Electronic Waste

( EWaste )

Submitted By
Navodit Kumar
Kharwal
0591672007
V Sem
INTRODUCTION
Industrial revolution followed by the advances in information technology during the
last century has radically changed people's lifestyle. Although this development has
helped the human race, mismanagement has led to new problems of contamination

and pollution. The technical prowess acquired during the last century has posed a
new challenge in the management of wastes. For example, personal computers
(PCs) contain certain components, which are highly toxic, such as chlorinated and
brominated substances, toxic gases, toxic metals, biologically active materials,
acids, plastics and plastic additives. The hazardous content of these materials pose
an environmental and health threat. Thus proper management is necessary while
disposing or recycling e wastes.
These days computer has become most common and widely used gadget in all kinds
of activities ranging from schools, residences, offices to manufacturing industries. Etoxic components in computers could be summarized as circuit boards containing
heavy metals like lead & cadmium; batteries containing cadmium; cathode ray
tubes with lead oxide & barium; brominated flame retardants used on printed circuit
boards, cables and plastic casing; poly vinyl chloride (PVC) coated copper cables and
plastic computer casings that release highly toxic dioxins & furans when burnt to
recover valuable metals; mercury switches; mercury in flat screens; poly chlorinated
biphenyl's (PCB's) present in older capacitors; transformers; etc. Basel Action
Network (BAN) estimates that the 500 million computers in the world contain 2.87
billion kgs of plastics, 716.7 million kgs of lead and 286,700 kgs of mercury. The
average 14-inch monitor uses a tube that contains an estimated 2.5 to 4 kgs of lead.
The lead can seep into the ground water from landfills thereby contaminating it. If
the tube is crushed and burned, it emits toxic fumes into the air.

What is e-waste?
Electronic Waste or e-waste is the term used to describe old, end-of-life
electronic appliances such as computers,laptops, TVs, DVD players, mobile phones,
mp3 players etc. which have been disposed of by their original users. While there is
no generally accepted definition of e-waste, in most cases, e-waste comprises of
relatively expensive and essentially durable products used for data processing,
telecommunications or entertainment in private households and businesses.
Public perception of e-waste is often restricted to a narrower sense, comprising
mainly of end-of-life information- & telecommunication equipment and consumer

electronics. However, technically, electronic waste is only a subset of WEEE (Waste

Electrical and Electronic Equipment). According to the OECD any appliance using an
electric power supply that has reached its end-of-life would come under WEEE.
In this web-based eWaste Guide we define all appliances running on electricity that
have no function anymore as e-waste and use WEEE and e-waste synonymously.
WEEE Categories
- Large household appliances
- Small household appliances
- IT and telecommunications equipment
- Consumer equipment
- Lighting equipment
- Electrical and electronic tools (with the exception of large-scale stationary
industrial tools)
- Toys, leisure and sports equipment
- Medical devices (with the exception of all implanted and infected products)
- Monitoring and control instruments
- Automatic dispensers

EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH

Disposal of e-wastes is a particular problem faced in many regions across the globe.
Computer wastes that are landfilled produces contaminated leachates which
eventually pollute the groundwater. Acids and sludge obtained from melting
computer chips, if disposed on the ground causes acidification of soil. For example,
Guiyu, Hong Kong a thriving area of illegal e-waste recycling is facing acute water
shortages due to the contamination of water resources.
This is due to disposal of recycling wastes such as acids, sludges etc. in rivers. Now
water is being transported from faraway towns to cater to the demands of the
population. Incineration of e-wastes can emit toxic fumes and gases, thereby
polluting the surrounding air. Improperly monitored landfills can cause

environmental hazards. Mercury will leach when certain electronic devices, such as
circuit breakers are destroyed. The same is true for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
from condensers. When brominated flame retardant plastic or cadmium containing
plastics are landfilled, both polybrominated dlphenyl ethers (PBDE) and cadmium
may leach into the soil and groundwater. It has been found that significant amounts
of lead ion are dissolved from broken lead containing glass, such as the cone glass
of cathode ray tubes, gets mixed with acid waters and are a common occurrence in
landfills.
Not only does the leaching of mercury poses specific problems, the vaporization of
metallic mercury and dimethylene mercury, both part of Waste Electrical and
Electronic Equipment (WEEE) is also of concern. In addition, uncontrolled fires may
arise at landfills and this could be a frequent occurrence in many countries. When
exposed to fire, metals and other chemical substances, such as the extremely toxic
dioxins and furans (TCDD tetrachloro dibenzo-dioxin, PCDDs-polychlorinated dibenzo
dioxins. PBDDs-polybrominated dibenzo-dioxin and PCDFs poly chlorinated dibenzo
furans) from halogenated flame retardant products and PCB containing condensers
can be emitted. The most dangerous form of burning e-waste is the open-air burning
of plastics in order to recover copper and other metals. The toxic fall-out from open
air burning affects both the local environment and broader global air currents,
depositing highly toxic by products in many places throughout the world.
Table I summarizes the health effects of certain constituents in e-wastes. If these
electronic items are discarded with other household garbage, the toxics pose a
threat to both health and vital components of the ecosystem. In view of the illeffects of hazardous wastes to both environment and health, several countries
exhorted the need for a global agreement to address the problems and challenges
posed by hazardous waste. Also, in the late 1980s, a tightening of environmental
regulations in industrialized countries led to a dramatic rise in the cost of hazardous
waste disposal. Searching for cheaper ways to get rid of the wastes, "toxic traders"
began shipping hazardous waste to developing countries. International outrage
following these irresponsible activities led to the drafting and adoption of strategic
plans and regulations at the Basel Convention. The Convention secretariat, in
Geneva, Switzerland, facilitates and implementation of the Convention and related
agreements. It also provides assistance and guidelines on legal and technical issues,
gathers statistical data, and conducts training on the proper management of
hazardous waste.

E-Waste Generators
Manufacturers
Manufacturers who have manufacturing facilities and generate production waste, as
well as importers or brand owners of electronic and electrical products. They are a
key stakeholder, especially in the context of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
which is the new paradigm in waste management. The OECD defines EPR as an
environmental policy approach in which a producers responsibility for a product is
extended to the post consumer stage of the products life cycle, including its final

disposal. Producer Responsibility Organisations (PROs) are commonly formed to

assume the collective responsibility of the industry as a whole, to reduce the
complexities for each manufacturer.
Relevant organisations:
- Manufacturers Association of IT (MAIT)
- Consumer Electronics & Television Manufacturers Association (CETMA)
- Telecom Equipment Manufacturers Association of India (TEMA)
- Electronic Industries Association of India (ELCINA)
Users
Corporate users are those who individually generate large quantities of e-waste
annually. Currently, business users either donate their discarded but working
equipment to charitable organizations or auction them as scrap. However, Custom
Bonded goods, especially in the case of IT companies, has to be stored till cleared by
the authorities for disposal as scrap.
Individual household consumers generate small quantities of e-waste every year,
but the total volume is huge given the sheer size of the market. Toxics Link
estimates that Individual households account for 22% of junk computers in India .
Currently, these are exchanged for new appliances, or sold to door-to-door scrap
collectors.
Relevant organisations:
- National Association of Software and Service Companies (NASSCOM)
- Toxics Link
Recyclers
Formal e-waste recyclers are in a nascent stage, with the first ones being
established in Bangalore. Currently, the collection, dismantling and recovery are
done entirely by a well established network in the informal sector. Even though the
sector creates substantial value add, especially by collecting and repairing disused
equipment, some recovery process employed are extremely dangerous.
Relevant organisations:
- E-Parisara, Bangalore
Policy-makers & Legislators
Policy makers, legislators and government authorities drafting and implementing
environmental legislation are important stakeholders at both the national and state
level. The central ministry also has the task of liaising with other ministries, such as
the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology and the Ministry of
Finance to ensure harmonised laws.
Relevant organisations
- Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF)
- Ministry of Finance
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)

E-Waste Statistics
The first comprehensive study to estimate the annual generation of e-waste in India
and answer the questions above is being undertaken up by the National WEEE
Taskforce. So far the preliminary estimates suggest that total WEEE generation in
India is approximately 1,46,000 tonnes per year. The top states in order of highest
contribution to WEEE include Maharastra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttar
Pradesh,West Bengal, Delhi, Karnataka, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Punjab.
Thecity wise ranking of largest WEEE generators is Mumbai, Delhi,Bangalore,
Chennai, Kolkatta, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Pune, Surat andNagpur.
An estimated 30,000 computers become obsolete every year from the ITindustry in
Bangalore alone. The reason - an extremely high obsolescence rate of 30% per year.
Almost 50% of the PC's sold in India are products from the secondarymarket and
are re-assembled on old components. The remaining market share is covered by
multinational manufacturers (30%) and Indian brands (22%) [Source: annual report
2003, MAIT]
Three categories of WEEE account for almost 90% of the generation:
Large Household appliances:42.1%
Information and Communications Technology equipment:33.9%
Consumer Electronics:13.7%

MANAGEMENT OF E-WASTES
It is estimated that 75% of electronic items are stored due to uncertainty of how to
manage it. These electronic junks lie unattended in houses, offices, warehouses etc.
and normally mixed with household wastes, which are finally disposed off at
landfills. This necessitates implementable management measures.
In industries management of e-waste should begin at the point of generation. This
can be done by waste minimization techniques and by sustainable product design.
Waste minimization in industries involves adopting:

inventory management,
production-process modification,
volume reduction,
recovery and reuse.

Inventory management
Proper control over the materials used in the manufacturing process is an important
way to reduce waste generation (Freeman, 1989). By reducing both the quantity of
hazardous materials used in the process and the amount of excess raw materials in
stock, the quantity of waste generated can be reduced. This can be done in two
ways i.e. establishing material-purchase review and control procedures and
inventory tracking system.

Developing review procedures for all material purchased is the first step in
establishing an inventory management program. Procedures should require that all
materials be approved prior to purchase. In the approval process all production
materials are evaluated to examine if they contain hazardous constituents and
whether alternative non-hazardous materials are available.
Another inventory management procedure for waste reduction is to ensure that only
the needed quantity of a material is ordered. This will require the establishment of a
strict inventory tracking system. Purchase procedures must be implemented which
ensure that materials are ordered only on an as-needed basis and that only the
amount needed for a specific period of time is ordered.
Production-process modification
Changes can be made in the production process, which will reduce waste
generation. This reduction can be accomplished by changing the materials used to
make the product or by the more efficient use of input materials in the production
process or both. Potential waste minimization techniques can be broken down into
three categories:
i) Improved operating and maintenance procedures,
ii) Material change and
iii)Process-equipment modification.
Improvements in the operation and maintenance of process equipment can result in
significant waste reduction. This can be accomplished by reviewing current
operational procedures or lack of procedures and examination of the production
process for ways to improve its efficiency. Instituting standard operation procedures
can optimise the use of raw materials in the production process and reduce the
potential for materials to be lost through leaks and spills. A strict maintenance
program, which stresses corrective maintenance, can reduce waste generation
caused by equipment failure. An employee-training program is a key element of any
waste reduction program. Training should include correct operating and handling
procedures, proper equipment use, recommended maintenance and inspection
schedules, correct process control specifications and proper management of waste
materials.
Hazardous materials used in either a product formulation or a production process
may be replaced with a less hazardous or non-hazardous material. This is a very
widely used technique and is applicable to most manufacturing processes.
Implementation of this waste reduction technique may require only some minor
process adjustments or it may require extensive new process equipment. For
example, a circuit board manufacturer can replace solvent-based product with
water-based flux and simultaneously replace solventvapor degreaser with detergent
parts washer.
Installing more efficient process equipment or modifying existing equipment to take
advantage of better production techniques can significantly reduce waste
generation. New or updated equipment can use process materials more efficiently
producing less waste. Additionally such efficiency reduces the number of rejected or

off-specification products, thereby reducing the amount of material which has to be

reworked or disposed of. Modifying existing process equipment can be a very costeffective method of reducing waste generation. In many cases the modification can
just be relatively simple changes in the way the materials are handled within the
process to ensure that they are not wasted. For example, in many electronic
manufacturing operations, which involve coating a product, such as electroplating or
painting, chemicals are used to strip off coating from rejected products so that they
can be recoated. These chemicals, which can include acids, caustics, cyanides etc
are often a hazardous waste and must be properly managed. By reducing the
number of parts that have to be reworked, the quantity of waste can be significantly
reduced.
Volume reduction
Volume reduction includes those techniques that remove the hazardous portion of a
waste from a non-hazardous portion. These techniques are usually to reduce the
volume, and thus the cost of disposing of a waste material. The techniques that can
be used to reduce waste-stream volume can be divided into 2 general categories:
source segregation and waste concentration. Segregation of wastes is in many cases
a simple and economical technique for waste reduction. Wastes containing different
types of metals can be treated separately so that the metal value in the sludge can
be recovered. Concentration of a waste stream may increase the likelihood that the
material can be recycled or reused. Methods include gravity and vacuum filtration,
ultra filtration, reverse osmosis, freeze vaporization etc.
For example, an electronic component manufacturer can use compaction
equipments to reduce volume of waste cathode ray-tube.

Recovery and reuse

This technique could eliminate waste disposal costs, reduce raw material costs and
provide income from a salable waste. Waste can be recovered on-site, or at an offsite recovery facility, or through inter industry exchange. A number of physical and
chemical techniques are available to reclaim a waste material such as reverse
osmosis, electrolysis, condensation, electrolytic recovery, filtration, centrifugation
etc. For example, a printed-circuit board manufacturer can use electrolytic recovery
to reclaim metals from copper and tin-lead plating bath.
However recycling of hazardous products has little environmental benefit if it simply
moves the hazards into secondary products that eventually have to be disposed of.
Unless the goal is to redesign the product to use non hazardous materials, such
recycling is a false solution.
Sustainable product design
Minimization of hazardous wastes should be at product design stage itself keeping in
mind the following factors*

Rethink the product design: Efforts should be made to design a product

with fewer amounts of hazardous materials. For example, the efforts to reduce

material use are reflected in some new computer designs that are flatter,
lighter and more integrated. Other companies propose centralized networks
similar to the telephone system.
Use of renewable materials and energy: Bio-based plastics are plastics
made with plant-based chemicals or plant-produced polymers rather than
from petro chemicals. Bio-based toners, glues and inks are used more
frequently. Solar computers also exist but they are currently very expensive.
Use of non-renewable materials that are safer: Because many of the
materials used are non-renewable, designers could ensure the product is built
for re-use, repair and/or upgradeability. Some computer manufacturers such
as Dell and Gateway lease out their products thereby ensuring they get them
back to further upgrade and lease out again.

MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
Considering the severity of the problem, it is imperative that certain management
options be adopted to handle the bulk e-wastes. Following are some of the
management options suggested for the government, industries and the public.
Responsibilities of the Government
(i) Governments should set up regulatory agencies in each district, which are vested
with the responsibility of co-ordinating and consolidating the regulatory functions of
the various government authorities regarding hazardous substances.
(ii) Governments should be responsible for providing an adequate system of laws,
controls and administrative procedures for hazardous waste management (Third
World Network. 1991). Existing laws concerning e-waste disposal be reviewed and
revamped. A comprehensive law that provides e-waste regulation and management
and proper disposal of hazardous wastes is required. Such a law should empower
the agency to control, supervise and regulate the relevant activities of government
departments.

Under this law, the agency concerned should

o

o
o
o

Collect basic information on the materials from manufacturers,

processors and importers and to maintain an inventory of these
materials. The information should include toxicity and potential harmful
effects.
Identify potentially harmful substances and require the industry to test
them for adverse health and environmental effects.
Control risks from manufacture, processing, distribution, use and
disposal of electronic wastes.
Encourage beneficial reuse of "e-waste" and encouraging business
activities that use waste". Set up programs so as to promote recycling
among citizens and businesses.
Educate e-waste generators on reuse/recycling options

(iii) Governments must encourage research into the development and standard of
hazardous waste management, environmental monitoring and the regulation of
hazardous waste-disposal.
(iv) Governments should enforce strict regulations against dumping e-waste in the
country by outsiders. Where the laws are flouted, stringent penalties must be
imposed. In particular, custodial sentences should be preferred to paltry fines, which
these outsiders / foreign nationals can pay.
(v) Governments should enforce strict regulations and heavy fines levied on
industries, which do not practice waste prevention and recovery in the production
facilities.
(vi) Polluter pays principle and extended producer responsibility should be adopted.
(vii) Governments should encourage and support NGOs and other organizations to
involve actively in solving the nation's e-waste problems.
(viii) Uncontrolled dumping is an unsatisfactory method for disposal of hazardous
waste and should be phased out.
(viii) Governments should explore opportunities to partner with manufacturers and
retailers to provide recycling services.
Responsibility and Role of industries
1. Generators of wastes should take responsibility to determine the output
characteristics of wastes and if hazardous, should provide management
options.
2. All personnel involved in handling e-waste in industries including those at
the policy, management, control and operational levels, should be properly
qualified and trained. Companies can adopt their own policies while handling
e-wastes. Some are given below:

Use label materials to assist in recycling (particularly plastics).

Standardize components for easy disassembly.

Re-evaluate 'cheap products' use, make product cycle 'cheap' and

so that it
has no inherent value that would encourage a recycling
infrastructure.
Create computer components and peripherals of biodegradable
materials.
Utilize technology sharing particularly for manufacturing and de
manufacturing.
Encourage / promote / require green procurement for corporate
buyers.
Look at green packaging options.

3. Companies can and should adopt waste minimization techniques, which will
make a significant reduction in the quantity of e-waste generated and thereby
lessening the impact on the environment. It is a "reverse production" system
that designs infrastructure to recover and reuse every material contained
within e-wastes metals such as lead, copper, aluminum and gold, and various
plastics, glass and wire. Such a "closed loop" manufacturing and recovery
system offers a win-win situation for everyone, less of the Earth will be mined
for raw materials, and groundwater will be protected, researchers explain.
4. Manufacturers, distributors, and retailers should undertake the
responsibility of recycling/disposal of their own products.
5. Manufacturers of computer monitors, television sets and other electronic
devices containing hazardous materials must be responsible for educating
consumers and the general public regarding the potential threat to public
health and the environment posed by their products. At minimum, all
computer monitors, television sets and other electronic devices containing
hazardous materials must be clearly labeled to identify environmental hazards
and proper materials management.

Responsibilities of the Citizen

Waste prevention is perhaps more preferred to any other waste management option
including recycling. Donating electronics for reuse extends the lives of valuable
products and keeps them out of the waste management system for a longer time.
But care should be taken while donating such items i.e. the items should be in
working condition.
Reuse, in addition to being an environmentally preferable alternative, also benefits
society. By donating used electronics, schools, non-profit organizations, and lowerincome families can afford to use equipment that they otherwise could not afford.
E-wastes should never be disposed with garbage and other household wastes. This
should be segregated at the site and sold or donated to various organizations.
While buying electronic products opt for those that:
o

are made with fewer toxic constituents

o
o
o
o
o
o

use recycled content

are energy efficient
are designed for easy upgrading or disassembly
utilize minimal packaging
offer leasing or take back options
have been certified by regulatory authorities. Customers should
opt for upgrading their computers or other electronic items to the
latest versions rather than buying new equipments.

NGOs should adopt a participatory approach in management of e-wastes.

E-Waste Legislation
BASEL CONVENTION
The fundamental aims of the Basel Convention are the control and reduction of
transboundary movements of hazardous and other wastes including the prevention
and minimization of their generation, the environmentally sound management of
such wastes and the active promotion of the transfer and use of technologies.
A Draft Strategic Plan has been proposed for the implementation of the Basel
Convention. The Draft Strategic Plan takes into account existing regional plans,
programmes or strategies, the decisions of the Conference of the Parties and its
subsidiary bodies, ongoing project activities and process of international
environmental governance and sustainable development. The Draft requires action
at all levels of society: training, information, communication, methodological tools,
capacity building with financial support, transfer of know-how, knowledge and
sound, proven cleaner technologies and processes to assist in the concrete

implementation of the Basel Declaration. It also calls for the effective involvement
and coordination by all concerned stakeholders as essential for achieving the aims
of the Basel Declaration within the approach of common but differentiated
responsibility.
Table I: Effects of E-Waste constituent on health
Source of eConstituent
wastes
Solder in printed
circuit boards,
glass panels and
Lead (PB)
gaskets in
computer
monitors
Chip resistors
and
semiconductors

Cadmium
(CD)

Health effects

Damage to central and peripheral

nervous systems, blood systems and
kidney damage.

Affects brain development of children.

Toxic irreversible effects on human

health.
Accumulates in kidney and liver.
Causes neural damage.

Relays and
switches, printed Mercury (Hg)
circuit boards
Corrosion
protection of
untreated and
Hexavalent
galvanized steel chromium
plates, decorator (Cr) VI
or hardner for
steel housings

Teratogenic.
Chronic damage to the brain.

Respiratory and skin disorders due to

bioaccumulation in fishes.

Asthmatic bronchitis.

DNA damage.

Burning produces dioxin. It causes

Cabling and
computer
housing

Plastics
including PVC

Plastic housing of Brominated

electronic
flame
equipments and retardants
circuit boards.
(BFR)

Reproductive and developmental

problems;
Immune system damage;

Interfere with regulatory hormones

Disrupts endocrine system functions

Short term exposure causes:

Front panel of
CRTs
Motherboard

Barium (Ba)

Beryllium
(Be)

Muscle weakness;

Damage to heart, liver and spleen.

Carcinogenic (lung cancer)
Inhalation of fumes and dust. Causes

chronic beryllium disease or

beryllicosis.

Skin diseases such as warts.

A set. of interrelated and mutually supportive strategies are proposed to support the
concrete implementation of the activities as indicated in the website
(www.basel.int/DraftstrateKJcpian4Seot.pdf) is described below:
1. To involve experts in designing communication tools for creating awareness at
the highest level to promote the aims of the Basel Declaration on
environmentally sound management and the ratification and implementation
of the Basel Convention, its amendments and protocol with the emphasis on
the short-term activities.
2. To engage and stimulate a group of interested parties to assist the secretariat
in exploring fund raising strategies including the preparation of projects and in
making full use of expertise in non-governmental organizations and other
institutions in joint projects.
3. To motivate selective partners among various stakeholders to bring added
value to making progress in the short-term.
4. To disseminate and make information easily accessible through the internet
and other electronic and printed materials on the transfer of know-how, in
particular through Basel Convention Regional Centers (BCRCs).
5. To undertake periodic review of activities in relation to the agreed indicators;
6. To collaborate with existing institutions and programmes to promote better
use of cleaner technology and its transfer, methodology, economic
instruments or policy to facilitate or support capacity-building for the
environmentally sound management of hazardous and other wastes.
The Basel Convention brought about a respite to the transboundary movement of
hazardous waste. India and other countries have ratified the convention. However
United States (US) is not a party to the ban and is responsible for disposing
hazardous waste, such as, e-waste to Asian countries even today. Developed
countries such as US should enforce stricter legislations in their own country for the
prevention of this horrifying act.
In the European Union where the annual quantity of electronic waste is likely to
double in the next 12 years, the European Parliament recently passed legislation
that will require manufacturers to take back their electronic products when
consumers discard them. This is called Extended Producer Responsibility. It also
mandates a timetable for phasing out most toxic substances in electronic products.

Indian City Initiatives

Bangalore
Bangalore, the undoubted center of the IT industry in India, was the first city in India
to have sent a WEEE wake-up call. Two workshops aptly titled 'WEEE Care!' hosted
by the Goethe Institute in collaboration with the KSPCB and the Indo-German-Swiss
eWaste Initiative brought the issue to the fore and forced all stakeholders to
collaborate to find solutions to a looming problem.

Subsequently the E-Waste Agency (EWA) was founded in 2005, a think tank to
devise strategies for an improved e-waste management in Bangalore. At the same
time formal as well as informal e-waste recyclers were supported with training to
gain an authorized status, thus be allowed to recycle e-waste.
Presently large consumers and producers such as IT companies have started to work
on a code of conduct regarding e-waste management, which will be used to operate
a Clean eWaste Channel in the Electronics City.
To know more about the latest developments on WEEE in Bangalore, go
to Bangalore Workgroup Homepage on WEEE Workweb India.
Mumbai
Mumbai, the financial nerve-centre of India, is also India's largest port city. The
Mumbai -Pune industrial belt is also one of the manufacturing hubs of the country.
As a result, Mumbai is not only the port of import for new and used electronics, it is
also home to a large user and manufacturer base, both generating large volumes of
e-waste.
To know more about the latest developments on WEEE in Mumbai go to Mumbai
Workgroup Homepage on WEEE Workweb India.