ,,h

deliberately

of
away

himself

ministers

(the

NaciOn

PC(; h

not

ministers

eventually

were

for

SiA were

Radical

the

the

(59)

partioularo.

discontent

class

Presi(lent

the

since

accused

the

in

ied

idetitif

popularly

association

Olil-archy

workinf,

attacks

juent

La

of

channel

its

tt-e

inconformistas

some
to

lan(jowners

the

be

that
solved

Seeg for
Frente
18.2.1940;
Popular
28.4.
examplet
for
two savage
on the
attacks
(Santiago)
Trabajo
for
6ee
3-5-1940
the
inc0iiform.
ista,
allegatiorl.
ra-7acion
28.2.1940.
25.4.194o;
Pormlar
Irente
15). 2.1, )4o.
2.2-1)40;
15 -2- 19'A Ibid.

ig4o

243
.
o
at

the

increases

which

result

the

PCChIs

was

not

of

conflicts
to

the

same

period

were

no

had

most

early

the

way

strikes

the

bread

these
by

the

as

(64)
(65)
(66)

(67)

rir,, ht-wing

Frente

PCCh
its

1940

not

appear

Santiago

during

in
as

Popular)

enemies

to

not

affected
the

PCCh's

opprobrium
guilty
claimed,

the

all

of

launching

it

wasq

in

But

major
to

CTChq

case

the
generalq

the

of

is,

that

newsexcept

newspapers
find

did

1940

April

a prompt
(67)

inconformistas.

of

and

newspaper

the

the

efforts
the

avail-

accusations.
by

in

to

allegations

and

Rightls

the

if

(by

prepare

a bill

of

the

March

and

to

attempt

support

supported

PCChq

the

during

unrest

19409

strikes

the

factt

an

campaign

Moreover,

to

PCCh

the

industrieso(65)

July

(66)

PCCh.

(which

was

in

two

well

the

in

the
there

that

where

labour

up

during

been

mounted

probably

the

wereq

earned

stirring

substance

give

PS as

parties

during

strikes

noting

nitrate

and

According

fewer

worth

net

industrial

activity.

industries

partiesp
in

strikes

tion
the

do

strikes

paper
for

outlawing

to

the

presentationg

workers)

appear

in

the

towards

had

wage

of

But

there

also

coal

for

of

months
the

is

granting

(64)

were

than

it

the

strike

there

right-wing

POCh

statistics

able
of

the

the
the

Congress

of

1940

and

influenceq

for

attitude

of

1939

serious

Nevertheleasp

the

changing

an upsurge

months
of

denouncing

demand.

statiaticso

six

by

rather

expand

would

available

first

the

but

expense

workers'

labour
less

Carlos
Contreras
Labarca
La conspiraci6n
_
(Santiago)
del
enemigos
eb ruary
pueblo
See Appendix
(; for
details.
strike
Sergio
See,
Fernandez
Tra icign
Larrafn
'
'I
for
the
pP13-151
speeches
congressional
principal
architect.
17.3-1940.
Trabajo

soluif

offensive
willing

do 105
1940-9-plo.
(Santiagog
of

the

1941)
bill's

244
.
*
to

influence

its

use

to

enough

was

alone

to

which

the

placed

President
Soviet

pactp

policyq

was

European

cooled

the

place

Buts

(68)
(69)

(70)

it

neutral
complete

additional
in

the

the

longer

of

with
for

rung

Cerda

Comintern

war

Frente
Popular
28.10-1939.
The PCCh most certainly
did
the government
attack
after
Soviet
pact as James Petras
Forces in Chilean
and Social
1969) p124.
Frente
Popular
20.11,19399

it

did

had

not
the

with
declared

which

neutrality

policy
the

had

-a

(68)

foreign

PS,

Aguirre
war

also

enabling

towards

relations

the

were

ho3tile.

party's

supporting
the

laws

the

the

USA

the

openly

of

by

they

towards

as

greater

giving

attitude

since

outset

and

neutrality

the

PCCh
were

than

became

the

and
the

opponents

attitude

on

USA

19399

Allies

Nazi

foreign

Soviet

were

the

the

of

democracies

hostilecontempt

accord
reason

the

PCCh's

strain

between

the

Uerman

Alliesp

Indeedq
at

affairs

with

repealed

the

the

(69)

government.

the

of

immediate

an

in

USA

reversal
earned

affairs

the
to

foreign

August

against
PCChI9

arjus

over

newspapers

The

after

supply

While

PCCh

propaganda

andp

to

the

Cerda.

towards

their

as

Aguirre

signing

European

this

and

with

the

after

the

that

Germany.

to

disposed

unrest

relations

accordance

fluts

yearg

to

apainst

an

in

favourably

that

of

Chile

Prior

PCChq

perfidious

and

coverage

was

the

on

strain

PCCh.

discovered

nasty

it

was

differences

democracies.

swiftly

end

relations

#reater

the

and

strain

it

Boweverg

industrial

contain

the

Covernuient.

consequences

not suddenly
the signing
in
sui; gests
Development

PCCh

had

(70)
which

sorely

begin to
of the Nazi
Politics
(Berkeley,

5.
24
&
strained
first

the

the

place,

fuelled

which

to

reluctant
European

the

marketsq
the

on

pendent
and

economic

the

difficulties

only
Chile

caused

by

creasingly

dependent

on

dependence

both

threat

as

reform

to

which

by

political

Outp
Cerda
the
they
and

USA met

and

military

the

USA

the

were
(71)
(72)

driftine

deal

of
PCCh's

of

the

for

US

parties

diplomatic
on

and

Werican

and
the

the

states

OcOnOmics
PCCh

the

continentv

hostillLy

its

had

conference
threats.

(71)

aid,

Aruirre

economic
were

suoport

attacks

war,

the

*subversive$

need

the

co-ordinato

that

with

It

since

fundamental

any

participation

evident

this

regarded

Interests*

to
of

in-

became

into

sucked

conference

Havana

frentista

other

and
USA

to

prepared
co-operation

both

rive
and

reprebensLble

(72)

embarrassing.
Thusq

t, e

overcome

nentralityg

economic

Chile's

thile's

a measure

found

in

became
to

recognising
and

US

7oo7raphic

to

Chile

PCCh

of

defence
to

resolutions

heinj

was

when

the

it

Chile's

de-

needed

the

to

traditions]

increasLn-ly

Fhusq

and

increasingly

Cbilefs

It

war.

living

of

a'position

help

UQ

cost
was

cnuntry

implementation

1940,

when

the

PCCh

in

two

affect

hostile

openly

increased
taken

July

the

diffic-

economic

closinp

nower

the

UM

the

might

In

called

the

obstacle

an

was

as

that

evident

was

by

made

rive

to

war
the

USA9

the

which

In

Cerda.

the

in

rises

Second,

contain.

Aruirre

and

Chile's

and

unrest

worker

POM

exacerbated

war

unemployment

causing

ulties

tho

between

relations

by

July

rapidly

1940,

apart

22-7-1940.
Ibid.
6-7-1940;
Gonjigna

the

for

La

PCCh

and

tine

both

domestic

hora

23.7-1940.

Vovernment

and

international

246
.
&
reasons.

Indeedg

privately

that

his
the
it

link

solving

the

Sinister

of
to

gation

the

havana

lead

to

his

in

conference
ternal

most

be
ber

ance

by
its

with

no

Cerda

ings.

(73)
(74)

(75)

July

the

in

PS

1940p

Aguirre

which

the
or
had

sacrifices

parishl.
be

to

PGCh

greeted

F011 FO 371/24182
A
Halifax
Lord
dated
Cabero
Alberto
o.

lopu-lar_
Erente
1.
o perecemos

cit-

11-7.1,940.

to
Decemthe

without
the

in

thati,
so

accord-

the

the

had

government

or

Aguirre

Cerda's

unnecessary

despatch

econothat

serious

kroduction

strikes

2389/
J/9,
1-0-7-1940.

(74)

appeared

between

were

and

P615

cooler.

(75)
made

the

relations.

1941

announced
faced

the

of

of

somewhat
grew

Cerda

indefinite

countenance
the

they

country

ignorant

until

relations

in-

another

one

Narch

until

fluctuated

general

yet

survived

19409

December

lorgranise

Although

and

him-

Sinister

Front

coalition

form

and

but

events

to

the

Cerda

ps-pCCh

Popular

dele-

internaLional

been

on

dis-

Chilean

Schnakep

have

the

of

1940p

and

difficulties

longer

days

Socialist

provoke

of

would

the

Socialist

have

cannot

towards

imoortant

to

appointment

original

July

Aguirre

increasedg

PR9 he

the
July

an

wisbina

anti-communists,

in

had

to

However,

Aguirre

a junior

of

step

the

Although
of

not

of

the

Between

Chile

lead

of

In
mic

to

impact

1940

PCChq

Schnakey

the

numbered

PS.

Oscar

delegation

Although

one
chose

selection

terms

take
be

in

noted

did

because

PCCh. (73)

PGCh when

squabble

probable

he

with

association
action

the

outlaw

conference.

Chilean

the

PCCh's

takinj

declared

Cerda

the

with

justified

self

from

that

Fomentog

thA

end

to

likely

highly

Aguirre

monthq

prevented

was

determination

night*s
seems

to

he wanted

but

regime

t4at

durinp

to
would
sack-

declarations

Ieritinck

to

P354.

anif

estog

10 organizamos

he

247
*
with
of

anprovalp

reserved
the

effects

Vinister

on

yearg

railway

However,
applauded

the

which

threatened

tion

the
it

Session

the

of

19409

PCCh

the

blanket

CC9 held

in

late

for

and
was

dominated

forwards

the

it

declaredg
only

to

oligarchical

(76)
(77)
(78)

the

of

Front

the

for

would
extent
nolicies.

for

PCCh

elements

and

the

to

movement

and

to

for

society
had

continue
that

it
! be

press
and

In

to

the

sunport

pursued
FCCh

jonular
Frpnte
18.8.1940;
15-11-1940.
4.10.1940.
u
LbLd-

to

tho

claimcdq

the

81

Agio

the

the

PCCh
but
and

to

direc-

fundamental

government

promised

way

only

which

future,

deal

reformist

anti-imperialist
also

of

conquer

economy

promised.

October

failure
both

peasants

Plenary

policy

the

governmentg

reorientn-

early

its

being

as

as

and
industrial

former

and

programme

oftcina

Ninth

and

workers

Chile's

vigorously

of

the

At

and

allies

The

it

process

its

(76)

strike.

tovards

September

pro-reactionary

popular

transformations
Popular

its

(78)

for

the

povernment
of

by

was
of

the

leaders

1940-07)

line

1940.

itself

criticised

vacillations

opportunistic.

tion

early

support
the

with

in

that

increased

completed

begun

had

to

October

firmer
a

take

formally

PCCh

which

to

keep

nitrate

difficulties

economic

to

the

actions,

over
in

the

in

threatened

taking

1940,

later

against

these

closure

witb

began

government

unrestg

for

used

had

condemned

povernment

Chile's

As
the

PCCh

Aup"st

while

was

which

unions

the

while

was

law

themselves

made

carabineros

aritators'

security

workers'

the

some

when

policies
In

instructed
Ilabour

internal

now

relations.

Interior

vigilance
the

labour

ho3tile

onenly

government's

of

the

of

strict

of

field

the

in

felt

the

of

became

it

work

17-10.109,

antifor

of

unity
stated
of

the

that

the

workers

Plenum

was

the

the

after

extent

leastg

shortcominfs

and

PS cynically

tudes

were

congressional

tista

growing
few

the

PCCh's

the

strike

there

was

just

PCCh9s

fast

between

the

PCCh

outside

of

the
the

with

militant

atti-

that

the

the

1941

iiarch

the

other

harder

line

clear
and

dismis3ed

Sayor

Valparafso,

his

post

Communists

unrest

After
as

the
A

Valparafso

of
the

workerso(81)

and

government.

between
from

of

signs
the

fren-

WeOtatelY

both

Communist

importance

industrial

to

some

more

resolutionso
wore

of

to

alsog

movement

nor

by

there

the

the

approachinpe(80)

alarmed

Plenum,

by

as

froverrintent

Plenum

Ninth

The

However,

fact

the

struggle

reaction

class

Plenum

electricity

upsurge

to

was

government.

the

the

Ninth

was

of
an

due

unduly

link

administration)
Verde,

the

were

the

after

official

legal

(79)
(80)
(81)

the

also

of

before

only

naguna

product

of

outq

estrangement

days

(the

war

working

the

of
(79)

but

the

the

allq

initiated

of

neither

tone
and

process

pointed

seemed

parties

before

the

outbreak

elections

aggressive

of

of

Although

vanguard

conditions.

failures

nrobably

the

and

inside

discontent

genuine

the

the

strikinply

pay

culmination

Comintern
at

better

of

most
to

go

would

party
for

PS an0,

the

with

action

248

PC=

while

and
In
Il-

led

an

the

Pleniiiii

Communist

labour

Ibide
9.11.1940.
Consigna
Pachecol,
T), p iayorj
been
had
the
object.
of con-Pedro
from
Socialist
for
rng-dores
stant
attack
and other
lack
of attendance
at
council
mor.-tingsq
porsecution
on non-Cojimunist
inunici-)al
workers
profl!
atid
tise
)-, tte
'_;oletfnv,
do VaLp; irafso
of' funds.
ttn1cir)a1
(); 7
U) J,7.
27.5.19'4,
'it
ro'r
8-'q ()'to ""11
Pacheco
the
claijitedp
was orobably
tha
victim
of
7en,
deLerioracion
boLwven
eral
of
rolations
A-1111'ro
Cerda
P;
N. 1.1.19., 40.
the
ihl. e.
;h;
-IIId
jo 0
una
;hile,
advertoncia
for
amoricana
or)103-1-07
an
lw;ifuria
Virdfi
of' the
account
strilce.

24,
)
.
.
leaders
in

were

the

In

during

November
for

industrial

unrest

sent

to

the

bark

on

strike

kept

their

.Plenuing

the

FCCh

to

Coalfields

held

January

particularly

in

Valparafso,

unleashina

series

AlthouA,
num

Schnake's
fire

tried

to

to

in

the

a foreign

labour

(82)
(83)

(84)

(85)
(06)

and

expect

to

the

60cialist

December,

P6

a brief

provoked
and

the

and

foreign

to

PCGh

by

1941,

that

the

that

of

inside

remain

minister
eruption

publicly

policies.

its
the

condemninj-,

of
come

the

PUCh
of

allies

not
and

coalition
"ealth,

united
to

PS boaan

could

maintain
the
and

in

Salvador

polemics
the

Plo-

had

Idea

the

public

Tenth

&Lnth

when

the

PCCh

of
of

CC's

(which

to

they

defence

reasonod

groups

om-

(84)

at

sharply

Aovember

forcep

different

policy

government

the

in

not

actions.

aid

reacted

Socialist

increasing

with

Allende,

it

moreover,

were

precipitately

alarm

US economic

obtain

local

to

al-I(II,

loaderss

labour
for

undue

no

itself

Plenum)j

over

win

actiono(85)
argue,

PS showed

confining

efforts

under

early

the

the

at

strike

PS

that

and

condemned

ill-prepared

of

resolutionsl

were

did

miners

of

a nuiiiher

of

leaders

labour

woreoverp

,,

the

PAq

prenaration

(83)
191419

in

due

I)egan

ur)surg

the

the

com-

winers

The

that

ensure

legal.

conflict

(82)

governnient,

without

action

coal

Comtiunist

stitice

prmsidericy

the

south,

well.

as

serious

Corda's

fund.

alarmed

the

apparentlyg

the

strike

first

A,,Tuirro

in

andq

money

collect

'rho

heads.

their

flelds

nitrate

menced
to

pivo:,

betwoen

Communistsl

(86)

El Si, -l_o 10,11.1940;

23-11-191PO.
Police
reported
Ocampo
ialvador
to
making
a speech
this
in Lota.
effeCt
Archivo
Direcci(Sn
General
del
Frovidericiasq
Trabajoi
1)41,
'iOl-11,
110-31999
-ef9.12
OaLed
30.1-19141.
iLl 6i4lo
5peech
by
humherto
Abarca.
.

La -ritica
Gonsi-lia
"I

(janLiago)
74.11.1940;

J. 10.1940;
Consip'na 9.11.19140.
W.
(Val---La Union
"I"anso)
7.1?. 1940;

--

250
.
*

tbe

PC-Ch

sip

ned

return

to

towards

outlaw

PCCh

Chileg

the

frentista

the

of

claimed
ironing

out

produce

an

to

agreement

the

all

Neverthelesst
furious

attack

PCCb.

Declaring

speak

behalf

on

a friend
the

PS and

on

PS,

PCCh

losinp

responded
and

Socialist
unawares
tiong

or
by

like

leaders
by
Scbnake

the

tenor
was

delivered

the

the

PS

of

minute

Grove

(who

had

evidently

Scbnakels

intransiment.

speech)
(90)

In

for

action

of

Front

other
the

coaliby

efforts

to

ex-

either

in

remain

last

to
itself

Althouph

some

the

consider

choice

to

riobt

any

to

were

of

on

and

PS. (89)

the

PS. (RB)

Schnake

liberty

with

accertable
the

or

reclaimed

exhorting

there

although

classes

Front

the

parties
tion

Schnake

no

to

managed

was

had

in

successful

includinr

longer

PCCh

the

even

International

PCCh

workinR

presented

cluding

Oscar

the

respect

so

had

12th,
several

laterp

wbich
-

15tho

the

the

of

the

coalition

to

been

they

pror-ress

taken

little

policy

Communist

that

the

of

the

some

December

had

PCCh

the

de-

Schnake's

rriade

he

had

foreign

the

of

to

on

that

PS

weastire

(87)

that

December

on

had

parties

on

members

parties

and

Decemberg

early

prior

P3

the

rirht-winfr

and

differences

their

in

indeeds

pact

frentista

the

tle

persuade

Front

Popular

that

for

andp

to

initiatives

successful

1940,

PR announced

the

of

of

differences.

their

settling

terms

vote

the

President

the

to

between

coolness

months

refused

congressmen
to

final

the

in

increasing

the

Despite

been
save

January

caupht
the

1941,

coalithe

(87)
(88)

7.12.1940.
El :ii-lo
13-12-1940;
Ibid.

(89)
(90)

16.12.1940.
Aenort
La Oora
on Schnake*s
speech.
20.12.1940
Mpuerols
Seep 81 Siglo
La Izand Haul
(Santiago,
1969)
en punto
quierja
muerto
piqT
nrove
the
to knoo
the
Front
PS in
made efforts
the
""til
December.
1940;
APlo
24.1?.
it
30.12.
end of
ig4o.

14.12.1940;

21.12,1940.

231

delevates

Socialist
the

later

least

at

survived

Front

very

seems
ciation

to

for

nay

In

Althoufrhq

on

authorities
from
to

the

in

14th

both

consistent
Party

subversive

were

also

nowerful

domestic

The

PCCh's

was

accelerating

PsIs

and

when

Furthermorep

approaching.

own

reasons

for

time

the

P.S was

the

trentment
re-soluthere

action.
a direct

the

cost
were

elections
wearied

US

however#

were
when

congressional

loans

recent

6chnake's

policies

at

Communism

Conference

Secondly,

influence

U-S

the

from

insistence

havana

line

superiors

industrial

(93)

hard

increasinfrly

his

of

any

its

with
with

and

on

the

an

the

by

that

appears

favoured

PCCh

support

reported

Chile

helped

had

Schnake

to

asso-

which

price

elimination

such

PGCh1s

the

the

sponsoring

threats.

to

the

It

Firstlyp

the

some

'it

the

destroy

of
of

have

would

con,, ressional

him?

which

who

on

tions

threat

to

given

that

before

US Communist

decide

part

Santiago

Pioreoverl

was

1941

aid

also

Insisting

(92)

Chilel.

the

is

-overnment

Front

notsurprisinglyg

December
are

government
of

US economic

Ambassador

London

was

(91)

Schnake's

biarch

termination

the

little

action.

the

with

along

and

without

PCChp

the

PS go

it

of

the

government
the

liberty

Schnake

that

exrlanationq

3ritish

did

Front

that

after

the

the

negotiate.

this

attacks

on

nrobable

with
to

likely

th"

did

why

and

hipbly

until

Whyq

elections*

bad

his

and

ultimatum

its

reclaimod

seems

the

from

withdrew

PR also
it

by

the

of

living
fast

PCCh's

(91)

%l

(92)

Charles
despatch
FOR FO 371/25876
A 283/2,93/99
Orde
14.1?. 1)40.
dated
to Lord Halifaxt
(June
Smith
1940)
Act
Act(()ctojAie
and the Voorhis
forcod
the '-, j ComwunisL
Party
her 1940)
to Jillit
its
to
citizeris
LIie
aod made 11"',: 9 wLL'i
i, e, obershij)
ille,
Comintern
al.
)oeq 1,1.,6.1, oster
ti. LstoX
of tile
UiA ( ew
Goroami, sL Pti-ty
1
of te
p-jj?.

(93)

7.1-1941;

16.1

1941
.
.

252

to

efforts
in

defiance

tion

of

war

PS leadership's

on

the

PCCbq

it

purposes.
it

and

aid

of

the

allowed

dissatisfaction

with

the

bank

the

Fronts

file

and
the

the

If
troying
to
had

Schnake

given

to

keop

Pii

into

the
an

Schnake
did

Cerda*s

Aguirre
were

1940

Cerdaq
and

aid

simply

ally

into

first

with

the

Cbilefs

the

embarrassing

opportunity.

that
the

confrontation

with

(94)

La liora
CP-rcla.

1-3.1.941.

any
in

ralliod
by

the

'unholy

breaking
alliblow

a mighty

to
not

towards

from

liability

the

PCCh

Letter

an

for
if

be

Cerda

froto

disi,
did
this

ichnake

Front

the

to

For
during

policies

a usefulq

since

Cerda-(94)

identical*

need

to

Aguirre

end

he

time

Aguirre

tougher

pressing
PCCh

see

that

the

at

the

swing,

be

well

of

best

their
to

and

alight

support

PS but

move

would

prior

minister3
do

offensive

wishing

the

Radical

I')attles

his

des-

Indoedp

Corda.

it

for

reasons

they

PS and

and

14oweverg

direct

deep-

and

deal

the

coming

increasingly

converted
an

and

for

PCCh's

and

kinally,

powerful

Gerda

encouragement

of

and

Aguirre

launched

those

PCCh

to

did

the

reasons
to

similar

Aruirre

in

have

economic

divert

to

destroy

PS had

undertakings

not
the

without

the

Aguirre

alliance

for

ambitions*

toop

PR neutral

would

PCCh

the

and

15thl,

',December

the

to

hoped

of

participation

leadership.

the

sop

genuine
helped

it

with

electoral

Frontp

its

declara-

a number

served

continued

struggle

PP, and

Schnake

the

PS*s

around

Communists'

the

PCCh;

PS probably

between

anceO

the

the

towards

government

satisfy

groups

PS's

US conditions

meet

PS to

the

The

probably

to

towards

hostility

seated

to

the

Socialist

wishos-

thong

Chile

helped

local

with

action

united

concert

US economic
unsavouryq
osed
not
could

t0

of

the

at

want

produce

A, ,uirre

253
e
.

afford

further

and

with

and

not

and

it

The
nal

for

any

sustained

trade

production

unions)

fell

month,

the

actions

result

of

the

by

now

Without
in
into
a

"arch

(95)

the

FR9
1941

PCCh

PCCh's

the

ran

congressional

to

clandestinity

and

To

avoid

this

the

danger,

Abarca
Cowo orffanizar
irlumberto
(lie-port
ig4l)
to the
P23.
of

coal
headed

quiry,
See
Appendix

Coal

production
that
for
over
for
,-arc! i in
Coilena,
toril

i)ro(luction
by
jeieral
C for
the

for
Ljarcli
1)379
for

that

almost

back

that

losing

all

PCCh

as

normai(96)

primarily
the

Ph.

electorally
of

being

the
courted

forced
in

resulted
grains
the

(
la vicLoria
Plenuml,
CC
LICCji)
'.

occa5ione(l
! Ier, tiiio.
strike
oattern

a
Janu-

to

with

have

be

after

lay

and

precipitate

off

of

the

was

should

tailed

well
loss

Communist

of

end

for
Al-

Partly

of

might

si-

nor

disputes

elections

which

1935.

the

alliance

risks

the

not

there

restraint
the

maintain

isolation,

fali
(96)

to

need

the

hostility

by

and

was

PS

unrest*

by

strikes

'I'hus,

Pit.

P11.

government

launchede(95)

complete

return

since

vital

the

the

that

production
for

reasons

the

was

Trabajo

effortsp

coal

that

although

and

Januaryq

be

presented

dominated

Insisting

not

PCCh's

marchg

the

the

should

the

The
in

industry

again

PCCh

front

industrial

in

the

with

promote

1941

the

Communist

of

on

within--tho'COdit-o-dal

strike

and

was

brunt

Popular

early

with

enSUred

attacks

(an

strikes

PCCh

conducted

to

in

of

the

the

of

Coiwiunist

coal

number

it

III-

could

country

with

complications

campaign

record

ary

break-up

violent

tbough

a breach

bore

immediate

avoided

relations

advantages;

government

the

which

his

force

to

considerable
the

unrest

embitter

decision

Schnake's
him

industrial

of

explosion

an

a -overi-mient
')(-Jow,
Jee
in
early

made
F; ,

'11he

erlp2r)6-71, )141.

1941
5110w0d all increase
.,arch
1940
but
bel. ou, tl,,, It
was -still
1)),,
193)Oe
wid
;
Stfj(j[SLLcn
.
-'
tile
all
mwittoiie(
e'irs
,,

og

254
.
*
fresh

with

its

restrained

Indeedq

conditions.

and

in

supporters

remain

on

good

terms

offered

to

submit

all

the

labour

to

Radical

3crutiny

Howeverl,

the

outlawing
party
late

February

the

Interiorg

Aguirre

and

the

restraint

hostility
PCCh declared

Inew

because

of

war

ensued

both

sides

of

their

leftist

within

the

by

press

the

campaigns
by

Communist

others,

his

'henchmen'

In

What

class

movementp

of

singular

a desperate

(97)
(98)

Consirna
Fl Si,,-I-o

1.2.1941.
16.1.1941.

Article
by
El Mercurio

91 Siglo

5.1.1941;

18.2.1941;
by

1941*
the

were

dangerous
to

amounted

a civil

accompanied

for

on

by

virulanceg

struggle

the

January

doubly

rightIq

the

with

PS.

(100)

apeech

unreatq

towards

the

and

4.2.1941*
Ibid.
X Flenume

by

industries

sharply

violence

(100)

of

a brief

service
amorWt

physical

(99)

in

Minister

the

PCCh showed

reactionary

working

it

(99)

and

face,

the

on

industrial

and

contrasted

Schnake

bill

the

of

Given

public

towards

showed
that

brigade

shock

19419

early

was

the

of

leadersy

the

which

it

the

law.

security

it

vetoed

including

pressq

labour

even

restraint

formally

political

in

Communist

during

government

the

its

PCCh

which

Senate

activities

on

strikes

internal
The

bitter

harassed

in

13ravoo(98)

down

clamp

wages
in

the

PRp

the

Carda

Olavarrfa

prevented

prosecuted

under

the

to

Bravo

Siglog

the

and

better

Socialistp

one

imposed

the

elections

approvalo(97)

also

did

as

Arturo

Cerda

Olavarrfa
El

1941

for

through

Aguirre

until

struggle

conflicts

passage

PCCh probably

least

at

the

March

with

and

governmentg

the

to

according

to

involved

for

their

efforts

the

on

attacks
terms

PR advantageous

the

offered

its

curbed

vigours

elective

Rudolfo
Borzutsky.
22*2.1941.

10.5.1941.

Contreras

Labarca

to

the

255 -

0
in

both

office
blarch

nish

and

the

taste

two

began

parties

bitterness

of

the

until

not

was

which

elections

union

end

to

dimi-

linpered

which

of

on

some time*

for

If
be

could

plucked
Front

result

frentista
PR did

PS9

making

begin
pacts

elections

of

Deputies

and
in

cils;

the
in

Juneq

political

and

PCCh13

continued

accepted

the

little
the

(101)

was

the

PCCh

towards

the

of

the

elections

the

two

of

parties

on

made

It

need

for

its

alliance

between

ral! -nrocherient

the

strength

of

PCCh

and

factional

the

Chamber

pact

for

says
the

PR that

such

was

the

PRIs

rank

mutual
for

much

inside

of

coun-

municipal

PR and

strife

the

in

the

Howeverg

protest,

between

with

the

with

a general

supporto(103)

electoral

electionsp

the

and

alcaldes

conex-

co-operate

Senate

with

important

accommodation
to

of

sort
give

those

after

after

were

1941

March

less

and

an

to

eager

the

Socialists

the

presidents

L-rowing

fight

the

offer

was

Howeverp

move

with

public

links

the

(102)
to

PCCh
to

PR chose
with

parties,

the

with

the

to

unwilling
the

these

destroyedl

been

PCCh

the

with

association
had

which

elections

gressional

old

PS was

The

that

its

PH

the

that

hope3

real

any

Coalition

advantages

electoral

such

from

dashed*

swiftly

the

PS entertained

the

Popular

the

of

trade

of

contests

municipal

It

between

left

they

the

June*(101)

hostilities

that

in

and

May and

in

followed

and

congressional

1941

April

and

July

the

the
It

the

PS

strength

and

the

file

PR

(102)

in the trade
The battle
was particulunion
movement
8.4.1941;
See La CrItica
3.4.1941;
vicious.
arly
12.5.19411
28.4.1941;
15.5.1941;
7.6.1941
for
El
Siplo
Socialist
in
kind*
attacks
responded
16.1.1941.
El Siglo

(103)

La-Naci6n

16-5-1941;

25.6.1941.

or

256
o
these

that

of

pacts
for

Santiagop

sponsored
Socialist

candidateg

together

the

and
the

of

gin

bring

haltq

of

nor

domestic

the

FCCh's

did

it

bring
In

policies*

were

informed

that

tinue

their

struATgle

95chnakist

its

satisfaction

of

conditions,

(105)

became

kers'

and

demands

less

for

better

its

the

international

factor

of

1941,

of

tion

(104)
(105)

as
during

the
the

the

the

and

low

also

months

10-7-1941.
Ibido
Tl--; i gIo25-6.19141

of

defence

5.7-1941-

even

their

the
the

parte

coupled

and

coal
with

more

Im-

The
Com-

producan

of

wor-

winter

the

indicted
in

and

Although

probably

a decline

1941)

of

and

during

(which
of

the

,Povernmento

profile

report
cause

its

and

PCCh

PS after

were

played

con-

the

the

conditions

the

of

Bergufto

early

the
in

to

wages

declarationag

passionate

workers

for

prom

did

PCChts

was

improved

towards

PCCh's

principal

to

for

conditions

factors

domestic

publication
munists

in

the

imperialism

Oligarchys

such

criticisms

in

liussia

continue

wages

Immediate

invasionq

the
help

demands

less

rather

an

changes

to

the

hostile

to

after

way

Despite

in

portant

days

just

circumspect
changed

the

and

their

markedly

1941

July

any

to

mar-

1941

22nd

June

on

isolation

immediate

against

agency'

Russia

into

beat

the

the

at

events*

of

drift

closer

moved

increasingly

political

invasion

German

despite

But

gradually

itself

in

supportg

(104)

1941.
PR

the

and
found

PCCh

mainstream

The
not

PS

the

set-back3o

Radical

July

in

by-election

the

than

rather

official

Communist

the

support

Urrutia

had

who

Radicals

The
to

Godoy

candidateg

congressional

difficulties.

preferred

exampleg

PST

such

into

ran

soon

237

.
the

by

attempt

it

Indeedq
that

was

ped

By

the

indications
had

war

the

creation

of
do

nazifacista

broader

even

of

the

Front

to

but

the

Russian

its

October
the
it

begun

policies
1941*

problem
showed

the

of
none

rising
for

the
price3q

the

for

vote
PCCh

the

drop-

cause

the

of

none

at

Plenum
by
of

Antito

appeal

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reform

objectives

to

defence

of

the

Chile's

of
contribu-

offorto(109)

formal
the

announced

Democratica
to

of

Front-(108)

maximisation

the

PCCh

the

intended

dedicated

war

nature

changed

Uni6n

Popular

clear

given

also

31stv

was

old

Allied

Julyq

had

July
the

insteadq

and

Although

rePCCho(106)

the
to

that

which

the

and

in

PCCh

which

PCCh completed

The

PRp

on

UDACh had

liberties

on

the

coalitiong

than

wags

caution
PS refused

priorities

Chile(UDACh)

the

democratic
tion

a new

Communist

the

the

party*

sectors

Significantlyq

Julyq

now
the

exclude

PS. (107)

of

end

given

of

request
the

the

of

the

the
on

attacks

imposed

because

probably
on

measure#
its

Congreasp

from

to

parties

right-wing

presentatives

&

Eleventh
showed
then

of

re-orient&tion
Plenum
some

gaining

fundamental

in

concern

for

momentumq
social

and

(106)

25.7-1941
See El Mercurio
for
of the
a re3umen
Bergufto
Although
the
the
blamed
PCCh
General
report.
for
fall
In coal
the
he commented
production
on
even
the
lack
working
appallinp,
conditions
of
and the
Indeedg
social
medical
and
security
provision*
than
rather
the
any active
agitation
on the
part
of
PCChq it
likely
that
fall
tile
in
seems
coal
production
the
lifting
the
the
was simply
result
of
party
it
had previously
to maintain
pressures
exerted
industrial
durin1939,
peace

(107)
(108)

La liacion,
30-7-1941.
El Sie, 0 31,7,1941-

(109)

Escobar
Andr6s
Dfar.
Unidad
Nacional
contra
el
do In democracia
y on defensa
-facismo to
y-la_patr
Report
a*
XI Plenum
the
CC PCCbq
October
Santialgog
1941,
p22.

258
0
0
reform

economic
the

Allied

cause

the

the
actions

strike
in

futureg

not

El

altogetherg
the

But

the

PCCh's

Isolation

into

operation

between

the

after
1941

PCCh to

afid

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edge

avoid
thatq

plain

final

of

weapon

to

position

of

effectq

what

real

way

both

Aguirre

Cerda

happened*

and
of

office

sympathy

began

to

dissipate

blame

PR became

the
high

for

Ibide

The

sympathy

year

and

new

of

into

until

not

in

November
allowed

elections

the

those

of

Card&

Aguirre

co-

both

was

presidential

mainstream

Of

refused

cabinet

and

PCCh

Chilean

26.11.1941.

Corda
to

the

failures

the

short-

obvious*
PCCh took
and

an
disarray

internal

the

very

enjoyed

benefit

in

wast

the

from

continued

officeg

In

this

Aguirre

as

itself
and

profited

increasingly

P31.

F.1 siglo

successes

administrationg

and

government9s

leaving

of

the

which

government

the

have

intention

first

cabinet

death

POCh may not

from

profit

support

PS and

it

tho

end

thegrowing

Indeedq

UDACh and

to

nothing
by

FS*

the

back

specific

the

comings

of

the

the

with

did

more.

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as

thrust

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the

approach

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office

join

to

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PR and

the

resignation

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politics

the

used

the

to
it

made

soon

new policies

it

which

refused

parties

his

be

to

was

strike

Siglo

Axis

Chileo(110)

in

Communists

the

the

the

with

elements

exhort

for

press

(111)

resort.

the

did

Plenum

to

relations

nazi-fascist

of

to

commitment

workers

and-diplomatic

elimination

Although

its

enjoined

and

its

re-iterated

again

commercial

of

rupture
and

but

during
this
of

Absent

from

little

of

shortcomings.

259
*
Yet
of

member

the

lion's

Socialists

Radical

ficance

at

by

Aguirre

to

the

PCCh

wbile,

other

boards

the

led

two

of

of

concerned

of

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afforded
those

lessp

posts

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Pachecots

the
to

had

the

between

the

municipal
because

PCCb

and

social

and

and

council.

Pacheco

for

other
(113)
Radical

-a

Of
portq

commercial

none

satiafactiong

real

Neverthe-

power.

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jobs

Seguro
security

Mayoralty

favoritism

blatant

Caja_de

to

much

Exportacontrol-

the

the

signi-

any

functions

emotional

other

do

of

naval

party

secure

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appointed

Junta

other

the

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of

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-

principal

gave

fluence

Valparafso

Mutiny

PCCh considerable

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friction

the

Naval

Chilels

Valparaisog

of

1931

the

health

workerst

Although
the

wheatg

and

with

benefitse(112)
leader

amongst

whichq

bread

Mayor
were

the
like

of

posts

made

agencies

took

enjoyed

sometimes
three

Chile

of

parties

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state

prices

Obreroq

was

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Agrfcola(JEA)

ci6n

only

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PS

frentista

given

Pedro

the

whicb.,

President

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all.

spoils

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small

the

was

the

of

elected

the

even

and

the

officel

net

While

while

and

had

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share

few

received

coalition

normally

could

PCCh

other
was

party

members

a constant

frnntista
Partly
Ministers

in-

what

used

parties
because

of

cause
on
of

the
their

effortsy

partly

(112)

For details
life
of Pachecots
early
see
and career,
Popular
Frente
28-3-1939.
Playor of
being
Aftor
Valparaiso
he driftod
and a CC member (1939-41)
away
from
The two other
the PCCh.
Communist
presidential
(JEA)
Labarca
appointees
were Contreras
and Pianuel
Piuftoz (Caj_a do 59&uro
Obrero).
See Footnote
81.

(113)

some

also

appointed

260
.
&

longer

recruitment

the

PCCh in

Cerda

years

though

Of
first

for

favours
in

of

government

to

Ravinesq

in

Chile

their

the

at

cause

enough

PCCho(116)

American

declaration

was
1941p

Spanish
(114)

(115)

(116)
(117)

Aguirre
refugees

Aguirre

that

allegedg

result

way

permission

of

to

the

not

have

The

British

Cerda'3
the

PCCh

to

set

tho

serve

According
settle
since

frentista

given

specifically

Ambassador

to

Russian

invasion

Chile

on

of
in

on

exile

the

Santiago

a Pan

sign

Finallyt
of

to

altboughl

to

(117)

Right

the

the

all

oc-

furious

refugees

PCCh -

3eal

of

PCCh from

refusal

inside

the

nolitical

which

been

sentences

relegation

In

PCCh. (115)

the

share

on a number
the

amongst

PCCb pressure.
reduced

of

Spanish
of

condemning

Cords.

a number

bill

permitted

was---popular

alsop

the

Cerda

Aguirre
(114)

ways.

the

of

proper

inainoereq

the

outlaw

request

the

satisfy

to

its

Moreover,

vetoed

express

that

partiesp

be

to

the

other

defended

publicly

Congress
Aguirre

if

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the

and

attacks

publicly

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invited

invitation,

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pushed

performed

He

on

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right-wing

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no

during

receive
in

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not

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draniatically.

weaneq

rewarded

was

respectability

casions

to

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grow

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wben

pratas

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civil

notq

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it

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non

administration

public

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the

the

to

Communists

because

mainly
personas

automatically

normal

the

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jobs

to

Coramunists

Finland

April

three
request

to Luis
According
Aguirre
Cerda
Palina
Zulfftiga
Pedro
Oie Radical
Relations,
Foreign
pl6l,
of
Xinister
4
Ortegas
Abraham
jobs
Communists
gave
- although
jobs*
he does
what
not
make
clear*

PoPular
Frente
21-5-1940;
El Mercurio
22.2,1941.

El

Si

22*10.1940;

Eudocio Ravines
La Iran Estafa
9486.
Charles
FOR FO 371/24182
A 111511115/99
to Lord halifaxt
31-1.1940.

Bentinck

261
.
9
the

of

FCCho(118)
Rather

were

the

from

having

advantages

it.

harassment#
had
ities

the

known

not

least

at

number

1938

able

to

was

able

its

of

lp985

to

the

from

unions

rose

from

unions

with

2089775

association

credit

facilities

from

easier

to

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government

companies
past

the

felt

it

the

PCCh

in

like

(119)
(120)
(121)

the

and

Braden

object
worth

party

their

if

explosion

the

Yarur

fringe
-

state

bens-

loans

and
became

agencies
to

receive

(textiles)q
attackq

out

(119)

1941.

of

In

members

Indeedq

Communist
take

wheh-..

in

began

press

like

trade

of

government
and

action#

PCCh -

125#978

members

it

authornot

the

a number

and

to

while

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expectq

revenue*(120)
CoT)per

a freedom

with

with

private

furious

of

932

of

share

even

private

in

the

occasionally
in

advertisements

presso(121)

from

a dramatic

(118)

both

advertising

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received

with

actively

administration.

PCCh enjoyed

its

of

the

PCCh

incidents

Similarlyp

Cords.

the

approach

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from

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to

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supporters

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to

able

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fits

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of

during

unionism
the

PCCh was

to

naturally

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favoursy

these

accrued
in

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PS - was

the

than

Although

before

behalf

on

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a government

to

hostile

important

more

bensfitag
Its

direct

association

increase

in

and

Indirectq

with
the

party's

the

which

government
electoral

the

PCCh

resulted
support

and

El Siglo
22.4.1941.
The rofugees
evidently
were
deported
being
the
Spanish
at
request
Amof the
bassadore
Estadfatica
Chilena
June
1947Eudocio
Ravines
ope cit.
p485.
Frente
Popular
16*9*1959;
21*11*1939*

262
9
In

membership.
179162

polled

122

The
th

the

of

Contreras
ship
year

'various

tens

had

membership
the

Chilean

Congress
members
Galo

to

to

Gonzalerq

in

even

more

82

49000.

to

the

1935

to

1940,

October

grow-

memberthat

during
he
In

from

claimedq
1940,

April
National

Party

a thousand
(125)

members.

claimed

also

the

whereq

509000

a current

the

that

(124)

L-rown

(123)

dramatic*

Communist

PCCh had

the
1938.

April

anythinap

Lots

of

senators
19419

in

thousands#

of

elected

53s 144

April

1939

December

PCCh

the

and

42

to
if

a Mexican

that

in

thatp

case

from

delegate

prior

three

particular

leaped

claimed

elected

was
in

and

polled

indicates

reported

the

it

as

Labarca

cited

1941,

opposed

membership

grown

cast)

and

partyls

by

votes

Similarlyq

regidores

had

the

in

(122)

evidence

available

in

cast)

votes

deputies.

PCCh elected

of

1937,

elections

deputies;

the

of

sixteen

and

(4.16%

votes

(11.8%

votes

congressional

and six

one senator

of

a membership

509000-(126)
Howeverg
that

axiomatic
than

its

votes

in

members

was

reasons

to

(122)
(123)
(124)
(125)
(126)

an

19419

normal

and
it

since

the

seems

likely

that

There

wereq

exaggeration.

exaggerate

membership

is

support
PCCh

gains;

is

it

circumstances

electoral

a party's

membership
March

in

since

only

greater

much

53,144

polled
the

after
firstlyt

almost

of

claim

all$
to

509000

powerful
impress

German Urzua Valenzuela

Los Partidos
Polfticos
Chilenos
P86.
9.4.1941.
El Siglo
NO Official
of PCCh
statistics
for the 1941
votes appear to have been published
municipal
elections.
Contreras
Labarca
Por la 12az, por nuevas victorias
p64.
World News and Views,
by 13ell
20.4.1940.
Article
Keats 'The Congress
of the CP of Mexico's
Galo Gonzalez
La Lucha
del
PCCh
por la formacion
(Santiagop
1959)
is a compilation
This
P52o
work
by Gonzalez.
of various
speeches
and articles

263
.
9
the

Comintern
the

of

PCChts

success
the

that

parties

Neverthelesss

59000

Santiago

beginning
it

a period

is

not

been

membership

of

region

is

estimate
during

by

remained

roughly

it

that

its

to

was

not

party

during

If
1938

and

character
reasonable
those

(127)
(128)
(129)

the

December
had
to

1941
and
to
areas

scale

is
the

difficult

to

geography

assume$
where

on

to

of

electoral

the
that

19399
bulk

the

tbere

is

some

fluctuate
in

at

the

of

timesp
pre-

party9s

yearso(129)

tt-8

gaugeg

howevers
its

hold

large

to

membership

December

Carda

of

that

in

did

loomed

Crowth

been

althouGh

the

reported

was

1941

the

ever

dramatic
it

figure

in

Which

experienced
since

been

have

1939/40.

membership

precise

the

caael

managed

Aguirre

for

gains

well

the

at

which

it

the

iaq

In

in

which

that

(127)

and

that

sugaeat

of

509000

Certainlyp

a problem

occupations

in

the

the

a membership

1938

might

which

recruitso(128)

evidence
it

that

include

the

PCCh

Conares3

havinao

that

criterion

any

to

membership

during,

the

Chilean

impossible

proper

309000

to

National

seems

PCCh

the

taken

scale

other

worth

claiined

massive

accurate.

accepteds

1939
XII

the

rouehly

is

the

remind
ally

December

altogether

259000

of

in
of

to

figure
which

alone

of

have

may

50POOO

to

as

electoral

an

Comunistas(JJCC)

in

PCCh

was

the

parties

sooondlyg

and#

PCCh

if

juventudes

Communist

other

and

FCCh *a growth
so

toog

support

the

social

It

seems

PCCh Crow

rapidly

expansion.
the

is

between

expanded*

In

Iliundo Nuavog
Santiaeop
lat
1938,
week December,
PrinciQosq
Becewber
1941.
by Humberto
Article
Abarcal
P79
Humberto
Abarca
commented
in memberon fluctuations
to the X Plenum
in January
ship
19419 but it
was not
which
a topic
RI-2irlo
caused
much concern*
31.1.1941.

264
.
e

election

congressional
in

most

Coquimbo

andq

With
the

expan3iong
for

worker39

it

made

gains

the

was

PCCh apparently

collar

some

evidence
old

this

absorbed

CuricO

character

buty

workers
to

members

tiniep
peasants.

suggest

that

and

recruits

new

influx

ma3eive,

appeal

same
and

and
the

of

most

the

at

grow

Souths

and

have

1941

and

party

like

to

white

between

friction

some

social

unskilledq

is

there

the

provinces

the

1937

North

the

continued

amongst

Although
there

to

PCCh probably
and

that

of

rural

some

regard

skilled

some

zones

the

of

suggests

mining
in

alsog

(130)

Talca.

results

results

the

Santiagog

the

of

a comparison

caseq

which

of

now mem-

11
berg

with

little

does

not

appear

fliCt3q

Aguirre

Cerda

years*

The

internal

Firstlyp

stress

on

drift

(132)

its

line

policies

by

domestic

pressure
months
the

partyls

the

during

following
harder

and

indeedp
the
line

by
the

IX

Plenum

was

not

of

the

1940
the

recruitment
of

severe
the

seemed

increase

to
of

gains

October

fac-

many

place
Thust

generally

from

indeedq

PCCh apparently

product

did

con-

CC during

membership*

events
andy

the
the

was

political

the

PCCh

internal

nor#

of

which

1941

and

tougher

the

(130)
(131)

1938

towards

tionary

that

harmony

tho

serious

membership

authority

of

justified

in

the

loyalty

the

from

suffered
in

to

challenge

torso

Certainlyq

fluctuations

between

enjoyed

haVS

to

sharp
real

any

diffiCulty*(131)

1940

party*3
be

amply

inflareported
sueeest

popularo(132)

See Appendix
F.
Seep for
Contreras
exanipleg
Labarca's
Unidad
depara
la
fender
Report
to the
VI Plenum
victorlaq
CC PCCh)
193'T_
November
Santiagov
Consigna
18.1.1941
and
p24;
9
for
evidence
between
of friction
new and old
members.
El Siplo
31.1.1941.
Between
1940
October
and January
19419
the
49000
PCCh claimed
now recruits*

265
.
o
Furthermore#
the

of
the

no

at

1930s

early

and

government

did

and

engage

its

most

the

CC took

Secondlys
authority
1939

for

and

the

now

the

In

December

full

and

10

social

tative

CC the

thelessq

the

bad

been

organisations
of

the

hadq
the
(133)

(134)

in

than

19399

the

fact

PCCh had

had

active

important

even

finance

the

inculcation
the

CC expanded

Its

ranks

members

creating

the

largest

tormsp

probably

the

most

since

in

early

the

a CC member

grown

enormously

or

and

1932.

since

include

32
andl

represenNioneof

one

the

Cotmnissiong
in

to

entirely

party

19308

orRanisation.

foundationo(133)

comprisee

Political

been

its

tiniag

same

internal

had

greater

bolahevik

of
At

on

expan-

own

either

the

for

during

demands

severe

its

CC was

expanded

to

own

Thusq

concern

timeo

same
its

secure

no

norms*

improve

geographic

since

CC'3

the

with

alternative

PCCh

to

funds

error
with

the

at

friction.

more

cardinal

confrontations

CC made

organisational
to

bitter
allies

the
far

its

repeat

steps

raising

steps

and

in
likely

1940,,

with

PCCh

unnecessary

showing

and

CC took

who

of

party

ideological

in

much

and

of

the

avoid

members,

recruitment
sion

to

and

the

time

one

the

Thu3q
control

Front

new member

Humberto

(134)

19359

of

members

Abarcaq
although

remained

The new CC included

2 doctors,
2 industrialistsp
teachers,
white
collar
workers
as well
as workers
lea0ers
and trade
union
in
the
railwayp
printing,
bakingg
coal,
copperpnitrate
and metallurgical
industries.
It
Wcluded
also
uwo peasant
acti4
4
vistsq
2 mayors
congressmen,
repidorosl.
nAd
El Popular,
Mtofagastat
3.1-1941El SiglO
20*2.1941.
See Appendix
E for
Abnrcals
biojraphical
detailse

266
.
9
in

firmly
vists
that

generationg

Galo

Gonzalez

T3robably
had

been

ever

in

the

ly

in

early

October
ly

tougher

tions

to

ran

conduct

and

local

to

the

the

IX

dimension.

with
was

group

it

than

challenge

Caja

de

(135)
(136)

Frente
Ibide

Sepuro

La

Calama

and

of

being

the

that

Plenump

Coriwission)l

Galo

taking

Pol2ula_r 6-5-1940.

as

(head
his

of

this
PCCh
to

secretary

was

drunkenwere

sent

not

until

a national

acquiro

Gonzalez

central

it

examine

to

of

variously

to

direc-

to

the

the

and

Howeverg

bepan

in

Laharca

a result

bureaucrats$

(136)

quiet-

Comintern

begun

nurgre

a general-

of

Iquique#

Obraro

Ivulpar

Plenum

appointed

of

accused

purge

had

been

Playor

IX

Contreras

As

the

of

of

that

Control

had

who

Commission.

National

PCCh

office*(135)

the

At

the

began

to

response

of

adoption

weaknesseag

that

educate

which
the

at

PCCh's

In

Communists

cases

Plenum

the

to

to

initiation

purpeq

the

which

atop
and

the

climax

internal

the

Control

its

1940

April

lechery

ness*

this

authority

This

1940*

line.

government

to

Labarca,
Indeedq

single

was

members

of

its

Gobernador

the

its

parallel

of

examinationg
consejaro

enhance

political

in

the

to

reached

correct

announced

most

new

19409

and

amongst

Contreras

external

important

months

April

group

strategyp

the

the

assimilate

and

from

acti-

party

before.

took

group

Front

secure

Probably
ruling

small

followers*

immediato

Popular

more

of

cf Lafertteq

their

the

of

generation

hands

comprised

of
far

older

the

in

and

success

the

of

moreoverg

andq

the

hands

the

of

example

the
the

267
e
e
deliberations
Partyq

for

PCCh

the

examined

found

Gonzalez
influence

little

nefarious

the

rious

the

regional

the

local

and

of

a waaonic

membership

of

the

immorality'
ploitation
three

cases

been

decided

by

class

enemies

leader,

one-time

PCCh Deputy

partys

of

that

was

a PCCh news-inagazine
positions

(137)
(138)
(139)
(140)

Galo
Ibide
Ibid.
Ibid-

class

had

sought

the

work

of

led

some

PCCh

va-

announcedq
with

on

Gonzalez
pp28-34.
P34.
PP35-36.

'counter-revolutionary

laid

from

impactq
karco3
to
1937

QuS Y.
Tubo.
the

CC since

op_. cit.

p24.

in
two

(140)

offences.

of

that

and

be

Chairude3

Contreras
founder

joined

the

April

had
9

Howevarg
inside

Despite

ex-

repidore.

botb

and

to

that

announced
Commission

expulsion

most

open

members

Control

assistant

Valparafso

ponsible

had

and

incompatible

Gonzalez

similar

personal

for

be

of

the

caused

which

the

they

Gonz9les

would

Gonzilez,

tolerance

and

which

to

preaent6d

outside

to

sabotaged

question

laxity

for

expulsion

examine

Frontv

futuref

order

moral

expelled

the

the

of

committees

the

to

favour

been

to

PCCho(139)

in

had

concepts
the

though

successful

According

In

membership

turned

ane

Trotskyist

of

more

partyp

astrayo(138)

Turntag

masonry
Although

masons.

party

inside

converts

officials

false

in

collaborationism
win

the

of

was
he

when

introduced

had

Communist

Trotskyismg

of

evidence

he

partyp

activities

masons

to

convincing

convincing

more

Mexican

inmoralityte(137)

inside

hardly

tbO

Of

evidence

'counter-revolutionary

and

of

Congress

a recent

of

having
the

and
ex-student
Labarcaq
and
held
party

editor
resin

1931,,

Chamudes

(and)

duplicities

number

or

continued

well

by

the

members

in

rate

for

CC initiated

the
the

vast

majority

from

which

members
held

such
had

who

of

posts

CG9 the

party
and
party

had
the

FCCh had
fied
(141)
(142)

with

with
of

'rotten
in

pursued
it*

any

the

was

been

since

enhancing

liberalism'
factq
in
Thusq

attacks
1939
in

and
the

1939*

the

authorityp
from

that
have

the

to

sector
come

who

and

terrorat

The
it

political

on

the

men most

dis.

the

which

on masonry
into

smuggled

the

Plenumv

and

attacks

had

of

authority

identify

on

IX

pre-

organisatione

the

which

of

the

not
of

19303

securing

for

in

or

to

early

intended

clearly

during

the

come
likely

the

and

scapegoats
into

have

most

in

its

to

the

members

intention

challenge

one

caaesp

fourteen

Whether

precise

to

lost,

higher

of

(142)

a challenge

was

out

more

committee

a few

considerably

two

seems

active

in

Howeverg

only

victims

from

purge

fallen

wereq

generally

survived.

purge

individual

cipline

and

respon31bility

Apart
the

have

emergence
of

Commission

total

not

probably

regional

the

the

Although

and

been

to

extended

was

of

PCChl*(141)

local

have

to

the

was

purge

full

depravedg

to

1941.

the

processe

examples

to

CR appear

venting

the

into

each

Control

seems

Antofaga3taq
the

hundreds

of

tcorruptq

the,, purge

by

claimed

victims

be

belonging

of

unworthy

and

vetted

casualty

to

1940,

of

two

found

October

a couple

was

After
provinces

than

now

was

268
9

line

which

closely

Secretary

the

identi-

General

El Siglo
30.9.1940.
See Marcos
Chamudos El Libro
do mi Leyenda
Blanco
(Santiagot
1964)
Negra
pp6
for
his
account
of his
expulsion.
Comparison
in
of membership
of the CRs elected
Antofagasta
in December
1939 and November
1940.
El Popular
5*12*1939;
15.. 11.1940.
El Sirlo

the

269
.
o
Labarca

Contreras

and

masons

evidently

Chamudes

while
ary

immoralitytq

the

old

he

Oerroneoust
that

accused

of

a mixture

it

while
laxity

lead

did

that

the

PCCh

tiont

of

the

to
was

itself

Peruvian

Communist

and

who

had

the

new

political

been
the

Ploreoverp
ruling
the

in

by

PCCh's

by

factions

is

Ravines

become

an

the

over

(143)
(144)

El si,., Io
See Via
pp44-50-

and
moral
remains

the

Iliquida-

total
they

the

not

were

CC to

Chile

may

appears

CC during
6.1o. 194o.
a Chamudes

by

ruling

which
his

one

of

differences

to

1939

Chile

to

have

and

of

Galo

1940

clip

gained

who

una

Lima

in

Ravinesq

the

that

the

into

to

adherent

of

be

old

settle

student

the

and

recruited

enthusiastic

during
who

the

indignities

evidence

tougher
1940

because

rid

it

the

when

to

leastq

re-orientation

cendency

offences

during

been

by

getting

sparse,

Labarcaq

were

suspicion

that

on

had

who

at

the

although

cases,

many

purge

that

party

brought

repay

them

group

Contreras

part

to

upon

the

Party

line

CC wished

heaped

used

eventually

purged,

achieve

proving

by

Chamudess

Thusq

the

remains

also

adopted

scores.

in

with

instances

some

errorp

by

identified

corrupt.

also

were

in

to

revoltition-

moral

and

that

victims

suspicion

line

purge

true

attempting

but

The

political

'counter

the

of

both

Similarly,

Indeedg

victims

Silva

(143)

heavily

line.

political

purge

mistaken

political

of
been

have

may

become

had

Chumudesq

of

for

expelled

political

as

only

toop

Barra

criticised.

ostensibly

was

Raul

assistantq
heavily

were

well

as

his

may

had

Ravines

s. (144)

protep,;
inside

the

Gonzalez

certainly

advertencia

on

group

the

have

used
wings

certain

of
as-

received

americana

an

270
9
degree

unusual
that
of

year.

Indeedy
struf,,,,,,,, Ie

subterranean

that

there

can

adherent
their

be

fewer

ten

the

decision

agreable
tional

had

size
stru,

,7ive

panded

(145)

(146)
(147)

the
size

22

not

left-win!

1939

to

taken

reduce

a personal

rr,ore

apl-sear

of

their

any

just

1941
that

CC had
a good
because

seats

CC to

man-

a more

fac-

or

political

have

to

or

be

may

the

oneq

as

the

CC

Deceruber

only

since
it

42

the
in

re-elected

lost

because

Of

- deviations

CC9

turnover

of

rate

re-elooted

rather

and

and

gle.

which

purpe

the

merely

were

re-elected

than

rather

The
was

been

20

because

Labarca

1941.

and

during

press
partly

hiph

, oreoverg
the

not

been

identified

of

than

those

of

proportion

the

party

Contreras

1939

(147)

members

the

abnormally

Labarca

inefficiency.

plain

have

may

positively

because

seats

It

only
of

Contreras

of

in

between

an

19399

Howeverp

Silvas

Barra

praise

between

in

elected

(146)

ig4i.

lost

was

CC membership

the

members

to

personal

(145)

Gonzales
in

of

most

PCCh

an

the

CC undertook
feature

dramatic
organisational
kI

aad increased

importance.

in

of

1940

and

effort

a concerted

machine
Along

3uited
with

1941

to

ita

ex-

exhorting

See, for
the articles
(and poem by Nicanor
examplep
Parra)
Contreras
Labarca
birthday
In
praisine
on his
1939.
Frente
Popular
27-11-1939.
While
Recabarren
had received
during
even more extravagant
praise
and
lifeti,
his
from
Contreras
Labarcaq
after
el apart
no
Comu'luttist
leader
in the 19308
otber
was so treated
anc, 19403.
Seel
El Sitjo
for
2.1.1942
in December
the CC elected
ig4l.
Raul 3arra
Silva
Con%fas one of the few wlo defeneed
treras
Laharca
in December
1945 when be was effectively demotee
from
Vie Secretary
Generalship.
See Chap69 PP322-325.3
ter
CC rrk-Oers
in
not re-elected
1941 were criticised
(January
X
t
t1he
Plenum
1941)
i,
for
to co-operate
nemocrats
refusinp
to impede
with
the election
of Trotskyists
CTCh Conat a provincial
left-win
11:
1 A: r10 30.1.1941.
d"virttion.
Yress
-a
.,

271
9
the

wenbership

to

the

full,

Gonzalez

Galo

traditional
that
not

CC was

from

suffered
still

basis

some

ted

independently

for

an

to

ambitious

XI

Abarca

had

no

the

four

contact

between

members

which

functionine

of

the

over
and

most

proper

both

opera-

Gonzalez
cadres

work

the

called
to

and

dispense
inimical

was

trade
lived

who

pursue

Chilling

unions
in

CC momber
nomination

had

refused

to

send

Turning
to

Cialo Gonza'lez
Ibid
pp4g-50
,e Io 30-1:
El 5i.!:
Ibid.

operate

or).
1941.

cite

had

the

on

pp42-44.

in-

in

other

sufficient
factions

congressional
funds

CRsq Abarca

the

CR while

perwitted.

electoral

to

often

the

with

of

not

operated

partyobjectives
a

still

with

CC inembers

party's

continued

or

Humberto

Santiago

Valparaiso

the

(151)

in

party's
1941

to

CC was

lived

anothere(150)

to

the

the

January

of

According
of

CC who

local

one

1941.

the

of

X Plenum

the

October

of

19419

in

while

Santiago.

(148)
(149)
(150)
(151)

new

with

failed

fight

that

promote

with

of

candidate

in

to

CC members

provinces

to

policy

members

dependently

energy

linallyp

Plenum

collectives

a plant

cells

onsanother*

January

in

collar

white

and

others

than

rather

did

structure

cell

of

dominated

the

and

and

(149)

Concern
organisation

announced

irregularly#

met

many

blue

plantag

digcipline.

(rood

Gonzalez

the

a Ceopraphical

familiarity

excessive

PlenuLaq

more

over-specialised

defects
on

to

attention

Similarlyp

serious

in

his

over-bureaucraticq

organised

and

with

I'<

collectivelyo(146)

work

were

the

At

to

vigilance'

turned

also

problems,

the

'revolutionary

exercise

enerVies;

to

the

CC

reported
of

one

or

two

272
9

now

cadres.

most

help

from

of

Secretary

had

who

(152)

payments

in

253 cited

the

recruitment

The

for

were

it

placep

became

amongst

tions.

The

Comision

to

for

battles

of

in

recent

of

the

a number

1941

early

and

had

(that

is, # give

in

under

their

Plenum
did

unions

not

always

exampleg

which

1940,

(I r1Z)
(153)
(154)

ti-at

revealed

came

in

have
had
for

the
happy
been

Yarsh

Plenum

criticisii,

that

reportod

resist-

some

CC inatruc-

certain

refitsed

evidently

instructed,

had

CDN members

maintained
the

during

to

instructions

resisted
union

1941

first

the

been

had

office

to

(154)
at
me

the

the

Plenum

IX

for

ON Antofagastat

entirely
for

non-Communists)

Jocondlyp

initiated

results.
almost

dues,

October

in

CC to

the

Sindical,

purge

the

on

contrast

In

had

there

control,

Abarcap

that

also

reasons*

as

Idemocratisel
the

of

on

was

ajonthse(153)

Socialist

with

he

and

XI

that

work

strictures

50',o in

conference

relations

amicable

Abarc&13

1939

its

personal

of

Nacional,

CTCb

CR with

averaGe

unionists

ance

push

the

Ddcomber

received

to

to

an

had

accordinr

shortcomings,,

apparent

trade

faultg

the

reported

proceedings

interesting

state;

he

improved

I-ad

despite

increased

had

which

sorry

packed

Howeverg

organisational

party's

to

mechanical

and

frionds.

in

CC$ was

Vie

train

or

responsibility

C.1 3antiagog

the

Noreoverl

*stagnant'
its

delegate

to

refused

who

members

renovated
its

laci Ic of

in

November

collective

Ibid,
Ibid
PrinCipios
last
1941
November
This
cownr)12-15.
LahRrca
Contreras
It
plaint
was perennial
aired
19399
in
November
tl-, e VI Plentim
as 1-rell
at
see
Unidad
05eofender
la
para.
victorliiq

273
*
regionalist

tendencies

CC instructions.

(155)

for

works

resist
to

fill

as

unworthy

been

left

posts

their

as

to

appointed
in

tions

Me

Secretary
from

Front

CCIs

turned

local

in

been

Organisation
expelled
Despite

individual

and

the

of

the

be

or-anisa-

previo"sly

aspects

to
bad

embezzlemento(156)

of

chosen

out

drunl-cards

newly-appointeO

howevorl

both

works

had

purge

to

those

some of

positions

for

organisationg

a disposition

Known

had

shortcomings

and

the

the

while

organisation

tl-, e continued
ities

of

a number

CR ktacama

the

the

predecessors.

Nortb

of

and

Indeedg

by

vacant

for

party's

activthat

Plenum

reported

collectiveg

had

im-

provedo(157)
It
various
was

would

far

from

professional
those
its

the

years

and

recruits

without

heritage

of

which

(155)
(156)
(157)

was

but
to

Ibid*
Ibid*
Ibid.

Aguirre
the

serve

the

took
it

serious

the

1940
the

of

PCCh

organisation

membership

being

machine

pp9-10.

the

3olshevik

Cer0a

for

the

was

of

orpanisational

in

t4e

durina
improving

influx

a massive

years

well

and

towards

steps

nn

PCCh

the

Yet

ideal.

Tbus,

upset.

that

disciplined

efficiento

absorbed

party

19419

not

only

future*

the

of

proceedings

and

important

bepinnin7s
the

from

theng

during

hold

plenums

still

seem

of

PCChj
an

new
the

expanded
wachine

274
o

Chapter

President

Juan

Unity

the

and

Antonio
War

Years.,

Rfosq

National

1942-1946.

275
o
v

Juan
until
hand

Antonio

the

over

day-to-day
Alfredo

Vice-Presidents
Rfos

Although

Party

Radical
in

tive

in

style

the

cluded
also

into

congressional
ferocious

T3ut it

relations
foment

to

keep

which

they

to

the

type

also

placed

an

PH and

wings

of

both

party

to

withdraw

parties*
froat

the

the

Conflicts
cabinet

the

had

on Bfos*s

strain

helped

the

left

inside

the

PS forced

January

bad

Carda

indeodg

1941

of

between

in

in

March

emergence

increasin-

several

parties

Aguirre

and,

had

support

after

which

PS -

co-operation.

right-winjr,

fallen

his

throughout

Liberal

had

inclu(iing

and

prevent

strurCles

the

help

Rfos

Fronts

sought,

the

bad

and
of

internal

fierce

Liberal

in-

which

groupsp

ho

helped

the

with

PL and

Cerda*

parties

Popular

right-wing

with

opposition

face*

the

of

govern

elections

of

the

consorva-

Aguirre

of

(l)
of

rjoro

was

that

to

1946.

left-wing

reginie

a confination

with

to
it

disarray

the

his

to

illnesss

administration

the

of

than

the

govern

consequences;

(1)

of

determination

This

January

from

support

to

in

members

sectors

presidency,

to

by

principal

important

Duhaldeq

character

office

received

the

193039

the

and

into

Elected

running

of

1942

April
by

forcedl

was

a leader

been

had

but

frow

Chile

!Toverned

1946

June

in

death

his

Rfos

1943

and

to
rl, aht
that

and

Duhalde
first
President
Alfredo
in
served
as Vice
1945
late
lie
wlen Afos
was visitin,
j L'-O USA but
begin
Oid
to control
Vie
not
uAtil
,,-,overn! ,ent
after
1946.
January
Luis
Palma
IUfiIg,, i Tlistoria
Oel
Partido
(3antia,
Radical
P:? 32.
-.O. 1967)

276
&
.
eventually

led

Socialista

Aut4ntica(PSA).

and

between

with

formal

July

and

the

Radical

1945

and

when

Rfos

Liberalss

their

from

public

with

the

cools

product

of

duct

of

ties

with

War

the
the

had

German
to

Rfos'B

lasted*

the

PR and

been

invasion
ur-fe

Russia
tho

effort

and

had

produced

to

replace

the

old

Popular

the

Rfos
(2)
(3)

regime

-a

PCCh to
support

least

the

a new
Front

whichs

concept
idea.

of

(4)

general

altbouah

See below,
p235.
See belowg
pp281-284.
See belows
for
pp288-283
National
Unity
concept.

a fuller

and

con-

the
the

after

After
had

Comintern
and

the

of

1943)-

June

not

difficul-

decisions

in

1941s

was

even

initially

the

Rfos's

policy

PR

PCCb,

policies

reflected

died

office.

while

harmony

democracies

a policy

the

tho

the

cabinet

with
at

out
had

did

(effective

in

fell

Rfos

of

dissolved

war

couunitted

held.

the

14ovement

for

support

been

it

PS and

formally
of

after

over

Aatherq

withdrew

PIA soon

this

agroewent

without

Rfos

Only

Roweverg

profound

cabinet

the

relations

harwonious

Communist

Comintern

had

in

differences

form

and

1945-0)

kiay

until

responsibilities

government.

international

begun

the

to

contrast,

any

1946

dispense
between

shortlived.

Dubalde.

increasingly

World

was

eloctions

1944

to

to

cabinets

their

up

agreed

January

in

return

Second

the

finally

his

Vay

P11 patched

the

presidential

grew

frow

inside

conflicts

President
in

ancl

Presidentp

In

the

participation

life

officially

led

Rfos

Partido

schiswatic

Siwilarly,

co-operation

Vice

new

and

(2)

1943

Rfos

the

of

creation

PH and

September

Although
i,iay

the

to

for

the

National

Unity

National

support
conditional

explanation

Allied
-

Unity

for

the
and

at

of

the

277
9
times

became

critical,
PCCh

the
hostile

to

the

the

and

Rfoso

War

Cold

However,

beCang

relations

between

the

had

party

exchanged

its

Mhblde

administration.
Although,

generally

more

the

whole

the

both

the

the

PR or

progress

cient

party

PS9 the

led

to

the

until

he

was

Works

in

Gonzalez

In

policies

relations

(5)

he

to

to

Videla's

to

wbich

confronted

between

below,

te

President

p-,o3*? 2-326

tle

al: o
since

ancl

the

Central

ComitS

Contreras
office

and

PCChIs

Public

of

(5)

1946.

actions

rade

iiore

effiinter-

November

be

must

make

1943,

frow

in

to
and

Ways

of

exaoine

Iifos;

without

General

cabinet

mention

probleo,

unlike

removed

I-Ainistry

first

detail,

political

formally
the

Noreover,

the

Secretary

of

on
in

managed

on

was

influence

December

group

com-

Cerda,

professional

in

ruling

not

proceeding

his

iee

was

Unity

years

war
and

a more

demotion

,-Teater

problews
paid

the

'promoted'

Sefore

conflicts

creating

inside

although

the

Neverthelessq

effective

Labarcat

PCCh survived

internal

its

one

the

which

fieldse

union

for
to

Aguirre

maintain

1946

support

National

of

and

early

hostile

openly

that

ended

by

administration

than

trade

and

machine.

differences

an

to

eeneral

more

cbanged;

and

lasted,

war

manaeod

party

of

War

Unity

cooled

was

supporting

towards

nal

be

the

fierce

some

mic

while

conservative

the

PCCh

became

World

National

policy

Indeed,

electoral

experiencing

the

between

friction

parties

Second

of

and,

POCh to

two

the

goals
and

oppositi6n

the

the

those

as

Afos

general

mitted

PS as

PR and

increasing

of

source

the

attention

anti
econosliould

botli

belped

to

shape

PCCh

dijrinp

the

war

278
a

years.
The

The

tion.

war

but

ports

it

and

of

found

their

way

witb

t,,, t

trade
tion

to

results

the

port,

nitratesq

tain.

(8)

and

A.11
dear

Videla's

the

pite

increases

the

index
I
production

(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)

in

allq

did

not

for
did

mininj
not

coal

of

to

forced

the

flourish
and

copper

1941

war

the

proSpain
some

in

wns

st posit'he

with
country

exporto(7)

INjore-

other

ex-

staple

imports

and

like

petrol
to

sometimes
itncercheap

sell

Gonzn'les

cost

Cl, ile

sorre

claim

was

accurate

durin-

the

output

hetureen

levels

UsA

also

Vie

Wacholzq

tI-is

fell

production

that

Chile

Roberto

was

U3A

tl-. o

to

quantitiest

Chile's

Whether

surpass

Te

important

price

(4espite

critics,

minister,
(9)

in

lar,,

for

war

according

pesos.

economy

in

ex-

to

t'here
tl,

coirmodities
the

finance

million

not,

essential

only

i,iost

tf, e

up

of

andp

first

149000

its

dewand

forced

rltit

Milels

exported

goods

machines

CIAlean

some

curtailed

su., )-,)Iy

buy

corper

for

prices

war

(6)

country.

to

war

adnjinistra-

place

our. rbt

the

of

mogt

bis
of

r.iarlcat

that

Axis

of

durinf

alt,

argued

tbe

into

according,

the

tI-e

wbich

root

certain

the

continent

Chile's

overp

for

lirt-itecl

purchase

low

received

made

demand

FcCht

the

at

Rfos

stimulated

Americalt

tests

lay

wlAch

effectively

Latin

the

War

confronted

problems

economic

World

Second

steadily
until

war

while
1946.

Des-

years.
1942

or

and

19449

industrial
(10)

Only

9-2-1943;
El Sialo
6-1-1943
20.2.1943;
6ee,
for
F. Dur6n
exaplep
El Partido
Radical,
P383FOA FO 371/5?
007 A5656/52/9,
from
OrdTto
report
dated
Edenp
27.5-1942.
FOR FO 371/52007
AS8008/18/9,
from
Leche
to
report
dated
9eving
23.12.1946.
jee
Appendix
B for
the
indices
The fall
of proeuction.
tho
in
index
mining
by t', P decline
was caused
ltiainlY
from
of nitrate
1.5
in 1942
production
to unmillions
der
tons
In 1944.
a million
Bstadfstica
Chilena
December
1949,
p634.

279
9

the

over

shwed

production

agricultural
same

period.

increases

in

increased

from

to

in

be more

in

to

make

this

there

up

throughout

the
If

to

similar

line
loss

cal

problems

not

have

and

powerful

economic

those

which

to

ting

a conservativeg

a posture
(11)
(12)
(13)

(14)
(15)

won

the

which

and 29.4%

Wages

increases
they

(15)

power.

tende-

tended
did

little

resultp

As

discontent

labour

of

and

had

wages

1943,

in

1944

in

(13)

wage

undercurrent

inflation

11.8%

real

after

problems

in
the

Aguirre
one

vital

furious

A left-wing

See Appendix
Anfbal
Pintop
p205Ibide

Be
Chile,

and
to

un

leader

nomination

his

caso

politi-

Pfos

a united

in

the

1941

anti-Communist

desarrollo

did

of

in

election

de

were

the

Cerdaq

opposition

anti-frentista
crucial

Rfos

respect

Radical

PROs presidential

proved

faced

which

confronted

with

Right.

had

While

different

contend

Rfoz

1943p

and

year3e

the

were

by

1942

to

econo-

imports
of

1946.

in

purchasing

strong

war

15*9%

inflation

of

in

dropped

and

with

a fairly

was

increase

pressing

of

rate

25.6%

1938.04)

15% since

to

to

rose

most

price
the

to

rate

inflation

behind

by

clined

the

it

rising

ig4l

15-2% in

1945,

lag

the

Rfoals

was

spendingg

Although

8.8%

ded

by

government

1943-(12)
to

however#

Caused

problem.

to

(11)

Inflationg
mic

tendency

some

to

1930st
by

adop-

stance
the

frustrado

'Anotaciones
Ae Pinto
los
de la
sobre
efectos
guerra
en nuestra
Principiosq
July
1945.
economfal
See Appendix
D for
an indication
of the effects
of
this
in the important
process
industries.
mining

280

(16)

Presidency.
the

Lefts

Determined
inside

whether

frentist2.

old

1941

and

bulk

his

of

Rfos

Right

the

be used
wing

bad
to

and

apart

there

were

based

took

office.

Rfos

current

from

in

Idos'3

on

the
the

first

the

PR and

that

office

and

appointments

would

the

stability

Secondlyp

(16)

(17)

(18)

relations

exclusive
because

only
March
of

actions

could

and

the

left-

betureen

forminp

not

frentista
there

was

administrawhen

a powerful

of

the

for

he
anti-

Aguirre

government

factional

exacerbate

the

an

parties

competition

and

leaninizap

political

experience

fierce

suggested

PRIs

old

the

years

undermine

for

placeq

Cerda

and

and

in

personal

reasons

good

exclusively
In

Congress

the

on

(17)

parties.

Quite

tion

demands

the

discipline

of

Indeeds

1945

iay

in

parties

control

regained

government

howeverg

centro

based

a cabinet

the

provided

elections.

presidential

form

to

agreed
left

of

the

ivIarch

between

had

they

though

even

Congress

though

even

and
in

support

probably

support

1945

insisted

Rfo3

governments

controlled

partiea

iiarch

his

on

over-reliant

PR*

the

outside

into

become

to

not

or

Liberals

on incorporating
the

strife

reliabilityo(18)

PS and

the

PCCb

were

still

Ills
defeated
Afos
in
1942
the
only
rival
presidential
General
Carlos
to
lbaflez
by 260,000
elections,
votes
204,854
Urzua
Valerizuela
votes.
Los
partidos
polftiRfos
that
cos
chilenos
p86.
claimed
ripbt-winshim
509000
91 Sirlo
parties
gave
sot-e
votes.
22.4.1944;
27.4.1944.
After
arcb
1)45,
t'-ie
ri!! ht-u-in7
controlled
parties
23 Senate
the
left
22 a! id
seats
an, -' 75 Deputy
seats;
72 seats
FOII 1`0 371/449249
AS 3023/
respectively.
291/9,
Santia_-o
Chancery
American
Departii-, entq
to South
5.
22-5-13
defeateO
Videlap
the
left-sirinf,
only
4-Ionzintlez
can-Ios
didate
for
the
Pki's
in
1941
nomination
presidential
by 14P753
to
149222
La Crftica
16.12.19'Pl.
votes.
6hapter
Seep
5.
for
intornal
pp226-229,
a-i account
of
in
the
I-mtxveen
l)33
stru-: les
ancl 1941
a, ie their
iillprct
on 'ladical
A, --,uirre
Cor, 41a.
relations
with

281
0
cool

Rfos

give

Demo-cratico
,

to

similar

rivalriesq

Frontq

Popular

had

with

parties

the

the

seek

on

ance
to

both

during

until

June

congressmen
manifesto

1943
-

po3tsp
purge

trol

of

severing

to

control
target

known

to

leaving

prices
the

with

check

Young

Young

for

giving

(19)

Seep for
examplep
1944.
August
El

(20)

El Nercurio

for

attack

Hfo3's
letter
4.8.1944.
Sirlo

3.6-1943,

Radical

Turks

issued

Liberals

powers
(20)
was
to

plum

the

under

undue

the

con-

procrastination
and

for

Howeverp
the

administra-

a promised

Axis

with

proportLens

the

speculation.

Turks'

helped

discontent

agencies

the

insist-

his

left-wing

out

he

governmento(19)

Radical

ib&Fxiatas)g

links

his

serious

semi-fiscal
and

and

carry

that

demanded
-

the

administration

fifteen
as

that

argument
war

his

to

frentista

sectors

of

President

the

the

assume
of

old

refusal

old

PS from

signs

not

became

Chile's

of

were

forfailing

(thus

the

a group

right-winger3

in

into

and

the

Rfos's

the

of

by

Liberals

did

when

who

much

all

tensions

old

the

of

political

PH and

it

attacking

tive

reasons

made

function

emerge.
for

support

there

19429

Rfos

to

manage

Alianza

destroyed

had

created

the

time

did

to

bogin

not

left-winp

the

to

existed

PCCh

the

1942

which

begun

of

Although

main

which

himself

incorporating

alienate

cabinet

those

exact

co-operation

cohesive

did

by

conditions

extraordinary

of

PS and

it

19439

exclusive
he

and

the

Front

October

already

Whatever
govern

in

March

until

regularly

when

Chile(ADCh)

do

PH,

the

coalition

a now

create

old

Popular

assurance

minimal

Moreoverg

support.
to

that

even

the

like

coalition

no

and

Minister

PCCh in

failing
the
of

282
o
the

Interior,

had

used

unscrupulous

majority

the

on

before

by

Congress
be

not

terupted

seized

power

cabinet

and

of

the

in

Concenci6n
resolution
instructed

naue

and
the

the

ADCh

71adical
trant.

(21)
(22)

(23)
(24)

formal

Even

thinly

the

as

they

for
Of

parties

or

su-oport

from
April

Old

the

PR and

his

JCR

19449

new

to

tochnocratsl

have

tl, e

This

6361/324

-a

new

with

Rfos

the

CEIV to

CEIV approached

99

dis!

)atch

politiresolu-

on

proved

in

their

neeottate

he

to

held

excitisively

if

tbo

continued

to

empowered

invited

cabinet

Nacional(CEN)

government

Ibid.
FOR 1FO 371/337549a.
Orde
to
Edens
clateel

La Hora

LvO

based

a cabinet

the

P11 Policy.

r"-iecllt:

the

PH was

Conventions

Official

Con""

chiefay

the

as

managed

of

cabinet

fiadicals

National

19449

adopted

In

left-wing

the

participation

Service

though

recently

dissolving

first

when

disryuised,

PR's

the

at

formation

El
by

the

19439

araine

structure

(24)

by

Armed

should

had

who

AfosOs

then

military

responded

two

of

legislation
Chilean

without

September

January

in

tion

Rfos

howeverp

and

allegadq

uncertain

colleagues

included

Liberalss

(23)

ground

for

to

attack,

the

their

another

cabinet

two

PH aereed.

t1lat

emulate

June

was

a pro-government

Turks'

partieso(22)

to

included

cal

anxious

forming

frow

gain

and

which

return

secure

government

Arj; entinaq

administrationg

to

important

political

lasted

Young

the

for

to

it

who,

(21)

iCli.

support

to

means

Annoyed
Radical

Beltramig

horales

haul

either
withdraw

recalciRfos

in

order

Charles

22.6.193-

3-9-1943-

24.1.1944.
-Alercurio
341" to 32) votes.

The

resolution

-as

Passed

283
.
0
to
The

Radical

they

Concenci6n

the

implement

i-Anisters

in

office

F-11 co-oo,

official

at

attempts
to
all

Radicals

party

ration

1-aving

comprot-Ase

forxal

1-:
)e in

held

who

to

administration

in
he

1945-(28)
fiat

on

the

altered

Falange
,
two

(25)
(26)
(27)
(2,3)

(29)

technocrats

in

t1le

cabinet.

instructed

and

their

a result

of

Altl-ou.

f'h few

MqOical

(which

included

at

and

the

". FA
y
-,

the

of

elections
to

apreed
the

form

an

centrist

PIR accepted

the

inclusion

(29)

the

peace

'3ut

its

impose

victory

and

military

until

conarossional
Rfos

of'

crtbinet

again

ADCh parties
Vie

all

itself

Pn eleclared

log Gerheads
,,
failure
to
t! -e Pit's

the

on

19449

September

as

office

cliriate.

witiout

govorned

government

1945

they

PR*(26)

forr., ed anotPer

M-le Narch

) while

Nacional(FFil;

his

office-holders

political
based

administration

the

1944

timet

in

parties

rlght-win.
had

Radical

faileds

although

and

191459 rifos

(25)

rebuffed.

ane

the

in

P-I reii, ained

T-ly that
Vie

Rfos

October

tine

and

from

resien*(27)

co; i, plie(Ig

resipn

indends

govrirni-. jent

office-hol(lers

and

to

onposition

affiliationg

men)

oay

ands

was

resignations

expelle(I

1944 until

From Ilay

to

thoir

trere

and

and

ordered

were

LfOs refusod

compliedg

stayed

resolution

of
between

lo
:,-;l si, 7-,
30-4.1914.
Ibid.
27-04-19414;
28.4.1944;
",;,
'l -, orctirio
12.9.19'44.
(out
Only
Intendente
of 20)
one -',
adinal
resi, -ned
and
5 'adical
Ill
only
con. sejeros
semi-f'15cal
a-t-ticles
Cuents
de la
Cl,; ',T P,J a la
resijgned.
actuacio;
i del
XVI
Conveici6n
En, )r;
1)44-SiTero
vacion; -O (r(! iiiaria.
(Santia:
1946
),-o, 194G)
)11.
11 P Falango
formed
by tl-e
social-cl-iristian
-'acionalj
t, ie Partieo
Cons-rvador
of
current
in late
1)3's jWaS
tl-e precursor
Cristiano.
Cristiano

account
Is
"i"os

OF V-(-- wo,
-'rrn
See
George
rayson
,
(Jvitiago,
Chileno
the
F-' Is
of
dPve1on:
ad,. Anistratio,
i.

11arti0o
Deu(Scrata
Sl
Parti0o
Dem6crata
1)6B)
for
)P193-247
an
during
and
nolicies
Ient

284

00
Rios

the

PR was

abroad

in

and

absence

and

uneasy

broke

down

Rfosts

by

prolonged

although

it

19459

late

January

again

in

to

withdraw

1946.
In

that

life

public

and
Vice

Radicalg
Rios's

with
tide

monthq
he

handed

of

took

approvalp

in

country

late

1945

When
in

demonstrators
of

sequence

PRIs

to

opposition
the

winning
dateg

the

a new

(PRD)*(32)
in

the
to

PR return

the

rather
(30)
(31)
(32)

(33)

partyt

of

his

more

in

win,

declared

the

the

Partido

and

1946

presidential

cabinet.

(33)
relations

distant.

his

with

19469

resulted

in

the

P11 to
had

relations
Although

(31)

party.
be

in
in

succeeded
their

candileft

Democratico
Gonzalez
electiong

the

fac-

of

79 of

the

Radicals

Radical
and

eight

January

for

right-wing

September

protest

killing

tho

nomination

Videlal

the

exacerbation

right

death

and

fire

administration

predecessorg
cool

and

a rising

stem

massive

which

the

and

Rios's

after

R:fos's

While

motion

actine

affect

provoked

Santiago

presidential

Only

triumph

those

Duhalde

Gonzalez

created

in
in

to

opened

had

Radicals

partyls

Gabriel

left

the

left-wing

the

set

to

begun

had

police

cabinet

between

strife

After

and

from

resignation

tional

was

events

Duhaldeq

steps

from

conservative

another

Duhalde.

which

Bulnes

Plaza

to

power

which
steps

11fo3

energetic

unrest

demonstrationso(30)

over
Alfredo

President

industrial

forced

illne3s

PR closely

with
the

the

Videla's
did

the

resembled

PS were

PS participated

See Chapter
7, pp337-340
for
a more detailed
account
in early
1946.
of events
Ibide
the PRD was formed
Although
by opponents
of Gonzilez
Videla's
the new party
its
candidacy,
pledped
support
for
his
1946.
in October
La Ifora
22.10.46.
government
7.9-1946.
Ibid.

285
o
in

the

early

Rfos's

towards

attitudeq
its

much

of

gles

led

force.

its

division

PCCh
the

useful

a more
essential

Cerda

the

and

influence

PS -a

Although
towards

the

factional

the
little

became

should

between

tinued

in

durinn

the

from

1943

loft

P39 by

and

with
led

by

Bernardo
The

(34)

See La Nacio"nn 13-10-1942

25.1-1943;
26 . 1-1943;

(36)

split

which

showed

1943

which

struLglo

July

1944

conthe

that

Socialista
there
was

of
became

were

two

prepared

terms,

a"d

the

increasingly

a dramatic

U
and
30-1.1943-

Socialist

the

The

which

regardless

had

reform.

econowic

thong

Grove

lbaRez,

of

B-1 !-,ercurio

by

almost

urhethor

Partido

1944,

July

'afos

the

anti-collaborationists

January

the

the

on

againg

atid

until

formed

PSA led

Moss

MASKS)

not

critical

(35)

in

attitudes

durinjr,

once

(34)

was

and

the

parties;

then

Aguirre

Communist

iaipacL

rS

social

and

After

collaborate

of

cabinct.
it

but

AutAtia(PSAW35)

to

thus

difforine

covormiont

cause

1942t

late

collaborationists

socialist

in

wasp

collaborationists

resigned

ministers

F: 3 arid

curb

their
the

issue

participate
to

had

afflicted

divisive

central

marked

tbe

between
to

and

policies

which

cowmitiaent

Clashes

the

relations

rivalries

its

and

struggles

party

found

11foa

than

determination

co,,,mon

personal

PCCh

the

yearsp

cordial

lacking.

was

the

in

factor

strul-,,

coneressional

ally

Internal

ycarsq

war

cheaper

and

the

of

wucb

as

lost

eventq

any

fierce

when

decline

and

for

oreovers
11,

an

as

in

andp

ally

a critical

maintained

always

government

usefulness

to

had

it

cabinetaq

effect

!,,.ercurio

on

29.12.1942;

4-7-194-

! eriiardo
lb'afiez,
the
son
teacher
ajid ')ocauio
active
first
the
as a mewber
of

in 19449 he liras
C. T. Oh 10.9.1943

also
for

of

peasantsp
tbe
trade
in
? C.;h tlien
as

3f-cretary
(letails

trainod
urtion
a 60cialist.

Ueneral
of
of bis
early

as a
uovementq

Crr, ' .
aareer.

5ce

286
a
the

PS13

it

only

in

1941;

invited

to
to

felt

selves

in

the

of

draw
wing
tum

from

Front

programme.

06)

added

insult

PS

the

Front

policy

power

and

1946

to

(40)

embraced
the

Ironically
the

PS had

left-wine
been

(38)
(39)
(40)

(41)

ADCh
by

it

into

the
no

enoughg
policies
in

advocating

at

leasto

that

and
July

the

to

with-

to

the

#conquest

the

PS allowed

time,

August

election

the

leftultimajoin
Third
of
Its

of

Janu-

than

that

PCCh

had

of

that

postures
1945.

its

in

government

ageressive
and

so-

the

Although

conservative

by

of

(the

PS's

PSA

the

Duhalde

less

criti-

a more
the

allowing

Socialism'.

them-

policy

PCCh

rejected

with

admini-

make

threatened

(39)

of

adopted

concerned

administration

an

Superficially
(37)

drag

the

coalition.

nominally

August

coalition

injury

implantation

the

When

the

was

government

and

to

Ps

increasingly

the

the

to

became

the

and
Rfos

beean

PS adopted

in

the

of

the

and

unless

left

anti-communism

Rfos.

policy)

ADCh

and

the

(37)

followings

1*1ay 1945

in

pressures

1945*

July

17

witb

coneres3ional

PS also

elections

3 deputiC3.

elected

cabinet

War

1945

compared

as

weak

the

both

the

ranksp

ary

In

March

critical

Cold

mid-1945,

from

Third

called

its

in

as

PCCho

independence

part$

increa3inely

Howeverp

stration.

its

participate

become

the

6 deputies

despite

PSAO

in

and

elect

PSAj for

the

continued

cal

to

managed

The

was

fortunes

electoral

(41)

Rfos

to

the

Urzu'a Valensuela
Chilona
Estadfstica
op. cit.
p86.
December
19459 PP708-723.
J. C. Jobet
E-I Partido
do Chilep
Socialista
It PP187-192La Opini6n
7.8.1945.
Alvarez
Agustin
Objectivos
Socialismo
del
en Chile
(Santiagop
1946)
4 portfolios
The PS was given
p2.
in Duhalde's
labourg
health
cabinetj
agriculturep
Fj sigio
and the economy.
3.2.1946.
See below
p292.

287
o
Presidency

the

of

only

had

Tlfos

made

but

the

PCCh

had

continued

claims

his

of

even

dential

mi7ht

become

well

durine

relationsl-ipg
sideq

and

If
the

pting

the
to

subsequent
his

which

The

German

Norld

(42)

the

nros

support

froin

canpresi-

thatq

clear
General

Thafiez

Despite

their
intAr-

and
to

PCCh
in

unless

some

toFretber

wor1c

their

wayst

o1i

expectations
had

existee

bad

been

decisive

the

1942

presidential

bad

between

either

Ole

of
funrlar,

sordid

rtirsue

'Jugsin

in

Jime

le

for

19141

spoils

to

lines
his

transformed

entally
stru-!

durine

PCCh

the

enme

broaO

in

rrom-

determined

have

which
Rfos

the

shapel
to

to

appear

before

even

PCC11 urAs

Comintern,
War

the

co-oneration

and

Indeed,

invasion

in

factors

events
the

which

Videla,

lifos's

domestic

artificial

circumstance

to

renime.

cies

presidential

Cerda.

support

international

to

thRt

than

international

electionsg

becorre

anti,

by

national
PCCh

'had

administration

happier
Aguirre

endorsed

ancl

clear

presidential

Premident.

1(fos

undistorted

was

PCCh

his

of

much

official

howevery

compelled

PCCb*

the

Gonzalez

candiAate,

next

dislike,

and

factors

it

rival

had

single

Chile13

distrust

national

PCCh

after

around

the

opponentq

P11's

the

for

well

sympathies

press

Radical
the

only

united

mutual

to

Indeedq

bode

not

anti-communist

become

candidacy
Left

his

serious

had

(42)

didate.

the

Most

be

after

did

Republic

Not

Pavo

office,
of

the

noli-

atiministration.
I-acl,

accorc?

V-e

Second

bptween

lnp

equally

The PCCh finally

declare(I
for
he
11fos a nontb
after
bad won the PRIs presi(leitial
31 ji q 10
riowination.
18.1.1942.
Intt-restinrjy
PCCh had not
enoughp
been particularly
ent', uslastic
about
tridela
-onzalez
because
lie arivocaLee
eltber
CI-Ale's
coitinued
neutraLitye
Ibid5-12-1941.

288
&
rapacious
of

for

democracyp

the

into

imperialisms

future

very

the
of

a holy

survival

the

PCCh

October

19419

that

the

Popular

governed

its

nature

thats

actions

National

Unity*(44)

National

Unity

Instead,

defence

of

the
in

democracy

in

held

the

to

were

popular

movement

a vast
coalition

like

to

to

appeal

the

parties

PCCh

tions
(43)
(44)
(45)
(46)

or
argued

between

and

war

around

Popular

Frontp

a far

broader

political

traditional

the

indifferent'
that

Left

the

to
Second

and

Right

the

World

War

irrelevant

Chile's

con-

(46)
had

was

intended

including

those

and

of

electoral

Unity

spectrum

Front.

Havana

Conference

Janeiro

and

National

the

in

creation

political

Right

of

Although

by

realiaed

hold

of

(45)

effort,

be

to

maximisation

the

fulfilment

the

do

in

objec-

goals

major

Rio

the

andq

reform

Conference
the

of

or

Chile

In

three

and

concept

a now

advance

abroadp

the

of

*hostile

had

had

strategyp

explicit

American

the

and

Allied

objectives

no

in

purpose

Front

process

those

later
1942)

January

tribution
these

(and

Pan

the

by

the

with

changed

Plenum

its

guided

the

which

served

Popular

had

home

at

of

1940

be

Unity

National

resolutions
July

would

it

formulationst

tives.

had

revolutionary

XI

for

and

to

Btratogyq

1935p

concerned

not

the

of

initial

Front

the

Union

its

at

defence

the

response

announced

Unlike
was

acceleration

PCCh

the

henceforthq

its

since

Soviet

In

mankindo(43)

war,

for

crusade
the

of

the

of

had

who

the

Indeedl
made

and

old

thatp

Sobolev
A*I*
Outline
11istory
et al.
ofthe
Internationa_lp
p477-Yndre's
Escobar
Dfaz Unidad
Nacional
contra
fascismo
pp20-22.
Ibid.
B1 Siglo
31-12.1941.
6peech
by
Contreras
.
to the XII
Party
Congress.

been

distine-

in

current
Communist
el

Labarca

pq .
?
0
the

conditions,

(47)

isolated

and

the

of

name

policy

the

to

strateey

be

just

as

the

drew

war

its

to

the

nn

it

Popular

replaced.
objec-

reform
dimension

andq
of

series

P.S.

proved
it

one

explicit

acquired

the

the

concept

a reforming

closeq

PR and

the

new

PCCh

of

between

as

with

first,

the

from

hadq

it

tivesp

instrument

began

Unity

National

if

Tbus,

an

both

the

in

these

Unity

feattire

differences

made

sectors

National

of

Unity,

factq

in

right-wing

prominent

a)parent

flexible

as

to

chagrin

National

and

hads

PCCI,

under

and

increasing-

Despite
Front

Frontq

a permanent

Vie

the

fascist

'between

was

appeals

Popular

the

to

While

half-bearted

became

appeals

valid

only

anti-fascist.

and

disttnction

reforw

goals.
The
the

early
of

product

In

Allies

distorted

be

financed

of

assets

would
develop

(47)
(48)

(49)

by

the

war

the

by
from

fascists
the

industrialg

of'

Chile's

neet
-

PCCh

the

most

of
in

efficient
a! -ricultural

Allied

in

the

To

that

a National

,,

atirl

of

Ibid.

by

the

seizure

The

Colincil

resources

to

anti

production.

inininp

by

plan

Councill

CI-ilets

22.6-1)43.
Ibid.
Anonymous
article
izquierOis;
fascistas
o anti-fascist-is'.

1, ,4- '4.19'4,2.
lhid.
Decipration
Commission
the
CC P--Ch
of
la
'jefensa
Nacionall.
para

to
PCCh

the

endq

ane

narket

ent

overnn,

s-)eculators-(49)
use

to

a world

Sconomic

system

effort.

war

necessary

needs

ur-ed

t! -Ie tax

and

the

was
the

nairelyp

materials

own

(48)

economy.

reforms

objectivesq
to

Unity

National

of

contribution

formation

the

ensure

central

production
to

for

called

C'hilols

and

modernise

and

its

of

increase

to

order

the

one

of

maximisation

dimension

reforming

the

tv, ovilisacio'n

'Xi

derechas

Political
3conoiAca

ni

290
.
*
While
tbe

PCCh

the

sures

predicted

designed

not

were

economic

and social

that

PCCh

of

t I'll
'e

the

althou.

gb

19439

there

prosperous

world

Extrapolating

just

as

operate

by

advanced

class

flict-(51)

should
world

desire
(50)
(51)

wlich
be
once

of

had

war

American

come
and
had

that

the

To

ended.

Communisin

to

to

demoistrnte

collaborate

to

class

combat

cobe

could

process

argued

axnanded

(50)

thatq

continue

to

and

Conferenceg

predicted

by

even

peaceful
defeated.

than

existence

countries

justs

rather

into

wore

Churchill

their

Teheran

revolutionary

the

interest*

the

woul(I

June

policy

been

Browderg

Browder

and,

in

had

of

Allies

problems

in

and

and

a more

armies

the

the

effectp

waintained
the

of

Earl

and

warp

Roosevolt

resolutions

the

society

Soviet

reneuret',

themselves

collaboration

In

alliances

PCCh's

Axis

to

1944

dissolved

in

and

creation

late

developments

Staling

leaderp

Russia
the

after

the

the

the

Communist
Soviet

the

once

from

that

mea-

fundamental

and

formally

doubt

1943s

in

economy

been

cob=itted

and

collaboratlna

U. S.

wore

for

November

Teheran

the

once

kloveizient

responsible

In

to

attention

little

Communist

primarily

at

until

1,ad

these

produce

was not

from

profit

economy,

to

Chile's

Comintern

International

met

Its

would

it

change*

be

the

specifically

turned

can

workers

of

transforpAng

radically

the

modernisation

7 and

plannin!

that

con-

multi-class
fascism
a better

oreate
the

with

sincere

progressive

Ibid.
7-12.1943;
9.12,1)43P,-,Cl, surnmarised
Ve
Ideas
anrl alucidataft
rowder's
ill numerous
in 91 :irjo
articles
nrld Principios.
The best
sin--le
suioiiary
of tv-oo arie V-eir
application
to Chile
31aln
51.
can be foun, 3 iri
iii all nrticle
'IniciAo,
e!ItLtlee
os una nueva
et. 1pa
hi stOrIca
I.

291
*
from

forces

the

of

ineu. bers

its

in

established

American

its

XV

at

hand;

line

Wile
stage

forces

Risht.

(53)

return

to
mark

not

to

tudes
On the

to

return
the

either

for

in

Howeverg
support

for

support

began

the

borationisin
tra0e

serious
Junes
Coiomunist

( 52
(53)

union
divergences

'Brolederism'
leaderg

Frincipios
El-krlo

5y
(54)

XV

Plenum

the

flac

early

its

primarily

encountered
fields.

'I)'
betureen

of

because

Vie

""A(I-19459

there

formally

and
denouncee

Jacques

'Ilclos-(54)

A.pril
5.8.1944;

19449
,-,eport
6.8.1944;

Contreras
Labarca
in
the
letter
DuclOs'
to the
CPUSA
El Sif,, 10 10.6.1945-

in

the

its

1944

of

1945,
to

in

atti-

and
right.

proCressive

efforts

resistance

Ilussia

or

FCCh's

the
win

right-win-

PCCh's
the

both
were
Allies
by

did

parties.

months

months

it

Chile,

in

the

PCChIs

the

marked

policies

final

all

traditional

conditional

over

dewoof

rilht-wing

less

win

and

was

the

at
was

sta-e

bourgeois

the

chanro

the

to

government

had

of

became

LP

to

those

or

in

efforts

within

announced

assistance

hard-line

government

government
its

the

fundawental

PCCb

the

with

the

PCCh

Group

historic

through

agaressive

the

the

re-doubled

and

for

the

a now

thrust

although

a concern

contrarys

support
it

Thus,

that

1944

including

re-

Political

a pressure

ideasq

development

its

to

and

party

partiese(52)

Browdor's

be

the

CC of

Cowj,, unist

as

political

August

the

American

function

to

would
of

progressive

with
in

Plenum

cratic

looser

the

persuaded
disband

to

UiA

intended

Association

In

Browder

quarterl

Party

Communist
group

any

tl-ie

Alt"01.1-1-11

of' i, ro-derls
7-8-1944.
XV Plenum.
was re-printed

C0110political

scigns

of
in

and
French
VIO

PCCII

speoch.
Speech
in

292
.
0
insisted
in

19459

Tuly

social

and

National

the

the

than

rather

become

the

By

for

instrument

an

or

appeasement

the

yearg

acceleraof

avoidance

the

with
that

of

end

Plenum

fundamental

with

collaborating

with

(55)

Right.

had

Unity

than

reforms

XVI

its

at

concern

a greater

showed

economic

Unity

National

of

validity
it

or

government

tion

the

on

the

class

struggle.

Rfos

Although
not

without

solidarity

the

with

Axis
the

mitted
ning

PCCh

his

of

failingsq
on
tion*
lose

the

the
(55)

(56)

to

wholeg

had

Rfos

of

ibaftistasIq
Allied

been

who were
cause

than

to

had

for

from

an

event

even
RfoS

allq

whatever

less
andq

gain

power

since

would

be

the

favourably
almost

com-

from

laws
to

relations

Rfos

Chile's

nothing

of

objectives

democratically

respect

ousted
such

Unity

After

elected

PCCh

Chile's

were

which

obligation

sever

(56)

been

the

to

support

a general

due

with

Moreovers
had

reasons

pressing

National

other

administration.
Rfos

beneficiaries

or

powers

one
namely

for

reluctantq

fulfil

to

meritq

continental

was

he

and

Constitu-

most

extreme

disposed

certainlyg

his

and

and

the

begin-

the

ruled,

to

much
likely
Right

towards
moro

hostile

Seep for
the speech
to the
by Elias
Lafertte
example,
XVI Plenump
Princiniosq
July
1945.
Amongst
other
Lafertte
for
land
refornisp
called
a thorough-poing
(a topic
hardly
1940s)
in the earlier
reform
mentioned
and the revision
of contracts
of foreign
mining
companies.
See, Florencio
Dura*n op. cit.
for
some of
pp334-354
Rios's
for
reasons
not breakinp-off
relations
with
the Axis.
Rios's
strongest
was that
rupargument
ture
in any practical
the Allies
would
not benefit
It
Chile.
way while
could
adversely
affect

293
0
PCCh

the

to

and

Chile's

Axisq
into

the

opposition

vigorous
its

and

its

and

affected

tribution

to

National

Unityp

Since

that

adopted

PCCh

PCCh's

the

unconditional

nor

uncritical.

were

measured

against

Unity

judged

and

that

accepted
determined

(58)

ated

in

and

foreign

PS,

never

up

(57)

to

had

it

expected
rights

Although

accordance

its

conof

support

and
and

production

with

fieldso
moved

the
into

Rf03

current

be

to

and

his

performance

formal

opposition

not

their

PCCh'a

unlike

in

to

in
either
when

PCCh
it

both
the
he

was

by

the
the

respect
of

standard
for

support

National

borne

be

poli-

and

timep

war

government

defend

neither

the

while

made

the

PCChq

of

goals

should
the

was

actions

Morsoverg

sacrifices

and

for

sul-)port

the

such

democratic

living.

war

Cbilets

political

Government

sacrifices

alone

workers'

Allied

increase

to

accordingly.

that

workers

Its

adversely

objective

a central

Rfos

gave

performance

of

maximisation
was

a policy

been
the

and

unrest.

Howeverl

cies

to

USA

adopted

have

only

designed

policies

industrial

avoid

the

the

economic

contribute

effort

war
the

labour

to

ability

undermined*

effort

could

stability

political

Chilets

Rfosq

to

PCCh

the

the

with

into

flowing

Had

machine.

war

rupture

over

kept

products

Above

movement*(57)

procrastinated

mining

Allied

class

working

Rfos

howevermuch

all,

of

the

Rfos
the

fluctudomestic

PR or
failed

the
to

live

expectations,

Accordin-T,
to the British
for
Ambassadorg
examples
Ib; fiez received
General
from
30,000
US dollars
Gerhis
many for
presidential
chest
campaign
and was genthought
to be pro-Axis.
FOR FO 371/30434
erally
A 326/18/99
dispatch
7.1.1942.
Orde to Edent
El Sirlo
z. 4.1942.

294
*
Even
National

Unity

although

in

for,

to

powers
certain

not
right

ted

a number

body

In

that

that

this

would

and

employment.

(60)

Chile

failing

to

expressing
copper

and

insistence

vocacy

of

In

strup.

his

the

pious

for

its

had

reason

to

be

support

with

with
the

25.4.1942;
16.7-1943;
17.7-1943.

for
the
P11 andq

his

party

Reserve

did

the

needs

economy
the

government
itself

confined

could

produce

(61)
the

PCCh'9

Politicallyp

government

SuPtbe

and

Riptit

proved

useftil

in

a more

general

7.5-1942.
17-7.1-943.

own

howeverg

for

not.

of
the

its

the

needs.

or

Be-

uncritical

on

and

grateful

accep-

Chile's

of

meet

Chile

Allied

critical
on

US Metal

US Netal

to

and

PCCh

the

exampleg

to

It

Trabajo

for

interests

and

del

effect

that

of
that

not

reproofs

belief
own

exercise

enough,

Chilets

co-operation

Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.

of

the

criticised

was

copper

a profound

mildest

protect

gles

the

with

Significantly

co-operationg

PCCh's

it

19439

sufficient
have

the

Rfos

(59)
(60)
(61)

with

delivered

deal

recent

party

purchase

July

the

the

and

voted

and

necessary

while

the

arranped

upon.

the

Coodigo

Chile

agreed

forg

assurances

Similarlyq

products

and

port

the

njininr

leave

enough

received

between

which

not

to

and

other

complained

for

limited

with
Thus*

need

President

circumvent

deals

the

which

(59)

accord

uncritical.

footing,

a war

sought

strike.
of

the
and

PCCh

the

to

used

to

terms

givinp

and

be

the

copper

Law

provisions

would

accepted

its

liberties

serve

PCCh

on

not

was

the

Chile

in

acted

PCCh

the

place

civil

the

1942,

of

government

goals,

Emergency

an

the

when

its

ad-

to

Rfos

and

295
*
senseq

negative
the

ADCh

force

the

PR9 or

the

the

PCCh's

Unity

at

actions
the

gave

his

(62)

Axis.

more

and

critical

it

found

that

internal

its

the

Although
in

ment

examined

became

to

it

Rfose

Conventiong

attacked

the

from

(62)
(63)
(64)

on

the

Inazi

If
exclusive

manoeuvret.

language

Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid*
'Ants

the

Indeedq

of

its

PR's

did
support
(64)

criticism

not

agree
the

Although
once

the

aside

the

of
which

(63)
govern-

1944

PR13 January
Committee

form

the

withdraw

ADCh parties

PCCh moderated

left-wing

23-7-1942.
4.6.1943.
9.1.1944.
by Juan
Article
la Convenci6n
Radical'.

member

a cabinet
the

PR or

be

will

formal

PR should

to

Rfos

on

set

into

the

the

June

government.

reasons

Central

that

of

the

drift
to

prior

thesis
Rfos

for

Communist

one

left-wing

government

based

opposed

govern-

Turks

critida1l.

more

1943

the
In

PR to

behind

unite

of

part

Young
the

exhorted

and

FCCh itself

National

the

attacks

the

left-wings
the

of

and

later

opposition

as

the

the

Axis#

for

support

Radical

differences

latter

the

the

its

the

with

whatever

with

rupture

of
ties

in

of

'incomprehensible$

were

broken

thatq

grounds

an advocate

had

Beltramit

Morales

the

on

attack

PCCh

the

19429

of

National

periodt

In

Interiorp

enthusiastic

more

1943o

the

of

Rfoe

Front

Popular

with

a lodestone

been

had

prioritiess

he was

After

PCCh became
ment

the

Radical

faultst

other

during

PCCh other

left-wing

from

left-wingt

Minister

the

defended

problems

relations

good

of

maintenance

its

least

formidable

creating

an

Congresse

in

Although

becoming

fro"

coalition

of

capahle

goverrment

the

the

inside

frictions

exacerbated

? olicy

prevented

and

effective
for

pCCb

Chac6n

thesis

had

Coronag

296
e
become
to

if

resign

way

Rfos

form

one

of

the

his

was

a cabinet

such

Communists

to

ministerial

PRIs

ultimatum

to

Rf03

when

expelled

mit

the

Radical

but

creation
the

with

supported

also
of

to

operate

with

PR was

the

PL and

XV Plenum

PCChIs

tperfect

PR to

return

urged

the

open

a government

of

from

all

$progressive

sectorso(69)

the
tember

(65)
(66)

PR from

its

1944

and

it

its
is

to

formal

PCCh

set

find

a solu-

that

Ibid*
Ibid*

24.4.1944;
2.8.1944.

(69)

Ibid.

4.8.1944.

1-5-19441

tinjeq
Hf03

governmentp

enthusiasm

support

to

unable

12.5.19'44;

the

seeine

drew

pressure

praised

and
in

to

PCCh

co-

the
by

the

was

to

and

aside

which

the

its

prevent
in

RfO3
or

23.1.1944.
Ibid*
from
Letter
(President
Rfos
to Alfredo
Rosende
PR)q
El-Sig-lo
22.4.1944o
As Roaende
pointed
howeverg
the
PCCh had already
it
that
stated
for
if
this
press
not
ministerial
was
office
to
the
formation
obstacle
of an ADCh cabinot.
27.4.1944.
Ibid*

(67)
(68)

for

Howeverg

Since

opposition
that

1944,
cabinotp

ADCh made

cabinet

unity

the

unlikely

made

intelligence'

national

efforts,

declarine

in

to

with

patriotic

for

all

to

opposition

need

For

serve

(68)

resolutions
and

to

(67)

ad-

the

PCCh re-doubled

PR to

resolution.

into

moving

the

greeted

the

the

to

not

April

members.

19449

to

After

the

which
its

on

August

Concepci6n

'erroneous$
the

in

persuade
the

calls

based

a cabinet

XV Plenum

efforts

the

as

were

it-

even

refusing

(66)

continued

efforts

such

and

PCCh opposed

the

1944.

April

the

PCCh was

determination

office#

in

the

for

gave

absolute

ministers

PCCh encouraged

tion

Rfos

which

in

an ADCh cabinet

of

not

ministers
cabinet

though

even

formation

reasons

his

re-organise,

Thusq

the

to

committed

though

refused

Radical

the

urged

to

PR wantedo(65)

the

self

it

PR policyt

official

Sepinfluence

CEN
outq
would
an

21.5.1944.

297
9
had

mucl-

net

in

to

With

PCCh9s

gradual

during

the

attitudes
as

an

for

ally

Despite
National

over
not

electoral
in

operation
their
far.
Unity

been

its

tions

were

XV

endorse

were

AV

the

its

to

technocrat

PR.

the

open

fieldp

1944

most
hostile

most

one

Santiago

of

in

ttie

by
the

tbe

Na-

PCCh

have

publicly
organisa-

disapproval

Radicals

to

to

dominated
its

Pedrej;

criti-

sc-ems

left-winp

Southq
del

go

over

Radical

expressed

Guillermo

selected
by

openly

while

the

co-

to

to

Regional

circumspect

by

permitted

act

dignitary

(70)

to-

CEN PR rarely

practical

Radical

PCCh
were

extent

divergences
the

starkj

the

policies

and

when

use

Wedded

party

actions

late

its

parties

somo

neither

others'
in

two

to

and

and

PH and

rupturo.

resolutions

left

the

of

point

less

especially

with

the

rather

canipaign

lost

the

resolutions.

electoral

PCCh

between

Plenum

Plenum

the

cabiand

policies

relations

permit

of

government

toupher

between

the

to

return

to

strupgles

their

at

and

Radical

Asaniblea

1945,

union

even

refusal

of

each

of

PCCh

the

cised

of

self-interest#

Indeedq

tional

adoption

his

trade

the

criticisms

too

of

reach

to

return

differences

the

to

by

gether

in

Unityq

allowed

PROs

the

course

Rfos

decision

PlIk's

tlie

with

1945.

May

the

with

do

alq

fight

sabotaged
liberal
a conf-res-

sional

seat

Amador

Pairoaq

policies.

(71)

(70)

El

(71)

Or
La Hora
24.9,1944
the
Asawbien
Radical's
strictures
on XV Plenum
resolutions.
Southern
Radicals
failed
to
distribute
they
had receivee
to finance
cash
del
Pedrecampaign
galls
to buy
FOR FO 371/37982
and
votes.
AS 4986/31/9,
from
Chancery
Santiago
report
to
the
American
South
Department#
Londong
dated
?. 9.1944.
It
be that
the
could
sabotane
not
-as
so much
a rejection
Unit,
of National
for
as a desture
of sunport
del
Pedregalts
onponentg
the
Arturo
caudillo,
olO
Alessandri.

vacant
as

Diario

a concrete

Ilustrado

death

of

wanifestation

10.10.1944

the

COMmunist
of

XV

senatorp

Plenum

298

,
Not
antagonisms
came

the

particularly
differencesp

howeverp

mass

issue

of

the

inside

struggles
creation

of

ists,

although

accepting

caution

and
its

to

prior
tion
levels

In

internal
Unity
at
the

PCCh

in

the

it

absorbed

(72)

(73)

(74)
(75)

(73)

1944

far

as

absorb
of
the

Carlos
Onicog

the
rump

the

and

continued

the

Partido

the

PS was

the

the

and

In

June

agreement

of

to

(74)

the

creaat

the

all
PSIs

National

over

initiative

Socialista

the

PCCh

the

strength

concorned.

faction-

the

to

agree

with

dnico

PS-(72)

counselled

differences

Vnico

Partido

the

anti-collaboration-

PS did

growina

Partido

to
on

nerotintion

The

single

principles

committees
but

of

in

Comintern

favoured

the

while

a party

the

of

impact

its

parties

profound

of

Onicog

be-

two

their

provistas

formation.

did

name

the

of

brouCht
so

had

process

conflicts

least

Onico

lengthy

January

soon

Partido

and
Unity

the

creation

the

co-ordinating

National

between

the

idea

PSs

dissolution

the

Joint

of

the

PSI

such

rapid

the

rivalries

Despite

proposed

Partido

ancient

Plenum.

partyl
the

the

conflict

after

PCCh

tbe

revolutionary

The
al

19439

June

and

of

XV

the

after

in

PCCh

source

additional

an

given

surprisinplyg
between

a halt

Ueverthelegag
de

1944,

Trabajadores(PST)
while

in

1946

PSA. (75)

Contreras
Labarca
Uni6n
Nacional
y Partido
Report
to
XIII
the
1943)
Plenum
ntiagov
The PCCh had made a similar
initiative
pp28-30*
in
4 of
19379
this
see Chapter
ppl8g-190.
works
See Salvador
Allende
El PS proclartia
2 de octubre
al
de reconquista
(Santiagop
1943)
como fecha
p23 and
La Naci6n
11-7,1944.
JeC.
Jobet
91 Partido
Socialista
do Chiles
Is p183*
El Sielo
57.1946.
5.6.1944;
19.6.1944;
Although
the
PST had
initially
unist
adopted
an anti-coria,
between
two parties
stances
the
became
relations
irore
in
19439
cordial
the
its
PST purged
and
most
vehement
Ibid.
2.5-1943.
anti-communists.

299
0
With

1944

July

and

bility

of

the

PS began

In
*the

union

identity
hood

PCChts

it

1944

late

to

opposition

some months

tions.

(78)

begun

to

warked

and

strident

of

the

Dubalde

in

the

early

months

If

National

gle
it

also

Shortly
nient
and

to
to

especially

(76)
(77)
(78)
(79)

the

with

of

to

the

of

after

Rfos

the

harmonious

proved
isalle

an
in

took

officet

industries

of

out

of

ADCh

elecWar

Cold

the

allow

the

congressional

PS to

abandon

serve

in

had

increasing-

became

its

the

de-

vanguard
t, e PCCh

apainst

the

which
field

La OpiniOn
21.10.1944.
See 9 belowo PP312-314.
El Sie, 'lo
7-8-1945174.4.1942.
Ibid.

PCCh
of

to

kept
of

tt-e

unnecessary
vital

to

useful

settlement
of

to

not

1946.

well

avoidance

if

offensive

Unity
as

force

shadows

and

movement

PS did

anti-communism

action

against

union

Vie

1945

the

brotherNational

of

trade

Unity

aspirationsp

hattle

Sut

administrationts

him

in

the

leadinip

PR and

served

the

timet

that

its

March

t)7,e PS's

ineependence

clared

thie

after

and

Unity

National

BY that
gather

methodsp

(77)

1945.

early

and

spiritual

PCCh into

the

and

of

PS took

the

Moreoverg
Unity

of

to

Unity.

Popular

of

a com.munity

Interest$

of

until

ly

have

desira-

National

concept

in

XV Plenuml

its

at

PS

the

the

on

against

the

similarity

aimaj,

Right

the

caii, paign

who

from

grovistas

insistence

renewed

counterposed

solidarity

National

the

of

with

those

of
of

and

its

tbe

a vigorous

Unity*(76)

in

departure

collaboration

19449

late

the

in

Rfos
the

Left

industrial

divided,

its

commit-

disputes

diartiptions
national

strug-

relations.

expressed

industrial

his

at
defence,

work
(79)

300
Howeverg

PCChIs

the

depended

trial

unrest

themp

the

plant

concernedg

state

foreign

arenas
the

it

rarely

its

on

had

strike

for

startedq

them

to

industry

or

if

it

peaceq
concentrated

before

tte

imponsible,

proved
actions

cast

and

intranBirence

employers'

even

industrial

settlements

strike

and

bioreoverg

Ilatherg

this

in-

unions

domestic

maintain

peaceful

subsequent
the

on

the

actions.

ands

anionfst

the

of

both

pressurese

strike

securing

the

supported

in

hard

trying

condemned

efforts

politics

inflationary

was

the

indits-

curb

variables
in

performance
and

PCCh

of

relations

internal

the

government

a number

labour

of

volved#

when

on

to

willingness

and

ability

or

it
blamo

the

government

inac-

there

only

tion.
Although

19

much

energy

part

of

Thusp

and

to

national

praised

Aupust

1)42

an unsatisfactory

pressures

to

(80)
(81)
092)

of

strike

Sewell

La Hora

strikes

for

miners

for

the
in

though

the

in

similar

January

have

to

p(-ace

until

that

Rfos

was

powers.

(60)

Axis

industry
in

exerted

the

latter
moving

in

industry

nitrate

patriotic
wage

wero

appear

tt-at

Boweverg
their

and

not

clear

with

(81)

accepting

workers

become

even

defencel.
coal

had

two

claim

industrial

relations

supported

kay

PCCh does

it

when

rupturing,
it

the

on maintaining

1942,

towards

statistics

1942,

in

strikes

official

late

was
19429

one

'vital

the

PCCh
in

self-sacrifice

settlement
1943,

reasnns.

(82)

and
praised

resisting
the

copper

Indeed,

10.1.1946.

4.5.1942;
Ei iirlo
23.8.1942.
Ibido
1-6.11.1942;
30.1.1943.
Voaals
OLa Fluela
de
artiele
April
1942.

See- also
Angel
ieljelltg
Principlos

by

301
.
0
19439

April
the

Rfoag

responded

quility

at

his

to
worlcl.

was
the

pushed

in

total

or

the

governmont's

ling
unrest

of

which

it

put

'when

these

problems

the

functions
there

(83)
(84)

(85)

(86)

authorities
and

is

of

co-

workers

a whole

as

discipline

and

19439

industrial

of

allow

for

strike

affect
was
labour

tran-

labour

of

any

no

other

recourse

to

El

Sirrlo,

3.4.1943;

by

to

on

FCCh and
hand-

direct

of

(85)

check.

industrial

Departmont
drag

the

a groundswell
to

obligation

solved

re-

authoritarian

created

Labour

than

its

the

dramatic

to

constructively
and

coal

inflationg

flatber

on

conflicts

the

by

article

the

signifi-

not

little

be

wbichl
either

caused

to

up

in

disputesq

cannot

year

production

respond

an

that

policies.

which

movements

activity

production

in

of
strike

strikes

PCCh felt

the

Siglo

when

of

to

El

As

a wave

increase

to

a number

of

part

not

failure

CTCb plans

latter

increase

PCChIs

the

of

versal

the

industriesq

copper

lorderg

thank

to

moved

disinterested
the

that

claimed

by

did

enougbp

and

for

number

The

cantly

'loyal

call

shattered

127-(84)

PCCh9 was

(83)

Howeverg
harmony

he

the

of

its

jay

in

and

operation'
had

for

publicly

party

friend

no

unrestj
agreewentq
neglect

their

indeflnitelyo6e-eee

strike%(86)

flowoverg

22-5-190-

La Horm,
10-1.1946,
ipeech
by Afo3Although
bare
indicate
in
increase
sFatistics
a massive
in
191439 they
activity
are
somewhat
misleading.
Vie
in
late
19439
for
of
strikes
examplep
were

the
strike
Many

by a sintrle
306,
is3ue
lay
decreto
caused
which
introduced
shift
on the docks
worl:
andq in effoctq
6ifflo
21
7.10.1943.
abolished
overtit,
e.
Governrimt
for
CTCh rlans
increasministers
rebuffed
inr
by sugrestin7
tf-a unionsp
that
production
if
sinfirst
cerep
hol-lin. - itnion
should
stor.
s during
ii,eetin!,
hours.
31 Si, Tlo 11-10-1943.
The c:overnment
working
Quergency
Powors
the return
to order
used its
to
in i.,any industries
in late
work of strikers
1943.
Ibid.
31-10-1943;
1-11-194,3La 1,Aci6n
PA Zi!0!10
31-10-1943.

302
e
the

while
industrial

work

at

first

approaching

to

up

such

RfosOa

cabinet
19439

the

of

PCCh

military

that

possible
Comintern,
form

the
the

its

nature

the

of

industrial

actions

not

production

affect

Unity

to

unrest

declined

rising

pricesq

the
ment
of

(87)
(88)
(89)

PCCh'z
to
labour

during

early

labour

increased
disputes.

XV

policies
production

persuade

now

it

it

elections

PCCb

began

to

to

and

the

Au-ust

of
and

t)-, e

Once

morep

Ibid7.6.1943.
4-3-1944.
Ibid.
Editorial
conquistas
socialies'.
Ibid7-9.1944.

to

demon.

to

no

of

part

by

-passed,

had

the

pre-

did

National

had

more

help

strikes

interests*(88)
industrial
to

attention
of

increasing

its

impact

on

its

conw-At-

reiterated

t, o harmonious
howeverg

to

support

and

problem

PCCh

the

PS

Whatever

pay

seems

the

that

1944

to

and

it
of

arguing

rights

the

determined

continued

was

to

by

dissolution

were

1944

Plenum

(89)

that

June
recognition

attempting

1944,

workers$

sPeculation
The

production.

reasonsq

Mhe

from

factors,

PG'Ch's

April
and

was

international

of

Finallyp

to

policies

the
the

Once

PCCh

leading

(identified

the

exert

approve

Rfos@3

the

were
to

not

of

following

the

In

months

rogimo)*(87)

and

sactifice

the

lasted

less

trying

other

inclined

Argentina

was

of

,e

1944

April

did

which

in

PCCh

than

PCCb

even

industrial

rather

national

were

in

V-e

months

Onicog

Partido
that

strate

cise

in

t'-, ere

leas

unrest

pro-Axis

wben

the

labour

government

upsurp

mentioned.
of

usually

approved

a fascist,

as

was

administration

and

the

thos3already

Secondlyq

of

that

elections

check

eventse

September

from

PCCh

the

to

influence

likely

municipal

and

for

government

seems

apart

the

placeg

the

it

unrestq

factors

its

blamed

POCh

settlement
the

'No retrocoder

PCCh

en las

303
o
stated
that

it

that

it

had

be

conflicts

in

strongg

time

during

strike

the

actions

unrests

strike
had

refused

only
it

although
some

is

important

Even
congressional

(91)
(92)
(93)
(94)

strike

PCChp

'ill-pi!
PCCh

the

there

were

load

to

at

91

strikes

also

worth
sectoraq

concrete

its

but

strike

of

from

'fascist$

because

of

ship

in

1944

noting
tended

that
to

some

late

1944.

to

curb

indus-

thoughg
elections

See the
article
August-September

in

other

Lota

stevedores

to
1944

excess

would

the

circumstancesp
have

by Juan
Vargas
19449
entitled

been

(92)

encouraged

Communist

in

first

(93)

Argentina.

during
be

the

in

compared

as

strikep

several

condemn

it

when

to

for

hardest

was

particularly

was

to

keep

mines

once*

began

instances

in

least

had

not

premature$

and

some

notably

to

coal

PCCh
not

PCCh

trying

was

and

determined
the

PCChI9

The

bloreoverg

epared

the

only

in

strike

postponed,

yearsp

but

Trabajop

del

where

was

weapon

activityg

were

miners

mean

resorto(90)

C6digo

the

not

effort3q
127

increasest

wage
of

1943,

in

infla-

(94)

rates.

(90)

Rfos

partly

were

the

strike

insistenceo(91)

most

actiong

Neverthelesag

of

curb

action

as

while

even

tion

to

industryg

PCChIs

the

on

in

final

the

cement

strike

there

the

to

because

the

times

who

in

within

only

avoided

trial

of

did

actions

the

use

used

According

results.

strike

avoid

the

determinitidn:.

labour

while

to

desire

renounced

should

renewed

But

its

that

heralded

in
Puebla
'La
Unida

es el arma de la victoria19
p9by Reinaldo
Article
Nuflez
'Entendimiento
El Siplo
2.9.1944.
See
wue huelgall
antes
4. io. i944;
15.11.1-91TV7.
14912.1944
Ibide
strike
of railworker
-a
Socialists
was so condemned.
FOR FO 371/38014
AS 629/2373/99
dispatch
Edenq dated
8.11.1944.
La Hora 10.1.1946.
Speech by Hfo3 for
the
D for
statistics;
see Appendix
wage and
in the mining
industry.
rates

approach
by

Principiosp
d Nacional'

rocfprocoibide
also
s led
Orde
strike
inflation

by
to

304
0
industrial

tougher

to

tinued
putes

and
the

ciesp

it

actions

affected

The

PCCh*s

support

itself

so much

in

Unity

be

could

goals

achieving

National

Unity

possible

combination

objectives

of

obligations
of

Chile's

of
defence

continental
to
to

regard

little

evidence

to

during

the

years.

disarray

Rios
it

until

1943

and

ment

after

overthrow

datep
crises

despite

But

rumours

of

and

In

1944,

(95)

july
an

The

it

Seeg for

war

effort.

Rightq

did
to

oust

examplet

one

Rios

Fu Siglo

danger

real

any

was

to

sourcep

the
from

circulate

because

in

resulted

army
of

21-7-1945.

in

some

March

in

inclination

have

is

there

opposition

little

the

of

maximisation

Coneress

vigorous

of

a series

a wholop

allegations

plots

according

in

over

could

Communist

to

as

widest

democracy,

was

the

fulfilment

the

showed

which

National

the

the

it

to

formulated,

and

of

1945.

wag

solidarity

defence

strike

of

which

the

Allied

poll.

of

around

democracyq

control

mounted

military

attempt

forces

that

suggest

it

that

the

regained

although

constitutional

abandoned

of

by

together

Croup

World

intended

not

was

As originally
to

Second

months

How successful

political

contribution
With

as

dis-

tide

final

a means

labour

industrial

rising

Rios

goals?

intended

was

the

for

con-

agaressive

check

the

the

realised.

those

PCCh in

in

Chile

of

to

to

support

the

more

inclined

which

end

an

Gave

of

end
to

return

less

its

the

it

PCChj

settlement

with

Gradual

became

PCCh

and

unrest

be

PCChIs

the

the

of

part

peaceful
Butp

1945.

early

the

on

the

for

press

in

'War

line

to

govern-

to

force

Hfos's
(95)

contrary.
time

to

time

conspirators

a general

strike

305
&

1943

and

(97)

Butq

On the

when

occasions

cratic

rights

Powers

to

protests

the

the

Rfos

its

self-imposed

in

andg

the

PCChIs

to

campaign
it

Axisp
War

by

seems

any
it

effortsp
formed
rupture
June

(96)
(97)
(98)

ADCh
while
1942,

defend

record
of

Rfos

persuade

of

the

and

to

to

make
the

arrived

break

that

PS9
at

off

Rfos

relations
was

the

persuadaeither

which
its

had
decision

declared

by

all
PR or

the

PCCh's

the

newly

of
for

Independently.

Allied

US displeasure

of

declarations

the

with

influenced

for

Indeedg

similar-

a vigorous

consequences

unequivocal

is

launched

to

Rfos

persuadine

solidarity

FCCh

factors.

failed

discharged

have

to

in

succes3

probable

domestic

during

threatened

it.

the
to

PCCh rogistored

was

considered

continontal

likely

more

be

demo-

Emergency

his
the

3trikeg

norms*

infringing

used

desire
the

on

democratic

democracy

as

Although

successes

than

far

to

obligations

unimpressive*

to

PCCh can

duty

The

when

special
no

showed

to

be

his

wide

governedp

he

of

into

and

to

appear

right

so

the

yeatas

did

lifos

currency

co-operation

Rfos

respect

examples

circumvent

its

fulfil

for

asp

with

and

was

some

possessed

situationg

war

had

men

he

the

or

himself

Rf03

military

because

Right

tbo

the

with

inatitutionag

law

the

within

wholeg

the

democratic

overthrow

feeling

perhaps
of

this

co-opted

and

a result

as

powers

ly

when

argued

that

dispensed

he

parties

political

cabinet.

to

1944

be

democracy

to

than

Rather

well

might

danger

a greater

the

it

Forcest

Armed

in

PCCh. (96)

made bY the

threat

that

support
action

for
in

(98)

FOR FO 371/37982
telegram
Orde to
AS 3943/31/99
Td-enq 24-7-1944.
See, for examplet
Florencio
Durang op. cit-,
pp396-3986.6.1942.
La Crftica

306
.
9
Whether

or

lations

the

with

American

to

talco

despite
last

Latin

The

its

Cooper
the
were

war

years'and

no

since

copper

tiong

PCCh

Perhaps

(101)

since
policy

a clearer

their

agents

to

Latin
the

all
in

solidarityq
and

tIeir

Cbtlo

dPmnnds,

7reater

activities
one

was

diplomatic

open

the

Allied

unreqt

and

of

relations

1942
in

movements

wapes

probably

example

were
tended
only

may bo

fad

and
that

its

throuph

increase

production.

steadily

tbrourrhout

early

1945

there

industry*(101)
best

amon, &at

the

to

abreast

keep

a marpinnt

found

to

efforts
effort

war

increased

early

workers

in

success

to

examplop

between
strike

and

(100)

for

serious

CI-ilo

with

industrial

curb

last
for

continental

countries

contribution

production,

Howeverg

(99)

PCCh met

to

efforts

the

re-

unenthusiastic

and

porsistent

off

(100)

Union.

Chile's

waximise

PCCh's
American

Soviet

the

with

the

slow

Axis

against

action

break

of

one

campairn

Furthermoreq

of

oblijTation

to

still

(99)

was

PCChIs

decision

was

so.

Rfos

another

namely

do

to

the

and

Hfos's

Chile

exhortationss

fulfilling

andq

in

Axist

countries

FCCh's

pressures

factors

important

were

the

domestic

not

in

the

paid
of

in

infla-

impact.

coal

industry

Only Argentina
the Axis
maintained
relations
with
for
a lonver
period.
See FO,'I
FO 371/37951
A 1? 22/31/9p
dispatch
Orde to
Eden,
dated
9.2.1944
FO 371/3784
AS 1919/56/
and ibid.
91 Santiago
Chancery
to the "inistry
of Economic
Warfare,
dated
29-3-1944
for
descriptions
by British
Embassy officials
dragged
of the way the rovernment
feet
its
issue.
finally
Chile
on this
recognised
the USSR in Decewber
1944.
El 6iZio
11.12.1914.
Kranto
Juana
Stambuk
'Noviwientos
les
s
el Frente
(Kemoriap
Popular*
Acnica
Iniversidad
Vol Estadol
Santiago,
1970)
Copper
increased
PP40-53.
production
from 484 million
kilos
in 1942 to 09) nillion
kilos
in 1944.
Estadfstica
Kilana
December
1949,
p614.

307
*
whichq

had

effortq

munist
creased
there
in

unions

were

dominant.

until

1945

and

was
the

only

one

dominantq

industrial

of

Rfos's

so

strategically

their

own

flation

the

labour

relations

to

and

them

as

well

(102)

(103)
(104)

as

from

increases

tended

to

work.

movement
old

be

of
the

on

the

to

undernkine

was
had

in-

than

wider
some

the
and

workers

nitrate

and
pampa

their

in

re3pectsq

Althourh

coal

not

em-

copper
where
authority

(104)
PCCh

the

the

attempt

year

Allies

(103)

both

rialn-

between

in

andg

committees

also
in

the

disparity

1943
Only

industry

the

in

January

every

since

poor.

in-

successful

nitrate

industries

production

were

unions

copper

resisted
an

as

at

Unity

the

Com-

(102)

occurred

strikes

where

and

sun-plies;

joint

were

Finally*
National

strike.

less

production

these

discipline

brief)

war

industry

and

coal

Communist

extremely

create

increase

saw

as

copper

were
to

industries,
managers

or

coal

managed

ployers

wage

and

either

PCCh

and

important

rates

an

1942

Howeverg

manufactured

was

alrain

noticeably

presidency.

and

January

(but
where

peace

Allied

poor

Once

serious

PCCh

the

was

the

notoriously

between

industry

nitrate

taining

importance

were

relations

to

connected

domestic

preat

labour

where

directly

not

although

failed

which
frentista

drew

to

create

support
parties.

a broad,
from

the

National

mass
Right
Unity

See El -ii&, lo 30.8-1944

for
this
of
an account
strike
900 workers
Coal
in
Scbwaper.
which
affected
production
increased
from
291509799
tons
1942
in
to
2,2799438
tons
in
1944.
Chilena,
Estadistica
December
1946,
P743.
See Appendix
0 for
of inflation
a comparison
and
in
the
industry.
rates
wage
nitrate
FOR FO 371/37981
dispatch
AS 2031/31/99
from
Urde
to
Edeng
dated
25.3-1944.

308
*
by

rejected

was
sistent

both

the

the

effectiveness

and

any

real

response

from

the

PCCh

did

parties
1944

Production
nel

for

the

liberal

Unity

If
goals
the

with
first
of

to

record

was

mixedq

its

the

Thirdlyp

Galo

it

which
on

release

ti-te
of

which

Gonzalez

Rfos
was

La

did

Pedrej;

in

la
to

persuade

to

stand

co-operation

and

In

rewards*
the

posts

on

had

under

Aguirre

held

technically

la

jail

and
in

formaci'n

Argonto

recoenition
illegal

por

inter-

Communist
from

the

under

the
boards

Hfos

requestq

Arpentine

public

as

National

achieving

support

Codovillaq

lucha

alp

chan-

by-election*(106)

PCCh1s

gave

to

advisory

an

the
in

para

manage

positive

those

in

ADCh

formed

success

some

kept

the

Uni6n

of

right-wing

of

senatorial

Policy

Victorio

activi3tq

organisation

(108)

the

secure

tinao(108)

(106)
(107)

PCCh

of

brought

Secondlyp

Comintern

(105)

in

agencies

vened

del

candidate

gemi-fiscal
(107)

Guillermo

producing

participated

the

PCCh

undermined

without

organisation
-

per-

Nevertheless,

with

the

PCCh's

placet

ADCh

others

an

Also

reginie

the

PCCh's

Right

members

cause

the

Rfos

Cerda.

an

Allied

technocfatq

a National

the

sectors.

that

in

and

the

and

with

co-operate
and

(105)

Victoria(UPV).

Unity

to

Committees

PSp

individual

elections

support

one

right-wine

persuaded

municipal

the

of

cohesion

that

claim

were

PR and

coLlaboration

of

advocacy

del

CTCb.
C6digo

PCGh

The UPV was founded

PP57-58in September
1942
the preserve
and was basically
of the ADCh parties.
El sigio
4.9.1942.
See above
P297El Sigplo 22.5-1943*
by Hfose
Curiously
speech
PCCh publications
enoughq
made no comment
on its
tenure
continued
It
of the advisory
posts
received
from Aguirre
Cerda.
Butq
in any eventg
there
were
two.
See C11apter 5s P259only
El Siplo,
29.4.1944.

309
9
del
ured
by

(109)

Trabajo.

an

hostile

not

it

when

which

administration

in

to

was

the
It

tive

persistent

efforts

did

not

permanent

and

trade

enced

suffer
union

Although,
lost

have

a great

elections

of

20,000,

in

decline

was

122

regidores

ted

106

(109)

(110)
(111)

(112)

1941

terms
alight.

regidores

Ibid,
Ros

and

Duhaldo

operate

was

products

PCCh's
its

or

savage

nor

does

it

appear

1946

admin-

posi-

a regitue
despite

and

PCCh

the

unrest$

declines

of

of

predecessor

industrial

curb

was

than

for

support

PCCh

unimpedode(110)

strikinT

to

internal

serious

the

by

the

than

supporty

months

weas-

the

more,

early

rather

the

to

once

benefits

conservative

its

the

harassment

most

when

accrued

whichq

for

to

sliffht

negative

Despite

more

was

power

freedom

were

which

were

naturally

except

some

perhaps

Unityo

which

to

FCCh's

was

rewards

National

Thusg

it*

subject

istrations

rewards

benefits

the

against
having

these

But

in

its

to

have

electoral
expori-

struggles.
in

number
and
of

terms9

nominal
of

19441

votes

10
and

18

and
In

alcaldes

in

April
while

alealdes.

appears

the

municipal

the

alcaldes

(112)

region
elected

19419
in

to

PCCh

between

possibly

tegidore_
(111)

the

April

of
the

PCCh

the

19449
The

PCCh

some

elected
it

elecitself

2.5-1944.
Day Day speech
by Rfos.
Howevers
to Give
the
refused
CTCh the
plEjonalidad
jurfdica
it
it
wanted
its
until
relinquished
politiedl-ties.
Neverthelessp
later
in 1944,
it
was
that
dues'
announced
to the
CTCh were
payments
now
legal.
(Puente
La Comuna
4.11.1944.
Alto)
Seep
Chapter
79 pjj404341.
SO Official
for
PCCK votes
in
statistics
the
April
1941
munici
however,
the
al
elections
PCCh
exist.
53,114
in
polled
the
larch
1941
votes
coneressional
in
elections
1944
the
April
and 329219
municipal
Chilenal
Zstadfstim
elections.
September
1941
and
1944. Aurust
Galo
aonzSlozg
in Princiriosp
febr"ary
article
19449
El sinlo
5.4.1944;
p16;
1). 5.1914.

310
9
little

showed
that

1944

the
low

the

over

this

results

were

a victory

turn-out

was

not

on

so

19459

votes
April

1944

There

were

several

First,

in

',larch

1941

1944

it

bad

and,

in

theory

that

the

absorbed
at

support

intransigencet

March

a verdict
criticised

Partido

of

the

1945,

in
the

Imean

allies

and
in

Unitv.

movement

Elias

Lafertte,

failing
for

to

tho

indicatinr

and

(116)

article

in

Qiaciploy

dividefeat

result
Tbo

was

PCCh
Unity

National

economic

al-

Left's

election

and

only

absurd
and

the

social

its

in

Thirdlyt

adventurism

present

equal
July

PCCh lost

(115)

the

National

in

though

decline

PS for

on XV Plenum

concern*

votes

the
that

(114)

trend.

do Trabajadores

ambitions
the

in

votes

to

new

the-process,

admitted

for

32*000

PCCh failed
even

a.rrainj

also

itself

469133

of

Socialista

once

'Trotslcyistst
it

the

1945

control

a sipnificant

suffered

its

lost

vote3q

Bome 109000

leasts

seat

of

a combative

(113)

the

PCCh blamed

the

sionism

539144

althoughq

congressional

19451

PCCh

kiarch

PCChI9

the

ADCh parties

liarch

piven

acceptini

polled

some

witt)

for

of

record

PCCb bad

electoral

tbougb

in

PCChq

a declining

reasons

the

19459

Secondlyq

karch

even

the

it

though

claimed

The

of

reversing

good

the

in

results

compared

as

apparently

March

Congress*

one

the
-

for

lists-(113)

electoral

over

in0eedg

andq

self-sacrifice

own

elections

in

in

the

sanguine

congressional

its

its

and

positions

poor

decline

concern

chanpo

may

and

as
for

1944,

PPS-10.

(114)
(115)
(116)

Estadfstia
Chilena
December 1945, MOB-725.
The PCM elected
Ibid.
in 1945p compared
13 Ooputies
16 in 1941.
In the Senates the PCCh elected
3
with
its
total
more members - bringing
UP to 5.
Carlos
hosales,
in Prinaipl2s,
zarch-April
articlp
1945t PP10-15-

311
o
failin(T

to

(117)

ditional.
one

was

make

of

between

notin., i that
1945,

the

FCChIs
less

than

impact

trade

union

to

need

evidence

revolt

against
to

the

FCCh of

of

to

paign
marked
the

have

by

the

workers

alone.

the

C6digo

and

(119)

whole

by

their

helpedq

del

the

Trabajo

union99
no

doubt9

the

6% of
for

fascisinp

there

is

large-scale

any

policies
in
in

and
19449

the

group
began

identified
to

the

canjear-

profitag

division
to

copperthe

Accusinr

commany

a genoral

and
the

PCCh -

distributed
by

forcefully

Howeverg

equal

the

and

labour

a mixed

dras-

criteria

PCCh eik-erged

funds9

only

any

waj; es

Chuquicamata.

and

of

its

of

the

ex-Conununists

and

was

unrest.
to

union

of

misuse

ibaftistas

Viere

world

by

indicate
but

political

that

industrial

Sewell

had

in

improvod

of

challenge

centres

influonce

defeat

FCCh because

curb

serious

mining

the

3uo-gost

the

efforts

a fairly

as

to

and

for

by

governed

to

contribute

little

its

be

should

conditions

have

appear

and

PS. (118)

the

of

1941

fell

castq

PR or

worth

of

intermittently

demands

legitimate

is

PCCh publications

be

to

it

to

standing

had

unionists
that

reminded

not

Although

movement*

trade

that

PCCh's

the

on

the

of

does

Unity

votes

ag-

more

elections

total

that

either

PCCh into

the

con-

was
result

Nevertheless#

the

of

hfos

election

congressional

share

National

tic

1945.

the

1945

nushed

which

during

policies

gressive

1-5Z

factors

for

support

March

the

Thus,

the

its

that

clear

between
workers

disgruntlement

(117)

Ibido

(118)

Sergio
Guilisasti
Partidos
Polfticop
Ta-, le
Chilenos
The
P71's share
fell
total
the
P319.
by
of
vote
1.73',
(P6
that
t1re
Socialists
and
by
of
and P6A)
3.93%,
the
over
sa-me p, riod.
El Popularg
Ant of a,,7astn 9 27- ?- 1944;
3.1944;
4.3-1944.

(119)

312
.
o
the

with
to

break

the

to

profits
dues

payments

wing

parties

was

presented

the
the

peace

after

again

and#
and

PCCh

to

gave

public

to

rivals
persistent
unionists
the

(120)
(121)

(122)
(123)

war

in

the

an

most
trade

the

at
yearsp

both

the

hostilities

there

between

t'hem

struck

work.

(122)

the

to

risk

the

the

workeraq
PCCh'9

cur-

open

an

worlcerso(123)

from
appear

PCCh

tVe

which

and

national

they

of

of

of

came

Socialist
and

industrial

copper

body

April

occasions

challenge

Although

local

these

prepared

field

union

between

return

important

in

efforts
to

exionciea
not

in

1945
the

both

19449

strike

October

striking

serious

Socialistsfrictions

the

the
was

such
the

on

to

it

with

face
-

howeverg

to

hill

Flores

maintain

resisted

them

whatever

Perhaps

PR9

persuade

linep

political

in

while

ri$rht-

After

on

to

members'
the

workers

went

best

its

the

support

thatq

confrontation

had

to

enoughq

suggesting
rent

Plenum#

according

Significantly
PCCh

XV

others

They

doing

was

by

Caflas

copper

company

than

(121)

end,

the

and

uneasy*

remained

when

FCCh

PCCh

t1le

that

of

share
funds

the

1945-(120)

character

indeed,
to

in

of

manage

Chuquicamata

tteir

of

source

andp

in

arain

a national

Congress

between

it

unions

given

press

to

Chuquicamata
1945

was

and

relations

the

did

challengers

union

lost

important

more
-

one

have

deprive

far

-a

over

to

appear

campaian

the

policiess
hold

PCCbls

they

although
The

labour

PCChI9

its
to

Communist

Old
have

beon

trade

level

throuabout

became

particularly

Ibid,
9.6.19441
3.7-194.5.
El Sifrlo
23.7-1945;
12.9.1945.

Cuonta do la actuaci6ri
del Pii n la XVI Convenc i6n
Nacional
Ordinaria:
enero 19,44-eriero_1946,
p48.
El Siglo
12.4.1945;
IG-10-1945.

313
o
marked

after
in

Socialists
strike
the

for

and

XV

to

Plenum

National

Unity

at

a series

iloweverp
union

National

Plenum

did

mean

that

in

the

the

Uni6n

de

Profesoros

vour

of

National

XV Plenum
in

split
upsurge
by

the

the

(124)

(125)
(126)

latter

part
it

to

PS's

vast

incorporation
a)le
majority

Socialists

to

inost

had

caused.

1946
the

into
claim
of

and

1945,

repair

betureen

as

the
it

provincial

Communists

a nuni-

for

XV
lost

had

after

PCCh's

of

posts

(126)

more

tfe

damage

Thus,

when

of

a result
the

Duhalde

asrgreswhich

the

CTCh

of

a dr3matic

PSI

precipitated

administrationg
the

retained
oreanisations

quarrelled

fa-

in

a motion
to

all

organization.

the

had

early

and

even

elected

PCCh and

that

CTCh

rejected

were

national

persuade

exaiiipleg

national

of

of

months

tensions

PCCh was

the
of

of

early

had

union's

collaborationism
the

Chile

of

PCCh

the

for

Communists
the

enabled

stance

sive

de

Unityp

the

not

concerned;

unions

inside
in

support

express

influence

horeoverg

to

to

endorse-

1944

failure

conferences

Unity

responsibility

PCCh's

the

indeedl

andq

gain

late

in

conferences

union

calling

PCCh

the

of

moves

(125)
trade

opposition
PCCh

provincial

of

in

succeeded

defeated

trade

1945.
ber

the

1944,

have

to

PS claiwed

ment

the

hgainst

December

In
Union

Railworkers'

the

action

(124)

XV Plenum.

the

ovor

loyalty
as

whether

CTCh should
belonp
to the ADCh (El
Sigio
13.1.1943).
A particularly
frictions
good example
of continuing
level
in the struegles
at the local
can be found
of
Socialists
Paper Lill
to control
and Communists
in Puente
Alto.
See La Comuna (PCCh)
unions
and
La Defensa
(PS) - both
Obrern
in Puente
published
Ourin5r
Alto
the war years.
El Sialo
14.12*IL944
3.11.1944;
and La Opini&n
28.11.1944;
11.12.1944;
16.12.1944;
7.1-1945.
La Orini6n
10.1.1945.4
including
Communists
Hernan
-ivecochea
MAW
to posts
were elected
of rosponsibility
in the UPCh.

314
.
0

well

tb,, iLt

as

trade

its

used

control

ferocious

campaign

the

months

ing

gains

to

the

influence

in

although

generally

lengthy

and

to

maximum

the

Secondlyp
PCCh

and

(127)
(128)

with
be

the

extended

El

and

policies

Sig-lo

unions

in

few

last-

because

1946

the

was

and

able

trade

the

in

between

their

differences

over

the

deCree
Rfos

the

PCChq
of
if

strikes

concentrated

industrie3i

like

its

influence

as,

for

followinq

antaVonisms

result

settlement

exerted

the

the

tho

periods

immediately

the

from

with

PCCh

vital

brief

relatively

towards

the

the

than

only

and

with

prevent

Indeed,
peace

Right

prevent

peetcefill
to

fields.
placep

it

and

union
first

the

not

done

have

standinl

6imilarlyl,
of

anO

to

identification

attempted

months

despite

a-opear

In

(lid

favour

mining,

all

PS

unleash

only

the

Rfos

failed.

for

the

made

PCCh's

case?

avoide(I

rarely

the

for

operation
should

in

coal

in

exawple,

for

industrial

copper

the

to

slhortcoaiinCs,

and

negotiations

maintaining

if

not

or

actions

disputesp

have

November

does

the

successfully

errors

on

been

have

re. -, iwe's

labour

then,

sunport

2CGh

in

theelectoral

certain

the

to

PCCb -

damage

either

criticising,

to

Labour

appears
the

of

lasting

over-all

that

it

Unityg

this

should

though

even

(128)

trend.

or

national

Communist-dominated

(,,overnn; ent

entered

serious

PCCb's

of

expense

National

'Why

1,Anistry

followed*

the

at

reverse

much

Ane

against

which

PCCh itself

tI-e

of

important

utore

(127)

federations.

union

the

of

a number

of

XV

the
the
the

of

PS and
question

support

reainet

Plenum.
the
of

co-

which

they

pursued

the

PCCh Is

3-3-1946.

See Chapter
during
1946

79 for
a description
and 1947.

of

fortunes

315
*
o
industrial

similar
The

P59

less

no

FS was
tive

of

Moreoverg

industries.

least

the

one

Finallyl

PCCh
high

of
in

part

weathering

of

the

continuous

process

was

carried

out
The

in

officers
begun

in

of

of

cellq

initiativol

during

his

the

first

to

in

placel
and
local

and

committees

were

the

ability
dues'
his

worthy

to
payment

obey

the

PCCh

of

the

ranic
the

and

of

the

to

be

honour

instructions
his

in

used

performance

recordl

early

instructed

to

his

were

had

purge

to

extended

criteria

create

orpanisationsy

re-called

members

of

which

years

war

were

those

terms

CC.

examination

worthiness
his

the

cards

Amongst

a member's

in

party

to

PS. (129)
success-

explained

was

local

vital

at

the

into

1940,

and

in

alterna-

improvement

regional

the

including

October

All

only

real

leadership

the

of

the

comparatively

of

of

nationalq
in

way

be

PCCh'9

process

Communists.

deciding

show

the

cards

being

member

the

favour

no

their

can

In

in

years.

administrations

PCCh's

party

war

Communists,

directions
the

the

particularly

organisational

facets.

regional

re-issue

find
the

cohesive

earnest

now-purged

a few

years

of

(130)

file.

and

offered

of

efforts

19429

of

and

did

the

important

months

Rf03

thewar

on

and

several

the

leastv

ful

disciplined

during

ranks
at

broadly

was

disputesg

although

of

much

labour

disintegrating

visibly

to

PCChq

the

than

settlement

peaceful

during

policies

as
and

honesty
a defender

a
yet
and

personal

morality

(129)

The high-rankine
Communist
Godoy,
was Isidro
member
Cc 1939-19419
breadworkers'
leader
of the
and an old
He joined
the
PS in November
1944
anarchist.
(La_OpiniOn
26.11.1944)
because
the
possibly
of
labour
PCCh's
policies.
GonzSlezq
Galo
tEl
de pararticle
entitled
carnet
tido
8.3.1942;
El Siglo
y su significadolq
9-3-1942.

(130)

and

general

conduct

as

of

316
.
o
class

workin7
ship

it

made

ibly
wbo

lives

placed

not

measure
than

fashion

the

re-call

and

by

pleasure
cent

of

POS and

Galo

membership
have

not
PCCh
of

lost

the

cards.

party

like

anythin-

troublemakers

and
and

Ibid*
Ibid.
Ibid *
Ibid.
Ibid.

did

who

Ounconscious'

party.
of

examination

The
and

in

a mechanical

be

used

to

settle

purge
unreliable

28.4.1942.
3.5.1942.

cards

did

cause

the

ComitS

Abarcal

excluded
CL

PR rather
the

that

complained

(135)
50%
was

It

of

of

a bolsilovik

its

Of

since
unlikoly
but

members

used
-

time

50%

party

undoubtedly
elements

some

seems

and

not
disreminis-

procedure

some

the

outside

sotue

incurred

-a

took

ovident

were

who

all

Chaftaral

than

process

is

it

dissolved

technically

were
new

ewpha3is

howeverg
party

the

while

Gonza'lez

examination

(131)
(132)
(133)
(134)
(135)

simply

Koreovor,

1942,

corrupt

were

not

Uumberto

itself

declaring

the

of

to

ikembers

party*(134)
May

re-issue

Chuquicamata

tried'

and

should

those

much

proceed

instructionsp

According
of

led

sens-

(133)
these

Local(CL)
'old

allq

rarty

(132)

process
not

used

those

who

the

of

it

Vie

train

but

the

be

Indeodg
and

leader-

PCCh

who

or

criteria

should

Despite

difficulties.

of

excluded.

that

above

scores.

the

enemies#

enemies

warned

thatq

should

educate

the

all

membership

and

personal

that

to

also
of

to

need

$conscious'

leadership
purge

the

up

be

the

criteria

activities

should

on

was

rather

factional

in

personal

'conscious

only

indulged

However,

these

that

clear

t1lat

and

(131)

interests.

the
to

served

and

in

thO
tbey

did

that

the

process
rid

get
to

of

impress

317
*
the

upon
their

that

survivors

own

indications

were

few

ance

sincep

that

on

of

for

regularly

out

at

6n.

in

covering

every

to

jitraentj

ordinating
creation

of

the

mittee3o

to

train

to

months

committees
created
At

the

self
was

and
while

end

made

local

its

(139)

li-Ci-cle

(1140)

1944,
fa3Ci..
Article

the

155

PS

Inico),
and
Abarcas

were

there
perform-

new

party

to

tone

cards

4,000
Plan

to

Plan

set

PCChIs

the

with

equal

ClIs

Valparafso

SDtlo
increase

committoesp

to

sot

of

members

first

the

1U5

1944,

the

results#

been

tho

circleso(138)

local

tbree
AL)Ch

had

con=ittoe3
had

co-

Com-

Production

some

to

study

and

up

preliaitnary

oreanise

and

rank

of'

Ul

of

results

the

work

to

co-ordinating

April

wachanical

the

of

organiso

the

new
in

NacionAl

sales

(as

and

Plan

wagnzine)g

to

up

the

the

of

encouraging

PS-PCCh

was

1943*

the

ADCh

with

satisfied

Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid-

on

reported

was

of

examplep

increase

cadros

the

for

create

over

of

of

it

organisations

thooretical

Partido

PCCh

aspect

PCCh's

Plan

generally

(136)
(137)
(138)

to

Rumborto

the

of

in

CC used

deptember

Thusp

committees

According

respect

the

the

betwoon

competed

Principiosl(the
recr!

somo

holders

which

Launched

(137)

SantiaGo

and

the

of

of

competitions
levels,

all

half

functioning

objectives

arranged

in

1942

6eptetuber

instrument

the

Ewulaci,

depended

dueso(136)

Another

do

in

only

paid

strengthen

PCCh

improvement

itumediate

an

oxamplep

averagel

the

Neverthelessq

conduct*

good

of

membership

(139)

recruited.

PGCh expressed
although

2 8.9.194
2.
24.9.1943.
7.10.1943.
Humberto
Abarca
in Principioel
'K
plan
para
a todos
i-,Ovilizar
-, tas'
p1l.
hy Galo
in
El Jinlo
%,:
ronza'lezl

los

it-

criticism

applicationo(140)

by

boon

lobruary
Anti-

29-3-194.

318
*
facet

Another
the
of

finding

schools

began

centres

the

residential
or

so

tionin-

of

these

claimed

that

how

to

the

target

new

by

by

with

the

selection

hand

a fairly

the

cadre

jobs

they

(143)

business.
a trainedg
to

might

existence

(141)

(142)
(143)

t6

make

incur

tirough

Thusp

durinfr

the

of

tPe
of

war

partv

in

of

posts

Of
on

sometimes
officers

had

their

familieso

and
any

reached

promotion.

to

seconded

of

problem

training

policy

regional

Cood

PCCh

Congress

Party

and

absence

body

professional

to

financial

losses

from

on party

work

years,
orranisors

something

like

was

be: -in-

emerge.
Although

proved

XII

themselves

support

exhorted

the

func-

the

finally

had

of

groups
the

organisationeg

Where

offering

to

solved

it

were

regional

basis*
to

had

systematic
schools

the

full-time

CRs were

ning,

set

in

other

which

cadres

went
of

a paid,

the

that

in

responsibility

find

and

I-land

cadresq

Graduates

cadres

(142)

Santiago

criticised,

new

1941.

in

Although

end

it

cadre
regional

duration

the

59000

of

1945

problem

certain

Cuadros

sometimes
of

the

1941,

and

(141)

acboolswas

strengthen

with

After

months

selectedtbainces.

discover

December

de

several

of

courses

concern

Santiago

Central

to

efforts

cadres*

in

Escuela

a dozen

its

new

function

to

CC's

was

training

and

the

of

organisation

party's

to

not

all

the

graduatG3

the

posts

be

a success

in

of

a body

trained

Principiosq
Central

de

G. Gonzglezp
Ibid.
p63-

of

karch
Cuadros

of

they

the

were

somi-professional

1944
por

La Luchn

'Exporiencias
Comito
el

por

la

cadre

schools

the

giveng
cadres

de

formaci6n

de la
Alumnos

del

zscuela
I pp? 2-23-

VCChg P57-

319
*
to

helped
ship

of

Two

out

the

three

Santiago

in

Coquimbo

all

office
in

the

of

were
in

1945,

Iquiqueq

five

of

twenty-two

it

everp

is
for

elected
the

in

one

Iquique.

the

(144)

(145)
(146)

the

in

Concepci6nj

five

that

before

1945

and

sixteen

out

of

thirteeng

1943

survived

none

at

the

of

members
while

How-

had
the

in

all

form

to

CR members

one

after

four

re-

1945-(145)

only

just

or

turnover

were

of

in

CR
in

only

out

in

note
in

regions

Antofagasta

six

of

1944

the

still

were
rate

CR in
in

Santiagop

in

elected

elected

to

just

committee

man

interestinp

far

as

membership

considerations
for

Antofagastap

in

19409.

the

while

promoted
the

member-

on

served
1940

pur(re,,

Concepcion

and

(146)
So

in

in

these

so

hieh

CR members

CR Santiago

only

cadres

CH members

to

1945

in

the

early

promoted

members

fairly

in
the

in

evident

Nevertheless,

remained

re-electedp

part

the

sixteen

in

elected

of

(144)

CR members

out

still

three

1945.

in

were

turnover

of

especially

cadres

1943

rate

been

bad

CRs which

of

high

the

down

slow

of
-

tasks

the

at

CC was
the

firstly9
hand

important
a desire

and

the

concernedg

secondly#

CH3
to

probably
find

a desire

turnover

of

rate

obeyed
best

the
to

retain

two

person
a firm

News of the promotions

in an article
by
was given
Luis Reinoso
in Principiosq
February
19449 pp2l-22.
For the composition
of these CR9 in 1945 see El Sirlo
19-11-1945
do Co!juimbo 10.9.1945-.
and El Sifrlo
El Siplo
19.2.1944;
23-2.1944;
19.11.1945;
16.11.
1945.
S1 Sur (Concepci6n)
1.4.10.1945.
El-Despertar
(Iquique)
19.12.1943;
16.10.1945.
Pedro Hernindez
in Santiago
Carrasco
and Alberto
in Antofagasta
distinction*
Frents
shared this
Popular
11.12.1939;
El sigio
19.11.1945;
15.11.1940;
6--11.1945.
Carrasco
his survival
to
probably'owed
the fact
that
he headed the CR AntofaVasta
Control
Commission
Hernindez
owed his to the same
- possibly
reason.

320
*
the

over

control
tenure
was

anxious

ing

up

played

in

a part

to

congressmen
them

instead

to

from

been

most

the

lacIc

of

line

by
in

cern,

no

instancep

'bureaucratic

with

essence

to

part

the

members
dence

(147)
(143)

leastg

at

CC had

According

obedience

it,
to

who
instead

of
Galo

the

Droduct

the

excesses

nonzalezq

committed
of

of

holping

errors
them

by

these

with

nAoro

con-

its

cadre

policy

and

laterp

name

the

formalimr
for

the
in

from

above

very

ouccess

Chs
who

had
showed

education

old

the

'revolutionary

of

or

and

showed

orders

suse

corrupt

PCCh

manifested

of

the

with

the

a now
was

collp

political

against

Bureaucratic

been

lbureaucratiswg

unproductive

and

have

party's

PCCh

CIIsq

preoccupation

with

formalism'.

seems

of

plaint

While

disappeared,

weans

to

tbe

pro-

the

of
the

be

might

the

CC and

virilancol

(148)

first

the

the

returning
(147)

office,

functioning,

unionists

'revolutionary

elements.

problems

in

trade

19459

PCCh

organisational

to

came

on

thrwo

permit

improvement

POChts

the

with
work

PCCh

with

and

the

buildprobably

organinations.

general

Rfos

concerned

of

dissident

in

before

collective

resistance

in

changes

Just

occupationse

of

CH

from

karch

in

regional

indication
the

had

the

to

not

re-election

in

work,

Vie

preoccupations

decision

for

stand

that

officers

Similar

CCIs

the

Mother
deduced

base*

power

brief

the

suggests

important

those

prevent

local

3ecretaries

Regional

to

Cortainlyp

parties.

regional

most

of

which

com-

mechanical
and

it

orp

was,
as

vigilancogo

mistakenly
signs
and

expelled
of

diS3i-

persuasion

to

by Galo UonzSlezq
Article
in Princiniosq
Ausust
1943,
Questra
Oe cuadros'l
polftica
p5.
See, for example,
by Uumborto Abarca and
articles
Galo GonzQez
in Principios,
January
1942.

321

correct
formalism
the

XV

Plenum

CC9

been

had

by

incident

recounted

Control

Commission.

developi,,

ients

the

possibility
Fartyq

munist

be

cause

was

by

in

for

there

was

he

did

old

signs

(149)
(150)

(151)
(152)

(153)

of

appear

to

too

some

regional

to

hand

of

the

the

opnosition

PCCh

divergences

between

trade

have

diminished,

the

unionists
(153)

by kalo GorizAllezj
Article
Gale Gonz; lez,
op. cit.,

by

the

of

an

National
in

response
discus-

was

the

felt

he

and

were

CC and
the

CCIs

Nevert"closs,

Princinios,

tbo

of

thoro

even

that

suageat

functionlay

and

be-

(151)

reprivanded

the

Com-

Ctilean

soctarianism.

least,
on

subCom-

also

publications

At

yearso(JS2)

of
wore

in

which

further

PCCh

express

CC members

in

wheng

nnme

beinl, 7 accused

into

Control
and

CC of

falling

was

the

improvement

profound

far

Gonzalez

the

according

a party

orgnns

Gonzalezq

mistakeaq

war

frictions

line

of
a few

their

the

gone

of

changing

not

afraid

FCCh

had

CFUSAq
of'

a general

CC durine
overt

the

the

picture

According

Although
demoted

for

The

Galo

bureaucratic

educations

directive

the

become

had

tIeoretical

that

complaints

missions

Indoedq

responsible

viCilancel

stantiated

sing

of

errorso(150)

'revolutionary

to

lack

the

and

to

(149)

deficiencies.

those

no
the

even
politicil
at

Au, -,,. 1059

the

-15-

Tbiel
Luring
the
CC me-,, bors
war
yearss
flit-, inio
lodoyq
Abel
'iorrAs
Ctlac6, i Corona
Jimn
aie
for
reprii.
anded
,, ere
*routine
offences
ran, 7in, 7 froi;.
atid
I)ersorialistic
methods
of work'
arid a lack
of a sonsn
of' rosponsibility.
6ee articles
by Luis
einoso
and IILIMI)orto
Abarca
in
'eh.
1944.
Chac6np
x1rincipios,
wbo had
been
involved
in an escapade
ii-i which
an ibailista
i7to
presidential
cawnai,
tri'
iiieetin,,
-n
was sabotar,
o(l
1941
froi,.
%,as 0eioted
tile
Political
Guls
Comi,, Ission
for
several
Jos4
Varasq
CImc6nq
raoziths.
P1173etween
1942
_dO
and 19159 Party
publicaLions
not
reveal
resistance
trade
aiiioa, st
unloni-qLq
tile
I-,Jrlfl
of
indicate('
in
O-)er 1941.
jeel
ChaP59 i)272.
also,
-ove,

322
o
XIII

PCCh's
the
ly

he

although
to

be

The

did

in

Immediate

Labarcats

from

PCCh -

the

Labarca,

a public

he

Marcos

tion

for

the

of

(156)

PCChts

in

heated

to

to

the

San Franciscov

CC and

initially

Labarca
by

demanded

CC9 and

the

X111

the

at

to

ordered

Congress

ComPlY-(156)
been

downfall.

Labarca

several

The

most

Iliquidatedt

was

errors

collaborationism

4nd

Argentina

by

way

in

actions

from

discussions

have

Chamudes

Contreras

XV Plenum

(154)
(155)

seem

Labarcats

as

least

of

himself

return

Contreras

(154)

Conference

'fascist'

the

upstairs

a member

as

delegation's

reprimanded

upon

wheng

of

Contreras

Nations

entrance

severe-

cabinat.

dissociate

On his

at

and

prevailed

Just

strategyq

that

the

was

3op

long

There
Contreras

of

self-criticism.
do

to
after

was

for

United

publicly

kicked

produced

1945

to

Conference(155)

refused
only

a number

support

Contreras
make

the

he failed

first

which

June

in

was
power

he was

until

1945,

December

effective

all

events

to

delegation

(including
to

of

in

Labarcal

Videlate

Gonzalez

began

downfall

San Franciscop
the

office

sequence

Chilean

the

lose

not

a minister

lost

apparently

and

Santiago

Contreras

Carlos

Generalt

criticised

In

Congress

National

Secretary

in

the

was

selected

whichp

obvious
in

conduct

in

elements

of
to

was

1940
the
pay

in

thatq
expia-

Popular
for

unfortunately

Galo Gonzilezq
op. cit.,
pp64-66.
El Siplo
20.8.1_9'75_.
The Chilean
delecation
the PCCh by opposing
offended
the admission
Provisional
Polish
Government
to the UN by
to veto
opposition
powers.

the

for

Front
terrors'

himp

had also
of the
its

Accordinj;
to Luis Corvalan
in nicardo
Fonseca
Combatiente
Ejemplarg
Contreras
Labarca
p163,
readi.
ly accepted
instructions
to make a self-criticism.
But Galo Gonzalez
(op. cit.,
that
he
p65) records
initially
resisted
making a self-criticism
in the
to do so*
way lie was told

323
o
become

had

the
the

precisely
the

UN

Labarca

the

leader

war-time
discipline

to

eager

whole

that

Contreras

Labarcals

group

the

1930s

rigorously
Although
sonal

Popular
(157)

(158)
(159)

as

associated

with

Contreras

line

was

on

that

the
14

he

strategyt

late

Galo

its

numborp

to

not

sufferance
led

it

lost

group
by

1945.
the

in
a

by

Galo

small

1930s

the

The three
PST members
incorporated
PCCh were
Urrutiaq
Carlos
Godoy
Carlos
Rosales.
See Appendix
E.
Seep blarta
Vergara
Konjorias
do
p129.

and

onto
Natalto

una

the

since
of

group

(159)

his

success

power

(158)

Gonza*loz.

strengthened

GonziTlez's

the

available

office

of

for

CC -a

the

on

party

had

finally

have

may
as

above

apparently
with

recently

PCCh

the

from

CC members

the

CC had

remained

party

international

the

CC members

of

to

him

roason

ascertained

the

prosit-

fundamental

ruling

had

most

*excesses'

the

was

the

relected
a

the

was

subject

and

officer

fall

of

into

why

Contreras

with

since

them

perhaps

Labarca
in

into

Butq

be

to

and

Labarca

proletarian

Front

CPUSAq

reasons
was

member

the

hiChest

can

largely

position

enough.

some

Contreras

evidences

clear

to

majority

far

So

early

its

comprised

which

seem

leaders

ex-PST

even
(157)

of

CC

at

&ttendin.

the

of

other

in

demonstrate

discipline.

support

Some

Ploreoverg

three

Chile

some

PCCh

experience*

incorporated
been

the

concern

from

ab. 4ent

collaborationisms

brouight

communist

not

publicly

class

pressing

Francisco.

San

Browder

Earl

PCCh's

was

victim

like

PCCh

lie

and

sacrificial

Labarcaq
nent

in

Conference

Contreras

as

that

time

the

of

subject

mujer

of

perthe

prestit-e
the
CC
Boman
and

irreverentelg

324
also

Commissions

Control

(160)

head.

IX

the
yond

CC in

was

that

he

was

the

the

of

downfall

any

reason

and

ineiscipline

did

over
finally

terrors'

but

sary

qualities

froin

amongst
as

Contreras

not

prevent

years

many

Labarca

and

lost

tho

Secretary

felt

that

the

down

for

another

time

office

simply
to

it

Labarca
the

another

the

Secretary

fill
younger

members

Generalg

Gonzalez

had

for

want

come

a man of

4,
See Chapter
See Chapter
5,
Galo Gotizalezq

the
and

impeccable

p209.
pp267-270.
op. cit.,

p64.

to
rivalry
whichl
to-

working
Contreras

that
because

of
with

Generalship

Contreras

so for

rivalry

candidate

of

engineer

difficult

men from

so much

because

that

collaborationism

3eemis likely
not

in

which

did

he

-a

two

idea

the

to

underlying

an

posi-

change

a position

analysiap
was

the

admission

k-iovenient

Labarca'3

there

own

the

Whether

final

the

that

given

Gonzalez

gether

in

from

Nevertbolos3s

and

in

Labarcas

Contreras

iss

nonethelessg

(16o)
(161)
(102)

than

other

Butp

between

Contreras

of

the

to

(162)

was

did

objections

Communist

Gonzalez

Galo

sianifiedl

the

his

International

be-

his

as

Browderism

of

not

lezls

Gonz;

indicates.

natne

at

associate

sot

the

was

Labarca
was
as

secure

known

make

denunciation

policy

decide*

Even
totally

PCCh9a

the

Duclost

event

years

to

afraid

allies

closest

(161)

being,

from

his

he

that

showed

and

he

which

Contreras

of

Labarca'3

1941.

far

changing

with

GonzSlez

of

December

-a

1940

October

of

of

systom

a national

system

criticism

Contreras

of

tion

of

in

reach

demotion

firm

of

creation

1938

in

The

Plenum

the

the

through

increased

his
the

had

CC&

After

his

allies

Labaroa
proletarian

neces-

eirierged

fourteen
probably
to

stop
origingg

325
o
of

wide

tion

of

experience

and

Communist

leaders

this

If

of
affair

in

criticism

had

Labarca

is

hard

International

real

problem

a lengthy

It

be

the

required

but

in

harsh

past

criticism

appears

in

good

confident

assessment

Howeverp
to

tenure

his

andq

indeeds

have

saved

him

the
it

seems

fierce
from

See Appendix

less

Eq for

which

dianified

a brief

to

to

on

that

exit

was
put
than

biography

the
-

fairly

that

because

he

make

accept

support

likely

case.

dignity

based

Generalship

struggle

the

personal

his

most

at

not

possible

precisely

Secretary

continued

able

of

in

straw

was

of

also

any

Idemotiont

was

strength

self-criticism
the

in

with

final

his

of

policy

refused

been

changes
It

him

this

reasons

It

the

his

Labarca

have

sharp

the

that

selfContreras

allp

in

and

after

whole

difficulty*

was

resistance

balancop

of
the

to
part*

of

the

make

that

(163)

on

PCCh

make

presented

suggest

initial

that

change

for

he

to

latest

it

the

of

apparent

Contreras

that

argued

Labarcals

fused

to

seems

Contreras

CC.

PCCh

merit

aspects

little

the

the

has

several

disenchantment

self-criticism

the

the

Contreras

After

survived

coursep

CC and

Congress

might

of

of

the

refused

Movement

Communist

of

XIII

the

that

process

puzzling

fthd

with

unlesso

least

at

CC demanded.

over

policies

membership

the

way

believe

to

more
Labarca

presided

the

the

the

PCCh9s

the

the

of

for

reasons
it

correctl

Contreras

why

in

is

one

explaining

a genera-

of

within

entirely

the

of

analysis

downfall

Labarca's

nurtured

first

the

skilIq

proven

(163)

Fonseca.

Ricardo

of

up
the

Of

an

over-

on

the

he

re-

he

know

stake

at
may

well

one

he

Fonseca*

326
*
.
experienced.

subsequently

Despite
sationg

it

during

the

509000

members

that

have

not
early

improved

to

Gonzalez

Galo

to

according
was

not
bad

the

later

absorbed
early

successe3

the

do

Nacional

some

no

(168)

late

in

that

from

had
points

activities
to

have

the

1943p

joined
of

made

part),

interest
the
its

to

war

years.

impressive

Plan

the

1944

in

ands

that

PCCb

the

Butq

was

emerge

most

supposed

after
in

reported

in

that
four

under

early

It

it

some

probable

whenp

the

during

lines
announced

again

were

due,

cawpaiang

PSr. (167)

increases
late

this

oricinally

seems

the

Although

new aiembers

and

in

PCCh announced

the

political

up

1943
it

year$

until

been

can-

cards

party

for

fluc-

that

situation

CR Santiago

picked

significant

Several

(164)
(165)
(166)
(167)

29000

now members

new members

PCCh appears

of
had

of

correct
the

target

This

some
reported

memborao(165)

that

campaien

of

some

recruiting

PCChI3

1943

Emulaci6n

PCCh newspapers
79500

the

Recruitment

part

19449

to

it
and

19429

August

claimed
himg

was

re-call

now

its

(166)

in

and

1941

of

origani-

contracted
claimed

(164)

the

PCChIs

PCCh had

enormouslyl

20,000

reached

finish.

by

the

membership

end

recruit

April

after

the

maximum.

1942

until

months

the

by

their

been

of

Although

'weakened

had
at

months

party

19409

in

were

a campaign

it

years.

war

in

Made

that

probable

seems

recruitment

tuations

improvements

the

the
some

claimedg

recent
from

(168)

nionth3.
the

PCCh's

Firstlyq
rains

the
in

El SiP12.31.12.194l.
Ibid.
9.8.1942*
1.4.1943.
Ibid.
Between October
1943 and INIarch 1944, the PCCh
59000 now recruits,
claimed
Ibid*
27-3-1944.
Ibid.
11-12.1945-

the

327
a
in

periods

which

1945.

Seconds
levels

new members
was

entered

(169)

occupations.
the

fact

that

the

size

of

the

the

long

by

rung

functioninF
Unity

of

fresh

Indeeds

the

PCCb

didateB

for

the

diverse
19459

social

prominence

194,5

elections

1:roups.

(170)

and

were

began
workers.

to

make

(171)
(172)

formally

some

in

unrest

of

,ains

its
the

from

canmost

Plonum

Juvencio

into

classes,

social
that

XVI

national
(poets)t

Valle

party,

late

amoncrat

July

in

(socio-

Lipschutz
the

the

stimulated

of

Alejandro

inducted

important

the

Norudaq
and

industrial

the

in

in

(171)

1945p

the

white

collar

PCCh

(172)

Given
(16q)
(170)

Pablo

(novelist)

came

may

National

all

intellectuals

prestigious

including

from

demonstrate

harch

logist)

in

to

it

correctedg

variations

recruit

careful

GuZman

Noreovert

to

efforts

with

or

Thirdlyp

XV Plenum

pre-

reflected

improvement

general

was

NlicomedO3
-

its

of

a number

and

content

be

only

organiBation.

party

particularly

and

could

it

PCCh's

the

fluctuationst

its

problems

overall

an

the

FCCh to

the

the

another

less

very

that

probably

or

more

late

reached

in

concern

was

despite

partyq
that

reali3ed

of

leadership

the

largre

very

lack

by

and

and

reported

left

and

loomed

This

Gonzalez

door

one

which

a problem

not

have

by

1943

sometimes

Galo

points

one

at

industrial

late

in

examples

fluctuations

although

touqh

relatively
for

ass

positions

political

hiah

itadopted

the

scantiness

of

the

available

evidenceg

it

Ibido
29.3ol944o
The PCCh claimed
that
for
its
the 1945
candidates
8 professionals
included
19 workersg
elections
and
intellectualsq
1 industrialistg
2 white
collar
workers
Principiosq
February
19459 PPIO-llo
and a tailor.
91 Si912.9.7-1945.
.
11.12olg4ro
Jbide

329
9
Is

to

impossible

years

25,000-30,000
it

seems

there
was

were

in
some

probably

probably

clearly

followed

f3rowder

until

downfall

his

idea

class

party

in

all

briefed

on that

Elfas

Lafertte

spent

While

there

on co-ordinating
Codovilla.

- not

continued
(173)

paid

Ibid-

play

of
the

his

the

to

the

workingto

prior

Cominternp
USA presumably
XV Plenumq

the

USA and Maxicoo(173)

Chile

visited

Victorio

dirigente
country

during

the

war

- and probably

and co-ordinatiw
1.7-1944.

but

contextq

the

US Communists

own volition

advisory

31-5-1943;

in

ex-Comintern

visits

in

before

while

that

namo - an idea

Moreoverg
the

of

extent

PCCh was a toajor

of

andq

by Earl

the

to

States@

weeks

two months

regular

always

to

topicq

missionss

PCCh policy

roots.

several

no record

CPUSAe

PCChIs

dissolution

spent

dependence

PCCh's

hovement

even

United
the

where

the

of

Labarca.

is

the

deep historic

with

being

years

in

Comintern

the

indicated

the

it

Communist
the

1945,

in

19459

more.

of

the

direotion

changing

of

Chile

announcement

Contreras

in

General

made some sense

at

the

the

the

discussing

little

hi? hlirht

member-

of

end
once

mark

International

the

the

truthq

althouph

andp

dissolution

the

on developments

particular,

which

by

to

served
in

on developments
In

set-backs,

anoupbg

1943 only

June

years

25#000

19419

in

subsequent

the

approachinm

fall

a sharp

between

the

to

relation

any

war

of

estimates

previous
bear

after

recover

Ironically

in

1940

In

that

possible
to

If

the

PCCh during

the

of

size

confidence*

members

began

ship

gaure

much

with

the

role

he had

329
0
*
when

played

PCCh also

The

Europe
enter

governments
for

Rfoa

to

decide

organisation
solution
rigorous

had

in

re3tedq
be

duces,

led

(175)

(176)

and

With

International

(174)

future

to
it

suddenly

the

allp

had

the

or

by

PCCh's
the
on

the

the

without
Co..,
munlst

policieg

prior

adherence

been
show

an

Iovernent

rather

surprising

the
use

dis-

PCCh'B

independent

to

could

the

International

power

Cominternp

that

the

the

economic

and

the

to

produce

a Constituent

altered

on

analyaisp

Comintern's

seen

of

to

the

be

press

newlyto

social

no means

begun

for

call

to

to

the

as

as

began

PCCh began

Assemblies

can

have

final

the

to

would

Thusp

Communists

and

political#
It

Comintern

indeedv

FCCh

After

PCCh began

develop-

Parties*

Constituent

the

adherence

Movemignt;
the

the

of

rule
Unityq

Chile-(176)

of

from

Similarlys

held

territories

Assembly

Axis

office*(175)

Con3titutionsg

new

Communist

National

of

cabinet

liberated

from

liberated

was

(174)

existence.

guidance

and

European

the

in

still

was

inspiration

drew

involving

ments

to

Comintern

the

if
spirits
directions

Comintern
PCCh1a

willingness

persuade

and

leaders
the

of
same

in-

the
methods

Codovilla
to Chile
was exiled
in early
1944.
Ibid*
3.5-1944.
In Ilay 19439 the British
to
press attachS
reported
the Ambassador
in Santiago
that
the PCCh had no wish
to enter
the Rfos administration
because it thourht
the government
'weak and dilatoryl
- and because it
was making gains
at the expense of the PSe F011
FO 371/33754
A 5365/324/99
from, Ordo to
dispatch
Edeng dated 15-5-1943.
A year latorp
the PCCh dethat
its
clared
from govornment
exclusion
was no
longer
justifiable
but
that
it would not insist
on cabinet
if this
participation
to
was an obstacle
the formation
El Sitlo
of an ADCh cabinet.
5-5-1944.
By the end of 19459 the PCCh was vierorously
deniandinp
cabinet
El SieTlo 27-12.1945.
office.
The PCCh began to call
for a Constituent
Assembly
the XVI Plenum in july
after
1945.
Seep for exampleg
El SirJO 6.9.1945-

330
9
*
to

the

win

Howeverg
forms

was

that

bring

the

did
of

quiet

PCCh what

stance

themselves
its

as well

Bolshevik
Rfos

and

his

allegiance

its

worth

participant

as
its

best

the

as

form

the
While

of

the

of

its

an ally

the

monolithic

for

too

governmentt

tl, e game

and
of

the

PCChj

supporters

acceptability
in

began

the

administrationg

to

far#
and

politics.

the
of

party

without
set
in

the

the

acquire

it

a period

extent

PS became

respectability

Chilean

from

strupCleaj

and

PR and

as

a lesser

to

factional

with

apart

flowed

described

be

various

Communist

which

PS9 and

organisation

ideal.

the

enforced

While

its

all

International

policies

might

in

Unity

the

the

and

concept

strengthened

by

inspired

success.

PR9 tore

PCCh.
National

although

directly

Vlovementg

the

of

obedience

PCCh
subthe

hostile

to

straininr
about
doing
as

proving
sop

re-

a regular

331
0
*

Chapter

The

Cold

Videla,

War and

President

1946-1947-

Gabriel

Gonzales

332 9

was

Chilean

on

effect

until

not

intact

basically

third
the

with

gether
net

and

Chilets

Videla

which

1947s

PCCh was
from

its

August
Videla

had

allies

inside

had

become

ity

came

in

(with

government

the

command

plotting

his

Gonzalez

Videla

overthrow

throughout

permitted

followinp

the

severely

the

the

limited

legal

persecution

it

by

cabiApril

Gonzalez

PCCh -

before

support

an opportun-

leCal

on

of

Accusinp

strike

the

PCCh)

the

PCCh of

foreign

aeontel

Communist

activists

h the
in

existence

by

By

opportunity

altbou!

was

isolation

that

minors

of

subjected
the

the

and

government*

the

of

and

strikep
and

the

work*

arrest

first

his

increasinR

clear

help

country

October

harassment

with

to-

and*

Howeverg

an

and
to

Gonzalez

considerably

into

coal

return

the

ordered

1946.

against

oncouragement
to

President

appropriate

when

remained

Gabriel

of

it

a decisive

have

part

abundantly
the

19459

of

make

outside

and

offensive
October

to

intensified
and

for

waiting

a national

sistent

November

both

launching

leaders

in

some

alliance

formed

PL9

cabinet

was

resisted

the

to

Radical

successive

have

to
part

came

PCCh helped

from

only

they

the

office

it

latter

Radical-Communist

forced

19479

which

that

War pressures

Cold

the

the

PR and

took

in

1947

1946

began

pressures

politics

early

During

impacto

liar

Cold

Although

party
the
to

authorities,

and
wam

months
fairly

perIn

333
19489

September
de

la

with

Democracia,
into

treated

of

for

success
PCCh

time
in

crease

proved

success

its

gave

US economic
to

PCCh

problems

during

durine

was

good

orderg

not
most

by

of
and

to

or

important

1946
coal

its

defections

and

of

mininj7

19479
by

was

in

its

there
any

is

rivalries

pressini!

need

no

in

internal

conflicts

declined

1927,

to
in

relatively

by

arrests

any

suggest

sirnificance

the

but
andq

high.

morale

oneo

power*

growinr

evidence

weakened

to

oppor-

and

to

contrast

of

for

organisational

sorious

1947,

backeroun4
a sombre

bitter

PCChIs

from

strife

with

the

Right
These

motive

clandestinity

factional

industries

both

Buffer

the

very

disquiot*

Chile's

curb

organisations

allq

economic
1947

to

into

retreat

with

to

trade

PCCh's

alarmed

increasingly
with

in-

Its

the

for

Videla

steps

Thust

years.

able

The

a
Gonzalez

troubled

was

those

LTSA and

and

since

in

and

it

grounds
the

continued

1946

party

PCCh

the

decisive

take
the

the

allies
with

Lrave

aidq

the

a dramatic

Oelgroe

small

the

for

office

support

no

undoin,

Radical

and

Although

that

its

together

Russia

tunity

be

old

developments,
between

to

preat

Videla,

GonzSlez

experienced

electoral

Indeedq
to

it

the
of

one

waysq

Tovernment

and
in

membersbipq

influence.

union

and

history

its

many

President

high

and

in

wasq

Under

cabinet
in

re-

members

following

immediately

period

;far

'World
PCCh,

the

occupied

first

the

thisp

Second

its

and

Defonsa

do

clandestinity.

complete

the

outlawed

was

Ley

the

of

promuleation

PCCh

the

Despite
end

the

Vie

Production
and

d"velopments

political

in

In
1946j

the
tax

copper
revenue

from

horeoverp

by

something

of

in

also

the

8*8)&
did

to
to

3-3*5%

not

keep

up

with

like

bread

Perhaps
politics

political

line

old

the

first

was

to

rivalries

and

antagonisms

the

PCCh initiated

Howeverg

when

'excesses'

of

war-time

in

July

XVI

Plenum

ture
the

of

domestic

of

PCChIs

shift
Coal

of

in

June

direction

production

fell

199549063 tons in
47091819413
kilos
Chilenap
December

(2)

(3)
(4)

of

1945

between

the

PCCh and

formal

retreat

and

to

t945
as

did

letter

(4)

responding

exacerbate

from

to

government's

its

a mixwhile
the

a bearing

the

the
at

criticising
had

PS.

the

Thusq

clearly

on

a tougher

policies

developments.

DUC103'

essential

War had

Cold

part

international

generalp

Generated.

PCCh towards

clearly

from

of

the

was

Jacques

Browderism

of

the

collaborationist

it

in

push

its

class

1945,
and

publication

errors

latter

the

Inflation

uncertaing

was

which

the

supply

became

unrest

effects
help

the

oil

industrial

and

in

cooking

and

the
Goods

rising

wagesy

since

and

in

was

and

increases
Since

was

imported

of

spending

1947-0)

experienced
period

economy

price

sharp

inflation

social

Chilean

in

had

P03t-war

the

some

P6303-M

which

Chile0s

government

experience

1945

considerable

While

did

as

million

immediate

recessiong

in

food-3tUff3

335

industry

the

(2)

rise

began

rates

some

in

P03t-war

to

continued

by
nitrate

revival

difficultie3.
Of

grips

the

19479
a

fell

exports

copper

334
9

on

the

comportment

tons
in
from 290789530
1945 to
1946; copper
fell
from
production
to 3619038, i6l
kilos.
EstadfAtica
,
1946
1949.
Seeq Departaof
and
Financierosp

do Z3tudiO3
Cuentas
mento
Fiscales
de
Chile(Santiago91959)
tax
p36 for
copper
revenue
figures.
Tax revenue
from
declined
from
nitrate
327.9
exports
in
1946
to
million
pesos
149.9
in
million
1947pesos
Ibid.
p36
A-n-Y-bal Pinto
Chile
de desarrollo
frustrado
un caso
p205
See Appendix
D for
of inflation
a comparison
rates
increases
and wage
in
one important
the
sectorg
industry*
mining

335
*
the

at

factors
had

were
been

or

publishedg

part
the

rather
(6)

ance

of

the

for

demands
the

intensity

end

of

to

it

have

lurch

to

did
to

not

to

Despite

these-

to

better
government

(8)

the

gmive

wages

concept

of

National

econowic
followinrr

consistent

and

in

it

although

conditionsg
particular

tt-e

support

to

became
of

its

white

did

19459

July

or

social

the

workers'

sudden
the

its

PCCh

appoals

a more

forceful

roforms.

(8)

Plenump

Increasinaly
tactics

termsp

no

inado

make

XVI

have

would

political

Unity

and

the

(7)

PCCh
In

was

after

PCCh

unrest.

Plenum

months

and

in

XVI

such

quiescent

costlyq

the
9

their

curb

months

the

Vie

Right

tho

that

industrial

pressures

fundamental

to
in

Howeverp

(5)
(6)
(7)

the

progressive

commitment

curb

At

abandon

the

began

left.

the

and

a convincing

Indeedl

normally

Santiago)

difficult

attempted

to

con-

disappear-

the

had

workers

in

(even

war

elections

reform

with

conditions.

and

in

struck

extremely

the

the

resolutions

their

longer

no

that

Plenum

3tillg

discontent

World

XV

of

PCCh

letter

Duclost

congressional

empha3iso

porsuade

social

Second

to

other

admitted

1945

product

the

waf; es

before

had

important

to

better

workers

found

the

more

which

of

the

March

threatq

Axis

with

the

failure

PCCh'3
Perhaps

argument

collar

leastq

at

itself

Francisco

San

Even

PGCh
of

results

in

tent.

the

In

(5)

urork.

at

also

disappointing
wereq

Conference

Nations

United

the

PCCh

demands

for

critical
of

dealine

of
with

6, pp2q1.
See aboves
Chapter
322.
-1
Ibide
PP310-311Seeg an article
by Julio
in PrinCiplos,
Alearfa
October
1945 entitle('
ILa pequefia
bur. -tit-. 9fa
iacional
se incorpora
for
al movimiento
social'
an account
of
the white
collar
workers'
strike
movewents.
See aboveg
6p p292.
Chapter

336
o
in

disputes

The
tion

at

1945.

At

beine

drawn

PCCh completed

its

forces

@onigreasp

into
for

which

the

revolution.

(10)

Accordine

cess

would

Involve

a profound

the

latifundial

up

of

of

the

coal
for

living

that

claimed
to

party
to

the

National
during

It

XVI
dence

(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)

bost

way

to

The

began

the
the

for

this

to

and

standards

(11)

The
for

was

obanges

ADCh partiesp

other
for

policios
or

break-

the

ent

i, -.iproved

thoso

pro-

nationaligation

powersq

wore

democratic

and

developi,

the

the

batter
at

loss

of
PCOh
the
and

wages

adopted

and
XIII

the

consistently

PCCh.

A fow

nent

Its

arid

El

towards

end
was

PS announced
govern,

move

direction

See, for exat. iplop

9*12.1945.
Ibide
Ibide
Ibid.

to

after
in

shift

progressive

Labarcal

struggle

pursued

Union

and

reform

with

resist

Soviet

bourgeois

the

achiove

and

to

the

constittition.

their

goals

Chile

on

years

policies

Plenums
from

wore
two

been

had

in

PS also

the

December

Cotitrera3

togethor

workers

left-wing

although

as

a now

next

The

and

and

Congress
the

in

against

imperialist

masses

(12)

conditions.

Santiago

industrioal

cabinetq

the

support

the

on

the

enter

re-orlenta-

aerarian

electricity

and

of

niassiveindustrial

dependence

Chile's

in

through
to

and

process

democratic

of
Chile

push

would

forwal

block

settlements

(9)

PCCb called

a regional
a regrouplnj,

imposing

work.

Congress

National

that

called

and

return

to

to

XIII

its

by

industries

Important

strikers

ordering

from

Si; -,lo

the

of
not

so

weeks

Tbird
the

more

a-Cressive

Uorld

Sooond

for

marked

the

after

Front
PXh

23.9.1945.

policy
and

in

War

tho

PS

PCCh'3
of

indenen-

Augustg

it

337
*
*
left

the

Fcch.

(13)

en,?.!a,,med as
influence
449

itq

toog
the

as

Unable

tedo(14)
industrial
the

the

in

FCChq Russia

Powers
fighting
the

PS warned

Valdivia)

that

unless

wards

the

PCChq Pan

could

not

expect

ment
in

and
late

(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)

help

The

PCCh1s

the

PS helped

JanuarY

1946*

La Oninion

or

support

deteriorating
to

produce

Determined

30.7-1945;

and

the

relations
a
to

worl. d

between

the
the

Great

he

soon

Moreovers
Convention

be

in

attitude

to-

endanizerad

and

PS. (17)
with

serious

political

crush

a strike

7.8-1945;

the

accusing

a belligerent

from

the

defended

seeking

USA would

would

be-

edt,. e over

natiamo(16)

Ideals

months,

PS attacked

7 a National

adointed

American

the

fourbt

holdin;

an

of

frictions

PS was

the

that

had

it

post-war

was

a battleground

into

PR (then

the

It

Chile

it

the

renoral

19469

as

tide

the

that

publicly

communism

rising

gain

In

parties

charges

declaring

the

growing

By January

convertine
and

to

order

consideraindica-

afterAMust,

communist

(15)

PCCh of

months

communist

domination.

in

1943-

of

has

in

the

of

its

Johetv

check

Chile

advantage

actiong

restore

international

to

affected

Russia

the

and

USA from

the

take

to

USA and

Thusq

PCCh.

which

its

conflicts

J. C.

unwilltn;

and

unrest

PS sought

tween

historiang

3ocialist

for

to

factional
by

the

of

reason

struggle

influenced

also

critical
good

the

after

strength
was

PS had

a desperate

in

was

and

tionsq

the

Although
it

increasingly

became

ADCh and

the

30-8.1945.

Coverncrisis
on

the

Seat J. C. Jobet
El rartido
Socialista
do Chilo,
Is
p187Seel for
La 0]2ini6n
20.10.1945;
examples
22.10,1945;
31.10.1945;
10.11.1945;
19.11.1945.
Agustfn
Alvarez
Villablanca
Objectivos
del
jocialismo
(Santiagrop
1946)q
on Chile
La Onin-i6n-f7-. 17 1.
pl;
1,1949.
,
La 0-nini6n
17.1.19146.
,

it

338
9
fields

nitrate
in

by

the

the

demonstrations

'massacre*

of
to

and

actions

froin

the

January

and

to

led

Armed

Service

and

secure
to

CTCh -

demands

siegeq

the

nitrate

unions

T',ulnes

massacre.
of

to

4th.

(19)
(20)

Ibid.
Ibid*

(21)

(22)

lifting

the

left-winr

nunisIlment

the

31sto
rapid

on

that

diverUe

point,

sharply.

state

of
the

two
of

Cuilty

February

the

the

the

lat
of

the

On February

of

the

the

CTChq

its

other

in

from

strike

paths

Plaza

the

lifted

government

of

by

him

to

those

strike

'in

cabinetq

implementation

re-im. position

At

to

tile

resign

apreed

the

of

successful

to

presented

Altfotifrh

the

(22)

Sial!

dej,.iands

cabinet

genpral

Duh&lde

worIcq

of

to

PJA

ronerally

of

February

El

was

the

force

PCCh began

strike

state

a national

and

January

the
'rho

his

the

jurfdicas

on

protest

Santiagog

into

and

call

a civilian

(21)

the

of

impose

to

personalidades

announced

(18)

of

FrI

the

included

denounced

participantso(19)

chiefs

to

unions

was

action
one

the

demandas

the

The

of

siege

attempt

CTCh to

a number

of

restoration

the

Duhalde

nitrate

Bulneaq

Duhalde

PR9

return

formation

Plaza

the

a prompt

which

in

several

(20)

30th.

principle'

an

Rulnes

cabinet

for

state

Plaza

caused

This

in

killinp

two

of

PS and

fireq

invite

which

the

and
followed

which

opened

siepe

ADCh

discipline

President

Vice

(18)

thei-, j),

labour

restore

jurfdicas

personalidades

CTChq

nolice

climate

dissolving

offectl

to

general,

industrial
the

rescinded
(in

turbulent

in

andq

the
2nd,

PS and
the

PS

13-1.1946.

29.1.1946.
1.2.1946.

4.2.1946.
Ibid.
Other
of diplomatic
relations
effective
action
anainst
of the decree
prohibitinIbie.
2.2.1946.

included
de"ands
the rupture
3pain
with
and Arf-, entinat
rises
price
and tbo witbdrawal
unionisation.
peasant

339
0
an

accepted

the

that

clared

forced

been

to

Directivo
renewal

the

decision

of

the

ambition
for

press

was

the

strike

wbich

the

previous

that

the

(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)

that

21st

industrial

in

on

one

although

the

had

Conse. jo
approved

were

bound

the

PS of

tawdry

that

live

there

PCCh

the
in

cabinet

up

to

his

no

need

presence

would

was

by

rewards

PS declared

motivated

PS's

the

Duhaldo

February
it

its

CTCh.
their
Vice

PS's
4th

was

not

as

was

not

the

complete

demands
to
some

work.
unions

particular
President

tranquility

La Opini6n
2.2.1946;
EI big-10
392.1946.
La Opin15n
2.2.1946.
5.2.1946.
Ibid8.2.1946.
El Siglo
22.291946.
Ibid.

had

the

defectiong

On February

return

that

the

(26)
to

the

the

sup-

Not

the

to

for

consequencev

of

began

for

satisfaction

that

that

because

reply

of

February

strikeg

its

for

strike*(25)

a general

approval

new

PS claimed,

a detailed
ordered

office

had

(23)

event,

partp

cabinet

strike

instructed

PCCh accused

its

for

Coneral
Partly

the

de-

originally

any

movement
For

thatp

and

undertakings

strike

in

cabinetq

general

call.

CTCh had

class

guarantee

sufficient

a further

(24)

the

delegates

andg

majority

working

office.

cabinet

similar

strike

the

of

betrayinj;

to

the

new

the

of

his

PCCh and

Socialist

the

Nacional(CDN)

the

of

respond

the

the

to

join

to

re-impose

CTCh by

the

since

surprisinglyp

Duhalde

to

decision

upon

not

porters

from

invitation

from

7ths
the

(27)

receiving

domands9

and
was

restorod.

CTCh

the

covernmentg

to

3.2.1946.

failure

after

continued

boon

as

effeotive

Poweverp

Diihalde

general

with

the

strike

to

it

not

able
(28)

was
to

gain
until

announce

340
*
The

events

split
other

Communists

Communist
leader

with

trade

ficial

the

using
in

Santiago*(30)

war

in

the

trade
time3p

at

whichq
and

Socialists

The

Socialist

PCCh's

hold

(29)
(30)
(31)
(32)

3pilt

over

of

over

which

years.

movement

Minister

prosecutions

(32)

were

for

persecutions

government

These
union

fraud
had

had
The

of

been

on

governmentp

lasted

used

relatively
for

in

to

he

trade

abeyance

partq

terms
arrested

1946

and

(31)

break

the

re-activated
officialso

union
while

civil

Communists

his

and

June)

unions.

good
its

headquarters

as

powers

of-

by

and

shots
until

nation-

gaining

individual

unions

in

CTCh

violence

Communist
left

by

vast
the

Of

Most

opening

of

the

of

CTCh

the

physical

trade

against
been

the

control

Bernardo

Socialist

which

into

CTChq

replied

from

but

Labour

series

and

his

Communists

battled

for

the

for

Socialist

Siglo)

lbaez

evict

to

El

to

(29)

recognition

police

undivided

The

the

expelled

tbe

and

CTCh.

of

name

organisations

provincial

government

the

of

federations.

union

the

Arayas

(according

support

CTCh

of

majority
al

the

Bernardo

General

Secretary

and

Ibaftezs

by

led

6ocialist

one

to

claim

1946

February

early

and

factionss

laying

both

CTCh,

January

twoziwarring

into

CTCh

the

late

of

the
during

PCCh

and

the

war

Communist

3.3-1946
Ibid.
19.2.194.
Ibid.
Seep for
for
La Bora 13.6.1946
exampleg
of
an account
between
Socialists
in which
one clash
and Communists
two people
were killed
and three
wounded.
1.3.1946@
El Sifzlo
Allegations
and counter-alletrations
in the management
funds
had been
of fraud
of union
for
in the battle
trade
influence
common currency
union
between
the PS and PCCh for
11ownvPr,
In
many years.
did not mean that
this
tfie
mo3ts but not allp
caso3l
trade
fraud
that
union
with
committod
officials
charged
for
Usually,,
it
that
offence
personal
profit.
meant
trade
funds
had been usec' to benefit
the narties
union
to which
the officials
belonged.
Under
tlie
COdia
del
,o
Trabajo
this
books
was an offence
and the account
of
trade
by the Direccion
unions
examined
were regularly
del Trabajoq
General
kept
a close
which
watch
on union
If
expenditure*
overspent
or mis-spent
its
a union
fundsq
the officials
were technically
guilty
of fraud.

341
a
trade
by

including

1946,
to

official

the

not

tion

between

struggles

surge

of

e4rly

1946
two

PCCh

deteriorating
and

in

US

of

conduct
(34)

there
on

was

botb

imperialism

a Oictatorship
(33)
(34)

the

the

at

q"es-

the

pusbed
second

place

impact

on

for

plottinj

in

Chile

been

and
and

which

El 51910
15.4.1946.
21.2.1946.
Ibid.

analysis

toe

PCCh

the

nationni

PCCh

the
woulO

oboyinfiv,
economy
the

tbat

and

repeatedly

allerpd

offensive

to

Oligirchy
Vint

the

and

revolutionary

plane

e, isure

part
and

of

claimeO

reactionary

international

with

their

War

and

in

the

government

*openly
the

part,

imperialist

of

the
Cold

of

than

rlayed

also

up-

between

ratber

upsetting

had

and

the

PCCb

the

rivn1ries

excuse

re6twe

its

national

PS

accused

dewocratic

For
an

use

Duhalde

PCCh

the

between

aimed

the

an

pressures

made

1946.

early

sloaans

subversivel.

way

both

undermining

recent

War

had

ancient
the

relations

certainly

ad

the

provided

Cold

some

international

that

they

partiesq

language

and

days

tho

June,

late

PCCh into

the

engulf

given

although,

"

These

the

in

elections

clearly

wbich

antagonisms

cause.
in

PS and

the

Mosts

President

death

presidential

War pressures

Cold

the

his

which

elections

union

because

begun

bad

parties

June

being.

time

the

forthcominr

the

of

With

numbered.

clearly

were

but

over,

were

conflict

trade

by

Put,

two

in

were

activists

the

the

ineeedq

Sirlo-03)

between
because

only

El

of

hostilities

decline,

fed

director

the

Comaunist

hundred

some one

mid-Aprilq

jailq

and

activists

union

PCCh press

the

Mrassed

and

"nder
acc"ned

installa
ti-e

country

342
in

remained
wiLys

the

1946

closely

its

the

paralleled

clandestinity

the

Cold

War

were

it

pressures

PS and,

were

the

been

had
not

bound

PCCh

While

the

criticised

1943s

in

late

by

other

did

Vice

Republic

would

dissolution

wing

cabinets

Thus,

when

(37)

its

PS9 the

aware

the

Western

more

I"

particulars
life

to

The

between

With

Which
they

years#

links

the

deteriorating

the

which

Pli's

4th

that

the
strike

governed
of

now

Whalde's

presidential
by

justification#

next

President

Moreoverg
demands

unions

and
him

January

30th

as well

(if

its

to

appointment

some

iiadical

towares

were

dominated

still

the

policies

wit"drawal

that

with

nitrate

hostility

1946

it

while

and

labour

the

on

rejected
two

Powers

Radical.

PA sunported

February

hreach

the

early

Pjq

it,

ensure

of

signalled

favorably

adviceq

the

while

ton

of

aggressive
during

a right-wing

of

the

less

regarding

be

part

PCCh

However,

parties

destroy

actions

look

11fos

Rios's

on

the

(36)

by

to

offing.

Presidencyp

attempt

yetq

arid

public
the

not

better

no

considerations*

left-wingg

the

early

tbe

the

contro

and

many

P.111together.

PRts

in

(35)

as

for

PCCh
the

left

for

Russia

were

the

widen

PA was

elections

acting

to

the

from

an

sufficient

the

Rfos

as

(36)

and

President

the

year.

enough,

between

relations

forced

which

in
in

government

and

conflict

of

associated

P--Ch

Indeeds

following

coalition

strong

V-e

the

between

conflict

(35)

state.

underdeveloped

into

the

to

of

when
tO
form

the

Duhaldep

Postpone
a left-

incroasedo(37)
strike
only

andq
for

unlike

forty-eiqht

Seep for
examples
by 'Juruberto
Abarca
articles
GalO
and
Gronza0lez in Principlosq
FO-ruary-Iarch
l, )469 April
1946
4.4.1946;
24.1.1946;
and El Jinlo
P-5.19' 4 6.
The parallel
apparetitly
to foreiiIn
even extended
presbein,,. T placed
sures
to outlaw
tie
on Afos
PCCh.
Speech
by Communist
deputy
Jo94 Diaz
Iturrieta
in lomafe
to
los
11
after
31 Si-lo

Ms

deatb.

Bl

Sif! lo

3.7-19'46.

343
.
&
did

it

bours)

intent

as

coalition

which

would

and

to

prepared
.,
for

only
in

thatl

an

did

the

an

impact

(and

for

pledged

support

CEN and

the

tcommunist'

left-win.

-er

Gonzilez

between

the

CEN and

CEN declared
it

the

party

to

took
for

the

its
the

a variety

Novimiento

formed

Duhalde

presidential

continued

formal

opposition
sten

domostic

or

the

with

In
Rndical
which
the

attacked

Radical

the

of

b'arch

1946p

relations
In

deteriorate*

to

his

aovernment

inclurling

and

allowinff

his

naine

eivin(,

to

a speech
'laklical.

in

from

encourage-

fro forward

by

Juneg
and

Duhaldo

oxpollinq

offences

Report
of
the Asamblea

panicked

Democratico)

Covornmentj

of

be

IMovimiento

of

20-5-1946.

War

Radical

to

had

conflicts*

tho

actions

alliance

After

Duhaldo

offences

to

candidacy

(40)

that

(39)

Cold

Radical

the

La Hora 6.2.1946.
El SiP-'lo 2-3-1946.
of the CEN PR to

La. Hora

internal

Partido

unprecedented

PS99

the

use

declared

sama

PCCh.

tho

eitber

the

Vidola.

the

the

towards

Radicals

laterg

its

July

on

to

CEN refused

by

Pit
to

it

of

dominated

attitudes

right-wing

Democratico

guilty

stance

differing
have

less

of

the

attempts

reprebonsibleg

those

PS for

V., e

responsiveness

its

and

presidential

While

PCCh.

thA

left-wing

with

anpry

were

than

anti-communist

19469

March

(40)

in

sides

Radical

circtinistancesp

current

left-wing,

the

pressuresq
PCCh

ends

blameworthy

more

into

(39)
(39)

construct

FCC1, 's

the

marginally

the

If

ment

to

as

was

conditions

political

FS was

been

the

takinc

the

almost

t1-at

concede

was
give

as

cabinet

international

ing

strikes
the

Duhalde

t1he

PR was

the

victoryp

candidate
joining

it

Similarlyq
electoral

chang

any

so without

of

War. (38)

Cold

was

tboupht

On

as

President

344
&

selected

formally

Duhalde

in

Au-, ust
the

to
sect*

Gonzaftez

Videla

in

Cold

War

and

the

(43)

their
bat

striking

to

-:)Prsuade

Ocomrijunist'

the

and
rival

Flowevers
Pleno
his

and

(a

in

candidates
be

meeting

victory

to

failee

at
Since

of

the

win

both

an

polls.

the

richt-wlnC,

19469

El -SL-10 3-, 9-194622-7-1946.

Ibid.
The other
candidates
were
142,441),
tivel
Fernaodo

difficulties

Gonzalez

Videla's

PCCh and

oLher

were
sot

Videla

defeated

Videla

(44)

electiona.

to

had

be

corijto

appearod

and

not
aside

to

candidate

majority
had

July

In

to

parties

absolute

(42)
(43)
(44)

Althougb

War pressures

Gonzalez

parties

a decisive

candidacy

presidential

Ibid.

23-6.1946;

that

Gonzalez

(41)

inter-

continued

not

year*

a sinfrle

Chambers)

the

was

the

right-wing

4th

September

West

tl-ie

oppose

Cold

which

upon

this

internal

Pjjq

belaind

threat

on

to

endorse

tfe

unite

that

PR's

stillq

called

accused

and

liar

Cold

the

prevent

lhore

differences

represent
tbree

not

PR -

and

of

resolve

u,eet1n;: r, to

enough

strong

P.6's

in

toolo(1#2)

the

from

ADCh parties
1946.

did

the

cannaign

the

they

candidacyl

of

the

exacerbated

strengthened

'accomplices

Russia

wid-1946,

presidential

pressures

PCChj

CEN of

between

during

the

a communist

relations

deteriorate

issue

being

of

While

aTainst

expulsion,

candidacy

attacked
the

neaninF , the

his

presidential

he

which

up

rise

national

to

in

officially

already

Notwithstanrling

his

announced

a speech

nation

(41)

Videla.

Gonzalez

PH had

the

when

candidate

a presidential

a Congreso

called

a majority

to

ratify

in

27-7-19'46.

Cruz Colce (ConsorvaRicardo

(Liberal,
Alessandri
131p

023 Otes)
(Socialist,
Ibanez
and Bernardo
Gonzalez
Videla
19? t? ()7 voLes.
Urzui
polio('
Los p-trtidos
zuela
cl, Ll(inos
polfticos
p98.

votes).
Valen-

345
o
Congressl

the

while

the

24thq

Gonzalez

sandri

(who

firmed

in

aroused
if

their

was
of

his

able

the

his

PL to

the

the

the

reaction

of

to

the

allay

is

not

it
officeq

government

in

knbassador
Pleno

Videla

(45)

The

(46)

La Horl

was
he

he

woull

the

dispense

Gonzalez

with

fears

the

the

masses

of

t1le
Its

those

satisfy
he
awl
His
the

PCCh

he

die-bard

most

beforn

informed
invite

of

a numbnr

assurances

both

con-

principal

to

indicative

to

Ales-

won because

also

tho

Santiao

privately

necessary

and

managed

but

probably

were

all

clear

altogether

Gonzalez

although

how

Precisely

British

Congreso

anxieties

his

but

October

on

was

PCCh and

he

of

to

Plano

the

to

Arturo
him),

an

(45)

Although

Coke,

approvedp

met

nentor
for

in

Vorces

void.

towards

Cruz

was

tbrent'

Plano

Co"Zreso

antipathy

not

kri-ned

vote

Ricardo

probable

the

44. (46)

to

votes

'red

old

pre-

abnunded

tbe

Congres2

by

office

election

Conservative

approach.
that

the

in

in

persuade

helped

138

much

to

desipned

of

Videla's

when

Liberal

right-wingers.

the

to

soruep

success

candidate

anxieties
to

by

including

by

made

persuaded

office

rivallothe

confirmed

Videla,

had

owed

factorsy

being

however,

eventg

Videla

froij,

GonzXlez

declare

and

and

to

according

in

step

plots

transactions

press

right-wing-,

attempt,

In

Videla

Gonzalez

vent

of

rumours

xmve

aftar

Coneral
Wbassador
to

share

services

tbe
to
Oritish
Wbasrumourg
stronZest
according
in
Santiago,
for
that
Liberals
sador
would
vote
was
Coke,
Cruz
then
leaving
ArLuro
who
would
resieng
(the
President
Alessandri
in
the
3enate)
charpe.
of
Alessandri
fresh
the
KiNt
would
call
elections
nnd
to
defeat
the
Left-wing
FOR
combine
would
candidate.
52003
FO 371 1.10.1946.
front
LechA
AS 6413/16/9,
to
Import
!loving
dated
1970
Similar
in
currpnt
were
rumours
President
be
Allende
had
in
to
when
confirmerl
office
bv
Pleno.
aC !i n. reso

__
25-10-19-4-6.

346
o
'as

soon

as

the

PCCh

had

Similar

humanly

according

While
merely

were

later

Plenop

fairly

to

PCCh

the

push

opportunityp

of

justified.

Conversely,
in

PCChq

the
lack

conviction.

that

the

its

party

was

PCCb cannot
trust

or

passionate
El

poem
for

his

as

Itbe

even

aware

forces

ranged

pueblo

lo

llnma
On

candidacy
representative

in

the

contest

Duhalde,
for

the

had

any

AlthouCh
his

spite

the

the
the

his
ammll

presidential

declared

its
and

medium
of

the

with

vacillations'

for

made

campaian
PCCh

representative

the

likine
heruda

doubt

national

, oreoverq

Pablo

and

no

the

particular

electoral

of

PRIs

it*

also

leave
of

strength

against

Gabriol,

of

the

which

Videla

time

the

seem

betrayal

GonzXlez

of
of

it

that

claim

to

defeated

(49)

fully

contribution

had

(48)

publications

his

hardly

of

chareas

against

PCCh

Videla.

he

(47)

levelled

available

1947

in

inten-

inftisoc'

which

his

Videla
first

the

PCCb

the

followed

Gonzalez
at

the

howevers

Gonzalez

of

If

outrage

moral

Congreso

the

in
Videla

government

against

turng

international

and

of

betrayal

accusations

of

assurances

such

victory

exactly.

out

tones

the

that

ands

(48)

well.

aa

when

(47)

masses.

Gonzillez

that

suggrest

PL

of

titae

the

US Ambassador

areued

price

necessary

events

the

be

well

mi, -ht

intentions

declared
ded

it

the

to

Corvalans

Luis

the

the

to

given

were

assurances

boforo

Itself

for

only

waiting

possible's

discredited

to

support
becauseq

bouraeoisiolt
tho

nomination.

Olig-archyq
(49)

FOR FO 371/52003
As 6682/16/9,
A 7055/16/9,
rearid
For-ts from Leche to Bovin,
dated 21.10.1914,6 and
4.11.1946
respectively.
F. Parkinson
Latin
America,
the Cold War and the World
Powers (Londo7q
1974) P13;
Luis Corvalj; n iticardo
Fonseca2 Combatiente
Ejeninlar
p179.
Principios,
July 1946,
Oi6plewento,
'esumnn de. la reuni6n eel cc Pccb. 15-16 julioig
-)26.
,

347
o
Furtbermoreq
the

claimed
to

almost

from

him

that
the

Cerda

Aguirre
candidate

probity

likely

dependability.

the

PCChq

Although
faction
ence

on

late

his

real

choice

have

wade

(50)
(51)

to

a short

PCCh bad

so

forming

the
the

Videlas

predecessor

in

in

the

niattero

the

PL to

best

stay

and

stormy

a loader

secure

its

form

his

an administra-

apart

from

support

his

in

deal

the

insistto

he had
any

(51)

Radical

necessary

respectq

PH

government.

for

that

he
the

with

left-wing

it

first

NacionRlq

Rfos

found

Quite

experience

Itricolourt
the

about

government

office

condemned

precisely

Illusions

Falanpe

share

of

Liberaleg

available

in

to

the

supported

announced

him

so-called

consistently
to

the

to

3upported

had

any

the

PL--to

it

its

ur6ed
and

PCCh

as

Videla

and
bini

elected

entertained

that

comi-i4tillent

platform

the

was

Gonzafloz

invite

office

with

he

ADCh parties

had

giving

reason

it

after
the

Gonza*lez
which

same

than

other

the

insteadp

chosel
and

on

who

expectations

Although

based

tion

parties

theng

because

evaporated

cabinet.

and

be

election

because

not

PCCb

his

pro-

Fonseca

- a public

wrint,

wordeq
the

much

and

to

have

must

other

Rfos

and

Any

was

In
for

those

of

was

Ricardo

partiesq
to

by

stand

help

Videla

Gonzalez

lengths

would

(50)

ADCh

Videln

Gonzalez

where

the

of

insulting
he

with

Presidency.

his

Convention

candidate

went

&overn

the

at

amu-

little
he

way

Congreso

Luis
Corvalan
op. cit_, -, PP175-176.
Liberals
hold
3 ministries
(. Defencog
Health
and Justice);
the PCCh also
held
3 (Ways and Public
Iforkag
Agriculture
4 !Iadicals
and Lands
and Colonization);
the remaining
held
between
Viem (Intorioro
ministries
Foreien
Affairsp
Financeq
Commerce and the Sconomy and
Education),
FOR FO 371/52003
A 7055/15/99
report
from Locbe
to-13-evins
4.11.1946.
dated

348

oo
Plenog
would

reassure

or

least

at

the

to

Partido

Conservador
the

with

PCCh9

find

PCCh
their

it

two

toikeep

office

his

Radical

some

part

party's

PCCh

was

the

why

did

Crontiflez

Presidents

support

nffice

alternattve6

to

who

Cowtutinist

the

also

owed

votes

conceding

without

so

to

debt

undeniable

least,

at

sharo

why

and

honour

to

praetical

the

since

and
to

and

ripht-winp,

some

Confrress

however$

cabinet

that

only

Forces,

hysterical

needed
in

which

Armed

refused

the

remaing

previous

in

he

majority

seemed

the

and

categorically

necessary

election,

manaaed

PL

the

occupy

the

when

had

a government

increasinply

adopting
Moreoverg

questions

to

determined

construct
parties

a working

secure

Two

Videla

them

positions.

support

to

right-wing

prevent

intransigent

had

Videla

Gonzalez

cabinet

office?
The

PCCh

gave

office.

The

main

reasont

National

Conference

held

the
of

party

attached

sweeping
the

supported
cabinet

and

had

their

electoral

enter

government

Videla's
that

(52)

for

programmeg

been

to

unable

and

from

time

iiflo

speecb

for

work

the

17-11-1946.

to

the

the

PCChIs

had

Report

October

the

the

which

the

the

for

PCCh

need

of'

1946

Galo

had
the

outside

the

of
PCCh

to

Gonzalez

of

Gonzalez

that

was

implementation
come

PCCh

impleniontation

from

fulfilment

felt

19469

Since

had

Gale

at

a propromme

Presidents

tilne

within.
PCCh

to

ensure

the

Gontaolet

October

(52)

Chilo.

IRadical

platformsq,

some

El

for

cabinet

wantinf-

Galo

in

election

previous

programme

Santiago

importance

changes

two

to

according
in

for

reasons

over-riding

Videla's

Gonzalez

promised

several

also
to

declared

pass

Gonzalozss

Conference.

from

its

349
e
tagitationalt
like

thats
play

an

faced

which

helped

the

given

to

placed
class

is

tantp

to

interests
than

old

the

PS

also

reasons

why

the

PCCb to

share

Invite
in

the

wisgivings

become

Ibid

that

of

of

either

presidential
Woreover,

opposition.

debt

Mussia.
better

working
Finally,
in

7e part

Cave

the

and,

perhaps

trade

union

the

the

PCCh

chance
impor-

-nnre
iiiovonient.

Gonzalez

Videla

found

It

cabinet

office.

In

the

part

the

during
AfosOm

of

Secondly,
Gontalez
the

1942

gratitude
Aguirre

candidates
while

he

the

of

attit"de

towards
both

Furthermoreq

would

lar!

office.

in

support
his

its

earlier

dewanded

and
than

greater

the

PCCh harboured

campaigns

ti-e

over

to

contrast
and

valuable

whom had

(53)

office

hold

it

it

rewardq

government.

played

with

scores

PCCh vociferously

nist

have

there

botiveen

those

the

outside

to

direct
spoils.

that
and

cabinet

were

administration

dential

felt

great

having

after

relations

There

Cerda

him

of

the

Gonza'loz

Galo

that

the

of

its

instance,

given

share

to

Howevorg

that

much

strengthen

first

of

its

unlikely

to

necessary

rather

fair

probably

rather

some

settle

tile

without

doliberationso

party's
to

Rfoa

PCCh

defend

it

although

and

deterioration

the

inside

have

and

wanted
of

(53)

felt

well

PCCh

solution

those

may

its

continued
USAj

the

and

to

entitled

now

was

Cerda

Agguirre

the

people.

than

other

PCCh

The

mentionedo

Chilean

creation

and
the

In

role

the

reasons

organisation

counterpartsp

creative

and

active

probably

of

one

European

their

problems
were

to

phase

Aguirre

Aguirre

presidency,

whatever
Videla,

and
to
Cerda
in

Cerda

1946

the
the

it

party

or

spite
coulO

presiwas

Rfos,
of

und

both

Comwudo

350
o
Coi, imunist

without
in(;

of

Rfos

Chile's
PS

its

and

working

co-operation

and

was

for

refornisp

was

dead

from

the

to

and

Gonzalez

Videla

stration,

at

For

these

some

If
docile

and

continue

to

the

National

(54)

be

dragged

pursue

to

Videla

PCCh

the

tl-, e path

of

see

Gonzalez
the

need

economy
democracy

extend

In

contrast
the

on

Lefts

his

of

admini-

the

on

he

and

made

Communist

the

after

his

cabinet*

that

the

PCCh

quietly

Before

it

it

compromise

would
and

be

dis-

to

the

accepting
that

clear

policies

prove

from

oaaod

perfectly

that

would

itself

allowing

ther4

airgressive
ane

to

support

even

it

Rfosp

stages

PCChIs

tanjely

made

or

overdependont

ill-founded*

Conaress
down

become

and

were

the

the

supof

aphereo(54)

hoped

masses

to

early

partners

foremost

liberal

in

from

of

either

wanted

support

forced

disintegration

of

overdependent

tbP

Given

that

old

neither

office.

Communist

become

needed

its

of

the

economic

for

need

professed

he

to

that

hopes
the

offices

to

keep

the

his

cabinet

XIII

he

trmctable

Governments

the

not

Gonzalez

before

credited

that

assured

Chile's

as

back-

War

to

Carda

Aguirre

anxiouss

rates

been

had

ministers

than

grenter

not

was

to

Videla's

that

into
tried

PCCh

announced

declaree

reasonsy

the

pay

the

and

who

who

any

atteript

came

'Radical

had

had

who

Videla

unlike

who

political

Rfos

Gonzalez

was

left-wing

to

by

Finallyl

predecessors.
Videla

having

Gonzalez

partys

World

Second

the

on

count

without

displacement

class

could

difficulties

economic

severe

port

when

lie
the

while

and

support

prevailed

condition

the

PS

Communist

of

because

support

powerful

had
not

it

would

adopted
allow

at
Itself

vacillation

Seeg Gonza'lez
Videla's
to the Pl National
spef-ch
in January
1946.
vention
Ibid.
28,1.1946.

Con-

351
*
had

which

Communist

were

to

the

matter

to

the

strikes

were

caused

but

Galo

Gonzalez

indicating

were
by

the

that

the

Gonzalez

Videlats

party

prepared

to

was

imade it

Cold

as

the

beginning,

the

PCCh was determined

that
Chile
cratic

(55)
(56)
(57)
(58)

Gonzatlez
was

of

arid

its

own

conclusion

of

phase

of

to

mobilise

redeemed

further

17-11.1946.

down

to

the

road

of

of

the

past

(rovorninont
but

effort

pledges
to

the

lengthen-

the

forces

Its

ho

sacrifice

a phase

to

the

btit

into

decades

election

57)

need

limits

entranco

his

wor-

by

that

experiencos

all

also

persuade

and

given

strurple,

take

the

the

of

7 within

Indeed,

they

employerse(.

to

seek

prepared

(58)

War

revolution*

Ibid*
Ibid*
Ibid.
Ibid.

not

its

a new

Videla

pushed

PCCh was

PCCh viewed

triumphant

not

to

programme

accommodatin.

by

declarations

rightq

election

propramme.

the

regirriesq
the

the

the

of

shadows

Radical

the

of

substance
ing

that

clear

be

the

apgregsive

progressive

bound

of

of

continue

the

Gonzalez

responitbility

rather

that

necessaryg

Galo

intransipence

PCCh would

implemant

if

would,

tho

not

the

insteadq

Moreover#

the

includintr

groupsq

CC which

these

off-set

themselves

disagreed;

POOP10-(56)

that

kers

the

that

with

indicated

and

Na-

warned

implemented

consider

they

which

to

back

report

declared

other

with

PCChIs

Gonzalez

be

masses

to

not

were

ministers

the

At

Galo

only

the

of

mobilisation

decisions

cabinet

would

programme

and

PS-(55)

1946,

October

in

President's

support

the

destroyed

Conference

tional
the

but

all

in

as

which

to

ensure

arid

tVint

bourqeois

demo-

352
*
For
in

cabinet
PL

Videla's

combative

the

which

over-riding
and
ist

influence.

accepted
to

the
posts

Indeed,

quite

vitiesg

the

PL

supported
most

and,
vatives)

policies
opposition
important
to

unionisation
the

other

push
without

government

of

the

appointment

aprointment

own

first

the

Roberto

in

congressional

it

tried

Congress

consulting

block

the

Ambassador

to

doclarationsg

solely

in

hands.

(59)

like

an

openly

Minister

candidates
all,

more

enmpaivned

Finance

order

acti-

(with

informinp

opposition
the

anainst
Wacholzj

It

by-0100tions
help

the

law

P restrictive
or

of

anti-communist

specifically

It

parties.

Its

Communist

into
its

through

to

Comwun-

of

to

as

one
scrutiny

opposed

administration

from

of

strictest

it

according

party.

the

of

bad

arowtb

fallin7

behaved

PL

the

the

public

from

apart

a government

economic

the

from

them

prevent

than

in

parts

prevent

Neruda's
an0j

those

helped

the

Gonzalez

to

gobernadoreag

and

Senate,

under

howevers

of

Rather

PCCh

and,

Pablo

of

ratification
in

that

To
intendentes

Communist

the

entered

also

PCCbv

blocking

with

approve.

opportunity

every

use

not

keep

to

aim,

to

Italy

did

Liberals

PL

implementation

that

other

the

Unlike

the

with

programmes

the

reasonsg

wood.

concerned

not

was

different

rather
a

the

of

Conser-

on

peasant

President

and

(60)

(59)

La

(60)

laws
first
This
to
in
1947,
Congress
presented
early
Videla's
insistence,
was withdrawn
on Gonzalez
rediscussions
introduced
between
PR and
the
the
after
by Congress
PLI
30th
passed
on April
and promulgated
1947.
Ly Hora
10ole1947;
18-1*1947;
2.2.1947;
12.2*
1947.
El
30.1-1947.
fialo
The law
severely
restricted
November
1946,
peasant
unionisation
which,
mince
had been
t'a
carried
out
under
nori; al
provisions
of
the
C6QQ'o
del
Trabajo.
According
to Drian
Loveman
.Countrysidej
37rU(, 19le
in
in
the
Politics
and Aural
Labour
In
(Indiana,
Chil2_1919-1)72
19761-173o
between
sowe 300
Novenbor
such
unions
created
w-rp
1946
107
in
to
tva
34 which
and April
contrast
bad
from
survived
period
an earlinr
Of peasant
unionisation
Aguirre
Corda.

1-71orl 19.12.1946.

353
o
hostility

Liberal
face

to

had

PCCh

it

prisinglys
opposition
able

in

pleasure

Communists
La

past.
causing
of

had

strikes

countryside

While
President

and

the

PCCh

the

PR,

wing

relations

with

the

was

technically

still

in

Hadicalsq
had

to

is.

colleaguesq

of
riseaq

price

causina

of
supplies

channellinp

on

good

terms

could

withstand

left-wine

CEN.
the
from

of

members

and

of

the

La

5-12elqT;

wanted

or

less

a few

in
of

left-wing

or

Radical

pursuee

PL

governmentg
who

16.11.1946;

19.12.1946;

attacks

of
PCChj

Although

the

the

and

when
and

their

voices

found

the

still
and

were
Radical
the
were
actions

21.11.1946;

16-1-1947;

become
of

adherents

1944

demanded

CAIN

PCChq

had

left-wingers

these

its

centrist

towards
thow

its

the

and

since

Januaryj

the

the

unconditional

Governmentsq

oficialistas

Opini6n

strained*
by

with

for

well-disposed

PA had

antics
the

became

more

Thus,

the

Unfortunately

soon

Mile

of

Liberals

(61)

party

tho

officials

approving

rewained

jobs

the

denounced

those

of

PCCh

fairly

policies

the

on

tbems

to

dominated

that

formation
ity

the
in

and

oil)

it

Ph

theory

Government*
the

consider-

officials

cookinp

enemies.

government

oficialistas,
the

3ur-

right-wing

which

attacks

ministers

of

and

(like

left

and

many

with

the
PS took

P,overnnient

crushing

Not

(61)

supporters.

right

of

both
the

for

Communist

accused

commodities

scarce

PCCh

6ocialist
.

bureaucracy

the

frow

the

which

obstacle
office.

Indeedq
the

on

only

cabinet

attacks

repaying

and

the
in

disorder

occupied

endure

made

the

not

Socialists.

OpiniO'n

packing

it

to

the

and

was

when

had

now

clung

demanded
in

the

a minor-

left-wineers
exclusion
drowned
of

the

26.11.1946;

15.2.

L947.

of
by
PCCh

354
9
even

fair

its

on

tions.

share

decrees

alarmed

many

fused

to

ii. ade

in

to

conjure
had

PR's

dealt

had

4th

thatp

henceforthp

the

final

resort

al

to

plan

dustrial

PCCh

in

PL

increase

frontp

the

choose
April

continued

its

on

that

PR in

appointment

(62)
(63)
(G4)
(65)
(66)

the

rift

it

the

8-1-1947La Hora
Ibid.
20.1.1947.
15.1.1947Ibid.
El Si, "10
5.2.1)47.
La llora,
12,2.1947-

only

February
be

in

used
in

a nation-

that

or

local

not

they

course.

co-operate

those,

consojeros

to

Radical

In

prow

to
For

pAct
its

Februaryq

the

with
to

in-

and,

In

with

the

organisations

wished
(66)

the

on

noises

PP continued

elections.

of

on

co-operate

with

not

disputes

(65)

disruptive

would

would

to

government

industrial

weapon

mad, - pacifying

whether

for

openly

the

announced

would

Liberals

Partly

PCCh

party

after
of

PCCh*(64)

of

re-

who

exclusion

PCCh

the

angered

Shortly

serins

strike

that

timeq

because

the

officeg

municipal

announced
the

with

CEN announced

to
the

partly

Agtiirre

of

countryside

CEN callod

the

rola-

officials

the

to

uniontse

one

the

same

the

of

lDroduction.

though

the

free

and

in

failed

labour

to
of

insisted

bad

of

repeal

for

and

the

Even

Februarys

were

to

field

the

PCCb

it

campais-n

Vie

with

threat

come

but

government

called

satisfactorily

it

since

the

the

campaign*(63)

alliance

this

with

in

at

President

the

the

that

bad

Fovernmentp
end

weres

Radical

on

left-wingers

Radical

an

who

co-operate

office

unionisation

prohibiting

attacks

of

by

had

only

intense

possible

Radicals

Communist

spoils

PCChts

the
-

Cerda's

from

the

Not

influence

kioreoverg
peasantry

by

of

a moderatine

exercise

tI-e

(62)

reprebansible.

more

the

PCCh and

semi-fiscal

the

parts
PL

the

355
*

wonthq

same
of

Liberal

the

appointment

Communistq
of

the

been

made

of

attempt

to

trap

(69)

for

the

9.utq

the

without

ministers

Videla's

to

the

he

chose

the

Videla

after

to

not

the

PL

future,

the

Several

factors

February

'as

soon

cipline

was

hardly

even

ac-

their
ti-ey

sympathy

Lberal

theirattitudo

change

and

implementatiOn

to

Gonz'*lez
a

of

cabinet

opportunity

itq

rejected

all

the

assurances

of

good

cabinet

thout7h
as

he

humanly
an

to

continued

played
had

a part
Promised

issue

his

re-shapo

cabinetq

resignations

andq
in

behaviour
in

In

Gonzilet

to

remove

on

which

the

(71)

office.

First$

possible#.

appropriate

thoorotically

crisis

Videla's
the

PCCh

Liberal
to

14.2.194714.2.19'7-

from

indispush

11.2.1947.
Ibid.
14.2.1947.
Ibid.
This,
least,
Fonseca's
at
was Ricardo
opinion.
the
by him,
in
Principios,
February-March
article
'Soluc16n
pogular
crisis
a la
polfticall
pp3-4.

El siplo
La Hora

to

refused
tbo

urged

the

probably

cabinet

(70)
(71)

given

tricolour

(67)
(68)
(69)

take

had

decision

the

in

probably
similar

expressed

CC and

airAinst

(70)

pro7ratawe.

Gonza'let

the
to

for

into

of

acted

toop

colleagueag

cabinetq

strtj4 gs-je

Although
gave

of

PL

the
had

ministers

"I,adical

the

Affairal

resignnd

Communists

had

appointment

senators
PL

Communist
the

the

accusing

Liberal
The

consent

return

in

co-operate

protestq

the

their

of

to

in

one

and

inauguration

Foreipri

of

the

ratification

Hadical
the

Since

in

andq
the

one
attend

I'Anister

the

while

action

resign

block

PL. (68)

orders

tion.

to

(67)

though

the

the

helped

to

resigned

even

Conqross

congressmeng

Hadical

ministers

disloyalty

two

Prosident.

the

by

of

plenipotentiaries

as

LTrueuayan

Radical

an

senators
of

t.-ift

the

within

were

which

agencies

the

See
19479

356 .
PCCh

from

that

it

tion

cabinetq
not

was

going,
in

sinceg

and

tions.

Secondlyq

against

the

any

action
Radical

many

the

with

ands

the

such

formation

of

same

timeg

in

right-wing
paign

of

the

to

electionss

the

April

to

(72)

(73)

1944
male

voters

tile

to

up

PCCh
the

-a

PCChts
919204

Out

in

while
to

of

Preall

vote

in

Perhaps
the
first
overt
sign
in-,
hold
in
PRp was wlien
Vie
felt
it
to formally
necessary
Gonzalez
Videla
to form
asked

La 111ora 27.2.1947In
!,arcbq
early
that
anti-coiiirunism

El

S1,JZ

3-3-1947.

for

both

30219

the

results

cause

and

is

thnt

those

votes

con-ressional
that
thi3
idea
tl, e President
deny
rumours
sucli
a cribinet.

exaiplej
onzalez
,;
was f-iscist-inspired.

the
cam-

In

cabinet.

from

tile

At

Gonznlez

iloweverl

the

advocate

their
led

terms,
tbo

to

electionsp

President

increased

sunport

eligible

the

their

(72)

intensify

(73)

Cave
PCCh

beran

which

defence.

elections
the

to

prew

pledged

who

municipal

began

proastiros
PCCh

cabinet.

development

PCCh's

force

Liberals

11adical

press

Ve

with

April

which

enients

howeverg

crisial

oficialistas

the

arainst

argued

PCCh*

the

the

PCChO

the

with

arranp,,

alliance

exclusively

run

municipal

the
of

socialist

to

go

opportunity

of

an

the

a-g-ainst
to

to

end

solutiong

the

and

Videla

an

rela-

PR were

the

of

electoral
with

to

directed

was

anger

ent

cabinet

encouragement

for

su-oport

iebruary

the

FJI for

the

inside

had

ac-

labour

of

elections

the

upset

clear

beeinninp

sectors

municipal

oreanisations

After

Radical

it

made

precipitate

field

disillusiono-,

April

inight

such

the

important

while

the

which

in

PCCh

finally

was

point

increasin(;

of

approach

that

andq
of

it

influence
at

PL

signs

showing
the

any

into

rushed

event,

a Lioderating

exercise

he

to

the

since

particularly

Videla

in

ill

terms

electionsp

was erainCSN'
the
of
that
lie

doclnred

357
o
PCCh had

the
In

losses

almost

though

whichq

Radicals

who

the

with
partq

managedq

vince

itself

tion
it

of

for

the

Videla

they

a few

it

as

dismissal

were
from

Communist

the

16th

a new

cabinet

while

acted

in

which

describing
the

steplp

line

Crowing

by

pressure
asked

a request

(77)

Gonzalez

included
the

Radicals

new admini-

PCCh declared
with

that

Videla

Gonzalez

1947.

rejoc-

Faced

ministereg

on April

andl

it

by

and

con-

declared

(76)

cabinetq

all-Radical

*backwards

platform.
There

resign

formed

far
so

in

electoral

its

forthwith.

technocrats
as

it

its
to

logict

and

cabinet

complied

PL9 for

massive

the

the

The

the

people

of

immediately

stration
for

an

resignations

which

with

and

PR for

the

PROs association

represented

Chilean

to

those

give

the

of

piece

the

decision

LberalsO

from

by

from

resign

of

(74)

1945.

PR suffered

to

sufficient

tortuous

results

the

gainsl

strengtho(75)

the

that

March

since

termination

a rather

Communism

would

the

the

PCCh additional
by

were

slight,

advocated

support

dramatic

PCCh's

the

with

contrast

its

doubled

its

Gonzalez

support

Videla's

(78)
several
the

cabinet

reasons
with

why

the

reasonably

PCCh accepted
good

ffraceq

(74)

del-Registro
La Direcci6n
Electoral
Partido
X_ol
Comunista
la Lay do Defensa
do la Democracia
ante
(Santiagos
1951)
Estad-1-stica
1944-,
Chilonag
P8.
The number
(male
opolitical,
pp637-657*
of
votes
469133
from
in March
1945 to 78,336
in
votes)
rose
1947.
April

(75)

In

1944,
the
P11 received
105,001
1 oliticall
votes
in
1979
it
and 189137
votes;
municipal
polled
929032
'Political'
18p538
votes
and
municipal
votes*
Estadfstica
Chilena
19449
La Diroccl6n
pp637-657.
del
]RePistro
Electoral
The
PCCh claimed
op.
cit-9
p8.
that
the
PR lost
it
did
where
the
not
with
pact
Communist%
El Siplo
9.4.1947-

(76)
(77)
(78)

La Hor! j 11.4-. 1947.

El Siglo, 16.4.1947.
17.4.1947.
Ibid.

358
9
In

first

the

public
ly

the

the

veto

implement
critical

become

obvious

that

tle

ted

butq

insteadq

expenditure

PCCh

which
likely

its

be

intent

to

objections
opposed
restricted
approved

applyinp,

balancing

lawq

that

the
in

the

reco!

(79)
(30)
(81)

Ltiis
Corvala*n op. cit.,
El SiZIO 9-4-19 47.
The law restricted
the

-nised
I

some

of

tbe

Chile's

the
ti-e
but

recently

increa-

it

the

had

introduce
PCCh

advocato

solutions

budgretq

ctitting,

pricese(80)

not

economic
api)rovcid

unionisation

had

slowness

to

old

it

Aprilp

which

Covernment's

current

repeal

and

&,oing

not

Presidonto(81)

probably

about

platform

wa7es

Peasant
by

was

on

the

(79)

government's

By

wotild

time,

Nations

United

c1lanaes

stabilising

and

bitterly

severely
to

government

difficijlties

economic

tv-e

apparenthe

and

policies.

economic

was

the

had

months

like

actions

electoral

economic

fundamental

of

the

a few

unionisation

join

and

perwitted

in

with

of

its

of

sort

frow

peasant

parts

he

entl-ustastic

actions

to

government

and

conditions

been

had

the

postsl

cabinet

diseruntled

the

Apart

if

application

other

singly

the

FCCh

increasingly

public

that

prohibiting

Spain's

Chile's

their

to

earlier

decree

keep

return

the

while

of

grown
to

to

Covernuient's
the

PCCh

the

PCCh

Secondlys

of

to

to

intimatee

in

Comiunists

those

allowed

positions

non-ministerial

administration

invite

Videla

Gonzalez

placeq

occuoiee

who

and
Third,

international

by

policies,
Conaressq

which
the

seemed
P,", Ch

climate,

p196.
number

notitions
which
could
be presented
to the landowners
tO OnO a Y(Aar - outside
t)-e times
of harvest
and sowin" x- - restricted
unionisation
to farQ13 WhiCb OTPIO-Vee, o ver 20 wori<nrs
(ton
of
Afhom had to be literate)
had to
anO wage netLtions
have the support
of 55,"'-' of 0, e wo rkerso
La 1*orq
19.4.1947;
26.14.1947.
According
to Brian
Lovett-, an on.
Cit-9
P1739 a-,ricultijral
4oo Writ! e
workers
nremnntprl
in 1947,24
petitions
in l')48
and 11 in 1951 - siowinrthat
tle
law and tl-ie repressio-i
n f ti-P p,-,Cjj 1,aci Fj
marked
effect.

of

359
o
Videla

Gonza'lez

in

government

USA

of

and

within

have

would

government

cabinet

short

periodg

That

the

if

indirect

Chilean

latter

part

early

months

Truman
the

1945,

of

in

which

followed

designed

to

what

contributor

after

the

(32)

(83)
(84)

the

in
the

effectp
to

1-iarch

government

The

in

wast

one

13razilp

by

(83)

aggression.

La

12th
Belgiuniq

Communist

Accordinp
militante
Corvaliin

way

or

to

be

known

the

in

World

reaction

of

Trumants
Horn

outq

Italy
was

outinweti.

military

plans

Soviet

the

Cbile

Communist

p.overnments
was

were
and

A commitment

Western

in

Doctrine

international

and

crvt

Co:, munists

France,
Party

many

the

President

Truniptn

worldl

arainst

battle

pointed

speechq

the

economic

of

Western

in

year,

of

the

since

the

as

menace

elsewhere
series

that

had

pressures

another

of

the

was
from

considerably
12th

contain

and

bolster

one

War

ejection

those

and

(82)

office.
Cold

the

faceg

to

cr13O3

the

While

clear.

of

hnd

have

PCChIs

intensified

came
to

Europe

the

On March

what

communism

to

1947-

of

in

in
they

commitment

was

be

politics

announced

US's

to

seents

by

hostility

from

It

oust

a minority
Such

constitutional

to

factor,

the

would

and

with

partnAr.

with

generated

pressure

rule

a major

contend

attenints

office

affected

to

Congress

extra-constitutional

decisive,

was

in

a majority

relatively

ad

to

expected

PCCh

the

which

be

not

could

three
forced
-

As

swift.
months
from
while

in

(84)

to
Sergio
Sotomayor
Carta
Abierta
Oe tin exdel
PC (Santiago,
1953)
pp6l-6?
and Luis
--c-IT.
the
op-.
U3 State
pl9bq
nepartrient
had
9
in6ica
in
FebrUary
already
1947
thAt
economic
aid
be e,,iven
would
not
to t1lose
cmintrtes
which
purstind
foreign
policies
to
the
unacceptable
USA.
Walter
La Feber
America,
Russia
tho_Cold
War (Now
and
Yorkq
1976)
PP58-59.
6-7-1947.
La Hora
Article
by Jaime
Mravitales.

360
e

did

sures
In

his
in

that
no
of
in

opening
the

cabinetp
the

that
which

doubt

to

gave
1946

ber
fears

become

the

more

even

Chilets

for

to

highly

probable

in

weeks

was

publishing

that

Chile

World

(85)

or

so

liar

sue, 19est

that
before

the
the

articles
could
was
that

Ibid.

in
the

he

two

thp
United

22.5-1947.

the
had

events

were

arguedg

offinp
States

with

gave

more

and

neute,
ministers
a

it

31irlo

desperationp

aidq

preforential

special

seems

El

some

V-orn

Cold

Certainlyj

departedg

that

the

dispatched

US economic
and

economic

connected.

mission

had

need

Communist

assistance

the

allay

of
become

Novem-

and

parlous

had

Videla

without

that

Chilets

askad

assurances

to

need

little

deteriora-

October

19479

aid
had

economic

the

intensification

economic

which

survive

not

the

before

seek

in
the

to

seems

the

Indeedp

of

of

US economic

to

affected

by

early

Gonzilez

USA

there

aware
By

with

for

the

well

because

pressing

resipnationsy

mission

the

was

from

resign

responding

createdg

PLo

raised

declared

to

merely

US AmbassaOors

Powers.

need

a week

their

he

parallel

andq

Indeed,

to

that

as
the

as

and

Western

the

situation
Warg

British

just

was

PL

almost

havA

Videla

the

was
had

action

he

that

Powers

Gonzaolez

himselfg

climate

show

of

heq

conditionag
fearl

Great

caused

declared

world
of

pres-

office.

be

ffeelinsT

the

I had

that

international

tine
he

implying

to

reason

fear

of

situation

the

Althougrb

'feeling

the

disturbed'

of

rivalries

21stq

May

on

and
from

monthsto(85)

recent

that

the

which

Congress

immune

be

from

departure

PCCh's

War

Cold

that

adinitted

'dramatic

could

panicp

to

address
current

country

the

in

a part

play

himself

Videla

Gonzalez

was

thRt
no

a Third
evidence

treatment

361
9
to

In
Cv, ilefs
ing

Chile

persuade
powers

1941

in

held

US of

backing

the

world,

was in
plans

the
for

in

apparent1v

with

the

President,

relations

in

Mayq

the

on

and be urged

the

as inimical

capitalist

workers

(86)

for

the

examples
mantener
5-3-1947.

to

mobilise

an article
un gobierno
See also

See Chapters
5 and
El Sigla
24-5-1947-

6 of

this

cablthem
Con-

a National

the

accused
tbrnughout
World

Ar

and economic
sovereignty

same time,

Fonseca

soon be experiencinp
than

apainst

implementation

the

military

would

devastatinp

different-

hetween

Chile's

the

at

world

even more

and for

posible
El Sirlo
4*4.1947.

to

of

from

a Third

USA's

the

pressures.

Fonseca

that

Iles

and

very

rovernments

the

However,

and evictions
See,

Ricardo

idea

and denounced
America

At

corr"pt

anO

offinC

crisis

1947.

April

after

to

Axil

either

intense

same

hsblre-l

outlaw

acted

Oeparted

scorn

an economic

(87)
(38)

the

poured

the

have

PCCh

reactionary

that

that

unli%oly
would

to

and independence*(88)
predicted

to

least

at

Cerda

A,, uirre
nressure

seems

partly

the

with

while

Aguirre

pressures

relations

international
it

1940,

similar

follow-

was
TIfos,

and

PCCIh in

tbe

wbile

aidg

Santiago

Latin

Cerda

to

and

Videla

t1le

cooler

ference

climnte

Aguirre

with

subjected

terms

(86)

Gonzglez

Chilege

19469

gh

steadily

grew

U3

and

been

good

on

by

predecessors

Althou,
net

aid

Noreovorg

and

they

bad

international

rupture

Videla's

Gonzalez
ly

to

domestic

resistee

the

links

his

1943.07)

in

approved.

trodden

needed

Rfos

they

US economic

broken

bad

PCCh

for
already

a path

because

to

reacting

need

Cerda

which

of

governments

of
by

that
rlsinU

Gonz&lez

Orlando
a Oisgusto
the
editorial

work,

of

1929t

prices
Vidola's

Millas
'Es
de Wall
jt? v
in
31 Siglo

pp"51-253,

P305.

362
*
electoral
strike

in

duced

the

when

first

government

attempts

to

in

strike

the

bloodshedo(gl)

charges

and

shed

since

those

of

ment.

(92)

gogy'

had

force
that

as

tion

between

against

the

he

and

by

adopted
during
for
which

the

bus

the

pledged

prevented

(89)
(90)
(91)
(92)

Ibid*
Ibid
Ibid*
Ibid.

(93)

La Hora

the

the

support
PH from

11.6.194714.6.1947.

15.6.1947-

bad

At

restrain

strike

wovedomaplodg-e
uncanny
the

curtail

(93)

guarantee,!.

confronta-

public
was

the

political

Convention
Conventions

current
in

those
blood-

the

with

cabinet

the

for
to

his

cabinots

to

rise

to

'to

PCCh

the

govern-

given

broken

first

a left-wing

the

the

laws

that

blamed

'false

force

this

which

with

a National

serving

four

unwilling

promi3ingg

the

for

In

government

in

social

strike,
of

he

use

and

the

angrily

PCCh

peoples

as

applying

for

involved

PH at

formation

the

or

that

future
Videla

Gonzalez

the

reacted

unable

the

President

had

responsibility

never

would

the

blamed

were

the

since

agreement

charged

notion

for

ominous

resolution

one

he

Constitution

Just

calling

who

the

rejected

of

pro-

PCCh

The
but

Videla

been

either

bioreovers

the

Santiago

PCCh

the

attitude

incidents

strike

it

placeq

supporters

inaccuracyq

the

a wages

first

by

strike

a bus

of

with

(90)

police.
for

accused

the

street

Gonzalez

its

use

rights

the

enforce

the

it

and
to

produced

by

to

the

which

confrontation

shot

failure

ment*9

and

public

crush

occasion

belligerent

serious

intransigence

employers"

the

on

more

law

were

Juneq

PCCh's

security

Orioteral

In

the

Santiagop

internal

not

(89)

platform.

hold

in

a motion
was

defeated

government
with

and
any

sinple

363
0
which

party
stic

theorys

to

governuientg
to

decade

Videla

appears

culties

which

been

sent

that

an

mand
before

in

lion

would

one

all

government

Janeiro
for
of

the

negotiations

(96)

(97)

(93)

demanded

which

office.

return
in

the

Julyp

from

return

party

was

the

i,.iarked

six

hftvine

now

end

of

had

the

on

the

those

any

at

he

the

PCCb.

(97)

In

with

all

political

what

proved
early

he

August,
parties

conditions
26

Jorfre

Barrfa

of

Communists

milto

hold

tho

final

the

after
except

froin

in
US

endorsed
to

Ser6n,

Gonziloz

after

much
to

visited

which

accordino

conference

whicb

repaid

totallinor

events

co-operntiong

he

loans

a de-

with
he

of

series

exclusion
In

PCChq

debt

coriditionss

a Pan American

military

only

historian
total

(96)

of

payment

Socialist

which

mission

a US wission

while

diffiUS economic

economic

dollar

insisted

the

sectiring

returned

million

GonzSlez

and
by

in

special

arranreds

PCCh

paralleled

April

a conference

began

it

the

closely

the

Amonpst

by

continental

a, ainst

(94)
(95)

approve

cited

was

Videla's

were

PCChq

was

in

apT3arently

dollars.

evidence

US

outstanding

Mayo

it

before

been

Fonsecap

the

loans

new

Chile

to

Conlinunist

right-wing

no

between

government
to

According

Althoufhq

co-operation.

have

tlie

out

rule

the

with

friction

growing
to

not

antagoni-

(94)

apnroved.

since

practicep
office

share

was

eid

resolution
in

The

had

PIA,

the

doctrines

economic

and

Radical-Con-munist,

of

aid.

by

held

this

in

willing

social

professed

those

to

Ilo

de

plans

disapproval
offensive

protracted
the

PCCb$

Ibid.
9.6.1947.
El Sifr1o
24-5-1947.
Jorge
Rarrfa
Ser(5n
'frayectoria
iniento
sindical
1946-62
chileno
The evidence
in
was an articlo
Dusiness
Week

La Ifora

2,9.6.19'47.

del
estructurm
-Y (Santtnto,
t1in ui
nublication

movi-

199-37-7-57.

364
.
9
Gonzalez

Videla

stration

in

the

hold

back-ward

clear

line

to

develop

to

influence

this

with
'to

which
the

PCCh

and

rail--workerB

rising

tionary

Congress

combat

to

unscrupulous
20th

and

President
a

state

had
of

him
PCCh's

(99)

El
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid*
Ibid.

at

which,

and
the
was

the

the
coal
to

19th,

3.8.1947;
11.8.1947.

were
to

20.8.1947.
22.8.1947.

now

and

Powers

revolu-

the

that

all

and

asked

the
by

situation
the
On Aurust

which

immediately
(103)

that

obstructing

(102)

government
region.

of

with

Special

miners

against

vacant

deal

an
greneral

coal

declared

speculators.

11.8,1947,

in

launchinir

of

he

argue

latinched

protest

PCCh

and

the

followedg

When
to

and

problems

prices

demagogy

the

masses

the

and

rising

2.8.1947.

Si, -lo

weeks
actions

Powers

granted

events

the

speculation

Communists

the

of

least

Chile

proletariat

to

accused

of

on

Ibid*

part

another

(99)

the

on

particular.

revolutionaby

Congress

these

in

Special

emergency

(98)

(103)

by

for

to

(100)
(101)
(102)

bread

yet

faced

solutions

against

Ifolpert

dictatorship.

called

strike

On August

called

reaction

mobilisation

of

machinations
21stg

the

In

price

held

grant
the

PCCh

was

which

or

the

Videla

(101)

choice

admint-

Admiral

cabinet

democracy

popular

in

Gonzalez

posts

by

created

of

new

the

campaign

struckp

strikea.

government

the

that

series

price

to

plans

that

countryo(100)

pricesy

rising

(98)

giving

powerful

and

Intorior.

maximum'

supported

the

his

the

the

increasingly

the

analysiag

eventaq

faced

Vice

of

of

cabinet

chieft

popular

of

Service

announced

and

quite

In

Minister

PCCh declared

step

now

Armed

an

of

post
The

was

announced

which

formation

the

The
current

the
imposed

PCCb9s
soctal

365
*
unrest
deny

had

been

it

from

ties

the

defend
their

rights

PCCh

the

governa,

tried

to

its

grouping

of

senseq

from

parture
final

from

retire

fairly
and

well

office

in

the

P11 and

disposed

tfe

had

exhausted

(104)
(105)
(Iorl, )

fielOs

Ihid .
Ibid.
Ibid.

in
all

in
the

isolated

x7overnment
for

Tl-, P, occasion
ne

by

towards

completely
with

f
coal

PCCh

the

early

Mint
October

tl. -,e proce(lures

20 -9 - 1947,,
23., 9.19'47.
22 -9-19 "4,7.

callr(4

and
hy

elections

and

late

its

POSittOrls

for

t1we re-

itwas
in

the

(106)

Pil

it

to

be

to

to

intents

all
final

its

time

broke

continued
wasq

the

de-

Al though

parties

PCChq

real

anv

it. -.
-; dele. -ates

CTCh.

al-

PC(; hls

the

Au-ustj

orderin-

by

with

tiii-e

that
functiong

otber

Powersp

confrontation

to

in

Spocial

cbnnginr

ceamerl

ands

sunport

and

his

a direct

Foweverg

municipal

to

contin"o

would

obtained

government

had

authori-

conditionmo(105)

Coi-amunist-dowinnted

tbe

purposesl

frontation

April

witt,

elewents

some

froff,

the

ADCh

cabinet

link

had

forces*
The

and

In-

sui"ort.

workers

fundamentally

on

popular

after

back

without

attacks

the

wages

it

the

of

Videla

step

and

late*

too

ready

better

Conzalez

ent

Interests

that

Fnwars

logitmate,

the

oust

the

PCCh

circu"sta"cesp

any
to

that

the

while

insisted

also

After

softened

under

had

Special

the

to

and

supported

fact

the

devertheless,

and
for

struggle

the

its

it

office,

had

immediately

attempts

extra-constitutional

to

living

of

it

actions

work

not*

would

cost

pointinr

(104)

granted.

riainp

strike

to

returned

that

sisted

the

objectivep

revolutionary

strikers

the

that

vehemently

any

had

caused

was

by

solely

con-

cav, e.
confro
1947.
laic'

tation
Tke
down

was
coal
in

the

mtril,

winersq

o in
who

Coldt.,, o del

365
0

the

very

,lecreed

miners

ary
ment

(110)

colours.
It

while

strikers

had

uncovered

Czechoslovak

the
the

were

in-ly

enouab,
31.

_-lo

these

the

to

219t,

their
(107)

by

stop

shifts

the

to

stop

when
two

were

Ariny

shifts

of'

over.

found

of

the

thwarted
i, irters

and

the

to

resistance

reftised

interest-

persecution

(112)

show

(111)
acti-

excessive

country.

Fk-i attna,
-ho

and

whicbq

he

off

Qussia.

leaders

to

on

broke

with

irrAsts

continuerl

miners
the

Zone

that

u,,1..j"tttn'a

at

and

publication

repions

other
the

coal

companies

mininq

forced

was

measuress

October

in

the

bnand

Chile

21-qtj

Communist

replace

to

nlots

countries

developments,

arrested

extended

was

to

these

with

vists

witb

sovprn-

announced

aiii-Ad

Octobnr

those

to

Aovernmant

embassio-59

on

and

The

t"em

of

re-

rpvoltition-

workers

many

ti, e

their

for

(10))

supply

V-1a

winnral
10ien

lauricbinirf

co; i, inunint

Yu,, -O,; lav

relations

Parallel

El

an

intertiRtional

to

Rtb,

October

economy

Oiploniatic

PS

tbo

of

PCCh

state.

recalled

On

and

national

the

the

Army

the

tho
of

007)

gov4rnwont

(109)

work.

hlaiuod

overtbrow

frota

offers

accepted

the

to

designed

strike

rr-ttirn

Cot, antinists

the

thA
nio. -; t

to

after

nrbitration.

volwitnry

concedeei

!ovArnment

accuseel

and

sistance

to

Ah

October

effective,

which

thew
the

refusedg

of

becante

strike

ordered

and

striko

al

settlement

wage

demands

the

day

from

sAggestions

government

rpjecting
On

a le:

declared

Trabajo,

Despite

to

rt
to

until
hrlnf

-stirfmce

work
Fkfter

(113)

(109)
(110)
(111)
(112)

Considering
that
Anprs
in the
rouF-I, ly 15,500
worked
inditstry
in 1947,
tl, p rosult.
halcoal
-q of' Vm
lot
L-rressive.
Out of 1591ql
were v-ry
votmm casts
159104 were for
27-1-1947.
Ibid.
stril. -e action.
5-10-19'7IbidTi-, --. (it-cree
-avt- wn, 7es tncrr-isos
of
=Pto
140,1La 111ora 6.10 - 1947.
,
16 -1 () - 19 47.
bill 9-11-19'47;
Ihi 022.1n. 107,
23-10-19'47.
Ibid.

(113)

La

(109)

O!Ani6n

? 2.1().

l)'47.

367
*
Was
Co, munist

ary

In

order?

any

mi, -bt

well
of

even

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described

as

an

it

rebelliong

seize

nower
the

during
against

strike

than

while

popular

mobilisation

had

have
lution

no

the

forces

there

been

or

growth

(115)

the

Cotigress

that

indications
loyalty

tIe

Armed

September

19469

the

PCCh

a
tho

Althou7b,xonzilez
tion
of'
I-ave
his

for

revo-

crisis

orofound
contraryp

political
Videla's

Gonzalez
(115)

Furthermore,

Forces

were

seriotisly
had

order
despite

had

can

su,,, grest

right-wing

them
lasted
for
iii, iitee
111ost of
Periods
2 to 24 bours.
for
ieep
ihi(I.
exa, i, plell
4.12.1947
25.10-19'47
for
and
tAccounts
in
the
fieldsq
strikes
nitrate
copper
railways.

El SiFlo

7 the
it

ripe

established
Finallyq

underminede(116)
since

on

and

hastenin,

to

of

(114)

Plan.

prAdicted,

was

the

and

actions

indications

August.
the

to

Chile

approved

in

powers

protest

miners

was
had

it

major

had

of

strike
it

the

Mile

affoctod

coal

!-, rip

divided
all

special

their

no

in

were

irrevocably

in

that

seriously

(114)

(il6)

few

which
that

attempt

revolutionary

that

were

differencesp

for

were

divided

tic

were

represented

application

There

classes

t1heir

belief

whatsoever

tiaiee

the

encoural-ed

crisis

illusion

they

whatever

the

work
or

PCCh

any

movements

of

have

may

in,

ruling

that

PCCh

by

synchroni3ed

capitilist

that

at

that
or

the

of

part

the

Indeeds

advent

treatment

to

return

which

were

was

disobedience

civil

strikes

later

and

government's

ratl, er

of

wave

clearly

to

accompanied
of

constitutional

there

miners
of

act

a revolution-

the

senseq
coal

not

was
the

and

coal

the

PCCh

of

claimed,

overthrow

ii, imediate

and

refusal

the
be

to

designed

real

Videla

Gonzalez

as

plot

While

not.

to

there,

lost

its
all

draniaits

r-in,,, 1n,
.
9.10.1947;
of protost
Anos
ritio

from

the

22.8-1947.
rumours
Videla,
retirinfconfidence.

fairly
of, military
plots
were
common
lil, -e Aguirro
CPrOal
took
tl-o
procauIhifIh
r-, nIci! ifr officnrs
who did
not

3619.
.
*
both

allies

of

'subjective$
theory
as

cautious

and

be

small

chances

Union.

(117)

aeeins

into

dragged
of

it

in

mobilisation
its

for

reasons

political

the

economic

grievances

tion

not

was

to

the

constitutional

the

immediate

the

alliance

with

of

tactics

his

order

President
the

bac'k

it

from

of
popular
to

which

to

field

and

directiong
his

abandon
to

press

were

so

t, e

confrontation

in

not

August,
which

to

for

became

c,-k.gt

FCCh

the

that

in

the

desired

attempted
to

appeared
and

USA

the

producing

his

implementa-

clear

description
a
the
lFor
and examination
of
ti-leories
for
on Vie
necessary
co-tOttiong
The Comintern
see t* Zic! onziels
and ".'orld
(Londong
1)54)
PY)B'3-97.

was

to
the

the

(117)

die

sought

return

by

the

in

result

PCCh

with

the

disrupt

regime.

Howeverg

that

time

appear

it

inten-

to

or

and

dictatorial

to

ahead

social

only

support

When

mobilisation

did

the

pressure,

chanee

PCChj

could

despite

PCCh's

office

repressive

platform.

popular

as

events

from

Videla

have

popular

the

the

Iloweverp

did

1947

by

such
Soviet

PCCh

October

to

the

and

motivated

people.

with

the

actions

party

allowed

of

that

up

only

Gonzalez

electoral

of,

resultsq
step

force

international

tion

the

of

exercisini;

persuade

the

was

establishment

by

Ratherp

it

9orderal

strike

leading

months

have

adventure

clear

also

supportinp

that

protestations

is

Communist

that

would

the

on

and

by

down

unlikely
PCCb

anti

'objective,

laid

the

even

inovoment
oreanisation

the

of

a revolutionary

success

Nevertbelesss

none

extremely
as

class

disciplined

revolution

hard-beaded

and

to

sump

for
it

workinp

tightly

In

conditions

existedp

itself

the

being
ideal*

bolshevik

the

the

outside

and

from

far

still

was

inside

to

I-)e iminiriont.

xrovernment

Comintern's
revoDitlon
l-nvolution_

was

369
.
intent

a time

offensive
to

return

- with

work

the

when

the

restore

The

that

to

refused

the

of

support

and

encouragement

for

pretert

miners

coal

to

discipline

labour

unrest.

social

October

in

came

to

and

considerable

of

against

offensive

an

US requirements

with

comply
at

launching

on

both

PCCh -

the

PCCh.
Why thong
After

the

allq

can

their

on

orders

The
as

was

ment

to

return

the

bars

action

Thirdq

butq
out

eve

insteadp
now wage

scales.

him

to

to

be

to
contract

Fourthlyt

order

the

miners

due

according

to

details
to
the

of
worko(119)

to

personnel
to

beging

commander

a return

now

an
Secondlyp

back
give

Septem-

hardly

the

ordered

to

mineral

was

of

the

govern.

in

or

strike
them

from
the

with

explicitly

authority

powers

(120)

not

government

(118)

workers.

legal

mihers

place#

negotiating

the

were

the

zone

gave

mine

inform

did

first

the

son*

refusal

mineral

stoppages

been

to

suggests
the

work?

the

that

August

day

they

decree

actual

emergency

had

emergency

measures

prosecution

the

an
and

the

customaryq

which

with

the

the

or

In

ordered

placate

as was

not#

the

the

part

government

very

for

PCCho

In

the

decree

the

of

their
to

the
did

had

designed

although
until

was

as

government
for

leaders

it

work

the

to

firm

prov4ke

responsible

as

return

resistance

evidence

available

least

August#

any

not

would

part

authorities*

that

illusions

few

had

have

in

control

military

declared

been

had

to

refuse

miners

region

coal

under

placed

and

the

did

work
and

Galo

(118)

El

(119)

1947P article
by Galo Gonzjlez
Principlost
November
'Hacia
Patriotico
Social
do Liberacign
un Fronts
y
Nacionall,
p6.
The unusual
form
Ibid*
of the decree
was also
critici"; -edby
the FN.
La Hora 7.10-1947.

(120)

Siglo

9.9,1947-

set

370
the

Gonzitlezg
had

strike

commenced
may beg

It
the
the

decree

product

its

of

it

situations

ment

in

ation

to

order
On the

affair*
used
tedg

hough

at

least

the

miners

not

the

appears
whatever
into

curtail

legal

wage
of

much

PCCh urge

a return

to

the

it

lie

in

didg

the

Cold

World

Wars

unrest

and

justified

government

situ-

it

was

had

accep.

of

emer.
that

true

there

while
the

mineral
gave

government
thong

Whys
to

PCCh1s

Intent

whole

PCCh had

in

answer

the

PCCh

the

in

the

for,
The

In

the

use

and

by

asked

and

the

it

provocation

work?

War

govern-

the

Rfoo's

decreed

to

the

throughout

While

government

had

given

that

clear

strikese

they

what

since

mishandled

President

settlement

were

work

the

that

equally

and

to

back

which

resistance*

Second

legal
of

element

an

situation

attitude

protests

the

resistances

is

without

was

the

probable

industrial

curb

of

Howeverg

miners'

the

during

lerrorst

accidentlyg

it

hands

conflict

mineral

more

legalo(121)
the

miners

the

after

of

(122)

low.

seems

to

to

powers

gency

the

Intransigent

all9

not

got

the

influence

its

to

provoke

other

After

handling

rather

an unusually

adopted

its

than

deliberatelys

some

in

hours

become

had

that

dangerously

were

political

that

belief

thrusting

on

did
question
thato
it

clandestinitye
Although

91

haste

two

only

it

courses

of

government

stocks

was

and

before

committed

coal

the

was

implemented

SiRlo

October
(121)
(122)

a semblance

recommenced
until

July

Principioss
La Hora

of

publication
1948

when

Novembers
7*10,1947.

normality
on

the

Lay

1947s

was

November
do

lots

Defensa

arbicl,

restored

e by

from
do

la

when
early
Democracia

Galoo Gonsiles.

371
pas3odg

the

censored

to

strike

rises

signs
if

warms

reservedg
the

cluded
Indeedq

the

remnants
of

its

had

the

to

fight

little

fight

the

backed

the

Communist

leaders

New elections
had

the

election

its

success

do

permitted

activists

to

were

those

replace
while

statute

in
its

gave

a
in.

which

the

and
coalition

some

and

when

arrest
ableg

bookq

and

it

did
a

legal

the
trade

Lay

detain

through

those

trade

union

unionso
officials
resisted

actively
to

continued
the

PND

to

support

a slender

unions

others

the

may 1948#

do

resistancog

(123)

El

(124)
(125)

Ibid
21.4.1948;
22.4.1948;
28*3.1948.
Ibid* ,9 10.5.1948*
The candidate
supported
TR-ASq the FND
and the Conservatives
won*

Siglo

of

Convorvador*(125)

'cleaning-up$

of

positions
the

to

and

officials

PS and

Grove

Partido

continued

andq

most
could

Democraciag

giving

PCCh was

to

the
It

as

a now

althoughq

the

hold

new

la

the

official

way

Defonxa

a process

in

Democritioo(FND)*(124)

FRAS and

and

if

partioxe(123)

create

the

detained

to

to

criticise

coalition

Marmaduque

of

managed

do

authorities

of

Communists
on

by

were

been

who

help

to

the

bentre

and

PCCh continued

much

as

a now

left

by-election#

begin

to

arrestal

well

or

while

existences

7RASq

Nacional

Lay

a congressional

Even

the

Fronts

strength

candidate

to

PR and

the

small

PSAq even

the

own -

Formed

other

PCChq with

of

made

between

welcome

FN and

occurred$

PCCh also

The

divergence

of

they

the

US imperialism

denounce

languages

moderate
the

to

Through

semi-clandextinitys
howeverg

when

actions

and

in

ElSigloy

of

columns

defend

price

PCCh functioned

the

was

elect

Defensa
on

the

was
wholet

3-3-1948.

by the

372
*

legal

the

that
tions

constituted

tection

and

first

the

tinuedg

In

April

begun

a year

PCCh to

the

Ley

the

Maldita

from

do

Defense,

by

the

from

other

dor)q
in

both

(126)

(127)

(128)
(129)

the

PCChq

the

(including

Maldita

chambers

bulk

the

of

Elootions

was

were

party

was

and

approved

simply

and

to

form

PR and
by

the

some

the

disrupted

on
by

1:! Z

Communists
holding

from

resisted
congressmen
Conserva-

Partido

overwhelming

promulgated

became

organinationg

and

PS9 by

proscribe

dubbed

Although

the

process

course

prevented

elections

of

the

the

lexistencep

the

the

Congress

due

in

and

public

in

a bill

officeo(129)

union

IN9

parties
Ley

the

in

voting

trade

or

Democracia

of

con-

persecution

completed

which

PCChq prohibited

or

standing

the

la

propaganda'

government
by

do

pro-

bestowed

TrabaJo-

del

presenting

biliq

This

Congress*

and

action

earlier

the

appearo(128)

Videla

by

rela-

without

resistancog

to

Gonzilez

1948p

were

clandestine

newspapers#

labour

denied

government

began

rather

since

C8diRo

while

of

signs

underground

had

which

Howevers

themo(127)

upon

he

benefits

the

played

workers
the

but

that

not

was

in

resistance

the

uniong

this

workers

unions

prolonged

against

the

of

trade

for

reason

main

confidence

which

role

militated

a legally

of

the

lost

PCCh had

the

The

(126)

short-lived.

was

the

majorities
September

PCCh's

3rdq

adher-

do
for
Archivo
Seep
this
example
entao
an
of
process
Vol.
General
1947
del
la
oficiou,
Direcci6n
Trabajoq
14.6.1948.
11108o
No*
to La Opini6n
379 Rafe
According
being
to official
Communists
posiwere
still
elected
in
Sewellq
in
though
tionss
to unions
reduced
numbereq
Potrerillosq
Lots,
in
that
Coronel
months
and
Without
deuniong
a properly
constituted
members
were
including
of a number
siok
of benefits$
pay
and
prived
funeral
Direcoi6n
General
del
Archivo
do la
expenses.
TrabaJLP-9
Oficios
12479
1125o*
399
1jefe
No.
Vol-*
,

La
La

Opinign
DiMc-cign

27-2.1948;
del
Registro

28.2.1948.
Electoral

op.

cit.

9 ppi-4.

373
1948

almost

tion

to

the

voters

denounced
female

rollo(131)

dealt

vithp

23y351

59000

from

Antofagasta

was

also

awards

generally

played

a part

there

Illegal
1948
to

very
gastap

examplev
The

(131)
(132)

the
Chamber
La Direcci8n
Ibid*

(134)
(135)

do

from

practically
Defensa

of-Deputies
del
Registro

nitrate
workers
Manufacturing

approved

in

to

8
op,

votes

6 in

the

L=

PCCh were
in

FCCh's

(134)

51,069
of

roll

93

in

to

the

also
1948

1947

by

wage

living

1947.

effects

by

and by 31
Electoral,

and

from

the

out

persecution

In

fell

electoral

wiped
was

in

dominated
the

strike

Of

workers

The

traditionally

direc-

other

workers

involved

workers

in

evento

127

the
The

Cost

any

from

from

inflation

7,142

179216
fell

stoppages

In
1948t
inflation
1947Wace
increases
and
ly.

In

Involving

eliminations

Ley

the

same pariodo(135)

on provinces
marked

in

rises

involving

of

of

been

(132)

the

of

eleo-

over

example#

rate

(133)

process.

for

because

a declining

had

each

PCCh had

19489

the

off

MOO

and
the

voters

rights

Concepoi6n.

largely

of

voting

40,847

male

appeal

over

of

excess

of

elec-

Malditat

struck

and

During

numbers

(130)

(133)

Coquimbo

Lay

were

their

Videla's

26,474

processes

province

strikes

the

over

for

lost

strikes

and

the

while

people

the

legal

strikes

19203

Maldita

in

37

to

contrast

the

proscription

in

20

were

After

although

the
and

voters

drasticallyq

P.C.Ch -

the

Gonzitlez

of

Communists

striking.

fell

activity
of

the

which

tions

day

Under

foreign

Santiagog

of

effects

as

and

toral

provinces

the

to

years

Prosidencyo(130)

were
19826

and

two

JLntofa.
electoral
to

20

in

In the
Senate*
cit.
9 pp43.4a.

18% as
to
33*5%
at
in
couspared
during
1948
for
the
coalg
copper
20%.
19% and
16% respective.
were
by
wages
23%,
Anibal
rose
Pinto
Estadfstica
Chilena
1949,
p638;
ran

Op.
cito
p205,
19489
P705.
Estadistica
Chilena_1949,
Ibide

P707-

374
e
in

support
strikes

PCChq

the

the

issue

the

found

effects

Partyl

the

the

on
issue

left

eventually
list

(137)

tween

the

to

the

In

and

borate

with

Juan

Bautista

its

the

Partido

the

major

flict

the

over

the

Until
into

association
of

those

opposed

the

Maldita

with
rewards

19479
had

Gonstlex
were

in
PL

to

Bernardo

the

colla-

anti.
the

broke

(139)

1948.

seems

latter

1949.

(138)

away

to

Indeed#

have

form
of

the

survived

all
con-

ill-offset&*

without

when

PR also

be-

PS to

in

Popular

the

the

reaped
Videla,

the

Ley

Socialist&

the

it

clande3tinity,

by
the

wanted

who

latter

control

led

had

Maldita

late

for

current

pro-

Tradioiona.,.

governments

only
Ley

(the

battle

was

between

Conservador

to

Doctrinaria

partiong

wor-

Conservative

the

In

and

of

had

confrontation

Partido
led

it

In

left-wing

Radical

Maldita

Videls,

Partido

the

parts

Ley

elements

Rossettiq

who

founding

it

139000

outlaw

parties.

anti-communist

collaborationists,

For

the

P59

Gonzalez

to

not

right-wing

more

some

the

of

a final

found

virulently

Ibgftoz

or

precipitated

illegal

province

involving

target

political

and

same

1948. (136)

in

whether

of

the

22

principal

other

moderate

more

group

from

fell

1947 to none at all

Although

in

while

province

stoppage3

and

in

kers

that

ministerial

PCCh was forced

considerable

to

retreat
from

rewards

Perhaps

the

and

other

most

its

obvious

government

(136)

Archivo
do la
for
Antofagasta

(137)

Sergio
Fernandez
LarrafnOz
AmPectos do la divist8n
del
Partido
Conservador
(Santiagop
1950) pp5--529 contains
a good account
in the Conservative
of the division
Party*
Alejandro
ChOtlin Rojas Traysc-torla
del-Socialismo
p121.
4-3-1948.
91 Sialo

(138)
(139)

Direccign
General
del
for
1947 and 19489

Trab&Jo

Momorias

375
o
it

posts

received

Videla's

in

Public

Worksq

stries

of

posts.

(140)

30 out

of

Agriculturep

the

of

government
it

influences
changed

on the

posts

President.

(141)

not

was

lesser

Communist

the

hostile

scrutiny

as

that

these
was

of

reasonag
relatively

ministration
(140)

(141)
(142)
(143)

the

of

and

their

theng
briefq

and

because

Communist

probably

less

power

presso(142)

and

parties
to

PCCh's

contend

penetration

than

its

with
as

(143)

of

enemies

the

well

For
in

stay

and
to

subjected

were

appointees.
the

from

they

while

activities

had

and

cbeok

a close

permanstitbureaucrato

political

i within

advantage

kept

officials

and

possession

PCCh's

officials

of

while

maximum

Opposition

inten-

agencie;

the

President

government

fellow

was

reap

24

gobernaciones

Howeverp

the

mini-

the

of

semi-fiscal

The

antagonism
their

on

government

Communist

ill-disguised

the

able

ministers

the

bloreoverg

to

circumstances*

Communist

16

increased

clearly

office

given

and

cabinet

5 out

Santiago)p

90 advisory

Ways

Colonisations

and

nonothelosag

also

for

that

the

of

gift

its

PCCh was

'rho

three

allotted

governmentg

Lands

butp

importance

Gonzalez

PCCh wa3

first

and

for

support
The

Videla's

Gonzalez

little

its

candidacy*

(including

dencias

for

return

pre31dential

ministries

the

in

office
state

ad-

auggested*

The most important

of these
ministries
was Ways and
Works whichq
8% of the
Public
dispensed
on averageg
Just
dispensed
Agriculture
expenditure*
government's
1% and Lands
0.3L.
E3tadfatica
over
and Colonisationg
19509 pp5lO-511.
Chilena

11.12.1946:
10,12*1946;
El Siglo
FOR FO 371/52004
AS 7440/16/9,
Beving dated 22.11.1946.

La ITora 3.1.1947from Lecho to

Report

Juan Chac6n
for
Coronag
had to contend
exampleg
with
hostility
President
considerable
as Vice
of the Instide Economfa
tuto
Agrfcol!.
Varas
Jose
Miguol
Chn
ong
q
Maria
Marchant,
ppl22-123.
originally
nominatod-by
the PCCh - and Gonzalez
Videla
for
the
position
of
Intendente
by the Controlerfa
of Santiagog
was rejected
de la Itep6blIca.
General

376
*
*
Hore
of

government

mulation
Communist

influence

large

part

cular

prohibiting

PCCh could

lay

Wacholz's

Director

the
in

the

let

alone

persuade

fundamental

social

implement*

Still

pursue

an

stated
ship

According
tween

(144)

in
to

October

had

Economic

and
logs

Council

to
Videla

the

course

the

PCCh'n

electoral
Humberto
and

in

the

press
he

failure

to

experienced
while

Abarcaq

the

May 1947

it

the

decision

of

PCCh to

stand

longer

rung

these

achievements,

ahead

with

the

promised

to
him

persuade

achieve

was

PCCh Crew
an

economies

to

War*

a massive

support

the

had

to

Cold

Roberto

the

even

PCCh able

the

which

the

allow

reforms

admis-

envisagedg

In

to

cir-

the

savage

and

defend

economic
was

the

a
the

Minister

originally

to

played

to

with

ahead

he

Gonsilez

it

1946

Finance

termp

short

block

to

and

own name*(144)

objectives,
and

withdraw

its

independent
Despite

to

for-

the

the

achievements

press

unable

In

Videla

Electoral

PCCh was

influence

have

Registro

under

to

possession

to

include

which

National

del

elections

however#

the

Other

to

not

restriction
of

creation

U*N.

actual

appears

unionization

claim

some

decision

credit

and

the

the

policy*

Gonzalez

peasant
to

opportunity

pressure

and

persuading

Spain

of

sion

in

PCCh than

government

of

conduct

and

the

was

office

the

to

important

Increase

many
growth

in
by

of
in

Its
member-

government,
some
which

52% bemay well

El Siklo
7-1.1947.
Between 1932 and 1947t the Director of the Registro
Electoral
to allow
the
refused
PCCh to fight
elections
under its
own namep hasine
his arguments
on electoral
laws.
and internal
security
The PCCh evaded this
by inscribing
prohibition
its
candidates
on the 113ta of other
allied
parties
and
by standing
Democratico
as the Partido
Nacional
in the
1937 concressional
elections
and from 1941 as the
Partido
Nacional.
rogresista

377
have

brought

total

Most

of

the

gains

but

workeraq

made were

bourgeoisie#

the

Geographicallyq
in

tered
centre

Chico

southern

and

and

greater

than

PCCh's

electoral

in

the

the

growth

in

and

As had
cad

to

cerned

with

the
in

in

the

1946,

To

against

(146)
(147)
(148)

extentq

made

of
during

the

of

Even
In

1945

March

the
the

mentionedl
April

and

being

casep

reffistered

1947*
did
the

PCCh's

not

mean

leadership

the

1947

weliq

the

the

fact

that

the

war

yearep

in

lack

more

government

the

struggle

and

international

lack

the

of

of

to

conhad
con-

confronted

which

due

its

these

that
was

Duhaldo

electoral

large

The

problems

in

and

loom

not

national
as

PCCh experien.

the

when

membership

did

and

mounting

a reflection

improvements

(145)

some

regis-

increase

been

this

Its

that

battle

against

the

already

problems

electionsp

government

probably

and

political

presidential

pressures*

in

pressing
the

numberss(146)

provinces

was

19399

problems

rather

opetty

(148)

increases

but

exist

the

Valley*(147)

in

during

1946

rural

between

gainxq

organinational

with

ceased

It

As has

Santiago.

during

preoccupations
cern

membership

industrial

evidently

were

Central

support

organisational

supportp

of

occurred

dramatic

other

the

impressive

most

south

its

the

of

supports

doubled

PCCh almost
19479

the

in

of

and

increasing

gains

(145)

mark.

members

in

party

and

50*000

agricultural
and

dramatic

most

Norte

the

the

entered

also

amonest

workers

white-collar

the

to

up

membership

and
to

concern

remain

was

the

organisational

CC had

something

Humberto
Abarca
Orranizando
la defensa
do Chile
(Santiagol
1947)
P10.
Ibid,
pplo-3LI,,
Ibid.
Ibid*
The PCCh vote
pl5e
in Santiago
Increased
from
139000
to 269000
between
March 1945 and April
1947.

378
*
o
like

efficient

and

a professional

machine

party

dis-

its

at

posal.

from

Howeverp
cabinett

the

the

isational
to
that

stated

monthg

improvements

(149)

tasks.

He also

in

number

of

the

CRx showed

other
about

38% of

the

now

19459

cal

education

were

Abarcap

plan.
trade
(149)
(150)
(151)
(152)
(153)

a few

others

still

(153)

to
were
did

activists

Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid*
57TIbid'*
Ibid*

and

in

training

casess
(152)

not

function

also

made
leaders

that

most

an averagag
few

and

funds

party

December

in
In

lack

memberof

politi-

for

courses

energies
by

cadres
to

who

best
region
Linares
at

of

to

a concrete

mention

of

evidently

for
dues
10%.

their

conflicts

personalist

according
particular

a handful

of

memthat

Some CRsq according

divided

seriously

P13.
The
p1le
the worstq
P13.
ppl3-l4o

Congress

a general

the

the

was

increase

an

to

XIII

greater

On the

salaries

there

on

rely

dues

fluctuations

some

and

paid

been

level

a low

show

party

(150)

Morsoverg

completed,

not

at

adopted

and

Abarca

union

their

of

high

continued

memberep
and

be

to

at

regularly

(151)

but

begun

remained

percentage

63tablished.
tended

of

membership

PCCh statutest

ship

sign

in

shown

and

cadres

improvement.

report

to

of

had

there

organ-

Santiago

performance

that

his

in

had

members

their

to

CC continued

effective

and

payments

the

the

paid

some

dues

hand*

bers

of

in

met

the

of

reported

trained

the

which

in

work

firmness

and

Abaroaq

individual

its

that

and

responsibility

the

that

forced

attention

Humberto

Conference

National

FCChIs

its

turned

moreo

boon

PCCh had

the

after

leadership

once

problems

the

May 19479

in

the

suffered

was

Tarapaca'

PCCh's
from

at

379
a high

of

rate

from

Icaudilliat'

tice

democratic

Abarca,

warned

amongst

the

methods

task

of

members
to

The

FCCh's

problems

instead

any evidence
ous internal

conflicts

masses

suggest

ministers

and government

the

Although
the

rhythm
that
other
tionst

it

in

the

the

Ibid.
Ibid*
Ibid*

prac-

with

Illusional
Communist

the

concern

with

governinto

themselves

against

politics
In not
the

the

continued

- appear
to

performance

a general

vigilancep
officials
and rightq

(156)

ppB-10.
pl4.
ppl4-15.

the
for

the
to

to

have

clashes

between

parties

- common

been

work

tendency

might

into
well
indicted

were

of

the

CC declared

*opportunist

the

in
and of

of ministers

have

work

officep

combativity

and the

no

officials*
with

months

unknown

almost
there

that

of

seri-

any

any real

satisfaction

a lack

fall

The CC also

their

first

their

of

and

with

PCCh government

the

them

serious

of

absence

face

or

years

howeverg

sayq

in

deal

CC had to

those

arganimational

by the

paralleled

the

CC and

criticized

left

in

Indeedq

ministers

government
of

of

officials

CC expressed

its

without

consequences.
(154)
(155)
(156)

This

Communist

may 19479

lack

authority,

between

frictions

of

its

Chilean

PCChe

the

office

for

throwing

during

challenge

in

union

to

rinally,

wait

and

that

to

in

to
of

general

to

enough

loath

'legalistic

of

growth

1946 and 1947

during

still

(155)

Maxonry.

of

were

suffered

still

persuasionoe(154)

tendency

the

who

trade

share

and

-a
act

who

and

the

mobilising

threat

numberp

political

against

officials

ment

their

tendencies

different

of

others

in

turnover

had

and
deviaserious

tendency,

on

380
.
.
the

part

of

for

the

boys'.

few

ments
failings

de

(157)
held

disciplinary
the

One of
difficulties
was
of

the

policy

his

appointment

and

Colonisationg

not

served

the

Minister

the

all
1945.
(157)
(158)

(159)

(160)

on

of

Ways

and

Indeeds

at

of

to

XIII

the

Thus#
on

this

Party

33 members

second

rank

Miguel

Conchaq

CC before

who,

as

ruleg
Congress
the

Lands

of
of

had

not*9

Labaroaq

Contreras

Even

of

the

many

officials

Minister

diriRente

Work3o

have

not

the

a regional

Public

the

from

served

(159)

to

subjected

CC did

the

1941.

only

Instituto

government

other

not

for

(158)

Contrerasq

an exception

power

the

posts*

Victor

CC since

why

those
had

been

offencon.

won

admittedly
the

have

capable
for

while

PCChq seems

(160)

selecting

appoint-

and

the

in

his

or

Agriculturep

of

effective

ministers

hierarchy

party's

Minister

of

of

reasons

main
its

with

the

for

measures

tenure

their

to

Com-

so

displeasure

a conseJero

appears

or

'Jobs

presidential

active

during

Pontigop

Cipriano

through

CC*x

committed

Agrfcola(IRA)

Economfa

its

the

fifty

the

of

office

incurred

mistaken

theses

formal

Nevertheleass,

find

to

officialaq

government

government

indeed
or

of

one

some

who

munists

Communist

Secretary

ha46 in
in

General

factq

lost

December

CCv only

six

Ibide
El Popularp
Antofacastaq
1.10.1947Pontigo
evidently
in wheat
accepted
rises
price
when the PCCh
and flour
to them*
Ile was suspended
from
wa
opposed
party
all
,s
functions
his
six months
work for
and from
as a deputY
in Congress
for
those
except
occasions
when his
vote
Pontigo
had a long
was needed.
and distinguished
cain the PCCh after
this
incident
reer
his
death
- until
in the early
1970aContreras
Victor
was an ex-Mayor
of Tocopilla
and a
1939.
member of the CC from
He was demoted
from
the
CC in 1941.
El Sialo
2.1.1942.
Miguel
Concha was a
professional
man who had studied
in Mexico*
economics
He was active
in white
trade
collar
unionism
and bePresident
came Vice
do Emj2leados
of the Federaci6n
Particulares.
Durine
he evidently
clandestinityg
drifted away from
the PCCh and later
took
the
a post
with
Ibiftez
5Z-_r8).
admini3trationjI?
69 PP322-326.
See above#
Chapter

381
*
hold

from

come

emerges
few

the

(162)

government

office

their

the

may be
for

government

post

ticism'
(161)

(162)

that

say

same

longer

pattern

government

given

to

men appointed
that

only

hold

have

organisations

the

but

no

and
and

that

conflict
in

at
fact

the

defection
of

post

no

indication

found

Communistq

that

were

to

the

time

posts

in

at

Important

organiaation.

internal

serious

pelled

they

appointment

PCCh's

to

not

The

these#

of

and

considered

provincial

nonentities

were

Another

ced

in

This

be

can

(161)

importance

of

officers

two

PCCh1s

the

to

appointment

only
group.

ruling

regard

regional

posts.

of

CCIs

with

presidential

Labarcaq

Contreras

excluding

by

office

government

and
great

of

some

declared

the

the
time

that

in

'revolutionary

the

few

Indeedq
the

importancep
that

the

very

treason*

weight

PCCh was

00 was

infantilism'

1947t
who

to

offences

ex-

only
did

one

hold

from

resign

suffering
.

were

members
in

by

commen-

persecution

PCCh but
refused

troubled

not

from
for

'romanwhich

he

The six
CC members
who hold
through
government
office
presidential
appointment
Juan
Joe*
were
Guarraq
(both
Valensuels,
congressmen
an well)
who had posts
in
the
do Credito
Caja
ARrfcolaq
Toitelboimg
Volodia
to
the
Banco
consejero
Centrall
Contreras
Labarcal
Minister
Works#
of Ways and Public
Chac6n
Juan
Coronag
Vice
President
the
IEAq
Bernardo
of
Arayal
consojero
to the
National
Economic
Council.
two
ginner
The
CC members
circle'
were
Chac6n
Coronag
probably
Secretary
CC's
Agricultural
of the
Commission
and Bernardo
Arayaq
recently
to
the
promoted
Secretary
Generalship
the
CTCh and onto
the
of
CCIs
Political
Commissions

91 Siglo

7.11.1946;

La

or&

3.1.1947-

Some familiar
names
in
the
list
appear
of GonzXlez
Videla's
for
nomination
advisory
positions
on semifiscal
like
Higinio
agencies;
Godoyp
CC
one-time
provincial
Francisco
actiVi3tt
Deviag
Mario
Itermosillat
Oscar
Sep6lveda
Moya
and Pedro
regional
- all
activists
Howeverg
of note.
theseq
of
only
Moya
one - Pedro
to have
had a seat
appears
on a regional
organisation
the
time
at
of his
appointmente

382
&
was

promptly

ably

drifted

the

first

of

only

one

Thusl

and
in

defectional

entered

clandestinity

1947,

the

immediate

great,

if

transitory,
its

broadened

also

occupied

and

emerged

out

having

be

to

PCCh

the

of

its

for

expelled

CC. (164)

from

suffered

amongst
united

Gonziloz

Galo

a member

the

when

it

conCressmang
in

and

enabled

fall

into

war

period

wa39

in

for

relatively

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to

the

the

and

first

PCCh

PCCh

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soctorse
in

time

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history

unsullied
the

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and
of

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with
the

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1946

during

enjoyed

clandestinity

in-

considerably

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in

to

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of

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wayst

support

reputation

into

survive

many

relatively

which

retreat

in

for

in

clandestinity

party.

diverse

experience
its

the

electoral

more

office

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to

its

to

appeal

successes
it

PCCh's

and

cabinet
from

the

successes

its

The

post

compromised

porters.

high

was

apparently

membership

and

1947

these

particUlarly

despite

Indeedq

creased

had

during

rapidity
to

prob-

(165)

order.

good

some

with

standing

of

Communists

many

according

any

1927,

to

contrast

serious

PCCh

clandestinityp

Communists

desertiong

Although

the

from

of

year

four

only

(163)

expelled.
away

its

and

morale
for

struggle

Chile,

sweeping

changes

(163)

El Despertarg
Iquique#
13*12*1947,
The post
was the
Vice-Presidency
Minero
of the Caja do Cr9dito
and the
r
Julio
Ascu:
Latorree
man was
So far
as can-be
ascerfrom
the available
tained
had
Ascuf
Latorre
evidence#
in either
not occupied
any post
of importance
local
PCCh organisation
before
or central
his
appointment.
Gale Gonzalez
La Lucha
del
por la formacii6n
PCCh p12.
Gonzalez
names Hermosillap
Icazaq
Albornoz
and Guerra
but
does
as 'traitors'
their
not detail
crimes*
Hermosilla
was a fairly
figure
prominent
in the CR
Santiago
at one time
and hold
a presidential
appointment to the Caja Reaseauradora.
Albornoz
was once
in the CR Antofagasta
prominent
and Guerra
was a
Congressman
and a CC member - and an activist
of
proin the Antofagasta
minence
region
the early
since
19209.

(164)

(165)

See Chapter

3,

ppll4-131

for

a description

the

383
0

PCCh

The

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as

place

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the

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zonesq

to

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goals

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somethinig
place

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but
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than
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in

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and the

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idba

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members*
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-

parties

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that
had

384
0
By

tion

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degree
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national

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and

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war

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of

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than
On the

385
o
the

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eve
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characteristics
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foundation*

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of

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1947#

in

clandestinity

1970.

until

ty

of

a position

attained

into

descent

partyts

tuerabors
for

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early

financial

way
19309,

trainto

386
.
from

support

to

necessary

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the

this

make

.
in

never
factor

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in

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to

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together

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the

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effect

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in

emerged
measureq

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to

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of

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387
9
Comintern

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to

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convince

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1935

after
1933p

for

also

example#

Communist

Movement

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was

of

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388
*
factors

important
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389
0
course

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390
.
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391
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that
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unrest.

influence

upon

strike

reluctant

proved

industrial

all

during
it

the

launch

to

to

workers

and

inflation

and

the

living*

Despite

expand

the

in

state

cost

the

of

relations

of

unrest

1930st

early

sometimes

the

showed

industrial

the

ability

affairs

directionse

influence

depended

has

allegiance

labour

PCCh's

hereq

their

party's

contain

complexion

and

political

to

ougeestedo

occasionally

exhortations
they

never

consideration

and

During

19389

unrest

attitude

to

constant

have

conducted

the

labourp

has

movement

under

party

ability

calls

timeg

one

the

absolutes

after

while

actions

the

from

detractors

follow

to

far

its
years

to

PCCh19

of

organi3ed

with

union

apparently

reference

much

without

the

of

many

links

trade
of

some

as

value

great

difficulties

the

survive

close

the

control

absolute

as

PCCh's

the

Despite

very

1930a-

early

and

of

proved

to

it

helped

and

party,

FOChq

the

through

later

more

often

unrest.

19309

and

That

it

did

PCCh

the

in

1940al
to

seeking

the

even

contain
manage

trade

union

though,
rather
to

to

managed

move-

after
than

achieve

encoursome

392
0
in

success
hold

over

factors*
training
to

use

trade

The

PCCh took

the

during

towards

extractive

industries*

containing

industrial
for

Atruggle

to

w%ges
the

tide

the
it

its

supporters
of
a

adopted

conoentratine
in

peace

important

the

concerned

although

was

and

industrial

with

foreswore

PCCh never

of

and

settlement

discontents

conditions

many

selection

enoouraCed

yearns

war

the

and

the

its

of

product

for

shorts

unrestq

in

rises

in

industrial
In

better

care
it

worker

onwaiiitaining

efforts

the

available

losing

without

was

cadres,

machinery

attitude

respond

increasing
union

andq

unrest

movement

union

trade

its
legal

the

selective
its

the

disputes

labour

industrial

containing

of

the

careful

to

when

these

untest

occurred.
The

the

undermine

effect

on

its

nity

produce

the

FCCh had

links

masses

far

as

it

able

Videlao(166)

and

19519

tionary
(166)

some

to

group

popular

and

of

broad

appealq

still

to

campaigned
the

advocating

programme

and

use

the

and

electoral

still

of

against

these

tactics

directq

violent

Galo Gonsalez
op. cit-oPP75-76;
OP- cit-9
PP217:: 218.

which

to

to

mobilise
-

Luis

in

so

Gonzalez

combat

led

between

a full-blooded
action#

The

forces

CC memberaq

group

of

olandesti-

sought

means

lastina

1933o

progressive
sought

nothing

no

strategy
since

a small

adoption

did

did

Nor

variations)

Orievances

Although

Reinosop

to

alterations

had

and

labour*

organised

1947

after

Moscow

to

semi-

and

(with

their

around
was

loyalty

with

pursued

a platform

clandeatinity

PCCh experienced

profound

sought

the

Luis

the

of

party's

any

PCCh still
around

years

which

clandestinity
to

eleven

by

1949

revolu-

their

challenge

Corvalan

393
o
to

the

from

majority
the

he3ion

the

of

PCCh was
in

role

already

Doctrinario

which

1952 pi-esidential

became

In

more

proved

during

and

grew

the

Partido

in

1953

Videla

left

did

the

co-

than

of

to

create

Soviet

in

a now
(169)

Commun13t

trade

Howeverg
Party

term

Ilia

politics.
over

Chilean

re-grouped

the

centre

smergedq

its

policy

of

PCCh agreed
union

to

movement
Central

the
it

of

was

had

denounoad

powerg

that

settle
and

until

1956,

Stalinism

and

not

(167)

Galo Gonzalez
Elfas
Lafertte
ope cit-9
pp6g-73;
Vida do un Comunista
pp347-349.
Urzua Valenzuela
Los , Partidos
Politicos
Chilenos
JorL-e Barrfa
SerSnq El movimiento
obroro
on chile
P108.

the

in

Unica

the

road'

to

second

parties

confederationg

and
1168)
t mes

endorsed

(168)
(169)

'peaceful

the

the

the

ascendancy

of

the

election

Chilean

left-wing

the

in

second

Pursuing

Socialists,
them

for

a new force

Cristiano.

with

in

11adical
the

regime

that

Iba'fiez's

point

form

to

Allende

lost

Chile

Radical

Chile

do

Popular

old

Partido

Salvador

of

the

the

open

seeking

and

of
the

with

oneg

Dem6crata
the

lines

office,
less

or

statuag

Allende

while

de Trabajadores(CUT).
the

CC and

a more

Socialist&

a turning

his

differences

after

the

President

end

with

helped

along

strength,

rapprochement
its

be
the

marked

politics;

illegal

supported

senses

to

Play

its

elections*

Ibifiez

election

to

Partido

the

Pueblo

del

office

beginning

PCCh joined

the

and

General

Gonzalez

despite

19519

In

but

the

of

authority

expelled

were

tested

clandestinity

President

an alliance

re-create

Frente

time

politiesq

Front.

the

they

and

party*
the

By
the

Thusq

undermine

seriously

not

to

(167)

party.

defeated

CC was

the

on

PCCh was

p93.

394
o
finally

to

persuaded

PCCh

the

yearg
tionary

affected
grew
PCCh

final

the

legally

moreq
a very

1961,

In

to

which

the

1970t

PCCh

took

throw

in

persecution

it

and its

in

that

parties

the

which

once

elections
Allendeq

Salvador

in

came

Jorge

contenty

formed
September
more

share

percentage
it

with

the

pressuresq

they

have

formed

it

placed
The PCCh's
part

of

part

and

PS were

of

the

to

in

fortunes

since

1970

subsequently

persistent

1941. (172)

than

in

grow

Popular

governmont

cast

basically

remained

continued

votes

occasionally

Allende

Allende*s

the

of

Salvador

1973 and has

bloody

coneressional

had made in

relations

PCCh itself

first

its

in

part

showing

record

finally

Republic*

known

(172)

sharp

In

strengthe
altion

victor

1961 and the

since

(170)
(171)

PCCh's

the

subjected

of

the

equalled

Although

the

1945

since

elections

firm

the

FRAP

(171)

Alessandri.

almost

in

which

unrest
the

year

candidateg

to

PoRular

Acci6n

regimeq

part

the

based

social

first

revolu-

of

do

Ibjftez

that

the

coalitiong

Fronts

take

In

that

thesis

a now

the

to

presidential

second

close

Front.

considerable
the

permitted

FRAP

the

the

19589

in

and

strength

was

of

of

years

re-create

responsibility

part

the

by

Aided

Popular

old
Socialist

parties

to

attempts

exclusive

formed

it

(FRAP)*(170)

in

the

left-wing

on

solely

the

was

and

proletariat

the

like

accepted

struggle

its

abandon

alliance

multi-class

Unity
the
are

Presidency
well
his

until

experienced
those

it

co-

overa

suffered

Chel; n Rojas
Alejandro
op. cit.
9 ppl42-145.
Valenzuela
Urzua
Allende
356,499
op. citP97*
polled
to Alessandri's
3899948
in a five-cornered
fight.
votes
to Guilisasti
According
in Partidos
Tagle
Politicos
Chilenos
the PCCh polled
11-76% o
tile
p3199
votes
in 1961 (electing
16 deputies
to Congress)
cast
as
10-25%
in 1945 and 11.8% in 1941.
with
compared

395
a
either

under

late

the

on

1940s.

effective

more

past

in

Ibanez

3howinag

Whether
than
the

when

conditions

permit

role

in

life

Chile's

late

the
the

current
ones

previous
PCCh

will

and
and

19203

will

politics.

or

repression
remains

re-emerge
continue

Vidal&

Gonzalez

to
from
to

will
be

in

prove
But

seen.

clandestinity
play

an

important

any

396
*
.

APPENDIC8S

397
*

organisational
the
of
principles

was

cell

together

all

their

at

party

members

of

residence*

place

industrial
there

that

meant
work.

Members

street

cells

long
to

Its

two-way

was

compulsory

theory

higher

formation

The

and

duties
union

fraction

sports

Bandera

the

to

the

to

its

activity

party
and

the

to

at
act

as

niamhorship
of

that

cell

expected

organtse

Membership

opportunity

the

was

trade

in

in

Co-nmunist
a fraction.
of

there

Roja

was

the

by

means

unionss

clubs*

functions

movement

through

was

was

members

party.

cell

street

cell

between

the

of

activities

together
and

now

form

cell
in

membersp
in

participate

the

policys(l)

party

character

even

grouped

had

their

co-ordinated

it

The

of

place

to

the

organise

recruit

most
often

tile

allowed

indeedq

to

were

of

size

at

secretariat

than
of

prevalence

members

communication

echelons
and

of

a mass

appoint

to

of

leastq

at

form*

levelq

channel

the

common

group

rather

work

small

were
andq

to

establishments

party

lived

tasks

chief

grass-roots

and

(1)

to

regularlyg

meet

affairs.

most

the

manufacturing

predicament

they

of

the

and

other

no

this

the

remained

the

were

where

place

unit

intended

was

Howeverg

and

in

their

at

and

organi3ational

sectiong

unemployment

and

underemployment
commercialt

the

uhlike

whichq

ba31C

PCCh's

the

1926,

After
the

features
PCCh

Basic

Appendix

all

considerable

17-10-1931;

party

members

orranisations

professional
Congressmen
The

cell

which

andq

fraction
indeedq
confusion

22.11-1931;

had

which
associations
were
had
in

also
most
the

the

of
trade

between

28.11.1931.

the

398
9
two

forms

of

to

popularise

Cells

functions

similar
lower

at

in

thong

On paperl
democratic.

fully

centralism

while

conceptq
duty

decision
more

lons

of

to

discuss

of

the

the

of

the

CC were

their

successors,
ballotq

than

rather

generally

able

were

to

to
impose

had

control
their

the

by

own

echelons.

(3)

(2)
(3)

17-10-1931.
Ibid.
Cruz Salas,
Luis
'Los
(Remoriat
Universidad

which

were

then

choice

Partidos
Tecnica

the
minority

hipher

the

eche-

in

Thusq

effectq
for

mandatory

by

own

indeadq

the

of

topether

that

this

freely,

lower.

the

centralism

their

to
andq

that

on

automatically

who

democratic

right

made

on

structure

fullyand

binding

meant

a national

According

power.

practices

organisational

nominated

able

by

binding

the

in

of

concept

decisions

were

Democratic

members.

party

stillq

National

elected

which

matters

was

majority

front

periodic

authority

their

performed

which

organisational

the

real

party

all

party
made

PCCh9a

members

party

important

decisions

tion

all

CC the

in

Central(CC).

Howeverg

the

gave

ands

the

to

sent

and

ComittS

w1ilch

Delegates

maxiniunt

policy

the

eis (CRs)

were

the

party

Committeep

executive

ment

now

seek

these

level;

level.

party

theory

decided

which

partyq

the

to

and

special

Locales(CLs)

Regional

provincial

the

of

echelons

Congressesq

Party

the

Comites

district

Comites

to

delegates

the

at

work

party

sent

to

delegates

sent

co-ordinated

was

line

party

had

(2)

recruits.

the

the

fraction

the

However,

organisation*

responsibility

turn

the

elected
higher

officers

develop-

officials

out-Coing

composition
of

the

with

all

by

acclama-

echelons
andl
on

were
indoedg

the

lower

1931-19451
Populares
del
Estadog
1969)
P34.

399 Appendix

Indices

of

Production

1929
Industry

130.7
129.0
142.9
146.2
144-5
139.4
143.2
163. o
173.0
177.4
185.0

1938
1939
194o
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948

Source:

Ricardo

LaCos

La Industria
Estructuralea

equals

1938-1948

100

Agriculture

Mining

87.3
85.4
90.9
107.3
107-8
101-').4
104.2
103.1
90.0
102,1
10910

110-3
111.1
107.8
106.0
108-3
112.2
122.6
118.0
11811
118*2
126.8

an Chilet
(Santiago,

Antecedentes
1966)
p37.

400 *
*

Jan.

1938
1939
194o
1941

Total

Sourcet

Strike

Appendix

Feb.

Mar.

2 -IV-4
2423--3-1-1
11211-21-13
621-2321122

Apre

June

TlY*

-441

none

1938
1939
ig4o
1941

Strikes

Juana

May

Stambuk

1228-1941

actions

Aur.

of

SePto

Oct,

Novo

significance

19
17
16
26

durante
Los floviinientos-Sociales
el
(Memorint
Frente
Popular
Univormiclad
T-e-Cnr-kTTciL-de-l' Hatado,
1970)
SeLntiopog

Deco

o
Appendix

401

Inflation
Mining

Inf

.
and
Industry

Wass IncreaseSin
1939-1948

Annual

Annual
lation
Coal

1939
194o
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948

Sourcess

3.0
12.6
15.2
25.6
29.4
11.8
8.8
15.9
33.5
1800

Anfbal

Copper

Estad: fstica

Chilenap

Nitrates

8.9
7-0
18.4
15-9

14.8
1.9
1k.'I
1501

18.4
14.2
2.0
18.0

24.7
r3.6
14.2
13.7

11.13
17-?
;?I ()
17-. 5

1.9. t;

I') -7

do desarrollo
caso
1973)
P205,

December

76.; >

19*1

20.0

Cbilep
un
TSantiagop

Increases

19-5
15-8
16.1
23.1

5.6

Pinto

Wage

the

1949,

p638.

fruatrmdo

402

far

So

to

CC (in

the

assume

or

in

Labarca

Contreras

Cabreraq

the

son

boy

in

of

an
in

Vifia

inar

del

to

the
and

its

secretary.

ber

the

CC's

in

1945-1947.
(1)
(2)

below$

1931.

take

Rejoined

the

up

and

Secretary

192099

Accreatod

in

employment

as

CH Coquimbo

1938,
later

C11 Ovalle

became
head

FJC

the

1932.

PCCh in

the
CC in

Commission

himself,

Active

the

re-activatod

a messenger

as

late

CC of'

to

Provincep

worker

the

in

the

1933

thereq

Political

and
a momthe

of

1938-1941.

(l)

Pascual

1939P elected

from

to

in

Commission.

1941-1945.

Barraza,

listod

work

a metal

pampa

elected

While

Organisation

became

nitrate

Andacollo

becante

Deputy

intrinsic

own

Antofagasta

Began

movement

union

on

worker.

of

Gonzalez

Galo

are

sur-

probably

their

of

1911,

worker.
later

trade

the

North

metal

either

fourteen

Born

a metallurgical

branch

Fic

Went

Humberto

Chuquicamataq

in

tive

with

on

group

them

of

to

reasonable

rulinp

some

because

the

of

elections

order*

alphabetical

Abarca.

than

rather

bioeraphies

Brief

merits*

relationslAp

availahle

seems

the

althouCh

Central

successive
it

and

constituted

yearsp

their

of

1945)

and

fourteen

those

because

vived.

1941

the

three

survived

leading

on

from

ascertained

members

1939P

CC during

the

as

those

that

be

can

fourteen

evidenceg

Notes
1,,embers

Biographical
Committee

Appendix

by

Printer

to

the

CC in

trade.

1939.

Secretaryq

Secretary,

CR La,

Serena

CR Santiago

(2)
El Siglo
El Popular

11.2.1945.
3.1.1940.

El

Siplo,

ig. 11.1945;

21.1.1947.

403 o
a
Corona,

Chacon
domestic

and

servant
industries

nitrate
first

an

as

then

FOCho

Appointed

member

ber

the

the

of

the

19309

late

Instituto

de Economia

Contreras

Labarcaq

elected

CC In

Consejero

1941.

);iinister

of

mines
out

the

to

mission

from

cultural
mechunicp

(3)
(4)
(5)

the

worker.

(5)

Andres

Born

19209

on
and

Secretary

from
of

trade

the

1902
the

in

land

a rail

when

Nitrate

in

of

the

copper

he

the

joined

Com-

Talcat

of

son

Chac6n

then
Joined

woricere

1922-1926;

for

PCChs

Political

the

Minora

himselfg

tlirough-

movement

Federaci6n

CR Talca

Seep JOBS Miguel

Varasis
life
and career.
Frente
Popular
25,11,19391,2.1945El Siglo,

1938-

peasants*

union

a member
of

1941-

Senator

worked

known

1924,

PCCh from

the

of

Aprloola

of

son

parents.

1946-1947-(4)

Works

in

and

1941-1945.

'Worked

General

later

not

Secretary

Peasant

PCCh in

the

Exportact6n

do

19219

19399

CC#s

class

middle
Joined

19059

but

a mem-

Vice-President

1899,

Public

and

and

Commission

1937-19411

Active

1930a

a tram-driver
POS in

Political

the

1946-1947-0)

Junta

FOCh in

1943-

Dfaz,

the

Secretary

Born

CC in

Deputy

Escobar

and

and

the

Elected

1940.

the

Chuquicamata.
1920s

the

1926-1930;

Ways

the

joined

workerg

1926.

Jose

Iturrietag

Dfaz

to

of

of

1941-1945.

Agricola

Deputy

1949.

Head

lawyer.

to

1946.

1931.

Deputy

and

POS and
1927

qualified

and

to

member

the

politically

in

of

glass

active

of

of

son

In

CR Santiago

Born

leader

1931

Became

Carlos

Student

the

from

1945.

to

the

bastard

Worked

a member

as

of

PCCh

1936,

from

Commission

Lampaq

a hatter.

as

anarchistq

in

landowner.

a local

and

CC of

1896,

Born

Juan'

detaL13

an

from

agri-

became
the

FoCh

CH CuricS

of

Chacon*9

404

9
Iember

1926-1929.
tical

Commission

tary

CR Santiago

Escobar

Zamorag

father

PCCh in

Trained

sants.
from
in

Ricardo

1924.

General
Galo

haulier

and

delegate

to

Socorro
,
in 1926

Rojo

19309

and

head

the

Lafertteq

Elfas

(7)
(8)
I
(9)

in

the

of

Born

iip,, Io

early

Pain ar
19308.

hember

1939.,

in

in

of

from
from

Deputy

the

(1918-1920),

Joined

1941.

in

a little

latero

Commission

from

1925s
aid

as a
1924,

Joined

the

association)

CC membor
the

son of

later

FOCh in

the

prisoners'

trade.

1940.

to

Provincep

Convention

by

C11 Santi&Ro

(B)

mines

in

the

peaunions

Commission

Valparafso

1886

1937

1940.

in

son of

teachers'

to

FJC from

PCChO 1949-1958.

Typesetter

the

Saavedraq

1946-1949.

(PCCh

in

from

Political

Valparaf3o.

the

FOChe

elected

difrlo

El

copper

Control

the

CC in

Puerto

1929,

of

1894
the

the

his

in

and was active

pcch

PCCh itself

the

General

El

the

Internacional

Secretary

(6)

in

in

FOCh National

the

of

schoolteacher.

1906

of

Born

Worked

peasants*
docker

of

Secre-

1941. (7)

CC and the

editor

Poli-

1932,

Coloradot

active

to

PCCh in

the

Rfo

unionist

elected

General

member of

Secretary
Gonzalez

the

Secretary

Appointed

1937.

trade

as a teacher

Joined

1933.

Probably

Born

in

familywa3

from

Commission

Control

Fonsecaq

19379

from

Deputy

1911

Born

Active

Joined

the

member of

(6)

and the

worker,

probably

same year.

Alfredo

and cement

the

the

1941-1945.

was a miner

the

19329

CQ from

from

from

mid-19309.

(g)

Coquimbo
Founder

Provincep
member

motber
POS9

9.2.1945.

18.2.1941;
Ibid.
5.2.1945.
Seeg Luis
Corvalants
Ricardo
Fonsoca
Combattente
3-f
for
Ejemplar
details
Foriseca0s
life-and
career.
Seeg Luis
Enrique
Delano
Lialo Gonza"lez
y In construcdel
(Santiapol
Partido
ci6n
1968)
for
hioa rtillar
graphical
account
of hits life
and career.

405 &
s
expelled

the

during

Obrera
1923

and

CC's

Trade

IbSfiez
dential

Although

the

been

have

days

the
than

1930sq

the

party's

force

a real

of

Medel,

southern
ber

of

Not
1939.

_Juan
Worked

worker
Union
the
(10)
(11)
(12)

and
in
CC of

as

the

Joined
FJC

in

the
the

and

and
he

in

La

later

3ame

son

of

rather

a rail-

Communist

later

FJC

member

becatrio
and

the

the
hand
(Il)

1941-1945.

union

and

Appointed

In

organisor
PCCh.

the

entered

father

Serenal
bocame

tho
,Onj_

in

year.

1932

and

Expelled

shoe-

a construction
Plasterersf

anarchist-dominated
PCCh

past

1941-1945-(12)

1908

Joined

of

1926.

Deputy

when

tin-platerg

plasterer.

1925-

1931

Deputy
Born

embodiment

Fotinder

PCCh in

minor

known

to

newspapersq
FOCh*

Commission.

Puebla,

maker*

the
the

Coal

of

considered

the

CTCh (1936-1945)

the

President

historic

Tarapac9q

on many

FOCh in

Leoncto

CC from

the

Vargas

the

Senntor

(10)

in

CC of

Union

coalfields.

of

19039

PCCh presl_

of

living

partyts

POS and

General

the

Lhe

the

of

1931.

generally

leadership,

the

the

of

CC19 Trade

the

Santos

to

General

sub-Secretary

the

and

worked

elected

Secretary

iember

non-Communist.
1923,

'banderal

from

FOCh in

onto

most

office

unique
Is

Born

Linotypist,

worker.

in

in

Salvador

Ocampot

the

JEF

PorennipAl

CC member

Lafertte

Recabarren

of

Spent

banishment.

given

the

Co-opted

1926.

1927.

Fedoracign

the

on

onto

later.

in

in

or
from

candidate

PCCh in

the

jail

in

worked

Elected

PCCh a little

Commission

Union

1937-1953-

FOCh and

1920s.

early
the

joined

years

the

Joined

c. 1919.

was
for

Seep Elfa3
Vida
Lafertte
do un Camunista.
Seep an anonymous
Vida
una
pampl-ilet
al
(Santiagog
Pueblo
1965)
for
dotails
of
F.1 Poy)ular
3.1.1940.

a member

of

Trotskyisw

servicio
Ocamposs

del
career.

4o6 .
.
in

1934,

from

1941.

Zamoraq
Worked

in

Valparafso.
Into

the

1939;

Concepci6n

member

of

(13)
(14)

fields

nitrate
the

Joined

Gonzalez

the

El
El

PCCh

Political

Quillotag

in

Member

1941-1945.

(13)

of

peasant

as

tram-driver
by

recruited

1941-1945.

El Imparcial
8.2-1945.

parents,
in
Galo

CR Aconcagua
the

Trade

Commission

son

of

its

CC and

Political

Secretary

Commission

4.2-194.5;
19.2.1941;

the

later
19219

1930*

in

of

the

of

Deputy

and

FOCh

1939-1940.

Siglo
Sigio

metaber

in

1902

Born

the

Nember

1938-1941.

Regidor

Justo

1935-

1939p

from

Commission

Union

in

re-admitted

CC from
(14)

29-7-1937.

19369

1936.

&
Appendix

407

for
Votes
Cast
for
elections
1941
in 19379

1937

Constituency
10 Arica
Antofagasta
2. Tocopillat
Copiapo
3. Chaftarals
Coquimbo
4. La Serenap
San Felipe
5. Petorcaq
6. Valparafsop
Quillota
lat.
7- Santiago
2nd.
3rd
San Antonio
8. Melipillap
9, Rancagua
Santa
10. San Fernandol
Cruz
11. CuricS
Curepto
12* Talcap
13. Constituci6n
14* Linares
15- Itata
16. Chillan
17- Concepci6n
l8e Arauco
19. Laja
20.
21*
22.
2324.
25.
26.

Traiguen
Temuco
Valdivia
Osorno
Llanquihue
Ancudl
Castro
Magallanes

2, o94
39528
253
49275
39737
19038
19944
-

293
-

the
the
and

PCCh in peneral
Chamber
of Deputies
1945

L9 41
39702
79514

29399
59226

49136
19823
5,466
6,591
19989
29340
19421
29690
429

39753
19053
49777
79090
29251
2,615
19317
1094

179162

723
903

492

7814
59773
19880

43o
6,951
196a3

671
1078
19365
286
leg

10
19271
19395

Estadistica
and December

Chilena
19T5-. -

December

469133

539144

indicates
elected
Sourcet

19218
19797

Totals

1943

19379

one

September

deputy

1941

*
*
*

408

F3 L10GRAPHY

409 .
o
A.

PRIMARY

SOURCE

Manuscripts
(a)

Foreign

Office

Records

General
correspondencet
1922-1946.
(b)

(ii)

Documentsq
Literature

Abarcap

Humberto

Reports

3eeches

and

del

13afs

movilwar

nara

la

los
a I&
CC del

Ormanizando
la
defensa
Informe
presentado
a
forencia
del
nacional
tiaf:
1947).
o,

Agustfn

Contem

defensm

Informe
presentado
del
SiSn
plonaria
(santiagot
1943).

V-p

Provi.
-lg")V6
1941-,

Como organizar
la victoria,
-Xsesi&
17a
Informe
presentado
a
del
PCCh (Santiaeog
CC del
plenaria
1941).
Organizar

Alvarez

FO 3719

Series

General
del
Trabajo.
for
volumes
all
9
rolumes
1934-1945.

DirecciSn
Archivog
dencias
and Oficlos
Various
19T7.
and

Printed
Pamnhlet

Chile

El

Tercer

del

Obectivos
1946)

nacional.

XIII
soPCCh

do Chile*
la XIV
conPCCh (San-

(Santiaf;

Frente

recurs8

Socialismo

og

(Santiagoo

Boletines
Various

Sesiones
do las
1921-1949-.
volumes

de

la

Camara

do

Diputadon

Boletines
Various

Sesiones
do las
1925-1948.
volumes

do

la

Camara

do

Sonadores

Bur6

Sud-Americano

1945)

El Movimlento
Revolucionario
Versionos
Latinn-Americano.
de
Primera
Comunista
Conforancia
Latino-Americano.
1929.
Junio
(Buenon
1929).
Aireng

la

Las Grandes
Rovolucionitrins
Ltichas
del
Prolotariado
Chilano.
Directiva
del
LISA al PCCh (Santiagog
1932).

410 *
o
Contreras
Carlos

Labarcao

El

Trotskismo

(Santiagot

1937)

El Congreap
do la
Victoria
X Con(; reao
presentado
al
del
PCCh (Santiago,
1938).

Informe
Nacional

Unidad
la victoria
defender
para
Informe
preaentado
a la se3t6n
del
PCCh. Noviembrog
CC del
plenaria
1938 (Santiaeog
1938).
la
Por
paz
UOil-Frente
Tado
PCCh

victorias
X
or nuavas
Popular
Informe
prosenXI
del
Conareso
Nacional
al
(Santiagop
1939)-

La
Cons)2iraciSn
do
del
Discurso.
pueblo
1940 0

los

anamlZon
(Santiagos

El PrOgrama
debe
Fronts
Popular
del
Inforizie
ser realizado
al IX sosidn
dol-CC
del
plonaria
PCCh (Santiagog
194o).
Este
as Schnakel
(Santiagog
1947).

Discurso.

Union
Nacionaly
Unico
Partido
Informs
X111
I&
presentado
sesi6n
a
del
CC del
plenaria
PCCh (Santiago#
1943)-

Unign Nacionalppara
;
consolida
-a
desarrollar
klmen
democratico
el !
(Santiagog
1941#)
Alessandri;

da

portavoz

reaccionariesY--12rofascistas
Discur3O*
(Santiagop

las

tuerzas

1943)

La lucha del 12ueblo por la rei

do Chile
Informs
organizac
prosentado
Congreso Nacional
al XIII
del PCCh (Santiago,
1945)
Chacan
Juan

CTCh

Coronap

Elproblema
Informs
apraria
proNacional
3entado
del
al XI Congreso
(Santiagog
PCCh
1940)
Memoria

1943-1946

(Santiapog

1946).

411 .
0
Dfaz

Martfnezg

Juan

Mesas do
Treinta
Proletariado
del
(Santiagog
1939)

on favor

Acci6n
Chileno

Informs
del partido
Las Finanzas
Nacional
presentado
al XI Congreso,
(Santiagog
del
1939)
PCCh

Dfazq
Escobar
Andre's

Unidad
Nacional
do
y on defensa
Informo
patria
rnassi;
plenaria
(Santiagop
1941)

Committee
Executive
of the Communist
(ECC I)
International

From
World

the Fourth
Congress

fascismo
contra
el
la demooraoift
y la
a la
prosentado
PCCh
CC del
del

to the
(Londong

Fifth
19217)

The Comintern
between
the
World
Sixth
Congresses
and
(Lond-ong
1929)
The
Programme
=ternational

the
of
(Londony

The
Revolutionary
(Londong
Colonies

Godoy Urrutias
C6sar

Groveg

Marmaduque

Guerrerog

Hidalgol
Zapatal

Izquierda

Vietor

Manuel
Emilio

Comunista

Quo es ei
(Santiagog

inconformiamo?
1940)

la

vordad

Obrera
(FOCh)

(Santlagog

una__juvontud

in

1941)-------

Dos discursoa
(Santialpog

on
1933)

el

the

1929)
da

comunista

TSantiagop

manas

Parlamento

En Defensa
de la Revoluci6n
Informang
tenis
y documenton
prosentadon
al
del
congroso
PC (Santlago,
nacional
1933
Qui4n
dividiS.
(Santiago,
no

Federaci6n
de Chile

Movement
1929)

ei nocialismo?
1939)

Por

and

Communist
1929)

Adgnde
va
rSantiagog

Toda

Fifth

Clase
A la
Santiago,

Resoluciones
ferencia
de

01 Grupo
date)

Trabajadora
1931)

"ance?

Ranifesto.

do la 12rimera
con
,- 1933)
la CSLA (Santiagos

412
la
del

Hapamos
obreros
Ricardo

Fon3ecaq

Como resolver
nacionales?
Nacionalp
cia
(Santiagop

de todos
(Santiagot

unidad
]2jfs

los
19-34)

los
problemax
ConferenInforms
a la
Octubre
1946
1946)

Chile
de resolver
es capaz
aus
Informe
probleman
prosentado
a la
del
PCCh
XIV Conferencia
Nacional
(Santiagos
1947)
Electoral
y
de Defensa

Registro
del
La Dirseci6n
La-Ley
de Chile
ante
nista

(Santiagot

1950)

Elfas
Laferttep
and
Labarcaq
Contreras
Carlos
Laferttep

Elfas

Los Comunistant
Frente
Inde]Rendencia
Nacional
1937)
Somo triunferemos
a

19 41

Ilacia

PCCH

Daniel

la

PCCh

Una Rolftica
trabajadora
La Unidad
fasc. Ismo
Ilacia

la

la

XVI

PCCh

Informe
se3i6n

plenarin

(Santiagop

1945).
juventud
1940)

Juventud
(Santiago*

aplastarn
1941)

formaciSn

do

pro.
del

,
al

un vordadero

Resoluciones

clase

Conferencia

la

econgmics

la
para
(Santialgog

do

partido

olocciones

CC del

del

Chile

do

sentado

Falmaq

Jae

transformacioon

y-politica

Orlando

Popular
y
(-Santinrtop

presentado

plonaria
1940)

la

CC del
oft

an

Informe

IX segi6n
(Santiagop

Millasp

ComuPartido
Demooracin
la

el
de

(to

(Santiago#

Nacional

1933)
Conforencia
(Coquimbol

Repional
1933)

del

PCCh

Plan do estudios
do un curso do
193
(Santiagoo
capacitaci45n
Manuel
fesional
1933)
A los

Hidalgo
colaborador
pro- ru-rguesia
(9-antiagog
con la
trab&Jadores

Santiagog

193

socialistas

413 o
o
Ellas
Guerra

Josig
Lafertteq
(Antofagastag

Vepa
1937)

Resoluciones
del
naria

do la VII
PCCh
CC del

Problemas
1939)

do

Estatutos

del

aesi&n
ple(Santiagov
1939)
(Santiago,,

OrFanizaciSn
PCCh (Santineop

La Disoluci&n
de Ja
(santiagot
Comunista
Chile

Juan

1940)

Internacional
1943)

mindial
en la
coalici6n
XII
Resoluciones
de la
antinazi
PCCh
del
CC del
sesi; n-plenaria
(Santia,
gog 1943)
unido

00
teoricos-practicon
l& politica
de
1944)

Blementos
se basa
(Santiagog
Aumentar
acci4in

Un16n

la
del

enatte
nacional

lProducci6n
PCCh
(Santineog

do
1947)

Plan

La vardad
la hualga
do
sobre
her6icos
del
eron
carb6n
de la Comisi6n
raci6n
PolfFica
PC (Santiagog
1947)
Obrero
Partido
volucionario
(Trotskyist)

Re-

Ad4nde va
Tsantlagoo

los
Deciadel

al CTCh?
1944)

Partido

Radical

Cuenta
do la
dol
CEN del
actuaciSn
PR a la
XVI
Conferencia
Nacional
Enero
Ordinaria
1(954-4--Enero-1949
(Santiaeog
1946)

Partido

Socialista

Grove,
el
Santiago,

militar
1937)

y ol

ciudadano

Teals
polltico
presentado
al VI
Congreso
Ordinarlo
del
PS.
Seccional
(-SinE: i a gr,o9 19 40 YNuflos
La linoa
(Santlago,

politica
1941)

El Libro
TSantiagOt

Negro del
1940) -

del

PS

Partido

Comunista

414 o
9
Socialista
Partido
de Trabajadores
(PST)
Vergarat

Schnake
Oscar

Doctrinaria
1940)

Poiftica
1938)

Socialista

Elgroviamos
la
para

Juan

Siquierosi

PosiciOn
(Santiago#

sina

(iii)

Vargas

Puebla,

Wais-sp

Oscar

Zuftigag

Luis

Newspapers

principal
obstaculo,
revolucl6n
obreraycampe(Santiagop
Chile
1933)-

class
obrera
an la
fasciamo
Co-informs
el
XII
a la
sesl6n
plenaria
(Santiago#
PCCh
1943)

Frente
Grove
Poder?

lucha

contra
presentado
del
CC del

Popular
do Clessal
X Lucha
P
al Poder
o Fronts
(Santiago#
1936)

El Partido
Socialista
--US-antiagog
chilena

en
1938)

lok polftieft

Journals

and

were
stated)

(a)

Workers*

Wing

Platuforma

(Santiagog

La

Juan

(all
the following
unless
otherwise
Left

en

and

in

published

Santiago

Publications

Directa
Acci6n
Obrera
Acci6n
(Talcahuano)
Adelante
Alerta
Avance
Proletaria
Bandera
Bandera
Roja
Roja
Bandera
Roja
Bandera
Barricada
Boletfn
del
Comitg
Central
Boletfn
del
CC del
la Izquierda
Comunista
Boletfn
de Orientaci6n
Boletfn
Interno
Boletfn
Politico
Boletfn
Sindical
Boletfn
Sindical
Agrario
Boletfn
do la Comisi6n
Nacional
de Organizacion
(Antofaigasta)
Ceteche
Choque

iww
POS
PD
PCCh

Fis
PCCh
Ic

1920-1926
1916
1920-1924
1928
1931
1933
1919
1925
1931-1934;
1936
1937
1933; 1936
1933

PCCh
PCCh
PCCh
PCCh
PCCh
PCCh

194o
1937
1932
1937
1939
1936

CTCh
PCCh

1943-1948
1933

Grupo

Avane@
PCCh
POS
PCCh
PCCh

415 9
Claridad

Claridad
Consigna

FECh

1920-1931

PS
PS

1938
1935-1941

CTCh
CTCh
PST
Combats
(Iquique)
El Bonsts
POS
(Valdivia)
PCCh
El Combats
(Antofagasta)
PCCh
El Comunista
(Iquique)
PCCh
El Despertar
POS/
de los Trabajadorea
El Despertar
(Iquique)
PCCh
FOCh
do los Obrerog
El Despertar
(bLe u)
) PCCh
(Iquique
Pueblo
del
El Despertar
Proletariado
del
PCCh
El Despertar
(Iquique)
(Iquique)
Popular
PD
Grito
El
(Arica)
FOCh
El Heraldo
Prin ting
Grafico
El Obrero
workers
Union
Bak ers'
El Obrero, Panadero
FOCh
Tranviario
El Obrero
(Antofagasta)
PCCh
El Popular
(Iquique)
IWW
El Productor
(Tocopilla)
PD
El Proletario
PCCh
El Siclo
(Valparafso)
El Socialista
POS
(Antofagasta)
El Socialists.
POS
(Talcahuano)
El Soviet
Fronts
Unico
(Concepci6n)
Popular
Fronts
Popular
Fronts
(Iquique)
Popular
Fronts
(La
Popular
Serena)
Fronts
Hoz y hattillo
Isquierda
Justicia
Justicia
Justicia
Juventud
La Batalla

La
La
La
La
La
La
La
La
La
La

Chispa
Chispa
Comuna
Comuna
Defensa

PCCh/FOCh

PCCh
PCCh

PCCh

PCCh
PCCh
PCCh
IC
PCCh/FOCh

(Antofagasta)
(Iquique)
Obrera
(Valdivia)

PCCh/FOCh
PCCh/FOCh
Fic
PCCh

(Talcahuano)
Comunista
(Vifta
del Mar)
(Puente
Alto)
(Tocopilla)
Obrera

(Puente
Obrera
Defensa
Democracia
Obrera
Federaci6n
Gran Federacign
Obrera
Comunista
Jornada
(Valdivia)

Alto)

ic
PCCh
POS/FOCh
PCCh
PCCh

PS
PD
FOCh
GFOCh
PCCh

1943-1948

1943

1912-1913
1926
1922-t926
t943-1947
1912-1927
1922
1931-1933

1934
1911
1921-1923
1932
t924-193i
1932-1933
1939-1947
1921-1923
t9o4-t9t3

1940-t948
1915-1918
1916-1921
1922-1923
1934-1936
1937
t936-ig4o
1937-1941
ig4i
1932
1934-1936
1924-1927
1931-1933
1931-1934
1933
1932
1926

1931
1923
1919-1921
1944-1947
1927;
1931-1932
1942-1946
1899-1901
192t-1924
1910-1913
1924-1927
1931-1932

416
La
La
La
La
La
La
La

Fic

(Antofagasta)

Llamarada
Locomotora
Nueva
Mujer
Protesta
Tribuna
Vom Obrera
y
Vom Socialista

kundo
Nuestra

Workers
NJF.MCh
IWW
PD

Railway

Gampesina

Nuevo
Vom

Printing

PCCh
PCCh

Orientac16n
Prineiplos
Qug Hubo
Rebelio'n
Rumbo
Trabajadores

de

PCCh
PCCh
FJS
Teacherat
Union
PCCh
Revolutionary
Writers
and artists

la

Ensaftanza
Unidad Obrera
Vanguardia
(b)

PR
MNS

La Hora
Trabajo
(c)

The

Established

El Diario
El Mercurio
La Opini6n
La Naci6n

1934
1933

Presses

Party

Other

PCCh
POS
Fic
Workers

1923-1926
1912-1951
1935-1941
1931-1938
1911-1921
1933
1913
1938-1947
1932
1937
1933-1934
ig3g-i947
1939-194o
1926
1936
1932-1934

1935-1947
1937-1940

Press*
1922-1948
1922-1948
1932-1948
1922-1948

Ilu3trado

these
*All
newspapers
as
were consulted
for
the years
conunder
and when required
in this
Their
3ideration
editorial
study*
differed
El
viewpoints
considerably*
Diario
Ilu3trado
Catholic
was right-wing
Conservative
and El Mercuric,
was liberal
La Opini6n
conservative.
wWs pro-ibanista
In the 19303 but
and anti-alessandrista
became increasingly
identified
the
with
PS in the 19403.
La Naci6n
became the
E
during
the
official
governmen:
newspaper
(1927-1931)
Presidency
first
of Ibiftez
the views
reflected
of the
and thereafter
of the day*
government
(d)
El

The

Comintern

Trabajador
(Montevideo)
International
(Vienna
and

Latino

and

Cominform
Americano

Press
Correspondence
London)

Press
1931-1932
1922-1939

417 9
a
1926

Sud Americana

Gorrespondencia
(Buenos
Aires)
Comunista(Montevideo)
Revista,
(London)
International
The Communist
(London)
World
News and Views
Peaceq For a Peoples$
For a Lasting
(Bucharest)
Democracy
La

1932
1929-1935
1939-1947
1947-1948

(e)
Others
Trabajo
Boletfn-de
Chilena
Estadistica
Ercilla
HOY
Revista

B.

1911-1926
1935-1950
1943-1947
1939-1941

SECONDARY SOURCES
(i)

Books

and

Alfon3og

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Trayactoria

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Chileno

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Alf3ssandri
Arturo
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Oscar

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barron,

Recuerdos
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Palmal

Andrewsp

del

Teorfa
ismo

Labor
Brazil

Angellq

Alan

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Osvaldo
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dol
1940)

Vol**#

sIndical-

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America

Latin

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1973)

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La Izquierda
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RaU1

1938)

do Gobierno
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Trot-skyism
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Ampuerop

(Santiago,

Communism in
1963)
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Camn. d. )

Movimianto
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America

in

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en punto
1969)

muorto

Politics
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in Cht10 - (Londong

Lnbour
1971)

La Pronsa
Obrera
1930 (Chill;
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do Chileq-190071)

Los movimientos
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1926
a

sociales
1963)

Trayoctoria-Y
estructurm
;; iento
sindical
chilono
(Santiaeog
19637

Movement

do

1910

del movi1949.16F

418 .
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en Chile

El movimiento
obrero
iSantiacot
19711Oscar

2-tirall

Bermudez

British
Politics

He

Blakemoreq

Blakemoreq
Smithq

El drama i2olitica
T-Santiagop
1947)

He and
Clifford

Ed s6)

Historia
1941)

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una

Bonillas
Glazerg

Politics
Student
Yorkq
1970)

Alfredo

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4 de junio;
El
Zu-daces
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Gmoe

Bravo

Laving

Mario

Bravo

Rfosq

Leonidas

Browerl

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ol- ]261pito
1939)
Chile

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of

through
Chile
EmbassX Windows
Jew York,
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World
Communism -A
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the Communist
International
T71ichigang
1992)

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National
1917-1928

do Annbalon

proceso
1933)

Voces do la 12olfticat
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y la calle
Frank
and
Myron

Per-

Geographical
Latin
America:
1971)
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sPective!,

El Dramatico
T"Santiaeop

Ricardo

Boizardp

Chilean
and
_
_
(London,
1974)

the
The Bolsheviks
and
Quest! on$
and Colonial
7-en a va
57)
19
.-

Demetrio

Boorsnerg

Nitrates
1896-189,

ClAle

do

do
Fostfn
1932)

frente
Chile
Socialismo
al
To"munismo
(Santiagov
1934)
Lo quo
supo
un auditor
'(Santiagop
1955)

The New Jacobinst

Communist-Party
(Cornellp
Lront

D. R.

Burnetts

B*G*

Political
(Austin*

Burnettq
Poblete

B*G*
and
Troncoso$

The
the
Rise
of
Labor
Movement

Me

Groups
1970)

do

lom

&I

Guerra

The French
and the Popular
1968)
in

Chile

American
Latin
(Now York,
1960)

419 o
*
do don
Recuerdos
(Santiagos
Eerda

Alberto

Caberog

Valencia
Casanueva
9
FernanFernando
and
Mafluel
Conquel
dez
Eduardo

Rie3cop

Cavada

Chamudesq

El Comunismo
y
Ehile
(Santiagot
El

Marcos

libro

n=ra

Rojasq

Chelen
dro

Alejan-

Chilcotes

ReHo

Clauding

Fernando

Clissoldp

Stephen

Cruz

Coke,

desmien

1954)

Chiletuna
TSantiagov

advertencia
1972)

la
Rojo_a
(Santiaeog

fimaricana

Ropu'blica
19701

Party:
1,922-

The Communist
from
Movement
(Londont
Intern
to Cominform
(ede)

Relations
1_918_1968.

Soviet
America
Ideas

Luis

Lia and
Corteaq
Jordi
Fuentest
Corvalang

leyenda

do mi
1964)

The Brazilian
Communist
Conflict
and Integration
122_2 (N; -w York,
1974)

Econ6mica
Comisi6n
Latina
para America
Prietog

on

proeotgandit
1933)

TSantiagov

Luis

Ricardo

Latin
with
Londonq

Politics

and

dependence
1967)

Correa

me

luchn

del
Socialismo
Tra ectoria
1967)
Airesp
Duenos

Simon

Collierg

no

Dal AviSn
Socialista

Carlos

su

blanco
(Santiagog

Cuidado,

Charling

y la
(Santiagog

Socialista
en Chile

El Partido
de clases
1973)

Aguirre

Pedro
1948)

1970)

Chilean

of

1808-1833

Com1975)

In-

(Cambridge,

Antecedentes
in econowra
sobre
1925-1952--(Santialgol,
19,54)
chilena
El Presidents
1962)
Diccionarip
(Santiago,
Ricardo
Ejemplar

Geograffa
(Santiaeot

lbiflez
Polftico
1967)

Fonseca
(Santiagog

Electoral
1952T

(Santiagos

do

Chile

Combatiente
1971)

do

Chile

420

Luis

Delanop

Departamento

Enrique

Gonzalez
Galo,
Partido,
del

de

Cuentas

Financieros

Estudios

14-

International
19 0
Londong

The Communist
1952 (3 vo1s*9

Jane

Dograss

construcclin
y la
(Santiagot
1968)

T-Santiagot

Chile

do

Fiscales

1959)

Dillong

Dorothy

Communism and Latin

International
Americas
Perspectives
and Pros(Gain3villet
19bZj
cts
pe.

Donosop

Ricardo

Alessandri,
Z demoledor
aritador
_
1-9-54)
(2 vola.
Maxic-og
1,

Durant

El Partido
1958)

Florencio

Echafzq

Rene

Edwardsq

Alberto

Edwardas

Alberto

Freig
Ell3worthp

EvoluciSn
do
S.03 (Santiago,

Le6n

La Fronda
1939)
and

Eduardo
P*T-

do

polfti-

partidos
1949)

(Santiagog

los

an

(Now Yorkq

Polfticos

Partidos

(bantiagot

Chile

Chile,

los

Arfatocratica

Historia

do

(Santiagop

Radical

economy

1969)
in

transition

1945)
4th

Francisco
Encinag
and
Leopoldo
Castedog

(3 vole.,
do Chile
Hi3toria
Santiaeog
1961)
ednes

Zetenog
Escobar
Ari3todemo

Compendio
de la leaislaci6n
del movimiento
X desarrollo
social
1940)
en ChIlie- (Santiao,
obrerc,

Enzop Rufzq
Falettos
Eduardo
and Zemmolmang Le6n

Genesis
Politico

Fern6ndezq

Juan

Fernandez
Sergio

Larrafnj

Procoso
del
(Bantiagol
1971)

Historica
'Uhileno

Pedro
Aptuirre
Carda Y al
Popular
(Santiagog
1938)
(SantiaCog

Traicionj
EnVir, ilft_de

Guerra

As, pootos
do la
tido
Conservador
Inform&

(Santiago*

Franta

1941)
(Santiagos1946)

del
divisi6n
(Santiamos
1954)

var195

W. Z.

Poster,

Federico

Hernan

Godoy Urzuag

History
of the

Party
of the Communist
1952)
Yorkq
USA_jNew

Outline
Trade
1956)

the World
Ilistoryof
(New Yorkq
loovement
Union

Estudio
do la Historia
T-8th edno, Santiago#

Luis

GaIdamess
Gilq

421

El sistema
T-Santiagop

politico
1969)

Estructura
(Santiagog

social
1971)

do Chile
1938)
Chile

do

do Chile
del

formaciSn
1938)

Gonzalezq

Galo

La Lucha
por
PCCh (Santiaeol

la

Gonzalezq

Jose

Curso
sobre
elemental
(Santiaeop
1962)

Partido

el

Gonzalez

B., q Ernesto

Parto
do los Montes
o In
do In mar inerfa,
levaciSn
'
__
(Santiaj;
1932)
oy

Gonzallez
Gabriel

Videla,

Plemorias
1975)

Graysong

George

El Partido
DemOcratn
Cristiano
(Buenos
1968)
Chileno
Airesq
S.

Taglet

Guiliiasti

Julio

C*q

Gfjzman

Herna'Ondezq

Halpering

Ernst

Gonzalezq

PartidosPoliticoo
edop Santiagog

Santingog
9

vols.

(2nd,

Chilenos
1964)

Interpretacion
do la evolucign
deade
de Chile
Y-j! olftIcn
soCial
1932 a 1952, (ConcepciZng
1963)

Guifiez

Heise

(2

sub-

Jorge

Gonza"lez
Gabriel
Aica
y aniLlisis
c;
(Santiaf:
o, 1946)
Nationalism
Sh-2110 (Mass-

Julio

Historia
(Santiagol

Vidala_de su

Communism
and
1965)
p

Constitucional
195oy-

Historia
do
Parlamentario
19741

biograffa
progrnma

Chiles
El
1861-1925

in

do

Chile

Perfodo
Tiantiagog

422

Dan

Jacobs,

(ed.

Cgaar

Julio

Jobetq

del

Testigos
T-Santiagol

Marta

Infanteg

.
Treinta
1972)

(New

Communism

The New
1969)

Ocho

York$

del
Desarrollo
Crftico
Ensaxo
do Chile
Econ6mico-Social
T-Santiagog
1953)
Los
oGF-aro

Emilio
Recabarrent
Luis
del
origenes
movimiento
X del
chileno
socialismo
(Santiago$
1955)

Recabarrent
Emilio
Luis
obras
(SantlaFoY-.
1965)
escogidas
El
de

Chileno
Sociallamo
a travgge
'('Santiagot
1965)
aus conrreison

RI Partido
F-volaos
J*C*q
Jobetp
J.
Ser6nq
Luis

Villagrans

Kaempffer
Gmoe

Eduardo

Labarcag
La

Barrfa
and Vitaleg

Walter

Feber,

Lagosp

Ricardo

LaferttN

Elfas

Lorap

Lovemang

Mannsq

do Luis
Obras
selectas
(Santlagog
Recabarren

Brian

Patricio

Chile

Emilio
1971)

1850-19252__Sanorrientoo
As: f sucedi6
do la
lucha
ei2isodios
obrora
1961)
(Santiagop
Chile*

Corval;

n 27

horas

an

(Santiagot

Americas
Russia
and
TNew York,
lq-&)

the

1972)
War

Cold

La industria
en Chile$
antece(Santiarog
dentes
estructurales
1966)
Vida
do
1957)
Historia
Boliviano

Go

do
1971)

Socialista
SiLrItlaco,

un

Comullista

(Santiano,

del
Rovimiento
(La
19220M

in
Stluagle
the
Countrysidet
Politics-and
Labor
Rurgl
191919
73 (Indianat
1976)

La revoluci6n
(Valparafaop

en la
1972)

Obrero
Pat,
1970)

In

Esouadra

Chile

423 *
o
0 Izquierdas

(Santiap.

El Partido
IMexicog

Communista
1973)

Mexicano

E.

Comintern
1-928-1943
Doctrine
1964)

Ilevolution
and World
The
Shal2ing,
of a_
(London
and Now Yorkq

Allende's

Chile

Confesiones
Santiagop

Politicas
1959)

Derechas
1545).

Raul

Raring

M.
Fuentest
Marquez
Araujos
Rodrfguez

McKenzieq

Medhurstq

Kermit

K.

(ed.

Rene

Morenol

Montero

James

Morrist

O. Otal.

and
Oe

Nollaut

Nunns

en Chile

Mo

Frederick

Bravog

Chilean
Honorable
Forces,

A.

Politics
Mission
(Albuquerqual

CaSOS y
Chile
vols.

L.

Pedro

edn.

sindicales,

los
intelectuales
(Santiagog
19MT

elites,
consenso

Cosas

de

and
and

History

la. polftica

1950)

don
entre
Santiagog
9
Aguirre

(4

Aleasnndris
1962)

Carda

(Santiagop

1963)
Historia
(Santiagot

Parkinson,

PCCh

Fred

del

Partido
19677

Radical

Americaq
Latin
the Cold War and
1974)
(Londonp
the World
Powers
f orlador
Recabarren_2_
Luis
Emilio
del movimiento
revolucionario
(Santiagot
1972Y
Chileno
Curso
195U

sobre

el

Partido

1962)

The
1920-1921.
Armed
the
of
1970)

Chilean
in
1976)

(Santiagol

ZuRigag

(2nd.

1922-1939-(Santiagoll

The Military
(Albuquorqueg

Palma

1972)

Internati&nal
Communism
World
Revolutions
Histor
(London;
blethods,
1961)

Gunther

OlavarrIa

(London,

X finanzas

AfiliaciSn

Los
; -I

og

(Santiago,

424 .
9
Partido,

Conservador

lResefia
de
Generales
1876dor

Petrasp

James

Politics
Chilean
1969)

Frederick

Pikep

Pinto

Santa

Pinto
A.

Santa
(edo)

Podlech

Cruzq

Poppinot

Rollie

Ramfrez

Social
and
Development

Politics
Errazuriz
Palma
Alessandri

F*

Cronica
Ziesde

A.

Chilet
un
frustrado
Chile,

Cruzv

Jorpe

Davisons

Forces
in
(Rarkelays

ca3o do deparrollo
(Santiaeog
1962)

Hoy

Panorama
-(Santiagop

del
Sif: 10 XX
hasta
Echatirren
-j- 1972)
(Santiae;

(Santiagog

1970)

del

politico
1936)

momento

Internat
ional
Communism in Latin
Americag
A Htstory
of the Move,
191
Z=21,26 (Torontop
1964)
ment

B.

Necocheag

XIV
Convencione3
Partido
Conserva(Santiagog
1947)

Chile
U. S- 1880-12621
and the
, Chilefs
The Emergenceof
Crisis
Challenges
to U. S.
and the
(Notre
DiplomacZ
1963)
Dawep

B.

Pinto_Laearriguel

las
del
947,

He

Movimiento
del
Obrero
Siplo
XIX (Santiago$

Historia
en Chil;
1956)

Origen
y Formaci6n
(Santiago,
1963T
Historia
Rhile

del
(2nd.

del

PCCh

Imperialimmo
adn. 9 Santiagol

an
1970)

Balmaceda
Y la contra-revoltioi6n
de 1891 (3rde
Santlago,
edn
- y19772)
Evidocio-

Ravinesq

Reyes

Not

Rojas

Meryq

Rosas

holinap

Enrique

Eulogio

Armando

La Gran
Santiagot

Estafa
1954)

Oth

El Desarrollo
do la
Proletaria
an Chile
19"73T-Memorins
TSantiagol
Semblanzas

do

edn.

Conciencia
(SantiaRop

un Joven
1958)

octogenario

(Antofagastag

1944)

425 &
Slez

Carlos

korales,

del
Desarrollo
(Santiago,
Ehile

Marcelo

Segallp

A*Ioq

Sobolevp

etealo
,

Sergio

Carta
abierta
(Santiago,
PC
11.

Stevensong

J. Ro

Chilean
The
(Pannsylvaniag

Varasq

Chac6n

Miguel

Jos9

Vega

Dfaz9

Vera

Riquelmeq

Aflos

Jose
Enrique

Marta

Vergara

Monterop

Vicufia

Fuentesq

Waiss,

Oscar

de

EvolucieOn
T-Santiagop

Ram6n

Caflos

Lucha

Rojass

Ernesto

Chilanos

1968)
(Santiagog

1972)

Hadicalismo
del
1943)
de

Por rutas
1935, )

extravi^dan

La Tiranfa
2 volsol

on Chile
Santiagol

El Drama
1948Y

Socialista

Chileno

irroverento

una muler
1961T-

Nacionali3mo

Wurth

122.5-. 21-

Gobierno
Iz5tiidel
(Santiagog
1944)

(Santiagot

Memorias
(santiagog

Vergaraq

Front

Polfticos
1968)

Cinco Aflos do
; "r-da 1-939-1243

Salvador

Communist.
1971)

un ex-militants
1953)

Popular
1942)

Los Partidos
TSantiagot

Valenzuelaj
Urzua
German
Valde3j

do

Chilona
La Inquisici6n
TSantiagog
193Z)

y Onel

fownsend

an

(Buenos

11istorX
outline
of the
(Moscowt
International

Sotomayorq

vols.,

capitalismo
1953)

Chileno
Radicalismo
1972)
Airesq

Go

Snows Peter

(3

do un soldado
1953-1954)

Recuerdos
Santiagop

(Santineog

(2nd.
1945)

(Santiago,

X Socialismo

7Nerica

Latina

Ibafiezt
(Santiagof

cuadillo
1958)

adn.,

(Santiagog
enirmatico

on

1-954)

426
*
.
(ii)

Articles

'Pedro
Aguirre
Januaryq
1960.

Salvador

Allendeq

Barra

Contemporary
'The
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Revilwt
Science
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Roger

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Wolls

Salvador

Barria

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Sero'nj

Belpi

Anon
y Ion Primaros
PrIn_cIj! Io9q
Docomborlp

Partido

Comunista

Estudios
sobre
October-Decomberg
Cole

S.

'Chileg
Political

el

Communist
Science

do

Chile'

Comunismo,
1960.
Battleground'
Quartorly,

'La
Gran
Popular*

Labarcat

Experiencia
Principios,

Sept,

1950*
Contreras
Carlos

del
1941.

ILa cuesti6n
polftion
y sociall
1920-19261
do I^ Universidnd
Analas
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1950.
No*1160
'El

Blasiors

Arotucap

'Perspectiva
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Realidad
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1971.
september,

Maftuel

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'Recabarren
Partidolp

Cerdall,

Political
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Front*
del
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1967s
Cruzq

Luis

Degrass

Drakep

Escobar

'Primero3
Principlosp

Victor

Jane

Paul

'United
Front
tactics
In the Com.
intern
1921-28#St.
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Pnvers
No. g# 1960.
W.

'The Chilean
Socialist
Party
Coalition
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Hispanic
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Novemberg
1973,
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Carvallop

Andres

Francisp

do Rocabarran'
pasov
December
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a finoa

Series
R"vists120912191-22,1959.
Michael

Je

del

air

Occidenta,

10

and
RfovIew

XlXv

Non.

1199

'The
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States
Chile
durine
and
the
Second
World
Varl
ttio
Diplomacy
Of hisunderstanding.
1 Jotirnal
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Studies,
MaY 1977,

427 o
Boris

Goldenburgq

Constructor
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Prinoipiosq
Bolcheviquel
1944o

Gonzalezq

Galo

Jacksong

Gabriel

'La Juventud
Julyq
Araucoq

do 1930
1960.

10rigenes
y Primoros
PSI Arauco,
Octobarg
"foorfa
ArauCOI

Fronts
191 PS y el
ArauC09
Februaryg

Wilfredo

Mayorgag

Soctalismo#

Y al

del

Congronos
1960.

del
y Programa
1962*
April#

'Nota3
y Documontos
del
PS do
yeetoria
April
1964.

Partido
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Front
1934-71
Historyg

'The
Spanish
Popular
Contemporary
Journal
of
N03t
V01959
1970,

Ceisar

Julio

Jobetq

from
Chile
Communist
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'The
of
Front
to FRAPO Quart arly
Popular
the
Research
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harch
1967.
Nbertq
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Chile

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Popular
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Chilof

'Del
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Series*
Ercilla.
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Non. 15609
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15619 1562,1567-TAp-RiT.
-June
1617# 161R9
Nos. 1599p 1609,16159
(January-June
1619,1622
1966)
ITestIgo3
do la
Sariase
HistortaO
Ercilla.
Nos.
17269
1732-174o,
(July-December
17449
1748
19681

Thomasq

Jack

Ray

'Marmaduque
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Grovel
February,

flispAnic
1957.

'The
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of
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Vega
(iii)

Dfazq

Jose

Unpublished

Bandeq

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February-Marcht

do

Comunistaf
1970.

of

1742,

Amori-

C111lot
Stisdi*s,

Pritycipjam

Dissertations

'The Chilean
Radical
Party
and
(13. Litt,
POPular
Frontt
t1logis,
Oxford,
1970)

the

428 .
o
Barrfa

S.

Blasier,

Cruz

Salasq

to Popular
'From Dictatorship
Politics
Parties
and Coalition
Chile
(Ph. Do thesis,
1931-1941
1974)
University
of Essex,
Luis

1931-1945,
'Los
Partidos
Popularest
(Memoriag
del
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TScnica
1969)
Estadog

Social
do la
Opolitica
adnegunda
do Prosidento
Arturo
ministraci6n
(Nemoriag
Palma'
Alessandri
UnIverTScnica
del
1969)
Estadog
sidad

Benftezq

Morales
Hugo

Petris
Giesseng
de
Hector

Partido
'El
Universidad

Fradog
Pizarro
Rigoberto

fLabor-gocial
de Aguirre
(Memoriat

Democritico*
do Chiloo

(Mamorlao
1942)

do la AdministractiSn
Carda
1939-19411
Universidad
do Chilog

#Los Rovimientos
durante
el
(Memoriag
Popular*
Univorsidad
1970)
Tecnica
del
Estadog

Juana

Stambukq

Fronts
in

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Populism
in
'Socialism
and
MoveThe Origins
of tho Leftward
Eloctorateg
ment of the Chilean
(Ph. D. thesial
1931-33'
Stanfordq
1971)

Paul

Drakep

09

Chilean
Cuban
Communist
'The
and
Instruments
Soviet
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of
(Ph. D* thesing
1935-19481
Policys
1954)
Columbia
University,

Cole

D.

Corkhillg

do Principios
'Los Movimientoa
(Mamorias
XX 1900-19100
Siglo
del
Podae0eicos
Universidad
Instituto
1955)
do Chile,

Jorge

Seron,

1962)

Frente

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of

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To

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Revolution
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and
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Martin

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Communism
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(Londong

in Latin
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The
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Years
1945-1960
1962)

to Latin
Index
American
(6
1929-1960
Literature
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Communism
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International
Los Angeleaq
Bibliograffa
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1963)

Periodical
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Latin
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1968)

do los
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Partidon
fSan-tiaf.

- an
(2 vole.,

T# n, d,

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