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MCB 3103 VIBRATION LAB REPORT
SEMESTER MAY 2015
____________________________________________________________
Name
ARIAN AYATI
ID No
17059
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
17605
17655
17526
17394
17650
ABSTRACT
In this experiment, there are two types of vibration system being done which are
undamped free vibration and damped free vibration. Free vibration system meaning that after
an initial force or disturbance, the system was left to vibrate on its own and no external force
was subjected on the system. If no energy is lost or dissipated in friction or other resistance
during oscillation, the vibration is known as undamped vibration. If any energy is lost in this
way, however, it is called damped vibration. In many physical systems, the amount of
damping is so small that it can be disregarded for most engineering purpose. However,
consideration of damping becomes extremely important in analyzing vibratory systems near
resonance.
The system set up for this experiment is the basic cantilever beam with a spring is
attached on the top of the beam. For undamped free vibration system, the lengths of the lever
arm, a for hanging the spring of the cantilever beam were set differently for total of 5 times
with 3 different stiffness of the spring. The different in length and spring stiffness could result
in different behaviour of the vibration system so that the experimental value of natural
frequency obtained was different for each set of test to be compared with the theoretical
natural frequency calculated.
Meanwhile, for damped free vibration system the spring stiffness and lever arm length
for spring, a was set constant but the lever arm length for damper, b was set differently with
3 different lengths. With damper attached on the system, the energy of the system will be lost
during the oscillation and it may behave differently when the damper length is different.
Therefore, the damped frequency for the 3 tests of damped free vibration system could be
analyzed and thus, it might help to illustrate the effect of damping on the system. For the
design engineer, it is very crucial for them to consider the mechanical vibration of a structure
to avoid from any catastrophic failures. This would happen if the structure is excited at its
resonance frequency; the damping is low and excessive of vibrations.
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this experiment was to:
Compare the theoretical natural frequency for various constants and lever arms with
Figure 1: The relation for the frequency of spring mass system in vertical position
Consider vertical spring mass system as shown,
Let
dx
m dt
dx
m dt
dx
m dt
From (A)
mg = K
= W-K(+x)
= W-K-Kx
= mg-K-Kx
dx
m dt
= -Kx
dx
m dt
Kx=0(B)
x= A sin t + B cos t
dx
dt
=- x
Putting in (B)
m ( 2 x ) + Kx=0
2 =
f=
K
m
K
m
1
2
K
M
For this experiment, setting up the equation of motion involves forming the equilibrium of the
moments about the pivot point O of the beam
M 0=J 0 =F c a
Fc
Fc =cx=c a
The mass moment of inertia of the beam about the pivot point is
J 0=
mL
3
This gives the equation of motion in the form of the following homogeneous differential equation
3 c a3
=0
m L2
The solution obtained takes the form of harmonic oscillation with natural angular frequency and
natural frequency f .
02 =
3 c a3
1
3 c a3
,
f
=
2
2
2
mL
mL
The period is
T =2
m L2
2
3 ca
It becomes apparent that the period natural frequency can easily be adjusted by way of lever arm
a of the spring.
Fd
M 0=J 0 =Fc aF d b
The damper
Fd
dx
dt
angles, the velocity can be formed from the angular velocity and lever arm b.
Fd =d=d b
This gives the equation of motion in the form of the following homogeneous differential
equation
d 2 d b2 d c a2
+
+
=0
d2 t 2 J 0 dt J 0
d b2
c a2
, 02 =
2 J 0 0
J0
The solution takes the form of decaying harmonic oscillation with the initial deflection
y ( t )=
0
y 0 eD t sin ( d t+ )
d
0
With frequency
d=0 1D2
It becomes apparent that no further oscillation is possible with D>1. The natural angular
frequency d approaches zero.
PROCEDURE
A. FREE AND UNDAMPED OSCILLATION
1. The following combination are tested
Table 1: Data Tabulation of Free and Undamped Oscillation
Experiment
Spring No,
Lever arm a (mm)
constant c (N/mm)
1
1, 0.84
680
2
1, 0.84
580
3
2, 1.44
580
4
2, 1.44
530
y0
3, 3.09
530
2. Spring as per table were fitted and were secured with lock nuts
3. Beam is horizontally aligned.
Weight of the beam, m = 1.68 kg
Length of the beam, L = 700mm
4. Stylus and start record are inserted
5. Recorder stopped
6. Experiment was repeated with other springs and lever arms.
700
700
700
730
730
1.68
1.68
1.68
1.68
1.68
650
500
500
300
300
Spring Constant, c
(N/mm)
0.84
0.84
1.44
1.44
3.09
RESULTS
Table 4: Data for Free & Damped Oscillation Analysis
Spring Constant, c = 0.84 N/mm
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Experiment
1
2
3
4
5
Percentage of
Error (%)
12.58
13.64
13.19
50.60
2.88
1 3 c a2
2 m L2
2
1 3 ( 840 )( 0.65 )
=
=5.72 Hz
2 (1.68 ) [ ( 0.70 )2]
f 0=
1
T
1
=5 Hz
0.2
Percentage of Error:
Percentage error ( ) =
Percentage of error ( ) =
TheoreticalExperimental
Theoretical
5.725.00
100=12.58
5.72
Experimental
Theoretical
Damped
Damped
d
Frequency,
25.13
25.13
25.13
d
Frequency,
34.49
34.48
34.37
Percentage of
Error (%)
27.14
27.12
26.88
EXPERIMENTAL
Logarithmic Decrement:
=ln
x1
x2
1.70
= 0.030
1.65
=ln
Damping Ratio:
=
( 2 )2+ 2
0.030
=0.0048
( 2 )2+ 0.0302
Natural Frequency:
n=
2
T
n=
2
=25.13 rad /s
0.25
ii.
THEORETICAL
m L2
3
J o=
( 1.68)( 0.73)2
=0.298424 kg .m2
3
o=
c a2
Jo
(840)(0.65)2
=34.49rad /s
0.298424
Degree of Damping:
2
D=
db
2 J o o
D=
(8.44)(0.10)2
=0.0041 rad /s
2(0.298424)(34.49)
iii.
PERCENTAGE OF ERROR
Percentage error ( ) =
TheoreticalExperimental
Theoretical
Percentage error ( ) =
34.4925.13
100=27.14 07
34.49
DISCUSSION
A. FREE AND UNDAMPED
In this experiment there were three types of springs that had been tested and no
damper had been used. All the springs have different spring coefficient and labelled as spring
1, 2 and 3. So, there were 5 tests that had been carried out by us in order to investigate
undamped phenomena. This means that the load on spring decreases when the distance
between spring and fixed mount increase or became longer. As a matter of fact, it also can be
1 3 c a2
=
known from the formula of natural frequency,
2 m L2
Apart from that, in the calculation there was a percentage different between the
theoretical calculated values on natural frequency and experimental values. Here we can
conclude that our result of experiment had effected by some disturbance. As the instruments
being so sensitive with the vibration, the wind factor in the lab might be the one of the
disturbance. The little amount of the wind can affect the result. Moreover, the springs also not
in good condition due to overuse and this affect its constant so the result will be not so
accurate. The beam also might not place horizontally completely so that the spring will not
completely in vertical state. This will causes the imbalance condition and then effect the
oscillation of the cantilever beam.
B. FREE AND DAMPED
In this experiment, the same springs and the damper had been used. So, the spring
coefficient was same in each experiment and the numbers of experiments were 3 in total.
Here, the position of damper on the lever arm was being manipulated. Then, the varieties in
position of damper on the lever arm affected the frequency of the oscillations. If the viscous
damper placed further from the fixed mount, then the period of oscillation will be shorter as
the result the less frequency happened. As the length of lever arm increases, the degree of
damping also increases.
The graph showed the behaviour of free vibration with viscous damper in cantilever
beam. From the graph, it shown that the shorter the length of lever arm the longer the period
for the system to reach stability state.. It can be concluded that the rate of losing or absorbing
energy is higher when the distance between viscous damper and fixed mount is farther.
There were a few errors in this experiment. One of them is human error. The force
from student on the lever arm during experiments is not same in every experiment. So, this
affected the result. Also, the mass of viscous damper affect the oscillations. Moreover, the
wind factor also disturbs the experiment and affects the result. And the last, the external
vibration nearer to the experiment affect the result too.
CONCLUSION
In the theory for the free and undamped oscillation, the natural frequency is higher
when the distance between spring and fixed mount is longer. It means that the load on spring
decrease when the distance between spring and fixed mount increase or became longer. In
another way, when the lever arm length increases, the natural frequency also increases while
the spring constant is fixed. As for free and damped oscillation, the longer the lever arm
length, the shorter the period of oscillation occurred and the degree of damping as well as the
result of smaller in frequency. Also, in free and damped oscillation, the longer the distance of
the viscous damper on lever arm, the lower the effect of damping on the decay behaviour.
In a nutshell, the objectives of the experiment were completely achieved. The
theoretical natural frequencies of various constants are compared to experimentally obtained
values of damped and undamped free vibrations. Also, the effect of damping on the decay
behaviour of the vibration is shown through the aid of graphs and calculations.