STUDY OF NOISE GENERATED BY SINGLE CYLINDER TWO

STROKE PETROL ENGINE

A Thesis
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
Degree of

MASTER OF ENGINEERING
in
CAD/CAM AND ROBOTICS
Submitted By
SONAL ZAKHMI
80781024

Under Guidance of
Mr. PARAS KUMAR
Lecturer, MED.
Thapar University, Patiala

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

THAPAR UNIVERSITY PATIALA-147004
JULY, 2009

ABSTRACT
In our modern world, rapidly expanding environment one of the developing
problems is that of Noise. The purpose of this report is to the study the harmful
effects of noise on human beings. In India, the transportation sector is growing rapidly
and number of vehicles on Indian roads is increasing at very fast rate. This has lead to
overcrowded roads and noise pollution. Engine noise is one of the major source of
noise in vehicles.
So, it is necessary to study noise generated by two stroke petrol engine at
different speeds and loads. First the sound pressure level is measure in dB(A) near the
engine at four different locations at distance of 0.5m from centre of each side of an
engine to find out that location where sound pressure level is maximum. Sound power
is calculated using rectangular parallelepiped at different speeds and loads.
Vibration analysis has been carried out to measure acceleration and velocity at
that location where sound pressure level is maximum. Frequency spectrum analysis is
done to measure sound pressure level in 1-1 octave band.
The study of noise generated by two stroke petrol engine is carried out with or
without mufflers to check the effectiveness of the muffler. There are three different
types of mufflers used in this study out of which two are reflective type of muffler and
one is hybrid type of muffler. It is found that the best muffler is of hybrid type.

NOMENCLATURE

SYMBOLS

DESCRIPTION

TTS

Temporary threshold shift

PTS

Permanent threshold shift

Hz

Hertz

Frequency of upper limit

Frequency of lower limit

upper
lower

centre

Centre frequency

Pa

Pascal

SPL

Sound pressure level

dB

Decibel

Leq

Equivalent continuous sound level

L10

10 percentile exceeded sound level

L90

90 percentile exceeded sound level

L50

Median value of sound level

Lw

Acoustic power in dB(A) (ref. 10-12 W)

Lp

Average sound pressure level in dB(A)

Le

Sound pressure level at Exhaust in dB(A)

Lap

Sound pressure level at Point A in dB(A)

Lbp

Sound pressure level at Point B in dB(A)

Lcp

Sound pressure level at Point C in dB(A)

Ldp

Sound pressure level at Point D in dB(A)

Hypothetical surface area

So

Reference area

Length in m

Breadth in m

Height in m

ii

CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ii

ABSTRACT

iii

NOMENCLATURE

iv

TABLE OF CONTENT

LIST OF FIGURES

viii

LIST OF TABLES

APPENDIX

113

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1

INTRODUCTION TO NOISE

1.2

SOUND SOURCES

1.2.1

Point source

1.2.2

Line source

1.3

1.4

1.2.3 Plane source

PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF SOUND

1.3.1

Sound power

1.3.2

Sound intensity

1.3.3 Sound pressure level

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND

1.4.1

Background Noise

1.4.2

Loudness

1.4.3

Weighting Curves

1.4.4

Frequency Analyzer

1.4.5 Equivalent Continuous Sound Level (L )

HARMFUL EFFECTS OF NOISE ON HUMAN

eq

1.5

BEINGS
1.6

USEFUL APPLICATIONS OF NOISE

1.7

NOISE MEASURING INSTRUMENT

1.7.1

Elements of sound level meter

1.7.2

Steps for Measurement of Noise

10
v

1.8

MEASUREMENT OF SOUND POWER

10

CHAPTER 2 S.I. ENGINE NOISE AND MUFFLERS

2.1

INTRODUCTION TO ENGINE NOISE

13

2.2

ENGINE NOISE

13

2.2.1

Combustion Noise

14

2.2.2

Mechanical Noise

14

2.2.3

Piston Slap Noise

15

2.2.4

Bearing Noise

16

2.3

2.2.5 Spark knock

17

2.2.6

17

Exhaust Noise

RELATION BETWEEN NOISE, ENGINE DESIGN

18

AND PARAMETERS

2.4

2.3.1 Engine Speed

18

2.3.2

18

Engine Size

2.3.3 Engine Load

19

MUFFLERS

19

2.4.1

Requirements of an Engine Exhaust Muffler

19

2.4.2

Types of Mufflers

20

CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW

24

CHAPTER 4 EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP AND MEASUREMENTS

4.1

EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP

36

4.2

MEASUREMENTS

37

4.2.1

Measurement of Sound Power

37

4.2.2

Measurement of SPL at different locations

38

near Engine
4.2.3

Measurement of Vibration analysis

39

4.2.4

Measurement of SPL for Frequency Spectrum

40

in 1-1 Octave band

vi

CHAPTER 5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

5.1

ANALYSIS FOR ACOUSTIC POWER

41

5.2

ANALYSIS FOR SPL AT DIFFERENT LOCATIONS

48

NEAR ENGINE
5.3

ANALYSIS FOR VIBRATION

83

5.4

ANALYSIS FOR FREQUENCY SPECTRUM

96

5.5

RESULTS

105

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK

6.1

CONCLUSION

109

6.2

SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK

109

REFERENCES

110

APPENDIX-A

113

APPENDIX-B

141

APPENDIX-C

151

APPENDIX-D

153

APPENDIX-E

155

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

CONTENTS

PAGE NO.

Fig. 1.1

Calculation of SPL

Fig. 1.2

Subtraction of background noise in dB

Fig. 1.3

Equal loudness curve

Fig. 1.4

Weighting curves

Fig. 1.5

Graphical representation of microphones position

11

on an imaginary hemispherical surface surrounding

a source.
Fig. 1.6

Array of microphones position on an imaginary

11

parallelepiped surface surrounding a source.

Fig. 2.1

Reflective Muffler

20

Fig. 2.2

Absorptive Muffler

20

Fig. 2.3

Hybrid muffler in closed condition

21

Fig. 2.4

Hybrid muffler in cut condition

21

Fig. 2.5

Reflective Muffler in closed condition

22

Fig. 2.6

Reflective Muffler in cut condition

22

Fig. 2.7

Reflective Muffler in closed condition

23

Fig. 2.8

Reflective Muffler in cut condition

23

Fig. 4.1

S.I Engine

36

Fig. 4.2

Showing 17 Grid points

38

Fig. 4.3

Location of points A, B, C and D

38

Fig. 4.4

Location of Exhaust E

39

Fig. 4.5

Vibration Measuring Instrument

39

Fig. 4.6

Sound Level Meter

40

Fig. 5.1-5.7

Acoustic Power Vs Engine speed

42

Fig. 5.8-5.11

Acoustic Power Vs Load

46

Fig. 5.12-5.18

SPL at Exhaust Vs Engine speed

49

Fig. 5.19-5.22

SPL at Exhaust Vs Load

53
viii

Fig. 5.23-5.29

SPL at location A Vs Engine speed

56

Fig. 5.30-5.33

SPL at location A Vs Load

60

Fig. 5.34-5.40

SPL at location B Vs Engine speed

63

Fig. 5.41-5.44

SPL at location B Vs Load

67

Fig. 5.45-5.51

SPL at location C Vs Engine speed

70

Fig. 5.30-5.55

SPL at location C Vs Load

74

Fig. 5.56-5.62

SPL at location D Vs Engine speed

77

Fig. 5.63-5.66

SPL at location D Vs Load

81

Fig. 5.67-5.77

Acceleration Vs Frequency

84

Fig. 5.78-5.88

Velocity Vs Frequency

90

Fig. 5.89-5.104

SPL Vs Frequency

97

ix

LIST OF TABLES

CONTENTS

PAGE NO.

Table 1.1

Environmental conditions at different SPL

Table 4.1

Specifications of S.I. Engine

37

Appendix-A Tables of Acoustic Power

113-140

Appendix-B

Tables of Sound Pressure Level at Engine points

141-150

Appendix-C

Tables of Acceleration, Velocity and Displacement

151-152

Appendix-D

Tables of Frequency Spectrum

153-154

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUTION
This chapter discusses the basic details and concepts of related topics on noise
associated with the thesis work.

1.1

Introduction to Noise
In our modern world, rapidly expanding environment one of the developing

problems is that of noise. Apart from the pure annoyance factor of noise, exposure to
an intense sound field over a long period of time presents the risk of permanent
damage of hearing. This particular problem is becoming a source of serious concern
to industrial corporations, trade unions and companies.
The object of this part is to discuss the concept of noise, problems of noise and its
effect on man and environment both as annoyance and as a danger to health.
The major sources of noise are:
1. Industrial noise
2. Traffic noise
3. Community noise
Out of above three parameters, the source that affects the most is Traffic noise. In
traffic noise, almost 70% of noise is contributing by vehicle noise. Vehicle noise,
mainly, arises from two parameters i.e. Engine noise and Tire noise. The major
concern is to study the engine noise completely that from where the noise is coming
and analyze an engine for different speeds and loads. Loads vary from 0 to 6 kg and
speed varies from 1100 to 2300 rpm.
Noise: Noise is conveniently and concisely defined as unwanted sound.
Sound: Sound waves are pressure variations produced as a result of mechanical
disturbance in a material medium.
Decibel: Decibel is the logarithm of a ratio of two quantities and therefore has no
2

units. Decibel is defined by expression as 10 log (P/P )

10

P is the sound pressure amplitude of the measured sound

P is a reference pressure, 20Pa.
0

Table 1.1 Environmental conditions at different SPL

Sound Pressure

Sound Pressure Level

Environmental

(dB)

Conditions

10

134 dB

Threshold of pain

10

114 dB

Loud automobile horn

(N/m )
2

(distance 1m)
1

94 dB

Inside subway train

10-1

74 dB

Average traffic on street

corner

-2

10

54 dB

Living room, Typical

business office

-3

10

34 dB

Library

10-4

14 dB

Broadcasting studio

2*10-5

0 dB

Threshold of hearing

1.2

Sound Sources
A distinction is made between three different types of sound sources:

1. Point source
2. Line source
3. Plane source
1.2.1 Point source: A sound source can be considered as a point source, if its
dimensions are small in relation to the distance to the receiver and it radiates an equal
amount of energy in all directions. Typical point sources are industrial plants, aircraft

and individual road vehicles. The sound pressure level decreases 6 dB whenever the
distance to a point source is doubled.
1.2.2 Line source: A line source may be continuous radiation, such as from a pipe
carrying a turbulent fluid, or may be composed of a large number of point sources so
closely spaced that their emission may be considered as emanating from a national
line connecting them. The sound pressure level decreases 3 dB, whenever the distance
to a line source is doubled.
1.2.3 Plane source: A plane source can be described as follows. If a piston source
is constrained by hard walls to radiate all its power into an elemental tube to produce
a plane wave, the tube will contain a quantity of energy numerically equal to the
power output of the source. In the ideal situation there will be no attenuation along the
tube. Plane sources are very rare and only found in e.g. duct systems.
When two sources radiate sound energy, they will both contribute to the sound
pressure level a distance away from the sources. If they radiate the same amount of
energy and the distance from the point of measurement to the sources is the same, the
level will increase by 3 dB compared with the level created by one source alone.

1.3

Physical Property of Sound

1.3.1 Sound power: When sound is produced, a transfer of energy from the source
to the surrounding air molecules takes place. The rate of energy transfer is called
Sound Power. The unit of Sound Power is W (Watt).
-9

-9

The audible range of sound power extends from 10 W to more than 1000 W. 10 W
is the lowest level which can be heard by a listener close to the source, and 1000 W
will create immediate hearing damage. Lower levels can also create hearing damage,
if the listener is exposed for a long period of time.
1.3.2 Sound intensity: When a source produces sound power (P) it will create a
certain Sound intensity (I) at a distance away from the source. The intensity is a
measure for the amount of power through a certain area at this distance.

None of these units can be measured directly. Their values can, however, be
calculated after measurement of the sound pressure level, knowing the area over
which measurements are being made.
The relationship between Sound Pressure (p), Intensity (I) and Sound Power (P) can
be written as
2

p I P.

(1.1)

1.3.3 Sound pressure level: Decibel (dB) is logarithmic ratio which defines the
sound pressure level Lp as follows:
L p = 20 log 10 P / P0

(1.2)

P is the sound pressure measured

P is the reference sound pressure i.e. 20
o

Pa (the threshold of hearing).

This logarithmic scale has several advantages over a linear scale. The most important
advantages are:
1. A linear scale would lead to the use of some enormous and unwieldy numbers.
2. The ear responds not linearly, but logarithmically to stimulus.

Fig. 1.1 Calculation of SPL

1.4

Characteristics of sound

1.4.1 Background Noise

When sound measurement for a machine is carried out, it is important that the
background noise level is so low, that it does not have any influence on the result.
This can be tested in the following manner. Measure the sound at the position where it
should be measured with the source (machine) running. Switch off the machine and
measure the sound level without the machine running.
If the difference is less then 3 dB measurements should be stopped until the
background noise has been reduced. If the difference is between 3 and 10 dB use the
curve to correct the measured value. If the difference is more than 10 dB, the
background noise may be ignored.

Fig. 1.2 Subtraction of background noise in dB

This is the curve for reducing the background noise. In this example, measurement
without machine ON is 53 dB and with machine ON is 60 dB. So there is a difference
of 7 dB and then from background noise curve, 1 dB of correction value is taken to
get a corrected value. So the corrected sound pressure level is 59 dB.
1.4.2 Loudness
Loudness is a subjectively perceived attribute of sound which enables a
listener to order its magnitude on scale from soft to loud. It is defined as subjective
intensity of sound. Based on these curves of equal loudness, the phon scale was

logically conceived as a measure of loudness level. The loudness level of a sound in

-5

phons is the sound pressure level in dB is 2x10 N/m of a pure tone.

Non linear response of the ear:
a). 1000 Hz tone of 40dB (40 phon) is of same loudness as
63 Hz tone of 58dB
or
4000 Hz tone of 31dB
b). Increase in loudness for a corresponding increase in sound level depends upon
frequency and on level also.

Fig. 1.3 Equal loudness contours

1.4.3 Weighting Curves
The non-linear response of the ear has lead to the introduction of weighting
filters, making it possible to carry out measurements, which correlate well with the
response of the ear. The most commonly used of these curves is the A-weighting
curve, because it gives the best correlation between the measured values and the
annoyance and harmfulness of the sound signal. It follows approximately the 40
phons curve in Fig. 5. The B-weighting and C-weighting curve follow more or less
than 70 phons and the 100 phons curves. The D-weighting curve follows a contour of
perceived noisiness, and is used for aircraft noise measurement. Weighting filters can
easily be built into portable Sound Level Meters, and the sound level measured is then
6

given in dBA in case where an A-weighting filter has been used etc. Some sound level
meters also have octave filters built in, or provision for connection of external filters.

Fig. 1.4 Weighting Curves

1.4.4 Frequency Analyzer
All non-sinusoidal signals are composed of two or more sinusoidal signals.
The non-sinusoidal signal can be represented in either the time domain as a function
of time or in the frequency domain, where the individual frequency components are
represented on a frequency scale. A noise signal will contain signals of all
frequencies, or at least a broad spectrum of frequencies.
When a sound signal is investigated it is often desirable to investigate a limited part of
the frequency spectrum. This can be done with the aid of a filter which will allow
passage of only that part of the spectrum which lies inside the bandwidth (f) of the
filter. A practical filter however will not have such a steep cut-off and the usual filter
characteristic is together with the characteristic for an ideal filter.
The bandwidth (f) of the filter can be defined as the frequency range between the
points, where the filter characteristic shows a reduction of 3dB, or the frequency
range of an ideal filter, which would allow the same amount of power of a signal
containing all frequencies to pass. The difference between the bandwidth found using
these two definitions is for most filters very small.

It is common to classify a filter according to its bandwidth, and there are two classes
of filters which may be encountered i.e. constant bandwidth filters and filters with a
constant percentage bandwidth.
The constant bandwidth filters have, as the name indicates, a constant bandwidth
filters have a constant ratio between bandwidth and center frequency. A special type
of constant percentage bandwidth filters is the octave filters, where the upper limiting
frequency is twice the lower limiting frequency f = 2 f .
2

1.4.5 Equivalent Continuous Sound Level (L )

eq

eq

is the A-weighted energy mean of the noise level averaged over the

measurement period. It can be considered as the continuous noise which would have
the same total A-weighted acoustic energy as the real fluctuating noise measured over
the same period of time and is defined as

1 T p (t ) 2
Leq = 10 log10 A dt
T 0 p0

(1.3)

where T is the total measurement time,

p (t) is the A-weighted instantaneous acoustic pressure
A

P is the reference acoustic pressure of 20 Pa.

o

1.5

Harmful effects of noise on human beings

The following are the various harmful effects of noise on human beings:
1. Reduces work efficiency.
2. Affects the speech communication.
3. May cause temporary threshold shift (TTS) / permanent threshold shift (PTS).
4. Induces loss of hearing ability.
5. Causes psychological strain and mental fatigue.
6. May damage the heart.
7. Increases the cholesterol level in the blood.
8. Dilates the blood vessels of the brain.
9. Upsets the chemical balance of the body.
8

10. Causes headache, nausea and general feeling of uneasiness.

11. Induces errors in motor performance.
12. Induces psychosis and acute mental agony.

1.6

Useful Applications of Noise

Noise is not only has harmful affects but sometimes it is very useful. Some of

the examples when noise is useful:

1.6.1 Study of heart beats: Noise produced by the heart beats is very useful to
diagnose the persons health accordingly.
1.6.2 Masking effects: Sometimes, it is necessary that nobody should hear the
conversation between the two persons. For this, masking effect is used. For e.g., in the
doctors chamber, doctor wants that nobody should hear his conversation with the
patient so Dr. uses masking effect by putting a more noisy exhaust fan which make
noise outside the room.

1.7

Noise Measuring Instrument

Noise measuring devices typically use a sensor to receive the noise signals

emanating from a source. The sensor, however, not only detects the noise from the
source, but also any ambient background noise. Thus, measuring the value of the
detected noise is inaccurate, as it includes the ambient background noise. There are so
many different types of instrument available to measure sound levels and the most
widely used are sound level meters.
1.7.1 Elements of sound level meter
1.7.1.1 Microphone: Most measurement microphones generate a voltage that is
proportional to the sound pressure at the microphone and is the electrical analog of
sound waves impinging on the microphones diaphragm. The particular mechanism
that converts the pressure variation into sound waves signal. Different types of
microphones are:
a. Capacitor (Condenser) Microphone
b. Pre-polarized Microphone
9

c. Piezoelectric Microphone
1.7.1.2 Amplifier: It amplifies the signal from microphone sufficiently to permit
measurement of low SPL. It amplifies sound over a wide frequency range. It
maintains the amplification constant.
1.7.1.3 Rectifier: It rectifies the signal from analog signal to digital signal.
1.7.1.4 Smoothing circuit
1.7.1.5 Meter
1.7.2 Steps for Measurement of Noise
(a) Calibration: Check the sensitivity (calibration) of the measuring
instrument before and after each measurement.
(b) Measure the Acoustical Noise Level
1. Correction for back ground noise.
2. Correction for reflection of nearby surfaces.
3. Correction for ambient pressure.
(c) Out Door Measurement use of Windscreen
1. Wind effects can be minimized to protect microphone.
2. Wind generated noise can be reduced by fitting a wind screen.
3. Wind screen is a porous ball of open-cell plastic foam or some other
porous material placed over the microphone.

1.8

Measurement of Sound Power

1.8.1 Sound power level measurement with sound pressure level: The sound
power level of noise sources can be measure with the help of sound

pressure

level with following steps:-

1. Surround the source with hypothetical surface of area S (either a hemisphere

or a rectangular parallelepiped).
2. Calculate the area of this hypothetical surface if it is hemisphere, S is given by
2r where r is radius of the hemisphere.
3. If it is rectangular, S is given by ab+2(ac + bc), where a, b, c are its length,
width and height.
4. Measure the sound pressure level at designated point on the hypothetical
surface.

10

5. Obtainn the averagge Lp of sounnd pressure level measurred in the steep 4.

6. Finallly calculate the
t sound poower level frrom the folloowing equatiion.
Lw = L p + 10 log 10 (S / S 0 )

(1.44)

wheree So is reference area, 1m

m2
S is hyypothetical surface
s
area

Fig.1.5 Graphical rep

presentation
n of micro phones
p
position on an imaginary
i
heemisphericaal surface su
urrounding a source.

ns on an im
maginary paarallelepipeed
Fig.1..6 Array off microphoone position
surface surrounding a source whoose sound poower is to be measured
d

1.8.2 Additional aspect of measurement correspond to the steps in the above

procedure
1. For the small sources whose largest dimension is significantly less than one
meter. It is usually more convenient to use hemisphere than rectangular
parallelepiped as a hypothetical measurement surface for large rectangular
sources the rectangular parallelepiped surface is usually preferred.
2. The radius of hypothetical hemisphere should be equal to or greater than twice
the major source dimension and not less than 1m for the rectangular
parallelepiped, the measurement distance d , the perpendicular distance
between the source and the measurement surface has a preferred value of 1m.
3. For hemisphere the designated point of the microphone locations are shown in
figure 5. The corresponding point for the rectangular parallelepiped is shown
in figure 6. The sound pressure level at designated point is measured with Aweighting or in one-one octave or in one-third octave bands.
4. The average sound pressure level over the measurement surface, Lp is
calculated from the measured sound pressure level Lpi, after correction for
background noise.

12

CHAPTER 2
S.I ENGINE NOISE AND MUFFLERS

2.1

Introduction of S.I Engine

Spark ignition engines (S.I Engine) are those types of engines in which

combustion of fuel takes place inside the engine cylinder. In S.I engine, the fuel is
ignited by the spark produced by spark plug. Since the combustion of fuel takes place
inside the engine cylinder, so these engines are very noisy. S.I engine is also known as
petrol engine. According to the number of strokes per cycle, it is divided into two
types:
1. Two stroke engines
2. Four stroke engines
In a two stroke engine, the working cycle is completed in two strokes of piston or one
revolution of the crankshaft. This is achieved by carrying out the suction and
compression processes in one stroke (or more precisely in inward stroke), expansion
and exhaust processes in second stroke (or more precisely in outward stroke).
In four stroke engine, the working cycle is completed in four strokes of the piston or
two revolutions of crankshaft. This is achieved by carrying out suction, compression,
expansion and exhaust processes in each stroke. It will be interesting that from
thermodynamics point of view, there is no difference between two-stroke and fourstroke engines. The difference is purely mechanical.

2.2

Engine Noise
An engine is a mechanical device that produces some form of output from a

given input. An engine whose purpose is to produce kinetic energy output from a fuel
source is called a prime mover, alternatively, a motor is a device which produces
kinetic energy from a preprocessed "fuel" (such as electricity, a flow of hydraulic
fluid or compressed air). The various factors that contribute to the noise in engine are:

13

2.2.1 Combustion Noise

Combustion noise is produced because of unsteady combustion of fluid and is
of two types: turbulent combustion noise and periodic combustion oscillation. The
turbulent combustion noise or combustion roar has no specific frequency but is
composed of broad-band frequency spectrum. This noise is amplified if the flame is
enclosed with the system resonance frequencies dominating. The requirements for
reduction of this noise tend to be opposition to those for efficient combustion.
Combustion oscillations involve a feedback cycle that converts chemical energy into
oscillatory energy in the gas flow to the combustion region. The mechanism is such
that the pressure waves generated are so phased to the velocity fluctuations. The noise
spectrum involves one specific frequency and its harmonics and that frequency is
related to the resonant modes of the combustion chamber. Some of the possible cures
are:
1.

Modification of combustion chamber geometry

2.

Change of air-fuel ratio, burner type etc.

3.

Change of burning rate

It should be noted that combustion roar in reciprocating engines which has frequency
of the firing rate is not related to the combustion noise, but is due to the gross
fluctuation in the flow rate produced by periodic action.
2.2.2 Mechanical Noise
Mechanical noise is the noise which is generated by various impacts between
the engine parts. This noise source is more important in the higher frequency range
rather than in lower frequency range where combustion noise is important. There are
lots of moving parts, for example, gear, valves, and rocker arms, piston and cylinder
liner. Some are as follows:
2.2.2.1 Engine clicking noise: A clicking or tapping noise that gets louder when you
rev the engine is probably "tappet" or upper valve-train noise caused by one of several
things: low oil pressure, excessive valve lash, or worn or damaged parts.
2.2.2.2 Collapsed lifter noise: Worn, leaky or dirty lifters can also cause valve-train
noise. If oil delivery is restricted to the lifters (plugged oil galley or low oil pressure),

14

the lifters won't "pump up" to take up the normal slack in the valve-train. A
"collapsed" lifter will then allow excessive valve lash and noise.
2.2.2.3 Valve lash noise: Too much space between the tips of the rocker arms and
valve stems can make the valve-train noisy, and possibly cause accelerated wear of
both parts.
2.2.2.4 Damaged engine parts noise: Excessive wear on the ends of the rocker arms,
cam followers (overhead cam engines) and/or valve stems can open up the valve lash
and cause noise.
2.2.2.5 Rapping or deep knocking engine noise: A deep rapping noise from the
engine is usually "rods knock" a condition brought on by extreme bearing wear or
damage. If the rod bearings are worn or loose enough to make a dull, hammering
noise.
2.2.3 Piston Slap Noise
Piston slap noise is generated by the sudden impact of the piston to the
cylinder wall is considered to be predominant due to the higher amount of energy
released. In the compression stroke, the connecting rod pushes the piston upwards
overcoming the gas force. The force acting on the piston has a lateral component and
the piston slides upwards on the minor thrust side of the cylinder wall. Thus, as the
crank pin passes through the cylinder center line, the lateral component of force on
the piston pin changes direction, causing the piston to accelerate through the clearance
and slap against the major thrust side of the cylinder wall. There are at least two
piston slaps per revolution, but the major impact occurs at T.D.C. before the power
stroke. These simple models do not take into account others factors which may affect
the piston motion such as:
1. Piston pin offset.
2. Rocking motion of piston.
3. Frictions at piston pin as well as pistons outer surface.
4. Piston configuration, especially under operation.
5. Pressure distribution around piston due to the squeezing motion of oil film.
6. Compliance of cylinder liner wall.

15

2.2.4 Bearing Noise

Crankshaft bearings are always replaced when rebuilding an engine because
they are a wear component. Heat, pressure, chemical attack, abrasion and loss of
lubrication can all contribute to deterioration of the bearings. The above features give
rise to the noise. Some of the factors that cause bearing noise are as follows:
2.2.4.1 Dirt: Dirt contamination often causes premature bearing failure. When dirt or
other abrasives find their way between the crankshaft journal and bearing, it can
become embedded in the soft bearing material. The softer the bearing material, the
greater the embed ability, which may or may not be a good thing depending on the
size of the abrasive particles and the thickness of the bearing material.
2.2.4.2 Heat: Heat is another factor that accelerates bearing wear and may lead to
failure if the bearings get hot enough. Bearings are primarily cooled by oil flow
between the bearing and journal. Anything that disrupts or reduces the flow of oil not
only raises bearing temperatures but also increases the risk of scoring or wiping the
bearing.
2.2.4.3 Misalignment: Misalignment is another condition that can accelerate bearing
wear. If the center main bearings are worn more than the ones towards either end of
the crankshaft, the crankshaft may be bent or the main bores may be out of alignment.
2.2.4.4 Disassembly: Disassembly can be another cause of premature bearing failure.
Common mistakes include installing the wrong sized bearings, installing the wrong
half of a split bearing as an upper, getting too much or not enough crush because main
and/or rod caps are too tight or loose, forgetting to tighten a main cap or rod bolt to
specs, failing to clean parts thoroughly and getting dirt behind the bearing shell when
the bearing is installed.
2.2.4.5 Corrosion: Corrosion can also play a role in bearing failure. Corrosion results
when acids accumulate in the crankcase and attack the bearings causing pitting in the
bearing surface. This is more of a problem with heavy-duty diesel engines that use
high sulfur fuel rather than gasoline engines, but it can also happen in gasoline
engines if the oil is not changed often enough and acids are allowed to accumulate in
the crankcase.
16

2.2.5 Spark Knock (Detonation)

Spark knock is a knocking, rattling or pinging noise that may be heard when
the engine is accelerating or is working hard under load (driving up a hill, towing a
trailer, passing on the highway, etc.). Spark knock means the fuel is detonating. Some
of the factors that cause spark knock are as follows:
2.2.5.1 EGR valve not working: The EGR valve is supposed to open when the
engine is accelerating or lugging under a load. This allows intake vacuum to suck
some exhaust in through the EGR valve to dilute the air/fuel mixture slightly. This
lowers combustion temperatures and prevents knock. Inspect the operation of the
EGR valve, and check for a buildup of carbon deposits on the valve port that may be
blocking the flow of exhaust back into the engine.
2.2.5.2 Compression ratio too high: If an engine has been rebuilt and the cylinders
have been bored to oversize, it will increase the engine's static compression ratio.
Engines that are supercharged or turbocharged are also at much higher risk of
detonation because the forced air induction system increases compression.
2.2.5.3 Engine overheating: If the engine is running too hot because of low coolant,
a cooling fan that isn't working, a plugged radiator, bad water pump, sticking
thermostat, etc., it may cause the fuel to detonate.
2.2.5.4 Performance of fuel used: Regular grade gasoline is supposed to have an
octane rating of 87. If the gas station or their refiner is cutting corners and the fuel is
not 87, it may knock.
2.2.6 Exhaust Noise
The engine exhaust noise originates at the exhaust tailpipe openings and is
transmitted through the cabin walls, firewall, and nose gear bay. This is the loudest
and most objectionable noise heard. Mufflers are described in 2.4.

17

2.3

Relation between noise, engine design and parameters

Despite the numerous exciting forces which almost simultaneously excite the

engine structure. Since the gas force resulting from combustion tends to be the
predominant force in most of the engines, the relationship between the gas force
characteristics and emitted noise can be used to establish a basic model to identify the
effects of fundamental engine design and operating parameters.
The three basic parameters of an engine are
1. Speed
2. Size
3. Load
2.3.1 Engine speed
The engine structure characteristics can be defined by use of electro-dynamic
vibration generators, and the broad response readily established as shown by the solid
envelop line. It will be seen that when the structure is subjected to a constant
sinusoidal force it exhibits maximum response in the high frequency range from
800-2000 Hz.
If the engine speed is doubled, the engine structure is now excited with lower order
harmonics which have higher amplitudes. Since the general slope of the force
spectrum is about 30 dB/decade an increase of excitation by 9 dB will be obtained
with further speed the same pattern is followed. It can be concluded that the
characteristics of force determine the rate of increase with engine speed.
2.3.2 Engine size
Measurement carried out on a large number of engines with engine size is
considerably less. An increase of size to ten times gives an increase of noise of 17.5
dB(A). The detailed investigations now indicate that vibration levels of the engine
surfaces are about the same irrespective of their size, thus the increase of noise with
size is simply due to larger radiating surface area.

18

2.3.3 Engine load

Engine load has no effect on noise, which is in agreement with the findings
that noise is simply due to the initial ignition of the fuel. This occurs at the same
intensity whether the engine is running at no load at all or full load. It can be
concluded that:
1. The gas force determines the rate of increase of noise with engine speed.
2. At high engine speeds the gas force has a less significant effect on noise.
3. Engine noise is independent of the horsepower produced.

2.4

Mufflers
A muffler (silencer) is a device for reducing the amount of noise emitted by a

machine. In internal combustion engines, the engine exhaust blows out through the
muffler.
Mufflers are typically installed along the exhaust pipe as part of the exhaust system of
an internal combustion engine of a vehicle to reduce its exhaust noise. The muffler
accomplishes this with a resonating chamber, which is specifically tuned to cause
destructive interference, where opposite sound waves cancel each other out.
2.4.1 Requirements of an Engine Exhaust Muffler: An Exhaust muffler is
designed to satisfy the following requirements:
1. Adequate Insertion loss.
2. Back pressure needs to be kept to a minimum.
3. A large muffler would cause problems of accommodation, support (because of
its weight), and of excessive cost price.
4. The muffler must be made from corrosion-resistive material.
5. Spark-arresting capability is also a requirement occasionally.
6. The quality of the exhaust sounds at idle and at curbside acceleration also
matters.
7. Breakout noise from muffler shells must be minimized.
8. The muffler performance must not deteriorate with time.

19

2.4.2 Types of mufflers

Mufflers can be classified in reflective, absorptive and hybrid mufflers
depending on the working principle.
2.4.2.1 Reflective muffler: Reflective mufflers are those mufflers that uses for sound
attenuation by changing cross sections in the duct. Reflection mufflers attenuate the
sound by reflection and interference. The important tools of Reflective mufflers are
analytic modeling and evaluation of network theory. The reflective muffler is shown
in Fig. 3.2

Fig. 2.1 Reflective Muffler

2.4.2.2 Absorptive Muffler: Absorptive mufflers are those mufflers that uses for
sound attenuation by sound absorbing materials. They dissipate the acoustic energy
into heat energy through the use of porous materials as mineral fiber. The important
tools of Absorptive mufflers are absorber modeling and numerical computation. The
absorptive muffler is shown in Fig. 3.3

Fig. 2.2 Absorptive Muffler

2.4.2.3 Hybrid Mufflers: Mufflers that combine the working principle of a reflective
muffler and an absorptive muffler are called hybrid mufflers. This type of muffler is
the best muffler to reduce the noise.

20

In this study, three different types of mufflers are used out of which two are
Reflective mufflers and one is Hybrid muffler. Silencer No. 1 is Hybrid type of
muffler shown in fig. 2.3 and fig. 2.4.
Silencer No. 1

Fig. 2.3 Hybrid muffler in closed condition

Fig. 2.4 Hybrid muffler in cut condition

21

Silencer No. 2 is a Reflective type of muffler as shown in fig. 3.6 and fig. 3.7.
Silencer No. 2

Fig. 2.5 Reflective muffler in closed condition

Fig. 2.6 Reflective muffler in cut condition

22

Silencer No. 3 is also a reflective type of muffler as shown in fig. 3.8 and fig. 3.9.
Silencer No. 3

Fig. 2.7 Reflective muffler in closed condition

Fig. 2.8 Reflective muffler in cut condition

23

CHAPTER 3
LITERATURE REVIEW

A lot of research work has been carried out throughout the world to investigate
and analyze the noise generated by two stroke petrol engine at different loads and
speeds and check the effectiveness of mufflers. A brief review of literature is being
presented here.
Mills C.H.G. and Aspinall D.T. [1] discussed the various sources of the noise in I.C.
engine commercial vehicle and methods of noise reduction by the use of high
transmission-loss enclosures and sound-absorbent and panel-damping materials are
described. Examples are given on the practical applications of acoustical treatments to
the reduction of the noise within and emitted by typical road haulage vehicles. Useful
reductions can achieve by palliative treatments but attention is drawn to the practical
and economic difficulties associated with incorporation of sound reducing treatments
in production vehicles.
Wonnacott E.J. [2] used the recommendations and established theory to analyze and
build a series of efficient silencers for general vehicle and stationary engine use. The
recommended design procedure has generally been found to be flexible in its
application and the silencers thus designed appear to have distinct advantages over
their current counter parts in relation to design simplicity, ease of manufacture and
consistent attenuation performance throughout their useful life. The results of these
trials are described together with details of manufacturing and testing problems that
has been experienced in building such units.
Priede T. [3] studied the vehicular noise subjected to varying operating conditions
and it is very seldom that steady-state running occurs over a period of any length. The
main operating parameters are speed, load and acceleration and deceleration, with
associated gear changes. Even on a motorway, where a steady speed can be
maintained, the load factor of the prime mover will vary according to the road
gradient. The noise of the road vehicle constitutes a number of individual sources of
diverse origin and characteristic. Each of these noise sources has a different speed-

24

load relationship and also a different transient relationship. The resultant noise
therefore may have very complex characteristics. In the assessment and control of
vehicle noise, and also in the determination of general traffic noise, it is essential that
the effects of various operating parameters are clearly understood. These include the
influence of prevailing climatic conditions which particularly affect the rolling noise.
An understanding of these parameters can help to optimize road traffic environmental
planning. The introduction of new products, such as turbocharged diesel engines for
commercial vehicles, with different characteristics, can change considerably the
characteristics of traffic noise and therefore need to be fully understood and
evaluated. Throughout the paper the vehicle noise and its individual sources, with
particular reference to basic engine noise, are described in overall dB(A) values.
Bryce W. D. and Stevens R. C. K. [4] identified and understand the noise sources
that contribute to the exhaust noise of aircraft gas turbine engines, controlled
experiments have been carried out to study the noise characteristics of a model turbojet exhaust system. The noise data have been related to measurements of the
aerodynamic conditions in the model and, with the aid of specific diagnostic tests, the
predominant noise mechanisms are considered to have been recognized. The noise
radiation, above that of the jet, is attributed primarily to dipole sources generated by
the turbine outlet struts, the transmission of this noise being modified by duct
propagation and nozzle impedance effects.
Jha S. K. [5] studied the characteristics of noise and vibration in a motor car. The
predominant frequency regions in which noise levels are high are established. It is
shown that the major part of the sound energy lies within the frequency region below
20 Hz and is caused mainly by road excitation being transmitted through the wheel
and suspension system. The predominant noise in the audible range lies within 30-300
Hz frequency band and is produced primarily by body resonances excited by various
engine harmonics. The vibrational and acoustical behavior of the car body at some of
these critical frequencies is also discussed. Finally it is shown that by structural
modification a substantial noise reduction can be obtained.
Mugridge B. D. [6] concerned with the reduction of noise from automotive cooling
systems. A comparison is made between the use of axial flow and centrifugal fans and
formulae presented for obtaining the octave sound power for each type of fan. The
25

disadvantages of centrifugal fan installations are highlighted and axial fan design
configurations are examined with the object of providing optimized systems.
Experimental results are presented for different axial fans and comparisons made of
the noise measurements with the ingested flow distortions measured by means of a
hot wire anemometer. The results indicate the limits of maximum noise reduction
which manufacturers may expect using existing fan designs and also indicate the
methods for achieving maximum noise reduction for these configurations.
Stephenson J. and Hassan H.A. [7] calculated the energy release rate resulting from
the combustion of propane-air mixtures is presented and the result is used to calculate
the far field noise spectrum for an open flame by using appropriate Fourier transform
techniques. The results illustrate the broad band nature of combustion noise and show
that, for the range of parameters indicated, the peak frequency in the f octave band is
in the range 400-l 000 Hz. The results also indicate that the shape of spectrum is
influenced by the time history of the heat release rate and the turbulence intensity and
length scales; on the other hand, the peak frequency is a function of the heat release
per unit mass of fuel which is essentially the same for hydrocarbon fuels.
Jones Andrian David [8] experimented on radiated exhaust noise from a single
cylinder, piston ported 2- stroke engine. Part 2 consists of a study of noise sources on
a rotary 2-stroke lawnmower.
In part 1, a detailed study of the gas dynamics of the exhausting process in a 2stroke and the associated sound power radiated by the exhaust of the engine has been
made. The exhaust systems considered include straight pipes of lengths 0.4m and
1.3m and a tuned expansion chamber of length 1.38m. Measurements show the
significance of non-linear behavior which results in wave steeping and shock wave
formation. A series of measurements of far field SPL and associated pressure at
several locations in the exhaust pipe for a different exhaust systems. These results
then compared with theoretical predictions obtained by calculating, using the method
of characteristics, the detailed unsteady flow in the exhaust pipe matched to the flow
out of the engine cylinder, for several engine cylinders. The calculations include
entropy characteristics and therefore allows for the significant variations in the
entropy, arising mainly from the variable shock strength at the exhaust port, which
occur in the system. Of particular interest is the close agreement between the

26

calculated third-octave radiated sound pressure spectra and the measured spectra, for
both the straight pipes and the tuned expansion chamber exhaust systems.
In part 2, the problem of rotary 2-stroke lawnmower noise is initially
considered in terms of the four components parts: inlet, exhaust and mechanical and
blade noise. Of these, all but inlet noise are found to be significant at moderate engine
speeds, with blade noise dominating at high speeds. Detailed investigations,
experimental and theoretical, into the nature of exhaust, mechanical and blade noise
are then described. In particular the mechanical noise is investigated quite thoroughly
with the analysis made of piston slap. Finally, recommendations are made for design
changes which would lead t the reduction of the major components of the total noise.
Oguchi Tetsuru [9] studied the piston slap noise, which is generated by the sudden
impact of the piston on the cylinder wall, is the most predominant mechanical noise
emitted from the engine. It is studied here in terms of its transmission paths through
the engine elements. Two engines with different cylinder liners types are tested in a
non-running condition. The transmission paths are measured and evaluated in terms of
the mechanical mobility, the ratio of the velocity response on the cylinder wall to the
force applied to the external surface of the engine, which represents, by reciprocity,
the ratio of the velocity response on the external surface of the engine to the force
applied to the cylinder wall. The work concentrates on the major transmission paths of
the piston slap noise and the factors which affect that transfer mobility in the
frequency range of 1.5 to 4 kHz. The major transmission path of the piston slap noise
is experimentally determined to be the path through the cylinder wall and the upper
deck of the cylinder block to the external surface of the cylinder block.
Richards E. J., Westcitt M. E. and Jeyapalan R. K. [10] studied the noise
generation by impacting bodies due to the high surface accelerations during the
contact period. An account is presented of the theoretical development and
experimental validation of curves for the prediction of peak sound pressure and
radiated energy for collisions of compact bodies which are incapable of flexural
motions It is shown that acceleration noise energy is of the same order of magnitude
as that due 10 ringing, that it cannot be greater than 1.5 x 10e4 times the kinetic
energy input at impact and that it falls off rapidly as the normalized contact time
increases above a critical value.

27

Nakra B.C., Said W.K. and Nassir A. [11] experimented on reactive types of
muffler- and their combinations with absorption types, in order to determine their
noise attenuation characteristics. Tests were carried out on a test rig, with a loud
speaker as a input source as well as a four cylinder diesel engine. The frequency
spectra of attenuation levels, obtained experimentally, were compared with
corresponding theoretical predictions. The effect on the performance of the engine
itself was studied. The results showed are fairly good agreement between
experimental results from test rig and theoretical predictions in frequency range. The
attenuation level obtained from the mufflers fitted on the engine was lower. The effect
on the performance of the engine was marginal. It was seen that the combinational
mufflers offer a good solution when high noise attenuation is desired.
Slack James W. [12] studied the piston slap, is typically the major source of noise
and vibration in the I.C. Engine. An investigation of piston slap noise in an I.C.
Engine is carried out. Vibration measurements are carried out at connecting rod,
cylinder wall and block surface while monitoring. Drive point and transfer mobility
measurements were made on non-running engine. The measured mobilitys are used
to construct a model of piston-cylinder wall interaction which predicts the excitation
due to the piston slap. The measured transfer mobilitys are used to predict vibration
transfer to the block surface. Bending of the connecting rod is to play an important
role in both the excitation and vibration and the transmission of vibration energy to
the block surface.
Jones A.D. and Brown G.L. [13] used a computational technique for the method of
the characteristics solution of 1-D compressible, unsteady flow in the duct to the wave
action in engine exhaust system. By using the method it was possible to compute the
detailed flow in both straight pipe and tuned expansion chamber exhaust system as
matched to flow the cylinder of a small two stroke engine. The radiated exhaust noise
was then determined by assuming monopole radiation from tailpipe outlet.
Experiment on an operating engine has been achieved with the calculation of both the
third octave radiated noise and associated pressure cycles at several locations in the
different exhaust systems. Its essential feature is the computation of the precise paths
on the x-t plane of a finite number of C+, C- and P characteristics, to provide high
accuracy in determining the tailpipe outlet velocity and hence radiated noise.

28

Cuschierit J.M. and Richards E.J. [14] studied the noise radiated from I.C. engine
due to combustion and piston slap excitation is investigated by considering single
impacts. From the results obtained, possible method of noise control are studied, and
the expected results due to changes in the liner mounting to the engine frame, and the
bearings of the camshaft for an injected engine, are compared to measured noise
levels. This proves to be very successful and radical modifications in the engine for
noise control can be investigated in this way prior to full development of the
prototype engine.
Lim M.K. and Low C.S. [15] designed an engine cylinder pressure damping device
to reduce engine noise by controlling the sharp pressure rise excitation applied to the
engine structure by the combustion process. The device is a small piston controlled by
a spring and dashpot system concerned to the engine cylinder by mounting it on top of
the cylinder head. Lab tests show that there was a significant reduction in engine
surface vibration and noise radiated, particularly at high frequencies above 4000 Hz.
Tandara V. [16] studied the radiator fan noise. The combustion engine is only one of
many vehicle noise sources. Every combustion engine has inner and external noise
sources. The cooling fans can be important noise sources. They are installed to cool
the engine, encasement and the inside of the car. The influence of fans is great in case
of high ambient temperature, low traveling speed and frequent stoppages.
Schachner P. and Reisinger W. [17] studied the concept of exhaust gas emissions.
The design and development of modern internal combustion engines is marked by a
reduction in exhaust gas emissions and increase in specific power and torque.
Correspondingly, combustion noise excitation and fuel consumption also have to be
reduced. These objectives can be achieved through the development of advanced
combustion systems, the increased flexibility of fuel injection systems. However,
development of modern combustion systems and vehicle applications has become
increasingly complex. Creating an exact, yet straightforward description of
combustion noise is a very important task. The customers subjective impression of
the entire vehicle, regarding items such as diesel knock sensitivity, provides evidence
to support its value.

29

Desmons L. and Kergomard J. [18] calculated the noise radiated by the exhaust
system of a four cylinder engine analytically and numerically and compared to
experiment. The basic idea is as follows: the effect of the exact shape of the volume
velocity signal produced by a cylinder during opening can be considered as a second
order effect on the result. The amplitude of the every harmonic of the radiated noise is
shown to be proportional to the first order of certain quantities, the zeroth order be
zero. The analysis of the amplitude of the radiated noise exhibits the role of the
resonance of the whole exhaust as viewed from outside when the cylinders are closed,
and of the resonances of the manifold. Comparison with experiment confirms the
basic hypothesis and the result of the theory which are related to the interference with
the parallel tube.
Desmons L., Hardy J. and Auregan Y. [19] applied a least squares method to
characterize an internal combustion engine considered as a noise source. It is shown
that, although extremely severe conditions exist (high sound pressure level, high
temperatures, turbulent flow, etc.), a linear theory can predict the noise level at the
output of the exhaust systems with a surprisingly good accuracy when the transfer
matrix is known. The measurements avoid the use of calibrated internal microphones;
only one external microphone and a set of calibrated loads are needed. An indirect
validation of the linearity hypothesis is achieved and the predicted exhaust noise level
is compared with experimental results in the case of a tube and in the case of a
silencer composed of three expansion chambers.
Astrup Torben [20] presented an overview of observations from almost I.5 years of
practical experience with acoustic intensity measurements. The often difficult
working conditions of acoustic consultants mean that we tend to make demands on
the measuring methods and the instrumentation that presently cannot easily be met.
Therefore the instrumentation should be improved in order to increase both the
dynamic and the frequency range. Further development of real-time control of
measurement quality is also desirable, i.e. the possibility of surveying the quality of
the result during or immediately after the measurement is performed.
Munjal M.L. [21] presented an overview of the research findings of the author and
his students in different aspects of active as well as passive mufflers. Mufflers have
been developed over the last seventy years based on electro-acoustic analogies and
30

experimental trial and error. Passive mufflers based on impedance mismatch, called
reflective or reactive mufflers, have been most common in the automobile industry.
Mufflers based on the principle of conversion of acoustic energy into heat by means
of highly porous fibrous linings, called dissipative mufflers or silencers, are generally
used in heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems. The author has been
working in this area for over 16 years.
Davies P. O. A. L. and Holland K. R. [22] studied the intake and exhaust noise from
piston engines in the context of intake and exhaust system acoustic design. The
objectives combine the achievement of sound emission targets with the maintenance
of optimum engine performance and fuel efficiency throughout a specified range of
operating conditions. Practical experience demonstrates that the relevant technology
includes a quantitative evaluation of those factors directly concerned with engine
operation and breathing, those factors influencing the excitation and propagation of
pressure waves through the relevant system and those factors controlling the emission
of sound to the surrounding environment. A summary is provided of previous and
current developments in appropriate existing numerical codes for performing the
detailed calculations and associated performance assessments with increasing realism.
Kim Y. S. and Lee D. J. [23] compared exhaust noise with intake noise. But
nowadays, the intake noise is a major contributing factor to automotive passenger
compartment noise levels. The main objective of this paper is to identify the
mechanism of generation, propagation and radiation of the intake noise. With a simple
geometric model, it is found that one of the main noise sources for the intake stroke is
the pressure surge, which is a compression wave due to the compressed air near the
intake valve after closing. The pressure surge, which has the non-linear acoustic
behavior, propagates and radiates with relatively large amplitude. In this paper,
unsteady compressible Navier-Stokes equations are employed for the intake stroke of
axis-symmetric model having a single moving piston and a single moving intake
valve. To simulate the periodic motion of the piston and the valve, unsteady
deforming mesh algorithm is employed. For the purpose of perfect closing of the
intake valve, the numbers of mesh are changed using a Lagrange interpolation. In
order to resolve the small amplitude waves at the radiation field, essentially nonoscillatory (ENO) schemes are used. The source of the intake noise can be identified

31

through the visualization of propagation in a finite duct and radiation to the far fields.
Comparison with measured data is given for in-duct pressure showing a better
agreement than the one-dimensional calculation data.
Cho S.H., Ahn S.T. and Kim Y.H. [24] studied the concept of piston slap and model
or estimate the impact forces using FEM. One of the major sources of noise and
vibration in an internal combustion engine is the impact between piston and cylinder
wall. The crank-slider mechanism of an internal combustion engine has very small
clearance between piston and cylinder inner wall. The clearance is very small but
large enough to induce the piston's secondary motion periodically and finally
generates unwanted sound and vibration. This secondary motion across the clearance
between piston and cylinder inner wall is caused by the side thrust force that changes
its direction depending on its position. This side thrust force is induced by the
connecting rod. As a result, the piston moves from one side to opposite side in the
cylinder. Then eventually, the piston collides against the cylinder inner wall. These
impact phenomena are called piston slap''. There have been many attempts to model
or estimate the impact forces and the side thrust force. These are a function of inertia
force of piston and connecting rod and explosive force in internal combustion engine.
There are also studies on the dynamics of planar crank-slider mechanism in order to
investigate the influence of the clearance gap size, bearing friction, and crank speed
on the response of the system. Finite Element Method (FEM) has been also applied in
order to analyze the impact force. However, the models as well as FEM are not
satisfactory to estimate the impact forces. This is because the basic mechanism
associated with the piston slap is complicatedly related to the mechanical elements of
engine block.
Scarth Philip and Ortiz Diego [25] studied the idling noise of medium and heavy
I.C. engines have become an important noise assessment criterion in the commercial
vehicle sector. Starting and low idle noise is often the first impression a potential
customer gains of the vehicle. A quiet and pleasant low idle noise is critical in giving
the desired impression. In urban environments, with heavy traffic and consequently
large amounts of non-moving vehicles, high levels of idle noise are a disturbance to
the general public. This paper deals with the systematic approach to the reduction of

32

idle noise in light, medium and heavy-duty I.C. engines. Actual examples are given of
recent developments made in idle noise reduction on current production engines.
Kaminski T. and Wendeker M. [26] studied cycle to cycle variation of internal
cylinder pressure. Combustion process in spark ignition engines is widely known as a
nonlinear and noisy process. Instabilities, which are occurring as cycle-to-cycle
variations of internal cylinder pressure, affect directly the power output. Examination
of these variations can lead to better understanding of their sources and help in their
elimination in a future engine control procedure. Improving engine efficiency requires
achieving better combustion conditions without introducing additional disturbances.
In the present paper we analyze the dynamics of a combustion process and we
estimate the noise level based on experimental time series of internal pressure and
calculated from them heat release. In the following analysis we apply the nonlinear
multidimensional methods which can distinguish random variations from a
deterministic behavior.
Alt Norbert, Sonntag Hans-Dieter, Heuer Stefan and Thiele Rainer [27] studied
the cold start noise behavior of modern I.C. engines. The overall improved noise and
vibration behavior of modern I.C. engines has also contributed to this trend. Despite
overall improvements in I.C. engine noise and vibration, certain aspects of I.C.
engines continue to present significant challenges. One such issue is the presence of
I.C. knocking that is prevalent during cold start and warm-up conditions. This paper
discusses a technique used to optimize the cold start noise behavior of modern I.C.
engines. The methods used in this study are based on optimizing the engine
calibration to improve the vehicle interior and exterior (engine) noise, even at low
ambient temperatures. Initially, the engines combustion noise behavior is
characterized by measuring the cylinder pressure (under various operating conditions)
and developing appropriate transfer functions. Various engine calibration iterations
are carried out using a structured Design of Experiments (DOE) and for each iteration,
the measured cylinder pressure is used to calculate the combustion noise influence
(based on existing transfer functions). At the end of this study, the influence of key
calibration parameters on improving the cold start noise characteristics is
demonstrated. The acoustic optimization achieved in this way has no detrimental

33

effects on the engines ability to start, combustion stability, visible black or white
smoke and emissions.
Torregrosa A.J., Broatch A., Climent H. and Andres I. [28] estimated the flow of
noise emission from rear mufflers in IC engine exhaust systems, through the analysis
of measurements performed in a steady cold flow bench. First, the net acoustic power
transmitted along the outlet pipe is obtained from in-duct pressure measurements. The
induct power is then compared with noise measurements carried out in a semianechoic chamber, in order to distinguish between flow noise contributions associated
with internal generation (muffler and tailpipe) and flow noise produced in the
discharge process (interaction between the outgoing flow and the outside
atmosphere). The ratio between the tailpipe in-duct acoustic power and the radiated
acoustic power is analyzed as a function of the Strouhal number. The results provide
some information about the relative importance of internal and external sources.
Shrivastava A. and Dang M. [29] studied a novel setup for measuring sound power
emitted by an automobile engine has been designed and fabricated in this study.
Sound pressure levels have been measured to compute sound power level as per ISO
Standard 3744. A microphone traversing system has been designed and fabricated to
measure sound pressure at various points on a spatial grid. Sound pressure level and
spectra have been measured at these points for various operating conditions of throttle
opening and speed. The setup seems to be a cost effective option for automobile
engine industry for power level certification and for online silencer design.
Higgs Benjamin and Rupke Ryan [30] designed the muffler. The primary goal of
this project is to develop a muffler system to meet the demanding needs of a Formula
SAE prototype race car. This development must adhere to the FSAE standards as they
relate to noise control. In order to fully understand the problem definition, a
comprehensive study of sound properties is completed. This research elaborates on
sound waves and how they may be reflected, diffracted or absorbed or actively
cancelled using constructive interference. Reflection and diffraction properties
represent destructive interference and depend on the angles at which they hit an
object. Absorption, also a form of destructive interference, relates to the material that
the sound wave comes in contact with. Constructive interference occurs when a

34

second sound source is placed 180 out of phase from the first source. The source of
noise that a muffler must attenuate is the result of combustion from the engine.
Yong Hao Zhi, Yan Jin and Chen Yang [31] studied the total noise emission using
continuous wavelet transform. Noise emission from Petrol engine is a complicated
acoustic signal with many different components mainly caused by combustion and
mechanism operations. The rapid rise of pressure in the cylinder caused by
combustion of fuel near the top dead center (TDC) transmits to the engine structure
surface and forms an important part of the total noise emission. The combustion can
also cause the vibration of cylinder head, connection rods and crankshaft, with the
vibration being also an important source of engine noise. All the air-borne noise
emission induced by combustion in cylinders is usually called combustion-induced
noise. Otherwise, the movements of engine mechanical systems including the rotation
of the crankshaft, the operation of valves, the injection of fuel, and the piston slap, are
also main factors contributing to the noise radiation of the engine. It is very important
to separate the different sources of noise from the engine for the purpose of diagnosis
and main noise source identification. Continuous wavelet transform (CWT) was
applied to analyze the acoustic signals from Petrol engine for the purpose of noise
source identification.
Litak Grzegorz, Kaminski Tomasz, Czarnigowski Jacek, Zukowski Dariusz and
Wendeker Mirosaw [32] studied the fluctuations of combustion using experimental
time series of internal pressure in one of four cylinders in a spark ignition engine.
Employing standard statistical methods like histograms and return maps, cycle-tocycle variations of heat release were analyzed. A substantial difference in system
behavior corresponding to quality of combustion was observed with a changing spark
advance angle. Examining recurrence plots for a higher spark advance angle
formation of specific patterns of vertical lines characteristic to intermittent behavior
was found.
The above literature survey gave an idea to take a problem on noise. The kind
of present work is not done before. The aim is to study the noise of petrol engine at
different speeds and loads in two different cases i.e. with mufflers and without
mufflers to check the effectiveness of the muffler by measurements of acoustic power
and sound pressure level near engine.
35

CHAPTER 4
EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP AND MEASUREMENTS
4.1

Experimental Set-up
To study the noise generated by an engine, the parameters like sound pressure

level are required to study in different conditions like speed and load. Experimental
set up of single-cylinder two-stroke petrol engine is shown in fig. 4.1.

Fig. 4.1 S.I Engine

An engine is Single Cylinder Two Stroke Petrol Engine having maximum capacity of
5 HP (3.5 kW) at approximately 3000 RPM. An engine consists of a test rig
containing a control panel. Control panel have engine speed indicator, air
measurement system, fuel measuring instrument, switches, accelerator arrangement
are mounted on this panel.
The specifications of an engine are as follows:

36

Table 4.1 Specifications of an S.I. Engine

Engine

Petrol

Cylinder

Single

Stroke

Two

Maximum Capacity

5 HP (3.5) kW

Speed

3000 RPM

Bore

57 mm

Stroke Length

57 mm

Pulley Diameter

160 mm

4.2

Measurements

Measurements procedure of different noise parameters contain calculation of sound

power, measurement of sound pressure level at different locations (A, B, C, D and E),
measurement of acceleration and velocity for vibration analysis and measurement of
sound pressure level for frequency spectrum in 1-1 octave band are discussed below:
4.2.1 Measurement of Sound Power: Calculation of sound power is done by two
methods rectangular parellelopiped and hemisphere parellelopiped. In the present
work, rectangular parallelepiped method is used because maximum dimension of an
engine is greater than 1m. In this method, the first step is to make a grid according to
the dimensions of engine. Length breadth and height of engine are 2.86m, 2.84m and
1.66m. The grid is made by placing an engine at centre position and with the help of
wire at required positions mark the different points. There are 17 Grid points formed
as shown in figure 4.2. Sound pressure level can be measured for every grid point for
different speeds and loads. Speed can be changed by rotating a wheel and adjust the
value of speed as 1100,1500,1900,2300 RPM. Similarly, load can be changed with the
help of spring balance i.e. by rotating the wheel in clockwise direction. Value of load
is changed in the step of one i.e. from 0 to 6 kg. Value of Sound pressure level is
measured in A-weighting at slow response. The measure data for SPL is given from

37

Fig. 4.2 Showing 17 grid points

Table-1 to Table-28 in Appendix-A. The method for calculating the Lw from sound
pressure level is given in Appendix-E.
4.2.2 Measurement of Sound Pressure Level at different points near Engine:
Sound pressure level is measured at five different locations out of which four
locations (A, B, C and D) are at a distance of 0.5m from centre at each side of an
engine. The fifth location (E) is taken at exhaust. These measurements will help to
find out that location where maximum Sound pressure level occurs. The measure data
at five locations (A, B, C, D and E) are given from Table-1 to Table-28 in AppendixB.

Fig. 4.2 Location of points A, B, C and D

38

.
Fig. 4.3 Location of Exhaust point E
4.2.3 Measurement for Vibration analysis: One of the main causes of noise is
vibration. So it is necessary to study the vibration analysis. Acceleration and velocity
were measured in vibration analysis by a vibration measuring instrument. This
instrument gives the results for acceleration in m/s2 and velocity in mm/s at any
frequency between 20 Hz to 20 kHz. This instrument has fine scale for adjusting
frequency to a finer value. It also has a filtration device which gives reading for 1/1
octave band and 1/3 octave band. It consists of a pick-up made up of magnet which is
attached to the machine body.

Fig. 4.4 VIBRATION MEASURING INSTRUMENT

39

Acceleration and velocity were measured at that location where the value of sound
pressure level is maximum i.e. at location B. The vibration pick-up is attached to the
foundation near location B.
4.2.4 Measurement of Sound Pressure Level for Frequency Spectrum in 1-1
Octave band: The value of sound pressure level at 1-1 octave band gives the
maximum and minimum value at particular frequency.

Fig. 4.5 Sound level meter

Frequency spectrum analysis was carried out at that location where sound pressure
level is maximum for different speeds and loads. The data of SPL is recorded in
software CESVA CAPTURE STUDIO.
The measurements are taken with silencer and without silencer out of which
two are reflective muffler and one is hybrid muffler which ware discussed in chapter
2.4.

40

CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

After all the measurements, it is required to analyze the data by comparing the
different noise parameters at different speeds and loads with silencer and without
silencer. Analysis is done for acoustic power, sound pressure level at different
locations (A, B, C, D and E), acceleration and velocity for vibration analysis and
sound pressure level for frequency spectrum in 1/1 octave band.
5.1

Analysis for Acoustic Power

Analysis for acoustic power was carried out for two different cases i.e. load

and speed. Load varies from 0 to 6 kg and speed varies from 1100 to 2300 RPM.
Analysis shows the variation between acoustic power and speed and between acoustic
power and load with silencer and without silencers.
1. Load: Acoustic power is first calculated by keeping the load constant and varying
speeds. The comparison between acoustic power and speed with muffler and without
muffler is shown in fig. 5.1 to 5.7.

41

Acoustic Power in dB(A) ref. 10

-12

120

115

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=0 kg

110

105

100

95

90
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine speed (RPM)

Fig 5.1 Acoustic Power Vs Engine speed

Acoustic Power in dB(A) ref. 10

-12

120

115

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=1 kg

110

105

100

95

90
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine speed (RPM)

Fig 5.2 Acoustic Power Vs Engine speed

42

Acoustic Power in dB(A) ref. 10-12 W

120

115

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=2 kg

110

105

100

95

90
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine speed (RPM)

Fig 5.3 Acoustic Power Vs Engine speed

Acoustic Power in dB(A) ref. 10-12 W

120

115

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=3 kg

110

105

100

95
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine speed (RPM)

Fig 5.4 Acoustic Power Vs Engine speed

43

Acoustic Power in dB(A) ref. 10

-12

120

115

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=4 kg

110

105

100

95
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine speed (RPM)

Fig 5.5 Acoustic Power Vs Engine speed

Acoustic Power in dB(A) ref. 10

-12

125

120

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=5 kg

115

110

105

100

95
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine speed (RPM)

Fig 5.6 Acoustic Power Vs Engine speed

44

Acoustic Power in dB(A) ref. 10

-12

125

120

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=6 kg

115

110

105

100

95
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine Speed (RPM)

Fig 5.7 Acoustic Power Vs Engine speed

The figures 5.1 to 5.7 show the variation between acoustic power (dB(A)) and engine
speed (rpm) with muffler and without muffler. Acoustic power increases linearly as
speed increases with silencer and without silencers. Value of acoustic power without
silencer is 102.4 dB(A) and 115.9 dB(A) at 0 kg load for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM
respectively. Acoustic power is 107.7 dB(A) and 120 dB(A) at 6 kg for 1100 RPM
and 2300 RPM respectively. Value of acoustic power with silencer no. 1 is 94.2
dB(A) and 102.1 dB(A) at 0 kg load for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM respectively.
Acoustic power is 98.7 dB(A) and 106.8 dB(A) at 6 kg for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM
respectively. Value of acoustic power with silencer no. 2 is 94.8 dB(A) and 104.3
dB(A) at 0 kg load for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM respectively. Acoustic power is
99.7 dB(A) and 109.2 dB(A) at 6 kg for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM respectively.
Value of acoustic power with silencer no. 3 is 94.4 dB(A) and 102.5 dB(A) at 0 kg
load for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM respectively. Acoustic power is 98.9 dB(A) and
107.1 dB(A) at 6 kg for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM respectively.

45

2. Speed: Acoustic power is calculated by keeping the speed constant and for
varying load. The variation between acoustic power and load with muffler and
without muffler is shown in fig. 5.8 to 5.11.

108

Acoustic Power in dB(A) ref. 10

-12

110

106

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Speed=1100 RPM

104
102
100
98
96
94
92
0

Load (kg)

Fig 5.8 Acoustic Power Vs Load

Acoustic Power in dB(A) ref. 10

-12

114
112

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Speed=1500 RPM

110
108
106
104
102
100
98
96
94
0

Load (kg)

Fig 5.9 Acoustic Power Vs Load

46

Acoustic Power in dB(A) ref. 10

-12

118
116

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Speed=1900 RPM

114
112
110
108
106
104
102
100
98
96
0

Load (kg)

Fig 5.10 Acoustic Power Vs Load

Acoustic Power in dB(A) ref. 10-12 W

122
120

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Speed=2300 RPM

118
116
114
112
110
108
106
104
102
100
0

Load (kg)

Fig 5.11 Acoustic Power Vs Load

47

The figures 5.8 to 5.11 show the variation between acoustic power and load
with muffler and without muffler. Acoustic power increases linearly as load increases
for all cases. Value of acoustic power without silencer is 102.4 dB(A) and 107.7
dB(A) at 1100 RPM at 0 kg and at 6 kg load respectively. Acoustic power is 115.9
dB(A) and 120 dB(A) at 2300 RPM at 0 kg and 6 kg load respectively. Value of
Acoustic power with silencer no. 1 is 94.2 dB(A) and 98.7 dB(A) at speed 1100 RPM
at 0 kg and at 6 kg load respectively. Acoustic power is 102.1 dB(A) and 106.8 dB(A)
at 2300 RPM at 0 kg and at 6 kg load respectively. Value of Acoustic power with
silencer no. 2 is 94.8 dB(A) and 99.7 dB(A) at speed 1100 RPM at 0 kg and at 6 kg
load respectively. Acoustic power is 104.3 dB(A) and 109.2 dB(A) at 2300 RPM at 0
kg and at 6 kg load respectively. Value of Acoustic power with silencer no. 3 is 94.4
dB(A) and 98.9 dB(A) at speed 1100 RPM at 0 kg and at 6 kg load respectively.
Acoustic power is 102.5 dB(A) and 107.1 dB(A) at 2300 RPM at 0 kg and at 6 kg
load respectively.
The maximum value of acoustic power is 120 dB(A) at speed 2300 RPM and
at load 6 kg without silencer. The minimum value of acoustic power is 94.2 dB(A) at
speed 1100 RPM and at load 0 kg with silencer No. 1. This result shows that the most
effective silencer is silencer no. 1.
5.2

Analysis for Sound Pressure Level at different points near Engine

Analysis for sound pressure level was carried out at five different loacations

(A, B, C, D and E) under two different conditions i.e. load and speed as load varies
from 0 to 6 kg and speed varies from 1100 to 2300 RPM. Analysis shows the
variation between sound pressure level at all locations with speed and load with
silencer and without silencer.
Sound pressure level at Exhaust:
1. Load: Sound pressure level is measured by keeping the load constant speed
varies that show the comparison between sound pressure level at exhaust and
speed with muffler and without muffler as shown in fig. 5.12 to 5.18.

48

115

SPL at Exhaust in dB(A)

110

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=0 kg

105

100

95

90

85

80
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine speed (RPM)

Fig 5.12 SPL at Exhaust Vs Engine speed

115

SPL at Exhaust in dB(A)

110

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=1 kg

105

100

95

90

85

80
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine speed (RPM)

Fig 5.13 SPL at Exhaust Vs Engine speed

49

115

SPL at Exhaust in dB(A)

110

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=2 kg

105

100

95

90

85
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine speed (RPM)

Fig 5.14 SPL at Exhaust Vs Engine speed

115

SPL at Exhaust in dB(A)

110

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=3 kg

105

100

95

90

85
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine Speed (RPM)

Fig 5.15 SPL at Exhaust Vs Engine speed

50

115

SPL at Exhaust in dB(A)

110

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=4 kg

105

100

95

90

85
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine speed (RPM)

Fig 5.16 SPL at Exhaust Vs Engine speed

115

SPL at Exhaust in dB(A)

110

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=5 kg

105

100

95

90

85
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine speed (RPM)

Fig 5.17 SPL at Exhaust Vs Engine speed

51

120

SPL at Exhaust in dB(A)

115

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=6 kg

110

105

100

95

90

85
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine speed (RPM)

Fig 5.18 SPL at Exhaust Vs Engine speed

The figures 5.12 to 5.18 show the variation between sound pressure level at exhaust
and engine speed with muffler and without muffler. Value of sound pressure level at
exhaust increases linearly as speed increases for all cases. Value of sound pressure
level at exhaust without silencer is 98.8 dB(A) and 109.6 dB(A) at 0 kg load for 1100
RPM and 2300 RPM respectively. Sound pressure level at exhaust is 103.4 dB(A) and
114.6 dB(A) at 6 kg for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM respectively. Value of sound
pressure level at exhaust with silencer no. 1 is 85.3 dB(A) and 92.9 dB(A) at 0 kg load
for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM respectively. Sound pressure level at exhaust is 89.8
dB(A) and 97.5 dB(A) at 6 kg for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM respectively. Value of
sound pressure level at exhaust with silencer no. 2 is 86.9 dB(A) and 95.8 dB(A) at 0
kg load for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM respectively. Sound pressure level at exhaust is
91.5 dB(A) and 100.6 dB(A) at 6 kg for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM respectively.
Value of sound pressure level at exhaust with silencer no. 3 is 85.6 dB(A) and 93.3
dB(A) at 0 kg load for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM respectively. Sound pressure level
at exhaust is 90.1 dB(A) and 97.8 dB(A) at 6 kg for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM
respectively.

52

2. Speed: Sound pressure level at exhaust is measured by keeping the load constant
and for varying speeds that show the comparison between sound pressure level at
exhaust and speed with muffler and without muffler as shown in fig. 5.19 to 5.22.

106
104

SPL at Exhaust in dB(A)

102

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Speed=1100 RPM

100
98
96
94
92
90
88
86
84
0

Load (kg)

Fig 5.19 SPL at Exhaust Vs Load

110

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Speed=1500 RPM

SPL at Exhaust in dB(A)

105

100

95

90

85
0

Load (kg)

Fig 5.20 SPL at Exhaust Vs Load

53

115

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Speed=1900 RPM

SPL at Exhaust in dB(A)

110

105

100

95

90

85
0

Load (kg)

Fig 5.21 SPL at Exhaust Vs Load

120

SPL at Exhaust in dB(A)

115

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Speed=2300 RPM

110

105

100

95

90
0

Load (kg)

Fig 5.22 SPL at Exhaust Vs Load

54

The figures 5.19 to 5.22 show the variation between sound pressure level at
exhaust and load with muffler and without muffler. Sound pressure level at exhaust
increases linearly as load increases for all cases. Value of sound pressure level at
exhaust without silencer is 98.8 dB(A) and 103.4 dB(A) at 1100 RPM at 0 kg and at 6
kg load respectively. Sound pressure level at exhaust is 109.6 dB(A) and 114.6 dB(A)
at 2300 RPM at 0 kg and 6 kg load respectively. Value of sound pressure level at
exhaust with silencer no. 1 is 85.3 dB(A) and 89.8 dB(A) at speed 1100 RPM at 0 kg
and at 6 kg load respectively. Sound pressure level at exhaust is 92.9 dB(A) and 97.5
dB(A) at 2300 RPM at 0 kg and at 6 kg load respectively. Value of sound pressure
level at exhaust with silencer no. 2 is 86.9 dB(A) and 91.5 dB(A) at speed 1100 RPM
at 0 kg and at 6 kg load respectively. Sound pressure level at exhaust is 95.8 dB(A)
and 100.6 dB(A) at 2300 RPM at 0 kg and at 6 kg load respectively. Value of sound
pressure level at exhaust with silencer no. 3 is 85.6 dB(A) and 90.1 dB(A) at speed
1100 RPM at 0 kg and at 6 kg load respectively. Sound pressure level at exhaust is
93.3 dB(A) and 97.8 dB(A) at 2300 RPM at 0 kg and at 6 kg load respectively.
The maximum value of sound pressure level at exhaust is 114.6 dB(A) at
speed 2300 RPM and at load 6 kg without silencer. The minimum value of sound
pressure level at exhaust is 85.3 dB(A) at speed 1100 RPM and at load 0 kg with
silencer No. 1. This result shows that the most effective silencer is silencer no. 1.
Sound pressure level at Location A:
1. Load: Sound pressure level at location A is measured by keeping the load
constant and for varying speeds which show the comparison between sound
pressure level at location A and speed with mufflers and without muffler as
shown in fig. 5.23 to 5.29.

55

105

SPL at location A in dB(A)

100

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=0 kg

95

90

85

80

75
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine speed (RPM)

Fig 5.23 SPL at location A Vs Engine speed

SPL at location A in dB(A)

105

100

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=1 kg

95

90

85

80
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine Speed (RPM)

Fig 5.24 SPL at location A Vs Engine speed

56

SPL at location A in dB(A)

105

100

Load=2 kg

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

95

90

85

80
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine speed (RPM)

Fig 5.25 SPL at location A Vs Engine speed

110

SPL at location A in dB(A)

105

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=3 kg

100

95

90

85

80
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine speed (RPM)

Fig 5.26 SPL at location A Vs Engine speed

57

110

SPL at location A in dB(A)

105

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=4 kg

100

95

90

85

80
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine speed (RPM)

Fig 5.27 SPL at location A Vs Engine speed

110

SPL at location A in dB(A)

105

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=5 kg

100

95

90

85

80
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine speed (RPM)

Fig 5.28 SPL at location A Vs Engine speed

58

110

SPL at location A in dB(A)

105

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=6 kg

100

95

90

85

80
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine speed (RPM)

Fig 5.29 SPL at location A Vs Engine speed

The figures 5.23 to 5.29 show the variation between sound pressure level at location
A and engine speed with muffler and without muffler. Value of sound pressure level
at location A increases linearly as speed increases for all cases. Value of sound
pressure level at location A without silencer is 89.9 dB(A) and 102.3 dB(A) at 0 kg
load for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM respectively. Sound pressure level at location A is
95.8 dB(A) and 106.5 dB(A) at 6 kg for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM respectively.
Value of sound pressure level at location A with silencer no. 1 is 81 dB(A) and 89.1
dB(A) at 0 kg load for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM respectively. Sound pressure level
at location A is 85.6 dB(A) and 93.6 dB(A) at 6 kg for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM
respectively. Value of sound pressure level at location A with silencer no. 2 is 81.5
dB(A) and 91.1 dB(A) at 0 kg load for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM respectively. Sound
pressure level at location A is 86.3 dB(A) and 95.9 dB(A) at 6 kg for 1100 RPM and
2300 RPM respectively. Value of sound pressure level at location A with silencer no.
3 is 81.2 dB(A) and 89.3 dB(A) at 0 kg load for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM
respectively. Sound pressure level at location A is 85.9 dB(A) and 93.8 dB(A) at 6 kg
for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM respectively.

59

2. Speed: Sound pressure level at location A is measured by keeping the load constant
and for varying speeds that show the comparison between sound pressure level at
location A and speed with muffler and without muffler as shown in fig. 5.30 to 5.33.

98

SPL at location A in dB(A)

96
94

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Speed=1100 RPM

92
90
88
86
84
82
80
0

Load (kg)

Fig 5.30 SPL at location A Vs Load

102

SPL at location A in dB(A)

100
98

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Speed=1500 RPM

96
94
92
90
88
86
84
82
0

Load (kg)

Fig 5.31 SPL at location A Vs Load

60

106
104

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Speed=1900 RPM

SPL at location A in dB(A)

102
100
98
96
94
92
90
88
86
84
0

Load (kg)

Fig 5.32 SPL at location A Vs Load

108

SPL at location A in dB(A)

106

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Speed=2300 RPM

104
102
100
98
96
94
92
90
88
0

Load (kg)

Fig 5.33 SPL at location A Vs Load

61

The figures 5.30 to 5.33 show the variation between sound pressure level at
location A and load with muffler and without muffler. Sound pressure level at
location A increases linearly as load increases for all cases. Value of sound pressure
level at location A without silencer is 89.9 dB(A) and 95.8 dB(A) at 1100 RPM at 0
kg and at 6 kg load respectively. Sound pressure level at location A is 102.3 dB(A)
and 106.5 dB(A) at 2300 RPM at 0 kg and 6 kg load respectively. Value of sound
pressure level at location A with silencer no. 1 is 81 dB(A) and 85.6 dB(A) at speed
1100 RPM at 0 kg and at 6 kg load respectively. Sound pressure level at location A is
89.1 dB(A) and 93.6 dB(A) at 2300 RPM at 0 kg and at 6 kg load respectively. Value
of sound pressure level at location A with silencer no. 2 is 81.5 dB(A) and 86.3 dB(A)
at speed 1100 RPM at 0 kg and at 6 kg load respectively. Sound pressure level at
location A is 91.1 dB(A) and 95.9 dB(A) at 2300 RPM at 0 kg and at 6 kg load
respectively. Value of sound pressure level at location A with silencer no. 3 is 81.2
dB(A) and 85.9 dB(A) at speed 1100 RPM at 0 kg and at 6 kg load respectively.
Sound pressure level at location A is 89.3 dB(A) and 93.8 dB(A) at 2300 RPM at 0 kg
and at 6 kg load respectively.
The maximum value of sound pressure level at location A is 106.5 dB(A) at
speed 2300 RPM and at load 6 kg without silencer. The minimum value of sound
pressure level at location A is 81 dB(A) at speed 1100 RPM and at load 0 kg with
silencer No. 1. This result shows that the most effective silencer is silencer no. 1.
Sound pressure level at Location B:
1. Load: Sound pressure level at location B is measured by keeping the load constant
and for varying speeds which show the comparison between sound pressure level at
location B and speed with mufflers and without muffler as shown in fig. 5.34 to 5.40.

62

SPL at location B in dB(A)

105

100

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=0 kg

95

90

85

80
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine Speed (RPM)

Fig 5.34 SPL at location B Vs Engine speed

SPL at location B in dB(A)

105

100

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=1 kg

95

90

85

80
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine Speed (RPM)

Fig 5.35 SPL at location B Vs Engine speed

63

110

SPL at location B in dB(A)

105

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=2 kg

100

95

90

85

80
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine Speed (RPM)

Fig 5.36 SPL at location B Vs Engine speed

110

SPL at location B in dB(A)

105

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=3 kg

100

95

90

85

80
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine Speed (RPM)

Fig 5.37 SPL at location B Vs Speed

64

110

SPL at location B in dB(A)

105

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=4 kg

100

95

90

85

80
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine Speed (RPM)

Fig 5.38 SPL at location B Vs Engine speed

110

SPL at location B in dB(A)

105

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=5 kg

100

95

90

85

80
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine Speed (RPM)

Fig 5.39 SPL at location B Vs Engine speed

65

110

SPL at location B in dB(A)

105

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=6 kg

100

95

90

85

80
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine Speed (RPM)

Fig 5.40 SPL at location B Vs Engine speed

The figures 5.34 to 5.40 show the variation between sound pressure level at location B
and engine speed with muffler and without muffler. Value of sound pressure level at
location B increases linearly as speed increases for all cases. Value of sound pressure
level at location B without silencer is 90.3 dB(A) and 102.7 dB(A) at 0 kg load for
1100 RPM and 2300 RPM respectively. Sound pressure level at location B is 96.2
dB(A) and 106.9 dB(A) at 6 kg for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM respectively. Value of
sound pressure level at location B with silencer no. 1 is 81.4 dB(A) and 89.5 dB(A) at
0 kg load for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM respectively. Sound pressure level at location
B is 86 dB(A) and 94 dB(A) at 6 kg for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM respectively.
Value of sound pressure level at location B with silencer no. 2 is 81.9 dB(A) and 91.5
dB(A) at 0 kg load for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM respectively. Sound pressure level
at location B is 86.7 dB(A) and 96.3 dB(A) at 6 kg for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM
respectively. Value of sound pressure level at location B with silencer no. 3 is 81.6
dB(A) and 89.7 dB(A) at 0 kg load for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM respectively. Sound
pressure level at location B is 86.3 dB(A) and 94.2 dB(A) at 6 kg for 1100 RPM and
2300 RPM respectively.

66

2. Speed: Sound pressure level at location B is measured by keeping the load

constant and for varying speeds that show the comparison between sound pressure
level at location B and speed with muffler and without muffler as shown in fig. 5.41
to 5.44.

98

SPL at location B in dB(A)

96

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Speed=1100 RPM

94
92
90
88
86
84
82
80
0

Load (kg)

Fig 5.41 SPL at location B Vs Load

102

SPL at location B in dB(A)

100

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Speed=1500 RPM

98
96
94
92
90
88
86
84
82
0

Load (kg)

Fig 5.42 SPL at location B Vs Load

67

106
104

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Speed=1900 RPM

SPL at location B in dB(A)

102
100
98
96
94
92
90
88
86
84
0

Load (kg)

Fig 5.43 SPL at location B Vs Load

108

SPL at location B in dB(A)

106

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Speed=2300 RPM

104
102
100
98
96
94
92
90
88
0

Load (kg)

Fig 5.44 SPL at location B Vs Load

68

The figures 5.41 to 5.44 show the variation between sound pressure level at
location B and load with muffler and without muffler. Sound pressure level at location
B increases linearly as load increases for all cases. Value of sound pressure level at
location B without silencer is 90.3 dB(A) and 96.2 dB(A) at 1100 RPM at 0 kg and at
6 kg load respectively. Sound pressure level at location B is 102.7 dB(A) and 106.9
dB(A) at 2300 RPM at 0 kg and 6 kg load respectively. Value of sound pressure level
at location B with silencer no. 1 is 81.4 dB(A) and 86 dB(A) at speed 1100 RPM at 0
kg and at 6 kg load respectively. Sound pressure level at location B is 89.5 dB(A) and
94 dB(A) at 2300 RPM at 0 kg and at 6 kg load respectively. Value of sound pressure
level at location B with silencer no. 2 is 81.9 dB(A) and 86.7 dB(A) at speed 1100
RPM at 0 kg and at 6 kg load respectively. Sound pressure level at location B is 91.5
dB(A) and 96.3 dB(A) at 2300 RPM at 0 kg and at 6 kg load respectively. Value of
sound pressure level at location B with silencer no. 3 is 81.6 dB(A) and 86.3 dB(A) at
speed 1100 RPM at 0 kg and at 6 kg load respectively. Sound pressure level at
location B is 89.7 dB(A) and 94.2 dB(A) at 2300 RPM at 0 kg and at 6 kg load
respectively.
The maximum value of sound pressure level at location B is 106.9 dB(A) at
speed 2300 RPM and at load 6 kg without silencer. The minimum value of sound
pressure level at location B is 81.4 dB(A) at speed 1100 RPM and at load 0 kg with
silencer No. 1. This result shows that the most effective silencer is silencer no. 1.
Sound pressure level at Location C:
1. Load: Sound pressure level at location C is measured by keeping the load constant
and for varying speeds which show the comparison between sound pressure level at
location B and speed with mufflers and without muffler as shown in fig. 5.45 to 5.51.

69

SPL at location C in dB(A)

105

100

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=0 kg

95

90

85

80
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine Speed (RPM)

Fig 5.45 SPL at location C Vs Engine speed

SPL at location C in dB(A)

105

100

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=1 kg

95

90

85

80
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine Speed (RPM)

Fig 5.46 SPL at location C Vs Speed

70

SPL at location C in dB(A)

105

100

Load=2 kg

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

95

90

85

80
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine Speed (RPM)

Fig 5.47 SPL at location C Vs Engine speed

110

SPL at location C in dB(A)

105

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=3 kg

100

95

90

85

80
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine Speed (RPM)

Fig 5.48 SPL at location C Vs Engine speed

71

110

SPL at location C in dB(A)

105

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=4 kg

100

95

90

85

80
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine Speed (RPM)

Fig 5.49 SPL at location C Vs Engine speed

110

SPL at location C in dB(A)

105

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=5 kg

100

95

90

85

80
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine Speed (RPM)

Fig 5.50 SPL at location C Vs Engine speed

72

110

SPL at location C in dB(A)

105

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=6 kg

100

95

90

85

80
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine Speed (RPM)

Fig 5.51 SPL at location C Vs Engine speed

The figures 5.45 to 5.51 show the variation between sound pressure level at
location C and engine speed with muffler and without muffler. Value of sound
pressure level at location C increases linearly as speed increases for all cases. Value
of sound pressure level at location C without silencer is 90.2 dB(A) and 102.6 dB(A)
at 0 kg load for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM respectively. Sound pressure level at
location C is 96.1 dB(A) and 106.8 dB(A) at 6 kg for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM
respectively. Value of sound pressure level at location C with silencer no. 1 is 81.3
dB(A) and 89.4 dB(A) at 0 kg load for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM respectively. Sound
pressure level at location C is 85.9 dB(A) and 93.9 dB(A) at 6 kg for 1100 RPM and
2300 RPM respectively. Value of sound pressure level at location C with silencer no.
2 is 81.8 dB(A) and 91.4 dB(A) at 0 kg load for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM
respectively. Sound pressure level at location C is 86.6 dB(A) and 96.2 dB(A) at 6 kg
for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM respectively. Value of sound pressure level at location
C with silencer no. 3 is 81.5 dB(A) and 89.6 dB(A) at 0 kg load for 1100 RPM and
2300 RPM respectively. Sound pressure level at location C is 86.2 dB(A) and 94.1
dB(A) at 6 kg for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM respectively.

73

2. Speed: Sound pressure level at location C is measured by keeping the load constant
and for varying speeds that show the comparison between sound pressure level at
location C and speed with muffler and without muffler as shown in fig. 5.52 to 5.55.

98

SPL at location C in dB(A)

96

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Speed=1100 RPM

94
92
90
88
86
84
82
80
0

Load (kg)

Fig 5.52 SPL at location C Vs Load

102

SPL at location C in dB(A)

100
98

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Speed=1500 RPM

96
94
92
90
88
86
84
82
0

Load (kg)

Fig 5.53 SPL at location C Vs Load

74

106
104

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Speed=1900 RPM

SPL at location C in dB(A)

102
100
98
96
94
92
90
88
86
84
0

Load (kg)

Fig 5.54 SPL at location C Vs Load

108

SPL at location C in dB(A)

106

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Speed=2300 RPM

104
102
100
98
96
94
92
90
88
0

Load (kg)

Fig 5.55 SPL at location C Vs Load

75

The figures 5.52 to 5.55 show the variation between sound pressure level at
location C and load with muffler and without muffler. Sound pressure level at location
C increases linearly as load increases for all cases. Value of sound pressure level at
location C without silencer is 90.2 dB(A) and 96.1 dB(A) at 1100 RPM at 0 kg and at
6 kg load respectively. Sound pressure level at location C is 102.6 dB(A) and 106.8
dB(A) at 2300 RPM at 0 kg and 6 kg load respectively. Value of sound pressure level
at location C with silencer no. 1 is 81.3 dB(A) and 85.9 dB(A) at speed 1100 RPM at
0 kg and at 6 kg load respectively. Sound pressure level at location C is 89.4 dB(A)
and 93.9 dB(A) at 2300 RPM at 0 kg and at 6 kg load respectively. Value of sound
pressure level at location C with silencer no. 2 is 81.8 dB(A) and 86.6 dB(A) at speed
1100 RPM at 0 kg and at 6 kg load respectively. Sound pressure level at location C is
91.4 dB(A) and 96.2 dB(A) at 2300 RPM at 0 kg and at 6 kg load respectively. Value
of sound pressure level at location C with silencer no. 3 is 81.5 dB(A) and 86.2 dB(A)
at speed 1100 RPM at 0 kg and at 6 kg load respectively. Sound pressure level at
location C is 89.6 dB(A) and 94.1 dB(A) at 2300 RPM at 0 kg and at 6 kg load
respectively.
The maximum value of sound pressure level at location C is 106.8 dB(A) at
speed 2300 RPM and at load 6 kg without silencer. The minimum value of sound
pressure level at location C is 81.3 dB(A) at speed 1100 RPM and at load 0 kg with
silencer No. 1. This result shows that the most effective silencer is silencer no. 1.
Sound pressure level at Location D:
1. Load: Sound pressure level at location D is measured by keeping the load constant
and for varying speeds which show the comparison between sound pressure level at
location D and speed with mufflers and without muffler as shown in fig. 5.56 to 5.62.

76

105

SPL at location D in dB(A)

100

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=0 kg

95

90

85

80

75
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine Speed (RPM)

Fig 5.56 SPL at location D Vs Engine speed

SPL at location D in dB(A)

105

100

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=1 kg

95

90

85

80
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine Speed (RPM)

Fig 5.57 SPL at location D Vs Engine speed

77

SPL at location D in dB(A)

105

100

Load=2 kg

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

95

90

85

80
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine Speed (RPM)

Fig 5.58 SPL at location D Vs speed

SPL at location D in dB(A)

105

100

Load=3 kg

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

95

90

85

80
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine Speed (RPM)

Fig 5.59 SPL at location D Vs Engine speed

78

110

SPL at location D in dB(A)

105

Load=4 kg

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

100

95

90

85

80
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine Speed (RPM)

Fig 5.60 SPL at location D Vs Engine speed

110

SPL at location D in dB(A)

105

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=5 kg

100

95

90

85

80
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine Speed (RPM)

Fig 5.61 SPL at location D Vs Engine speed

79

110

SPL at location D in dB(A)

105

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Load=6 kg

100

95

90

85

80
1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

Engine Speed (RPM)

Fig 5.62 SPL at location D Vs Engine speed

The figures 5.56 to 5.62 show the variation between sound pressure level at location
D and engine speed with muffler and without muffler. Value of sound pressure level
at location D increases linearly as speed increases for all cases. Value of sound
pressure level at location D without silencer is 89.5 dB(A) and 101.9 dB(A) at 0 kg
load for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM respectively. Sound pressure level at location D is
95.4 dB(A) and 106.1 dB(A) at 6 kg for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM respectively.
Value of sound pressure level at location D with silencer no. 1 is 80.6 dB(A) and 88.7
dB(A) at 0 kg load for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM respectively. Sound pressure level
at location D is 85.2 dB(A) and 93.2 dB(A) at 6 kg for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM
respectively. Value of sound pressure level at location D with silencer no. 2 is 81.1
dB(A) and 90.7 dB(A) at 0 kg load for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM respectively. Sound
pressure level at location D is 85.9 dB(A) and 95.5 dB(A) at 6 kg for 1100 RPM and
2300 RPM respectively. Value of sound pressure level at location D with silencer no.
3 is 80.8 dB(A) and 88.9 dB(A) at 0 kg load for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM
respectively. Sound pressure level at location D is 85.5 dB(A) and 93.4 dB(A) at 6 kg
for 1100 RPM and 2300 RPM respectively.

80

2. Speed: Sound pressure level at location D is measured by keeping the load constant
and for varying speeds that show the comparison between sound pressure level at
location D and speed with muffler and without muffler as shown in fig. 5.63 to 5.66.

98

SPL at location D in dB(A)

96
94

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Speed=1100 RPM

92
90
88
86
84
82
80
78
0

Load (kg)

Fig 5.63 SPL at location D Vs Load

100

SPL at location D in dB(A)

98

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Speed=1500 RPM

96
94
92
90
88
86
84
82
80
0

Load (kg)

Fig 5.64 SPL at location D Vs Load

81

106
104

SPL at location D in dB(A)

102

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Speed=1900 RPM

100
98
96
94
92
90
88
86
84
0

Load (kg)

Fig 5.65 SPL at location D Vs Load

108
106

Without Silencer
With Silencer 1
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 3

Speed=2300 RPM

SPL at location D in dB(A)

104
102
100
98
96
94
92
90
88
86
0

Load (kg)

Fig 5.66 SPL at location D Vs Load

82

The figures 5.63 to 5.66 show the variation between sound pressure level at
location D and load with muffler and without muffler. Sound pressure level at
location D increases linearly as load increases for all cases. Value of sound pressure
level at location D without silencer is 89.5 dB(A) and 95.4 dB(A) at 1100 RPM at 0
kg and at 6 kg load respectively. Sound pressure level at location D is 101.9 dB(A)
and 106.1 dB(A) at 2300 RPM at 0 kg and 6 kg load respectively. Value of sound
pressure level at location D with silencer no. 1 is 80.6 dB(A) and 85.2 dB(A) at speed
1100 RPM at 0 kg and at 6 kg load respectively. Sound pressure level at location D is
88.7 dB(A) and 93.2 dB(A) at 2300 RPM at 0 kg and at 6 kg load respectively. Value
of sound pressure level at location D with silencer no. 2 is 81.1 dB(A) and 85.9 dB(A)
at speed 1100 RPM at 0 kg and at 6 kg load respectively. Sound pressure level at
location D is 90.7 dB(A) and 95.5 dB(A) at 2300 RPM at 0 kg and at 6 kg load
respectively. Value of sound pressure level at location D with silencer no. 3 is 80.8
dB(A) and 85.5 dB(A) at speed 1100 RPM at 0 kg and at 6 kg load respectively.
Sound pressure level at location D is 88.9 dB(A) and 93.4 dB(A) at 2300 RPM at 0 kg
and at 6 kg load respectively.
The maximum value of sound pressure level at location D is 106.1 dB(A) at
speed 2300 RPM and at load 6 kg without silencer. The minimum value of sound
pressure level at location D is 80.6 dB(A) at speed 1100 RPM and at load 0 kg with
silencer No. 1. This result shows that the most effective silencer is silencer no. 1.
The above figures conclude that the maximum sound pressure level is at
location B and minimum sound pressure level occurs at location D.
5.3

Vibration Analysis
In this analysis, values of acceleration and velocity are measured at location B

because at location B maximum sound pressure level occurs. This analysis is done for
frequency at 1-1 octave band.
5.3.1 Analysis for Acceleration
1. Load: In this analysis, keeping load constant and for varying speeds,
comparison is done between acceleration and frequency as shown in fig. 5.67 to 5.73.

83

16

Load=0 kg

14

Acceleration in m/s

12

Speed=1100 rpm
Speed=1500 rpm
Speed=1900 rpm
Speed=2300 rpm

10
8
6
4
2
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.67 Acceleration Vs Frequency

16

Load=1 kg
14

Acceleration in m/s

12

Speed=1100 rpm
Speed=1500 rpm
Speed=1900 rpm
Speed=2300 rpm

10
8
6
4
2
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.68 Acceleration Vs Frequency

84

16

Load=2 kg

14

Acceleration in m/s

12

Speed=1100 rpm
Speed=1500 rpm
Speed=1900 rpm
Speed=2300 rpm

10
8
6
4
2
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.69 Acceleration Vs Frequency

16

Load=3 kg

14

Acceleration in m/s

12

Speed=1100 rpm
Speed=1500 rpm
Speed=1900 rpm
Speed=2300 rpm

10
8
6
4
2
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.70 Acceleration Vs Frequency

85

16

Load=4 kg

14

Acceleration in m/s

12

Speed=1100 rpm
Speed=1500 rpm
Speed=1900 rpm
Speed=2300 rpm

10
8
6
4
2
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.71 Acceleration Vs Frequency

16

Load=5 kg

14

Acceleration in m/s

12

Speed=1100 rpm
Speed=1500 rpm
Speed=1900 rpm
Speed=2300 rpm

10
8
6
4
2
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.72 Acceleration Vs Frequency

86

18

Load=6 kg

16

Acceleration in m/s

14

Speed=1100 rpm
Speed=1500 rpm
Speed=1900 rpm
Speed=2300 rpm

12
10
8
6
4
2
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.73 Acceleration Vs Frequency

The figures from 5.67 to 5.73 show that value of acceleration increases as speed
increases when load is constant. There is a substantial increase in acceleration when
frequency ranges between 31.5 Hz and 1000 Hz and then value of acceleration
decreases gradually for higher frequencies. This shows that the area that will
concentrate more upon is at lower frequencies. The value of acceleration at load 0 kg
and at speed 2300 rpm is 14.13 m/s2 and it increase upto 16.61 m/s2 at load 6 kg and
at speed 2300 rpm. The maximum value of acceleration is at 1000 Hz while minimum
is at 31.5 Hz.

87

2. Speed: By keeping speed constant and for different loads, comparison is done
between acceleration and frequency. Graphs for Acceleration are shown in Fig. 5.74
to 5.77.

16

Speed=1100 RPM

14

Acceleration in m/s

12
10

Load=0 kg
Load=1 kg
Load=2 kg
Load=3 kg
Load=4 kg
Load=5 kg
Load=6 kg

8
6
4
2
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.74 Acceleration Vs Frequency

16

Speed=1500 RPM

14

Acceleration in m/s

12
10

Load=0 kg
Load=1 kg
Load=2 kg
Load=3 kg
Load=4 kg
Load=5 kg
Load=6 kg

8
6
4
2
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.75 Acceleration Vs Frequency

88

18

Speed=1900 RPM

16

Acceleration in m/s

14
12

Load=0 kg
Load=1 kg
Load=2 kg
Load=3 kg
Load=4 kg
Load=5 kg
Load=6 kg

10
8
6
4
2
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.76 Acceleration Vs Frequency

18

Speed=2300 RPM

16

Acceleration in m/s

14
12

Load=0 kg
Load=1 kg
Load=2 kg
Load=3 kg
Load=4 kg
Load=5 kg
Load=6 kg

10
8
6
4
2
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.77 Acceleration Vs Frequency

89

The figures from 5.74 to 5.77 show that value of acceleration increases as load
increases when speed is constant. There is a substantial increase in acceleration when
frequency ranges between 31.5 Hz and 1000 Hz and then value of acceleration
decreases gradually for higher frequencies. This shows that the area that will
concentrate more upon is at lower frequencies. There is a slight change in frequency
500 and 1000 Hz, when speed increases from 1500 rpm to 1900 rpm value of
acceleration changes its peak value from 500 Hz to 1000 Hz. The maximum value of
acceleration is at 1000 Hz while minimum is at 31.5 Hz.
5.3.2 Analysis for Velocity
1. Load: By keeping load constant and for different speeds, comparison is
done between velocity and frequency as shown in fig. 5.78 to 5.84.

3.0
Speed=1100 rpm
Speed=1500 rpm
Speed=1900 rpm
Speed=2300 rpm

Load=0 kg

2.5

Velocity in mm/s

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

2000

4000

6000

8000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig. 5.78 Velocity Vs Frequency

90

3.0

Load=1 kg

2.5

Speed=1100 rpm
Speed=1500 rpm
Speed=1900 rpm
Speed=2300 rpm

Velocity in mm/s

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

2000

4000

6000

8000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.79 Velocity Vs Frequency

3.0
Speed=1100 rpm
Speed=1500 rpm
Speed=1900 rpm
Speed=2300 rpm

Load=2 kg

2.5

Velocity in mm/s

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0

2000

4000

6000

8000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.80 Velocity Vs Frequency

91

3.5
Speed=1100 rpm
Speed=1500 rpm
Speed=1900 rpm
Speed=2300 rpm

Load=3 kg

3.0

Velocity in mm/s

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.81 Velocity Vs Frequency

3.5

Load=4 kg

3.0

Speed=1100 rpm
Speed=1500 rpm
Speed=1900 rpm
Speed=2300 rpm

Velocity in mm/s

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.82 Velocity Vs Frequency

92

4.0
Speed=1100 rpm
Speed=1500 rpm
Speed=1900 rpm
Speed=2300 rpm

Load=5 kg

3.5

Velocity in mm/s

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.83 Velocity Vs Frequency

4.0
Speed=1100 rpm
Speed=1500 rpm
Speed=1900 rpm
Speed=2300 rpm

3.5

Load=6 kg
Velocity in mm/s

3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.84 Velocity Vs Frequency

93

The figures from 5.78 to 5.84 show that value of velocity decreases as speed increases
when load is constant. There is a slight increase in velocity when frequency ranges
between 31.5 Hz and 500 Hz and then value of velocity decreases gradually for higher
frequencies. This shows that the area that will concentrate more upon is at lower
frequencies. The value of velocity is maximum at load 6 kg and at speed 1100 rpm is
3.79 m/s2 and minimum at load 0 kg and at speed 1100 rpm. The maximum value of
velocity is at 500 Hz while minimum is at 8000 Hz.

Speed=1100 RPM

Velocity in mm/s

Load=0 kg
Load=1 kg
Load=2 kg
Load=3 kg
Load=4 kg
Load=5 kg
Load=6 kg

2000

4000

6000

8000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.85 Velocity Vs Frequency

94

3.5
3.0

Speed=1500 RPM

Velocity in mm/s

2.5
2.0

Load=0 kg
Load=1 kg
Load=2 kg
Load=3 kg
Load=4 kg
Load=5 kg
Load=6 kg

1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0

2000

4000

6000

8000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.86 Velocity Vs Frequency

3.5

Speed=1900 RPM

3.0

Velocity in mm/s

2.5

Load=0 kg
Load=1 kg
Load=2 kg
Load=3 kg
Load=4 kg
Load=5 kg
Load=6 kg

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.87 Velocity Vs Frequency

95

3.0

Speed=2300 RPM

Velocity in mm/s

2.5

2.0

Load=0 kg
Load=1 kg
Load=2 kg
Load=3 kg
Load=4 kg
Load=5 kg
Load=6 kg

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.88 Velocity Vs Frequency

The figures from 5.85 to 5.88 show that value of velocity increases as load increases
when speed is constant. There is a slight increase in velocity when frequency ranges
between 31.5 Hz and 500 Hz and then value of velocity decreases gradually for higher
frequencies. This shows that the area that will concentrate more upon is at lower
frequencies.Value of Velocity ranges between 0.04 mm/s to 3.79 mm/s when load
varies from 0 to 6 kg and speed varies from 1100 to 2300 RPM. Value of Velocity is
maximum at load 6 kg and speed 1100 RPM at 500 Hz and is minimum at load 0 kg
and speed 1100 RPM at 8000 Hz.

5.4

Analysis for Frequency Spectrum

In this analysis, keeping both the load and speed constant and comparison is to

be done between Sound Pressure Level and frequency for without Silencer and with
silencers. The analysis of frequency spectrum is done at 1-1 octave band as shown in
Fig. 5.89 to 5.104.

96

100

Load=0 kg and Speed=1100 rpm

Without Silencer
With Silencer 3
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 1

90

SPL in dB(A)

80

70

60

50

40

30
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

8000

10000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.89 SPL Vs Frequency

100

Load=0 kg and Speed=1500 rpm

Without Silencer
With Silencer 3
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 1

90

SPL in dB(A)

80

70

60

50

40

30
0

2000

4000

6000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.90 SPL Vs Frequency

97

110

Load=0 kg and Speed=1900 rpm

Without Silencer
With Silencer 3
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 1

100

SPL in dB(A)

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.91 SPL Vs Frequency

110

Load=0 kg and Speed=2300 rpm

Without Silencer
With Silencer 3
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 1

100

SPL in dB(A)

90

80

70

60

50

40
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.92 SPL Vs Frequency

98

100

Load=2 kg and Speed=1100 rpm

Without Silencer
With Silencer 3
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 1

90

SPL in dB(A)

80

70

60

50

40

30
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.93 SPL Vs Frequency

100

Load=2 kg and Speed=1500 rpm

Without Silencer
With Silencer 3
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 1

90

SPL in dB(A)

80

70

60

50

40

30
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.94 SPL Vs Frequency

99

110

Load=2 kg and Speed=1900 rpm

Without Silencer
With Silencer 3
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 1

100

SPL in dB(A)

90

80

70

60

50

40
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.95 SPL Vs Frequency

Load=2 kg and Speed=2300 rpm

110
Without Silencer
With Silencer 3
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 1

100

SPL in dB(A)

90

80

70

60

50

40
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.96 SPL Vs Frequency

100

Load=4 kg and Speed=1100 rpm

100
Without Silencer
With Silencer 3
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 1

90

SPL in dB(A)

80

70

60

50

40

30
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.97 SPL Vs Frequency

100

Load=4 kg and Speed=1500 rpm

Without Silencer
With Silencer 3
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 1

SPL in dB(A)

90

80

70

60

50

40
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.98 SPL Vs Frequency

101

Load=4 kg and Speed=1900 rpm

110
Without Silencer
With Silencer 3
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 1

100

SPL in dB(A)

90

80

70

60

50

40
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.99 SPL Vs Frequency

110

Load=4 kg and Speed=2300 rpm

Without Silencer
With Silencer 3
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 1

100

SPL in dB(A)

90

80

70

60

50

40
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.100 SPL Vs Frequency

102

100

Load=6 kg and Speed=1100 rpm

Without Silencer
With Silencer 3
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 1

90

SPL in dB(A)

80

70

60

50

40

30
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.101 SPL Vs Frequency

110

Load=6 kg and Speed=1500 rpm

Without Silencer
With Silencer 3
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 1

100

SPL in dB(A)

90

80

70

60

50

40
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.102 SPL Vs Frequency

103

110

Load=6 kg and Speed=1900 rpm

Without Silencer
With Silencer 3
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 1

100

SPL in dB(A)

90

80

70

60

50

40
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.103 SPL Vs Frequency

110

Load=6 kg and Speed=2300 rpm

Without Silencer
With Silencer 3
With Silencer 2
With Silencer 1

100

SPL in dB(A)

90

80

70

60

50

40
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

Frequency (Hz)

Fig 5.104 SPL Vs Frequency

104

The figures fro 5.89 to 5.104 show the comparison between sound pressure level and
frequency at a particular load and particular speed. Load varies from 0 to 6 kg and
speed varies from 1100 to 2300 RPM. For a particular load and particular speed, value
of sound pressure level increases upto 63 Hz and then continuously decreases till
8000 Hz. Value of sound pressure level ranges between 54.6 dB(A) to 105.8 dB(A)
for without silencer, 41 dB(A) to 85.5 dB(A) for silencer 1, 44.7 dB(A) to 88.2 dB(A)
for silencer 2 , 40.3 dB(A) to 84.5 dB(A) for silencer 3.

5.5

Results

An analysis of the collected data indicates the following results:

1) Acoustic Power: Value of acoustic power without silencer varies from 102.4
dB(A) to 120 dB(A) for 0 to 6 kg load and for speed 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies
from 102.4 dB(A) to 115.9 dB(A) for load 0 kg when speed varies from 1100 to
2300 RPM and 102.4 dB(A) to 107.7 dB(A) for speed 1100 RPM when load
varies from 0 to 6 kg. For silencer 1, it varies from 94.2 dB(A) to 106.8 dB(A) for
0 to 6 kg load and for speed 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies from 94.2 dB(A) to
102.1 dB(A) for load 0 kg when speed varies from 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies
from 94.2 dB(A) to 98.7 dB(A) for load 1100 RPM when load varies from 0 to 6
kg. For silencer 2, It varies from 94.8 dB(A) to 109.2 dB(A) for 0 to 6 kg load and
for speed 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies from 94.8 dB(A) to 104.3 dB(A) for load 0
kg when speed varies from 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies from 94.8 dB(A) to 99.7
dB(A) for load 1100 RPM when load varies from 0 to 6 kg. For silencer 3, it
varies from 94.4 dB(A) to 107.1 dB(A) for 0 to 6 kg load and for speed 1100 to
2300 RPM. It varies from 94.4 dB(A) to 102.5 dB(A) for load 0 kg when speed
varies from 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies from 94.4 dB(A) to 98.9 dB(A) for load
1100 RPM when load varies from 0 to 6 kg. Acoustic power varies linearly by
increasing load and speed.
2) Sound Pressure Level at Exhaust: Value of sound pressure level at Exhaust
varies from 98.8 dB(A) to 114.6 dB(A) for without silencer for 0 to 6 kg load and
for speed 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies from 98.8 dB(A) to 109.6 dB(A) for load 0
kg when speed varies from 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies from 98.8 dB(A) to 103.4
dB(A) for load 1100 RPM when load varies from 0 to 6 kg. For silencer 1, it

105

varies from 85.3 dB(A) to 97.5 dB(A) for 0 to 6 kg load and for speed 1100 to
2300 RPM. It varies from 85.3 dB(A) to 92.9 dB(A) for load 0 kg when speed
varies from 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies from 85.3 dB(A) to 89.8 dB(A) for load
1100 RPM when load varies from 0 to 6 kg. For silencer 2, it varies from 86.9
dB(A) to 100.6 dB(A) for 0 to 6 kg load and for speed 1100 to 2300 RPM. It
varies from 86.9 dB(A) to 95.8 dB(A) for load 0 kg when speed varies from 1100
to 2300 RPM. It varies from 86.9 dB(A) to 91.5 dB(A) for load 1100 RPM when
load varies from 0 to 6 kg. For silencer 3, it varies from 85.6 dB(A) to 97.8 dB(A)
for 0 to 6 kg load and for speed 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies from 85.6 dB(A) to
93.3 dB(A) for load 0 kg when speed varies from 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies
from 85.6 dB(A) to 90.1 dB(A) for load 1100 RPM when load varies from 0 to 6
kg. SPL at exhaust also varies linearly by load and speed.
3) Sound Pressure Level at location A: Value of sound pressure level at location A
varies from 89.9 dB(A) to 106.5 dB(A) for without silencer for 0 to 6 kg load and
for speed 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies from 89.9 dB(A) to 102.3 dB(A) for load 0
kg when speed varies from 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies from 89.9 dB(A) to 95.8
dB(A) for load 1100 RPM when load varies from 0 to 6 kg. For silencer 1, it
varies from 81 dB(A) to 93.6 dB(A) for 0 to 6 kg load and for speed 1100 to 2300
RPM. It varies from 81 dB(A) to 89.1 dB(A) for load 0 kg when speed varies from
1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies from 81 dB(A) to 85.6 dB(A) for load 1100 RPM
when load varies from 0 to 6 kg. For silencer 2, it varies from 81.5 dB(A) to 95.9
dB(A) for 0 to 6 kg load and for speed 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies from 81.5
dB(A) to 91.1 dB(A) for load 0 kg when speed varies from 1100 to 2300 RPM. It
varies from 81.5 dB(A) to 86.3 dB(A) for load 1100 RPM when load varies from
0 to 6 kg. For silencer 3, it varies from 81.2 dB(A) to 93.8 dB(A) for 0 to 6 kg
load and for speed 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies from 81.2 dB(A) to 89.3 dB(A)
for load 0 kg when speed varies from 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies from 81.2
dB(A) to 85.9 dB(A) for load 1100 RPM when load varies from 0 to 6 kg. SPL at
location A also varies linearly by load and speed.
4) Sound Pressure Level at Location B: Value of sound pressure level at location
B varies from 90.3 dB(A) to 106.9 dB(A) for without silencer for 0 to 6 kg load
and for speed 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies from 90.3 dB(A) to 102.7 dB(A) for
load 0 kg when speed varies from 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies from 90.3 dB(A)
to 96.2 dB(A) for load 1100 RPM when load varies from 0 to 6 kg. For silencer 1,
106

it varies from 81.4 dB(A) to 94 dB(A) for 0 to 6 kg load and for speed 1100 to
2300 RPM. It varies from 81.4 dB(A) to 89.5 dB(A) for load 0 kg when speed
varies from 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies from 81.4 dB(A) to 86 dB(A) for load
1100 RPM when load varies from 0 to 6 kg. For silencer 2, it varies from 81.9
dB(A) to 96.3 dB(A) for 0 to 6 kg load and for speed 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies
from 81.9 dB(A) to 91.5 dB(A) for load 0 kg when speed varies from 1100 to
2300 RPM. It varies from 81.9 dB(A) to 86.7 dB(A) for load 1100 RPM when
load varies from 0 to 6 kg. For silencer 3, it varies from 81.6 dB(A) to 94.2 dB(A)
for 0 to 6 kg load and for speed 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies from 81.6 dB(A) to
89.7 dB(A) for load 0 kg when speed varies from 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies
from 81.6 dB(A) to 86.3 dB(A) for load 1100 RPM when load varies from 0 to 6
kg. SPL at location B also varies linearly by load and speed.
5) Sound Pressure Level at Location C: Value of sound pressure level at location
C varies from 90.2 dB(A) to 106.8 dB(A) for without silencer for 0 to 6 kg load
and for speed 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies from 90.2 dB(A) to 102.6 dB(A) for
load 0 kg when speed varies from 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies from 90.2 dB(A)
to 96.1 dB(A) for load 1100 RPM when load varies from 0 to 6 kg. For silencer 1,
it varies from 81.3 dB(A) to 93.9 dB(A) for 0 to 6 kg load and for speed 1100 to
2300 RPM. It varies from 81.3 dB(A) to 89.4 dB(A) for load 0 kg when speed
varies from 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies from 81.3 dB(A) to 85.9 dB(A) for load
1100 RPM when load varies from 0 to 6 kg. For silencer 2, it varies from 81.8
dB(A) to 96.2 dB(A) for 0 to 6 kg load and for speed 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies
from 81.8 dB(A) to 91.4 dB(A) for load 0 kg when speed varies from 1100 to
2300 RPM. It varies from 81.8 dB(A) to 86.6 dB(A) for load 1100 RPM when
load varies from 0 to 6 kg. For silencer 3, it varies from 81.5 dB(A) to 94.1 dB(A)
for 0 to 6 kg load and for speed 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies from 81.5 dB(A) to
89.6 dB(A) for load 0 kg when speed varies from 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies
from 81.5 dB(A) to 86.2 dB(A) for load 1100 RPM when load varies from 0 to 6
kg. SPL at location C also varies linearly by load and speed.
6) Sound Pressure Level at Location D: Value of sound pressure level at location
D varies from 89.5 dB(A) to 106.1 dB(A) for without silencer for 0 to 6 kg load
and for speed 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies from 89.5 dB(A) to 101.9 dB(A) for
load 0 kg when speed varies from 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies from 89.5 dB(A)
to 95.4 dB(A) for load 1100 RPM when load varies from 0 to 6 kg. For silencer 1,
107

it varies from 80.6 dB(A) to 93.2 dB(A) for 0 to 6 kg load and for speed 1100 to
2300 RPM. It varies from 80.6 dB(A) to 88.7 dB(A) for load 0 kg when speed
varies from 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies from 80.6 dB(A) to 85.2 dB(A) for load
1100 RPM when load varies from 0 to 6 kg. For silencer 2, it varies from 81.1
dB(A) to 95.5 dB(A) for 0 to 6 kg load and for speed 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies
from 81.1 dB(A) to 90.7 dB(A) for load 0 kg when speed varies from 1100 to
2300 RPM. It varies from 81.1 dB(A) to 85.9 dB(A) for load 1100 RPM when
load varies from 0 to 6 kg. For silencer 3, it varies from 80.8 dB(A) to 93.4 dB(A)
for 0 to 6 kg load and for speed 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies from 80.8 dB(A) to
88.9 dB(A) for load 0 kg when speed varies from 1100 to 2300 RPM. It varies
from 80.8 dB(A) to 85.5 dB(A) for load 1100 RPM when load varies from 0 to 6
kg. SPL at location D also varies linearly by load and speed.
7) It is found that the maximum sound pressure level is at location B as compared to
A, C and D and minimum sound pressure level is for location D as compared to A,
B and C.
8) The value of acceleration varies from 0.01 to 16.61 m/s2. Its value is maximum at
6 kg, 2300 rpm and 1000 Hz and minimum at 0 kg, 1100 rpm and 31.5 Hz.
9) The value of velocity varies from 0.04 to 3.79 mm/s. Its value is maximum at 6
kg, 1100 rpm and 500 Hz and minimum at 0 kg, 1100 rpm and 8000 Hz.
10) The value of SPL in frequency spectrum for without silencer varies from 54.6 to
105.8 dB(A). Its value is maximum at 6 kg, 2300 rpm and 63 Hz and minimum at
0 kg, 1100 rpm and 8000 Hz. For silencer 1, it varies from 41 to 85.5 dB(A). Its
value is maximum at 6 kg, 2300 rpm and 63 Hz and minimum at 0 kg, 1100 rpm
and 8000 Hz. For silencer 2, it varies from 44.7 to 88.8 dB(A). Its value is
maximum at 6 kg, 2300 rpm and 63 Hz and minimum at 0 kg, 1100 rpm and 8000
Hz. For silencer 3, it varies from 40.3 to 84.5 dB(A). Its value is maximum at 6
kg, 2300 rpm and 63 Hz and minimum at 0 kg, 1100 rpm and 8000 Hz.

108

CHAPTER-6
CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK

6.1 Conclusion
The object of the present work is to collect the data based on two parameters i.e. load
and speed. The present work concludes the following points:
a) Available data concludes that the best silencer for this Engine is silencer 1
which is Hybrid type of silencer as discussed in chapter 3. The result shows
that the difference between without silencer and silencer 1 is around 14 dB.
b) Data from frequency spectrum concludes that the maximum dB is at 63 Hz.
c) It is observed from results that value of Sound Pressure Level vary linearly
with respect to load and speed.
d) The maximum dB near the Engine is at location B showing in Fig. 5.2. Shaft
and Bearings are aligned at location B.
e) Values of Acceleration and Velocity are maximum at frequency 500 Hz.
6.2. Scope for future work
The presented work can be extended by working upon different points. Some of them
are listed below:
a) A proper Silencer can be designed to reduce more noise from an Engine.
b) It is concluded from results that the maximum dB is at Frequency of 63 Hz.
By using an intensity probe, parts will be found where the maximum Sound
Pressure level occurs at particular frequency.
c) To reduce more noise, foundation of an Engine will be designed properly.

109

REFERENCES
1. Mills C.H.G. and Aspinall D.T., Some aspects of commercial vehicle
noise, Applied acoustics, Vol. 1, pp. 47-66 (1968).
2. Wonnacott E.J., Lower exhaust noise from better silencer design
technique, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 37(1), pp. 17-26 (1974).
3. Priede T., The effect of operating parameters on sources of vehicle noise,
Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 43(2), pp. 239-252 (1975).
4. Bryce W. D. and Stevens R. C. K., An investigation of the noise from a
scale model of an engine exhausts system, Journal of Sound and Vibration,
Vol. 47(l), pp. 15-37 (1976).
5. Jha S. K., Characteristics and sources of noise and vibration and their
control in motor cars, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 47(4), pp. 543558 (1976).
6. Mugridge B. D., The noise of cooling fan used in heavy automotive
vehicles, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 44(3), pp. 349-367 (1976).
7. Stephenson J. and Hassan H A., The spectrum of combustion generated
noise, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 53(2), pp. 283-288 (1977).
8. Jones Adrian David, Noise characteristics and exhaust gas dynamics of a
small two stroke engine, Thesis for the degree of doctor of philosophy, The
University of Adelaide, December (1978).
9. Oguchi Tetsuro, Piston slap noise and its transfer to an internal combustion
engine, Thesis for the degree of Master of Science, Massachusetts institute of
technology, February (1979).
10. Richards E. J., Westcitt M. E. and Jeyapalan R. K., On the prediction of
impact noise, acceleration noise, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 62(4),
pp. 547-575 (1979).
11. Nakra B.C., Said W.K. and Nassir A., Investigations on mufflers for
internal combustion engine, Applied acoustics, Vol. 14, pp. 135-145 (1981).
12. Slack James W, Piston slap noise in I.C. engines, Thesis for the degree of
doctor of philosophy, Massachusetts institute of technology, February (1982).

110

13. Jones A.D. and Brown G.L., Determination of two stroke engine exhaust
noise by the method of characteristics, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol.
82(3), pp. 305-327 (1982).
14. Cuschierit J.M. and Richards E.J., On the prediction of impact noise:
diesel engine noise, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 102(1), pp. 21-56
(1985).
15. Lim M.K. and Low C.S., Using an engine-cylinder-pressure-damping
device to reduce small spark-ignition-engine noise, Applied acoustics, Vol.
29, pp. 109-115 (1990).
16. Tandara V., Combustion machines and reduction of noise of vehicles,
Technical consulting, Development and Designing, Berlin University (1990).
17. Schachner P. and Reisinger W., Reducing combustion noise, June (1991).
18. Desmons L. and Kergomard J., Simple analysis of exhaust noise produced
by four cylinder engine, Applied acoustics, Vol. 41, pp. 127-155 (1994).
19. Desmons L., Hardy J. and Auregan Y., Determination of the acoustical
source characteristics of an internal combustion engine by using several
calibrated loads, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 179(5), pp. 869-878
(1995).
20. Astrup Torben, Measurement of sound power using the acoustic intensity
method, Applied acoustics, Vol. 50(2), pp. 111-123 (1997).
21. Munjal M.L., Analysis and design of mufflers, Journal of Sound and
Vibration, Vol. 211(3), pp. 425-433 (1998).
22. Davies P. O. A. L. and Holland K. R., I.C. engine intake and exhaust noise
assessment, Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 223(3), pp. 425-444
(1999).
23. Kim Y. S. and Lee D. J., Numerical analysis of internal combustion engine
intake noise with a moving piston and a valve, Journal of Sound and
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24. Cho S.H., Ahn S.T. and Kim Y.H., A simple model to estimate the impact
force induced by piston slap, Journal of Sound and vibration, Vol. 255(2), pp.
229-242 (2002).
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Heavy Duty I.C. Engines, THIESEL Conference on Thermal and Fluid
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111

26. Kaminski T. and Wendeker M., Combustion process in a spark ignition

engine: Dynamics and noise level estimation, American Institute of Physics,
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engine cold start noise improvement, In: SAE 01-2490 (2005).
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Strouhal number dependence of the relative importance of internal and
external flow noise sources in IC engine exhaust systems, Journal of Sound
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Scientific and legal Perspective, Divyajyoti Prakashan Jodhpur, Second
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112

APPENDIX

APPENDIX-A
Table 1
WITHOUT SILENCER
Load 0 kg
Observations for SPL in dB (A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

1900

2300

Grid Pts. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg.
1

87.3

86.8

87.2

87.1

91.1

91.5

91.3

91.3

97.2

97.1

97

97.1

88.2

88.6

88.4

88.4

92.3

92.3

92.5

92.4

97.4

97.7

97.4

97.5

101.4 101.7 101.5 101.5

88.6

88.2

88.1

88.3

92.9

92.8

93

92.9

98.5

98.2

98.2

98.3

101.7

88.4

88.7

88.7

88.6

92

91.9

91.9

91.9

98.7

99

98.9

98.8

100.7 100.8 100.4 100.6

86.8

87

87.2

87

92.6

92.7

92.8

92.7

98.8

98.5

98.7

98.6

100.7 100.8 100.9 100.8

87.2

87.4

87.3

87.3

93.8

93.8

93.6

93.7

98.4

98.7

98.5

98.5

88

87.9

87.6

87.8

93.4

93.6

93.5

93.5

98.4

98.9

98.6

87.1

87.3

87.7

87.4

93.7

93.9

93.6

93.7

99.5

99.7

90.4

90.1

90.1

90.2

94.6

94.4

94.5

94.5

98.8

10

89

88.6

89.1

88.9

92.7

92.8

92.9

92.8

11

87.4

87.5

87.3

87.4

93.6

93.9

93.8

12

88.1

88.2

88.3

88.2

93

93.2

13

87.3

87

87.3

87.2

92

14

88.2

88

88.2

88.1

15

88.8

88.9

88.5

16

89.3

89.6

17

88

87.9

101

101.6

102

101

101.2

101.7 101.8

101.8

102

101.9

98.6

101.7 101.9

102

101.8

99.6

99.5

101.8 101.5 101.6 101.6

98.6

98.8

98.7

102.6 102.7 102.9 102.7

98

98.2

98.2

98.1

101.7 101.8 104.4 101.6

93.8

98.5

98.7

98.7

98.6

101.4 101.3 101.3 101.3

93.2

93.1

98.8

98.9

99.2

99

101.6 101.9 101.7 101.7

92.2

92.1

92.1

98.4

98.7

98.7

98.6

101.8

92.8

92.9

92.8

92.8

98.6

98.8

98.8

98.7

100.5 100.7 100.6 100.6

88.7

93.6

93.8

93.7

93.7

98.5

98.3

98.5

98.4

101.7 101.6 101.6 101.6

90

89.7

93.8

93.5

94

93.8

99

99.2

99.4

99.3

101.8 101.8 101.6 101.7

88.4

88.1

93

93.1

93.4

93.2

99.1

99.5

99.6

99.4

101.7 101.8 101.9 101.8

98.5

101.6

Ls

88.1

93

102

102

101.9 101.9

Value of Acoustic Power in dB(A) (ref. 10-12 W)

Lw

102.4

107.3

112.8

115.9

113

Table 2
WITHOUT SILENCER
Load 1 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

1900

2300

Grid Pts. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg.
1

89.3

89.8

89.5

89.5

94.4

94.6

94.5

94.5

98.6

98.8

98.7

98.7

103.3 103.1

103

103.1

88.4

88.1

88.4

88.3

94.8

94.8

94.6

94.7

98.9

98.8

98.9

98.9

102.8 102.6

103

102.8

89

88.9

89.4

89.1

94.5

94.7

94.6

94.6

99.3

99.2

99.1

99.2

102.3 102.2 102.1 102.2

88.9

88.4

88.8

88.7

94.3

94.5

94.4

94.4

99

99.1

99

99

102.5 102.6 102.7 102.6

89.1

89.4

89.1

89.2

93.3

93

93.1

93.1

99

99.2

99.1

99.1

101.3

89.4

89.2

89.3

89.3

92.6

92.4

92.5

92.5

99

98.8

98.9

98.9

101.1 101.3 101.2 101.2

89.1

89.3

89.2

89.2

93.4

93.1

93.2

93.2

99.1

99

99.2

99.1

101.8 101.9 101.9 101.9

89.1

89.2

89.1

89.1

93.2

93.3

93.6

93.4

99.8

100

99.9

99.9

102.3 102.2 102.4 102.3

90.6

90.7

90.8

90.7

94.8

94.7

94.9

94.7

99.7

99.6

99.8

99.6

103.1 103.3 103.2 103.2

10

90.9

90.7

90.9

90.9

94.6

94.9

95

94.8

99.4

99.5

99.3

99.4

103.4 103.5 103.3 103.4

11

90.8

90.9

90.6

90.7

95

94.8

94.9

94.9

98.9

99

98.9

98.9

103.9 103.8 103.7 103.8

12

91

90.9

90.9

90.9

94.3

94.1

94.4

94.3

99

99

99

99

102.3 102.4 102.5 102.4

13

89.3

89.1

89.2

89.2

94.2

94.1

94.4

94.3

99.1

99.3

99.5

99.3

102.3 102.2 102.1 102.2

14

88.8

88.6

88.7

88.7

92.8

92.9

92.5

92.7

99.5

99.1

99.3

99.3

101.3 101.2 102.1 101.2

15

89.3

89.2

89.2

89.2

93.3

93.3

93.1

93.2

99.1

99

99

99

101.3 101.3 101.4 101.3

16

90

90.2

90.1

90.1

93.1

93.4

93.3

93.2

99.4

99.6

99.2

99.4

101.7 101.9 101.8 101.8

17

91

90.8

90.9

90.9

93.8

94

93.9

93.9

99.6

99.7

99.9

99.7

101.9 101.8

Ls

89.6

93.9

101

101.1 101.1

102

99.2

101.9
102.2

Value of Acoustic Power in dB(A) (ref. 10-12 W)

Lw

103.9

108.2

113.5

116.5

114

Table 3
WITHOUT SILENCER
Load 2 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

1900

2300

Grid Pts. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg.
1

91

90.9

91.3

91.1

94.7

94.9

94.8

94.8

89.7

89.6

89.5

89.6

93.2

93.5

93

93.2

100

89.4

89.5

89.3

89.4

93.8

93.9

93.7

93.7

100.1

100

89.7

89.6

90.3

89.9

93.6

93.7

93.8

93.6

100

100.1

90.4

90.3

90.2

90.3

94

93.9

94.4

94.1

100.2

100

100.1 100.1 102.4 102.8 102.6 102.6

90.8

90.9

90.7

90.8

94.2

94.1

94.3

94.2

99.7

99.5

99.6

99.6

102.1 102.2 102.2 102.2

89

89.2

89.1

89.1

93.5

93.7

93.7

93.6

99.4

99.4

99.5

99.4

102.4 102.6 102.8 102.6

90.6

90.4

90.2

90.4

94.8

95

94.9

94.9

99.5

99.6

99.4

99.5

102.9 102.7 102.8 102.8

91.8

91.8

92.4

92

95.7

95.6

95.8

95.8

99.8

99.9

99.7

99.8

102.5 102.7 102.6 102.6

10

91.4

91.4

91.2

91.3

95.6

96.1

96.1

95.9

99.9

99.9

99.9

99.9

103.8 103.8 103.5 103.7

11

92

91.8

91.9

91.9

95.9

95.3

95.3

95.5

99.7

99.5

99.6

99.6

103.9 103.8 103.7 103.8

12

90.4

90.2

90.3

90.3

95

95.3

95

95.1

99.5

99.9

99.7

99.7

103.9

13

90

90.3

90

90.1

95.5

95.4

95.3

95.4

99.6

99.4

99.2

99.4

103.6 103.7 103.5 103.6

14

89.3

89.5

89.1

89.3

93.9

93.9

93.6

93.8

99.5

99.6

99.4

99.5

102.1 102.5 102.3 102.3

15

90.6

90.7

90.8

90.7

94.9

95

94.8

94.9

100.1 100.3 100.5 100.3 101.9 102.1 102.3 103.1

16

90.5

90.3

90.4

90.4

95.5

95.1

95.3

95.3

17

91.9

91.6

91.9

91.8

96.1

96

96.2

96.1

Ls

90.5

100.4 100.3

100

101

100.6 103.6 103.8 103.5 103.6

100.2 100.4 100.2 102.8 102.7 102.6 102.7

100.2 100.1 102.2 102.5 102.3 102.3
99.9

100

102.7 102.9 102.8 102.8

104

103.8 103.9

100.6 100.4 100.3 103.6 103.2 103.4 103.4

100.8 100.5 100.5 100.6 103.5 103.3 103.4 103.4

94.7

99.9

103

Value of Acoustic Power in dB(A) (ref. 10-12 W)

Lw

104.8

109

114.2

117.3

115

Table 4
WITHOUT SILENCER
Load 3 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

1900

2300

Grid Pts. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg.
1

91.3

91.2

91.2

91.2

95.5

95.4

95.6

95.5

101.7

91.8

91.1

91.3

91.4

95.7

95.4

96

95.7

101.3 101.4 101.2 101.3 103.4 103.7 103.4 103.5

91.1

91.5

91.6

91.4

95.8

96

95.9

95.9

100.2 100.1

90.5

90.7

90.5

90.6

95.6

95.7

95.3

95.5

100.1 100.2 100.3 100.2 103.4 103.1 103.1 103.2

91.1

90.9

90.8

90.9

94.8

95

94.9

94.9

99.1

99

98.6

98.9

103.2

90.5

90.4

90.6

90.5

94.6

94.8

94.7

94.7

98.8

98.6

98.7

98.7

103.1 103.2

90.6

90.7

90.8

90.7

94.8

94.6

94.5

94.6

99.7

99.4

99.7

99.6

103.2 103.4 103.3 103.3

90.9

90.6

91

90.8

94.9

94.7

95.1

94.9

100.7

101

100.9 100.9 103.3 103.8 103.7 103.6

91.1

91.1

91.2

91.2

94.8

94.9

94.6

94.8

100.9 100.7 100.8 100.8 103.9 103.7 103.8 103.8

10

91.6

91.7

91.6

91.6

95.6

95.4

95.7

95.6

101.5 101.1 101.3 101.3 103.8 103.6

11

91.9

91.4

91.5

91.6

95.7

95.9

95.5

95.7

101.4 101.6 101.8 101.6 103.7 103.9 103.5 103.7

12

91.5

91.3

91.8

91.5

95.9

96

95.8

95.9

13

90.9

90.7

90.7

90.8

95.8

95.7

95.9

95.7

14

91.4

91.2

91.1

91.3

94.9

95.2

94.8

95

99.7

99.6

99.7

99.7

103.6 103.8 103.4 103.6

15

91.1

91.2

91.5

91.3

94.8

95

94.9

94.9

99.4

99.6

99.5

99.5

103.3

16

91.4

91.8

91.5

91.6

95.1

95

95

95

100

100

99.7

99.9

103.3 103.2 103.2 103.2

17

91.8

91.9

91.7

91.8

95.1

95.2

95

95.1

Ls

91.1

101

102

102

100

101.9 103.2 103.6 103.4 103.4

100.1 103.6 103.2 103.5 103.4

103

103.1 103.1
103

104

103.1

103.8

100.8 100.9 100.9 103.6 103.5 103.7 103.6

101.1 100.8 100.7 100.9 103.4 103.6 103.5 103.5

103

103

103.1

100.4 100.5 100.3 100.4 103.7 103.6 103.8 103.7

95.3

100.4

103.5

Value of Acoustic Power in dB(A) (ref. 10-12 W)

Lw

105.4

109.6

114.7

117.8

116

Table 5
WITHOUT SILENCER
Load 4 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

1900

2300

Grid Pts. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg.
1

92.7

92.9

93.1

92.9

96.1

96.2

96.1

96.1

100.4 100.6 100.5 100.5 104.7 104.5 104.6 104.6

91.8

91.9

92

91.9

96.6

96.5

96.7

96.6

100.5 100.1 100.2 100.3 103.7 103.6 103.8 103.7

91.5

91.7

91.6

91.6

96.3

96.5

96.4

96.4

100.7 100.9 100.8 100.8 103.4 103.2 103.4 103.3

91.2

91.1

91.3

91.2

96.3

96.2

96.4

96.3

100

100

100.4 100.1 103.7 103.8 103.9 103.8

90.8

90.6

90.7

90.7

95.4

94.9

95.8

95.7

99.9

100

99.6

91.1

91

91.3

91.1

95.6

95.5

95.7

95.6

100.3 100.2 100.4 100.3

91

90.8

90.9

90.9

95.6

95.4

95.5

95.5

91.1

91.1

91.2

91.1

96.1

96.1

96.2

96.1

100.1 100.2

92.7

92.9

93.1

92.9

96.6

96.4

96.5

96.5

100.9 100.9 100.8 100.9 103.7 103.6 103.6 103.6

10

92.8

92.9

92.8

92.8

96.6

96.7

96.8

96.7

100.8 100.9

101

100.9 104.5 104.8 104.8 104.7

11

92.8

92.7

92.6

92.7

96.9

96.8

96.7

96.8

101.4 101.2

101

101.2 104.7 104.5 104.6 104.6

12

92.2

92.1

92.3

92.2

96.5

96.6

96.4

96.5

13

92

91.7

92

91.9

96.7

96.7

96.8

96.7

101.4 101.8 101.6 101.6 104.7 104.9 105.1 104.9

14

91.2

91.3

91.4

91.3

96.1

96.4

96.1

96.2

100.5 100.5 100.8 100.6 103.3 103.4 103.2 103.3

15

91.8

91.7

92

91.8

96

95.9

95.8

95.9

16

91.4

91.4

91.1

91.3

95.9

95.8

96

95.9

17

92.5

92.4

92.3

92.4

96.5

96.3

96.1

96.3

Ls

91.8

101

101

101

102.4 102.8 102.6 102.6

103

103.2 103.4 103.2

100.8 100.9 100.9 103.5 103.8 103.5 103.6

101

100

100.1 103.7 103.8 103.9 103.8

101.3 101.1 104.8 104.9 104.7 104.8

100.8 100.9 100.9

102.1 101.7
102

99.8

102

104

104.2 104.1 104.1

101.9 104.2 104.5 104.5 104.4

101.8 101.6 101.8 104.4 104.6 104.2 104.4

96.1

100.9

104

Value of Acoustic Power in dB(A) (ref. 10-12 W)

Lw

106.1

110.4

115.2

118.3

117

Table 6
WITHOUT SILENCER
Load 5 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

2300

1900

Grid Pts. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg.
1

93.8

93.6

93.7

93.7

97.4

97.5

97.6

97.5

92.9

92.7

92.8

92.8

97.6

97.8

97.7

97.7

101.8 101.9

93.1

92.7

92.9

92.9

97.6

97.7

97.5

97.6

101.7 101.8 101.6 101.6 104.8 104.9 104.7 104.8

92.4

92.6

92.5

92.4

97.4

97.5

97.4

97.4

101.3 101.1 101.2 101.2 104.2 104.2

91.5

91.2

91.5

91.4

96

96.2

96.1

96.1

100.5 100.8 100.8 100.7 103.9 103.6 103.9 103.8

91.9

91.7

91.8

91.8

95.4

95.6

95.5

95.5

101.1 100.9 101.3 101.1 104.2 104.5 104.2 104.3

92.2

92.4

92

92.2

96.2

96.1

96.3

96.2

100.8 100.7 100.9 100.9 104.9 104.8

92.6

92.4

92.2

92.4

96.4

96.5

96.3

96.4

101

101.2 101.1 101.1 104.2

92.6

92.7

92.5

92.6

97.7

97.6

97.8

97.7

103

102.8 102.9 102.9 105.1 104.9 104.7 104.9

10

93.7

94

94.1

93.9

97.9

97.8

97.7

97.8

102.7 102.9 102.8 102.8

11

93.3

93.4

93.5

93.4

97.9

98

97.8

97.9

102.5 102.7 102.9 102.7 105.3 105.4 105.2 105.2

12

93.6

93.2

93.4

93.4

97.5

97.3

97.1

97.3

102

102.2 102.4 102.2

13

92.9

92.9

92.6

92.8

95.8

95.9

95.7

95.7

102

101.9 101.8 101.9 105.7 105.6 105.6 105.6

14

92.2

92.3

92.2

92.2

96.3

96.1

96.3

96.2

101.1 101.2 101.6 101.3 104.5 104.9 104.4 104.6

15

92.3

92.1

92

92.1

96.1

96.2

96.3

96.2

101.8 101.7 101.9 101.8 104.9 104.8

16

93.3

93.2

93.4

93.3

96.8

97

96.9

96.9

101.4 101.2 101.4 101.3

17

93.9

93.7

94

93.9

97.3

97.2

97.4

97.3

102.1 102.8 102.4 102.4 105.9 105.8 105.7 105.8

Ls

92.6

103

102.9 102.8 102.9 104.3 104.7 104.5 104.5

102

96.9

101.9 104.4 104.3 104.2 104.3

105

105

106

104

104

105

104.1

104.9

104.1 104.1

104.8 104.9 104.9

105.1 105.2 105.1

105

104.9

105.8 105.9 105.9

101.8

104.9

Value of Acoustic Power in dB(A) (ref. 10-12 W)

Lw

106.9

111.2

116.1

119.2

118

Table 7
WITHOUT SILENCER
Load 6 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1500

1100

2300

1900

Grid Pts. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg.
1

91.7

91.9

91.8

91.8

97.8

97.9

97.5

97.7

103.9 104.1

92.2

92.1

92.3

92.2

97.4

97

97.2

97.2

103.7 103.9 103.8 103.8 106.1

106

93

93.2

93.1

93.1

98.5

98.3

98.4

98.4

102.8 102.7 102.6 102.7

106

106

94.4

94

94

94.1

98.2

98.3

98.1

98.1

102.2 102.4

102

102.2

106

106.3 106.4 106.2

93.7

93.5

93.6

93.6

97.9

97.8

97.5

97.7

101.9 101.8

102

101.9

105

104.8 104.9 104.9

93.8

93.6

93.7

93.7

96.3

96.5

96.4

96.4

102.1 101.7 101.9 101.9

104

104.2 104.1 104.1

93.3

93.4

93.5

93.4

97.1

97

97.2

97.1

101.8 101.7 101.6 101.7 104.8 104.9 104.7 104.8

94.7

94.8

94.6

94.6

98.7

98.8

98.6

98.7

102.5 102.5 102.5 102.5 105.3

94

94.1

94.2

94.1

99.7

99.8

99.6

99.6

103.2 103.1 103.3 103.2 106.2 106.1 106.3 106.2

10

90.9

90.7

90.8

90.9

98.3

98.4

98.5

98.4

103.4 103.7 103.2 103.4 106.7 106.8 106.6 106.7

11

93

92.9

92.8

92.9

97.2

97.1

97.3

97.2

103.2 103.4 103.3 103.3 106.1

12

93.4

93.3

93.5

93.4

97.9

97.3

97.6

97.6

102.7 102.9 102.8 102.8 106.8 106.7 106.9 106.8

13

94.5

94.2

94.5

94.4

96.6

96.2

96.3

96.4

102.2 102.3 102.1 102.1 106.3 106.5 106.4 106.4

14

93.6

93.4

93.2

93.4

97.1

97.2

97.3

97.2

102.6 102.8 102.7 102.7 104.4 104.6 104.5 104.4

15

93.3

93.5

93.4

93.5

98.2

98.1

98.3

98.2

102.6 102.6 102.6 102.6 105.4 105.3 105.5 105.4

16

93.6

93.4

93.5

93.6

99

99.2

99.1

99.1

102.7

17

94.8

94.9

94.7

94.7

98.5

98.6

98.4

98.4

102.6 102.7 102.5 102.6 105.1 105.1 105.2 105.1

Ls

93.4

103

104

103

97.8

104

106.7 106.6 107.1 106.8

106.2 106.1
106

105

106

105

106

105.1

106.3 106.1

102.9 105.4 105.4 105.1 105.3

102.7

105.7

Value of Acoustic Power in dB(A) (ref. 10-12 W)

Lw

107.7

112.1

117

120

119

Table 8
WITH SILENCER 1
Load 0 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

1900

2300

Grid Pts. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg.
1

79.1

79.3

79.2

79.2

81.9

81.8

81.7

81.8

84.3

84.5

84.4

84.4

88

87.9

88.1

88

78.7

78.9

79.1

78.9

81.8

81.6

81.7

81.7

84.7

84.9

84.8

84.7

88.1

88

88

88

79.1

79

78.9

79.1

82

81.8

81.9

81.9

84.9

84.7

85.1

84.9

87.7

87.6

87.8

87.7

79.3

79.1

79.2

79.3

81.5

81.7

81.6

81.6

84.8

84.9

84.7

84.8

87.4

87.9

88

87.7

79.1

79.1

79.1

79.1

81.3

81.1

81.2

81.2

84.7

84.6

84.5

84.6

87.5

87.7

87.6

87.6

78.5

78.7

78.6

78.6

81.1

81.5

81.3

81.3

84.3

84.2

84.4

84.3

87.5

87.6

87.4

87.5

78.3

78.1

78

78.1

81.3

81.5

81.4

81.4

84

84.2

84.1

84.1

87.5

87.6

87.4

87.5

79.4

79.9

80

79.7

81.8

82

81.9

81.9

84.5

84.7

84.6

84.6

87.4

87.6

87.5

87.5

79.7

79.9

80.1

79.9

81.7

82.1

81.9

81.9

84.6

84.8

84.7

84.7

87.9

87.8

87.7

87.8

10

79.4

79.4

79.3

79.4

81.9

81.8

82

81.9

84.7

84.6

84.5

84.6

88.2

88.4

88.3

88.3

11

79.1

79.3

79

79.2

81.9

81.7

81.8

81.8

84.6

85

84.8

84.8

88.1

88.2

88.3

88.2

12

79.3

79.1

79.2

79.2

81.7

81.9

82.2

81.9

84.8

85.1

84.8

84.9

87.6

87.9

88

87.8

13

79.6

79.8

79.7

79.7

81.7

81.8

81.4

81.6

85.1

84.8

84.7

84.9

87.8

87.9

88

87.9

14

79.5

79.1

79.3

79.3

81.6

81.4

81.5

81.5

84.6

84.8

84.7

84.7

88.1

87.9

88

88

15

78.8

79

78.9

78.9

81.3

81.5

81.4

81.4

84.3

84.7

84.5

84.5

87.9

87.5

87.4

87.6

16

78.4

78.6

78.2

78.4

81.7

81.8

81.6

81.7

84.1

84.3

84.5

84.3

87.6

87.8

87.7

87.7

17

79.3

79.5

79.4

79.4

81.8

82

81.9

81.9

84.7

84.9

84.8

84.8

87.6

88

87.8

87.8

Ls

79.1

81.7

84.6

87.8

Value of Acoustic Power in dB(A) (ref. 10-12 W)

Lw

94.2

96

98.9

102.1

120

Table 9
WITH SILENCER 1
Load 1 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

1900

2300

Grid Pts. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg.
1

80.6

80.9

80.6

80.7

82.7

82.9

82.8

82.8

85.7

85.9

85.5

85.7

88.6

88.7

88.8

88.7

80.4

80.6

80.8

80.6

82.5

82.7

82.6

82.6

84.7

84.9

84.8

84.8

88.7

88.9

88.8

88.8

80.7

80.9

80.5

80.7

82.4

82.6

82.2

82.4

84.6

84.9

84.6

84.7

88.8

88.7

88.4

88.6

80.5

80.4

80.6

80.5

82.5

82

82.1

82.2

85.4

85.2

85.5

85.4

88.6

88.8

88.7

88.7

80.1

80.3

80.2

80.2

82.1

82.7

82.7

82.5

85.2

85.4

85.3

85.3

88.3

88.5

88.4

88.4

80.5

80.4

80.3

80.4

81.8

81.9

81.4

81.7

85.7

85.6

85.8

85.7

88.2

88.1

88.3

88.2

80.4

80.5

80.6

80.5

81.9

81.6

81.9

81.8

85.7

85.9

85.8

85.8

88.4

88.6

88.5

88.5

80.6

80.8

80.7

80.7

82

82

81.7

81.9

85.3

85.5

85.4

85.4

88.8

88.9

88.7

88.8

80.8

80.9

80.8

80.8

82.1

82.3

82.2

82.2

84.8

84.9

85

84.9

88.7

88.8

88.6

88.7

10

80.7

81

81

80.9

82.7

82.8

83.1

82.9

85.1

85.2

85.1

85.1

88.8

88.9

89

88.9

11

80.7

80.8

80.6

80.7

82.6

82.8

82.7

82.7

84.6

84.8

84.7

84.7

88.6

88.9

88.6

88.7

12

80.7

80.9

80.8

80.8

82.7

82.9

83.1

82.9

85.1

85.4

85.4

85.3

88.9

88.7

88.8

88.8

13

80.6

80.7

80.5

80.6

82.5

82.7

82.6

82.6

84.7

84.9

84.8

84.8

88.7

89

89.1

88.9

14

80.4

80.2

80.6

80.4

82.2

82.1

82.3

82.2

85.9

85.8

85.7

85.8

88.6

88.4

88.5

88.5

15

80.5

80.6

80.4

80.5

82.5

82.4

82.3

82.4

85.5

85.4

85.6

85.5

88.4

88.3

88.5

88.4

16

80.6

80.6

80.5

80.6

82

82.2

82.1

82.1

85.6

85.4

85.8

85.6

88.7

88.5

88.6

88.6

17

80.8

81

80.9

80.9

82.8

82.6

83.2

82.9

85.9

85.9

85.9

85.9

88.8

88.7

88.9

88.8

Ls

80.6

82.4

85.3

88.6

Value of Acoustic Power in dB(A) (ref. 10-12 W)

Lw

94.9

96.7

99.6

102.9

121

Table 10
WITH SILENCER 1
Load 2 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

1900

2300

Grid Pts. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg.
1

81.6

81.9

81.9

81.8

83.5

83.6

83.7

83.6

86.5

86.4

86.6

86.4

89.7

89.9

89.8

89.8

81.5

81.7

81.6

81.6

83.5

83.3

83.4

83.4

86.5

86.7

86.3

86.5

88.5

88.7

88.6

88.6

81.4

81.5

81.3

81.4

83.7

83.6

83.8

83.7

86.2

86.4

86.3

86.3

88.6

88.4

88.5

88.5

81

81.2

81.4

81.2

83.2

83.1

83.5

83.3

86.1

86.3

86

86.2

89.2

89.3

89.4

89.3

81.5

81.4

81.6

81.5

82.9

83.2

83.2

83.1

86

85.9

86.1

86

89.5

89.7

89.6

89.5

80.6

80.8

80.7

80.7

82.7

83.1

82.9

82.9

85.8

85.9

85.9

85.9

89.8

89.6

89.7

89.7

80.9

80.7

80.8

80.8

82.6

82.8

82.4

82.6

86.1

85.9

86

86

89.8

89.8

89.8

89.8

80.8

81

80.9

80.9

82.2

82.3

82.4

82.3

86

86.2

86.1

86.1

89.3

89.5

89.5

89.4

81.2

81.1

81.3

81.2

83.3

83.2

83.4

83.3

86.4

86.6

86.5

86.5

89

89.2

89.1

89.1

10

81.8

82

81.9

81.9

83.8

83.7

83.9

83.8

86.5

86.6

86.4

86.6

89.3

89.1

89.2

89.2

11

81.7

81.6

81.8

81.7

83.5

83.4

83.6

83.5

86.3

86.5

86.7

86.5

88.2

88.3

88.4

88.3

12

81.6

81.4

81.5

81.5

83.7

83.9

83.8

83.8

86.4

86.6

86.2

86.4

89.4

89.2

89.3

89.3

13

81.3

81.5

81.4

81.4

83.4

83.5

83.6

83.5

86

86.2

86.1

86.1

88.7

88.8

88.9

88.8

14

81.8

81.7

81.6

81.7

83.2

83.3

83.4

83.3

85.9

86.2

85.9

86

89.6

89.8

89.4

89.6

15

80.9

80.7

81.1

80.9

83.1

83

83.2

83.1

86.1

86.1

86.2

86.1

89.7

89.9

89.8

89.7

16

81.1

81.3

81.2

81.2

82.9

83.1

82.7

82.9

86.1

86.1

86.4

86.2

89.5

89.6

89.7

89.6

17

81

81.2

81.1

81.1

82.7

82.6

82.4

82.6

86.6

86.5

86.4

86.5

90

89.8

89.6

89.8

Ls

81.4

83.2

86.2

89.3

Value of Acoustic Power in dB(A) (ref. 10-12 W)

Lw

95.7

97.5

100.5

103.6

122

Table 11
WITH SILENCER 1
Load 3 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

1900

2300

Grid Pts. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg.
1

81

81.2

81.1

81.1

83.7

83.9

84.1

83.9

86.9

86.7

86.8

86.9

90.2

90.1

90.1

90.1

82.5

82.3

82.4

82.4

84

83.8

83.6

83.8

86.9

87.2

86.9

87

90.4

90.4

90.5

90.4

82.3

82.2

82.4

82.3

83.7

83.6

83.8

83.7

87.3

87.1

86.8

87.1

90.1

90.3

90.2

90.2

82.5

82.7

82.6

82.6

83.6

83.7

83.2

83.5

86.8

86.7

86.6

86.7

89.6

89.9

89.9

89.8

81.1

81.1

80.8

81

83.3

83.1

83.5

83.3

86.7

86.9

86.8

86.8

90

89.8

89.8

89.9

81.4

81.2

81.3

81.3

83.2

83.3

83.1

83.2

86.9

86.9

86.8

86.9

89.2

89.5

89.5

89.4

81.8

81.9

81.7

81.8

83.8

83.7

83.9

83.7

86.5

86.7

86.6

86.6

89.4

89.2

89.3

89.3

81.4

81.6

81.2

81.4

84.2

84

84.1

84.1

86.8

86.9

87.2

87

89.7

89.9

90.1

89.9

84.2

84.1

84.3

84.2

84.1

83.8

84.1

84

86.8

86.9

86.9

86.9

90.1

90.3

90.2

90.2

10

82.8

83

82.9

82.9

84.3

84.2

84.1

84.2

87.1

87.2

87.1

87.1

90.3

90.3

90.2

90.3

11

81.3

81.4

81.5

81.4

83.9

83.9

84.2

84

87.2

87.1

87.3

87.2

90.4

90.6

90.5

90.5

12

82.4

82.2

82.6

82.4

83.9

83.8

83.9

83.9

87.1

87.1

87.1

87.1

90.2

90.4

90.3

90.3

13

81.4

81.2

81.1

81.2

83.7

83.9

83.8

83.7

86.9

86.7

87

86.9

90.1

90.2

90.1

90.1

14

82.1

82.2

82

82.1

83.5

83.7

83.6

83.6

86.9

86.9

87.2

87

89.8

89.9

90.3

90

15

82.5

82.8

82.8

82.7

83.8

84

83.9

83.9

87.3

87

87.3

87.2

89.5

89.6

89.7

89.6

16

83.7

83.9

84.1

83.7

84.1

84.1

84.1

84.1

86.7

86.9

86.8

86.8

89.5

89.4

89.6

89.5

17

82.2

82.1

82.1

82.1

85.1

84.7

84.9

84.9

87.1

87.3

87.2

87.2

90.1

90.3

90.2

90.2

Ls

82.1

83.9

86.9

90

Value of Acoustic Power in dB(A) (ref. 10-12 W)

Lw

96.4

98.2

101.2

104.3

123

Table 12
WITH SILENCER 1
Load 4 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

2300

1900

Grid Pts. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg.
1

82.7

82.6

82.8

82.7

84.7

84.8

84.9

84.8

87.6

87.9

87.9

87.8

90.7

90.8

90.9

90.8

82.7

82.8

82.9

82.8

84.7

84.4

84.7

84.6

87.5

87.7

87.6

87.6

89.1

89.3

89.2

89.2

83

82.8

82.9

82.9

84.8

85.1

84.8

84.9

87.7

87.8

87.5

87.7

89.4

89.9

89.8

89.7

82.7

82.5

82.6

82.6

84.7

84.9

84.8

84.8

87.3

87.3

87.6

87.4

89.5

89.7

89.6

89.6

82.4

82.6

82.2

82.4

84.5

84.3

84.4

84.4

87.1

87.3

87.2

87.2

90.1

90.2

90.1

90.1

82.5

82.4

82.6

82.5

84.1

84.1

84.4

84.2

87.4

87.5

87.6

87.5

90.2

90.1

90.3

90.2

82.3

82.3

82.2

82.3

84.2

84.4

84.3

84.3

87.9

87.5

87.7

87.7

89.4

89.6

89.8

89.6

82.7

82.9

82.8

82.8

84.7

84.9

84.8

84.8

87.8

87.9

87.7

87.8

90.6

91.2

90.9

90.9

82.7

82.8

82.6

82.7

84.6

84.8

84.7

84.7

87.9

87.7

87.8

87.8

91.7

91.9

91.8

91.8

10

82.7

82.8

83.1

82.9

84.8

85.1

84.7

84.9

88.1

87.9

87.8

87.9

91.7

92.1

91.9

91.9

11

82.7

82.8

82.9

82.8

84.5

84.7

84.6

84.6

87.6

87.8

87.7

87.7

91.4

91.6

91.5

91.5

12

82.8

82.7

83.1

82.9

84.7

84.9

85.1

84.9

87.9

87.8

87.7

87.8

91.2

91.2

90.9

91.1

13

82.6

82.4

82.5

82.5

84.8

84.9

84.7

84.8

87.4

87.6

87.5

87.5

91.3

91.5

91.4

91.4

14

82.6

82.7

82.5

82.6

84.4

84.6

84.5

84.5

87.4

87.3

87.5

87.4

90.9

90.7

90.8

90.8

15

82.7

82.9

82.5

82.7

84.4

84.3

84.5

84.4

87.6

87.4

87.8

87.6

90.1

90.1

89.5

89.9

16

82.8

82.6

83

82.8

84.2

84.4

84.3

84.3

87.8

87.7

87.9

87.8

91.2

91.4

91.3

91.3

17

82.4

82.5

82.6

82.5

84.5

85

85

84.8

87.4

87.6

87.5

87.5

92.2

92.1

92.1

92.1

Ls

82.7

84.7

87.6

90.7

Value of Acoustic Power in dB(A) (ref. 10-12 W)

Lw

97

99

101.9

105

124

Table 13
WITH SILENCER 1
Load 5 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

1900

2300

Grid Pts. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg.
1

83.4

83.5

83.6

83.5

85.1

85.1

85.1

85.1

88.3

88.6

88.3

88.4

91.7

91.8

91.3

91.6

83.7

83.5

83.6

83.6

85.4

85.5

85.6

85.5

88.2

88.5

88.2

88.3

91.6

91.7

91.8

91.7

83.3

83.4

83.5

83.4

85.2

85.3

85.1

85.2

88.4

88.6

88.5

88.5

91.4

91.6

91.5

91.5

83.6

83.5

83.4

83.5

85.6

85.8

85.7

85.7

88.3

88.5

88.4

88.4

91.4

91.2

91.3

91.3

83.3

83.5

83.4

83.4

84.9

84.7

84.8

84.8

87.2

87.9

87.7

87.6

90.9

90.9

90.9

90.9

83.1

83.1

83.1

83.1

85.1

85.4

85.5

85.3

88.3

88.4

88.5

88.4

91.3

91.6

91.6

91.5

83.1

83.2

83.3

83.2

85.6

85.8

85.7

85.7

88.6

88.8

88.7

88.7

91.7

91.8

92.2

91.9

83.8

83.7

83.9

83.8

85.1

85.3

85.2

85.2

88.2

88.6

88.4

88.4

92.1

92.1

92.4

92.3

83.5

83.7

83.6

83.6

85.3

85.4

85.5

85.4

88.5

88.6

88.7

88.6

91.6

91.8

91.7

91.7

10

83.8

83.6

83.7

83.7

85.5

85.7

85.6

85.6

88.7

88.9

88.8

88.8

92.1

91.9

91.7

91.9

11

83.7

83.9

83.8

83.8

85.3

85.2

85.6

85.4

88.2

88.5

88.5

88.4

91.5

91.7

91.6

91.6

12

83.6

83.5

83.4

83.5

85.4

85.6

85.5

85.5

88.1

88.4

88.3

88.3

91.3

91.4

90.9

91.2

13

83.6

83.7

83.5

83.6

85.4

85.2

85.2

85.3

88.1

88.3

88.2

88.2

91.7

91.9

91.8

91.8

14

83.4

83.5

83.3

83.4

85.3

85.4

85.5

85.4

88.5

88.7

88.6

88.6

90.8

90.7

90.9

90.8

15

83.1

83.2

83.3

83.2

85.6

85.4

85.8

85.6

88.9

88.7

88.8

88.8

91.3

91.1

91.2

91.2

16

83.2

83.3

83.4

83.3

85.4

85.5

85.1

85.3

88.5

88.7

88.6

88.6

91.2

91.4

91.3

91.3

17

83.7

84

84.1

83.9

85.7

85.7

85.7

85.7

88.9

88.9

88.6

88.8

91.4

91.6

91.5

91.5

Ls

83.5

85.4

88.5

91.6

Value of Acoustic Power in dB(A) (ref. 10-12 W)

Lw

97.8

99.7

102.8

105.9

125

Table 14
WITH SILENCER 1
Load 6 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

1900

2300

Grid Pts. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg.
1

84.1

84.3

84.2

84.2

86.4

86.3

86.5

86.4

88.7

88.9

88.8

88.8

92.7

92.8

92.9

92.8

84.3

84.2

84.4

84.3

86.8

86.3

86.4

86.5

89.2

89.3

89.1

89.2

92.9

92.9

92.4

92.7

84.4

84.6

84.5

84.5

86.2

86.1

86.3

86.3

88.7

88.5

88.6

88.6

92.3

92.7

92.5

92.5

84.1

84.3

84.2

84.2

86.3

86.2

83.1

86.2

89.1

89.3

89.2

89.3

92.1

92.5

92.7

92.4

84.2

84.4

84.3

84.3

86.1

85.9

86.1

86

89.6

89.7

89.7

89.7

92.1

92.2

92.1

92.1

84.7

84.6

84.8

84.7

86

86.1

85.9

85.9

89.1

89.3

89.2

89.3

91.9

92.1

91.9

92

84.1

84.2

84.3

84.3

85.9

85.7

86.3

86

88.1

88.4

88.4

88.3

92.1

92.1

92.2

92.1

84.3

84.5

84.4

84.4

86.1

86.1

86.1

86.1

89.1

89.3

89.2

89.2

92.6

92.8

92.7

92.7

84.7

84.9

85.1

84.9

86.4

86.6

86.5

86.5

89.4

89.9

89.9

89.7

92.4

92.6

92.8

92.6

10

84.4

84.3

84.2

84.3

86.5

86.7

86.6

86.6

89.7

89.9

89.8

89.8

92.8

92.9

92.9

92.9

11

84.2

84.6

84.4

84.4

86.2

86.6

86.8

86.5

89.3

89.5

89.4

89.4

92.6

92.9

92.9

92.8

12

84.7

84.5

84.6

84.6

86.3

86.5

86.4

86.4

88.7

88.9

89.1

88.9

92.5

92.9

92.7

92.7

13

84.2

84.4

84.3

84.3

86.2

86.1

86.1

86.1

89.6

89.7

89.8

89.7

92.4

92.7

92.7

92.6

14

84.1

84.3

84.2

84.2

85.8

86.1

86.1

86

89.5

89.7

89.6

89.6

92.7

92.8

92.9

92.8

15

84.7

84.9

85.1

84.9

86.2

86.1

86.1

86.1

89.5

89.3

89.4

89.4

92.1

92.3

92.2

92.2

16

84.4

84.5

84.3

84.4

86.2

86.3

86.2

86.2

89.7

89.9

89.8

89.8

92.4

92.7

92.7

92.6

17

84.7

84.6

84.5

84.6

86.1

86.4

86.9

86.5

89.7

89.5

89.6

89.6

92.9

92.9

92.8

92.9

Ls

84.4

86.2

89.3

92.5

Value of Acoustic Power in dB(A) (ref. 10-12 W)

Lw

98.7

100.5

103.6

106.8

126

Table 15
WITH SILENCER 2
Load 0 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

1900

2300

Grid Pts. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg.
1

80.5

80.8

80.8

80.7

83.7

83.9

83.8

83.8

87.1

87

87.2

87.1

89.9

89.7

89.8

89.8

80.5

80.7

80.6

80.6

83.5

83.7

83.6

83.6

86.7

86.5

86.6

86.6

90.1

90.3

90.2

90.2

80.5

80.6

80.7

80.6

83.5

83.4

83.3

83.4

86.4

86.2

86.6

86.4

90.3

90.4

90.5

90.4

80.5

80.3

80.4

80.4

83.1

83.2

83.3

83.2

86.1

86.3

86.2

86.2

90.1

90

90.2

90.1

80.4

80.6

80.5

80.5

83.4

83.6

83.5

83.5

86

86.2

86.1

86.1

89.9

89.2

89.7

89.6

79.8

79.9

79.7

79.8

82.7

82.6

82.8

82.7

86

85.9

86.1

86

89.4

89.6

89.5

89.5

79.9

80.1

79.8

79.9

82.9

82.7

82.8

82.8

85.6

85.8

85.7

85.7

89.5

89.9

89.7

89.7

80.7

80.6

80.8

80.7

82.7

82.9

83.1

82.9

86.2

86.4

86.3

86.3

90.1

90

90.2

90.1

81.1

80.9

80.7

80.9

83.1

83.3

83.2

83.2

86.8

86.7

86.9

86.8

90.5

90.6

90.7

90.6

10

80.5

80.7

80.6

80.6

83.9

83.8

84

83.9

87.3

87.1

87.2

87.2

90.1

90.5

90.3

90.3

11

81

81

80.7

80.9

83.6

83.9

83.6

83.7

86.7

86.9

87.1

86.9

90.4

90.6

90.8

90.6

12

80.8

80.9

80.8

80.8

83.4

83.6

83.5

83.5

86.6

86.8

86.7

86.7

90.9

90.7

90.8

90.8

13

80.7

80.9

81.1

80.9

83.4

83.5

83.3

83.4

86.5

86.6

86.7

86.6

90.3

90.5

90.4

90.4

14

80.8

80.7

80.6

80.7

83.6

83.8

83.7

83.7

86.1

86.5

86.3

86.3

90

90.2

90.1

90.1

15

80.2

80.1

80.1

80.1

82.8

83

82.9

82.9

86.2

86.4

86.6

86.4

89.9

89.7

89.8

89.8

16

80.3

80.1

80.3

80.2

83.1

83.2

83.3

83.2

86.9

86.7

86.8

86.8

89.9

90

90.1

89.9

17

80

80.2

80.1

80.1

83.1

83.5

83.2

83.3

87.2

87.5

87.2

87.3

90.2

90.1

90.3

90.2

Ls

80.5

83.4

86.3

90

Value of Acoustic Power in dB(A) (ref. 10-12 W)

Lw

94.8

97.7

100.7

104.3

127

Table 16
WITH SILENCER 2
Load 1 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

1900

2300

Grid Pts. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg.
1

81.6

81.8

81.7

81.7

84.8

85.1

84.8

84.9

87.2

87.3

87.4

87.3

91.2

91.4

91.3

91.3

80.9

80.7

80.8

80.8

84.8

84.7

84.9

84.8

87.2

87.3

87.1

87.2

91.4

91.5

91.3

91.4

80.7

80.8

80.6

80.7

84.6

84.8

84.7

84.7

87.4

87.5

87.6

87.5

90.9

90.5

90.7

90.7

81.4

81.3

81.5

81.4

85.1

84.8

84.9

84.7

87.5

87.7

87.9

87.7

90.6

91

90.8

90.8

81.3

81.5

81.1

81.3

83.8

83.7

83.9

83.8

86.9

86.7

86.8

86.8

90.2

90.3

90.4

90.3

81.7

81.6

81.8

81.7

84.1

83.7

83.8

83.9

87.2

87

87.1

87.1

90.1

90.2

90.3

90.2

81.8

81.6

81.9

81.8

84

84.2

84.1

84.1

87.1

87.2

87.3

87.2

90.1

90.1

90.1

90.1

81.3

81.4

81.5

81.4

84.2

84.4

84.3

84.3

87

86.9

87.1

87

90.2

90.4

90.6

90.4

80.8

80.8

81.1

80.9

84.6

84.3

84.7

84.5

88.2

88.1

88.1

88.1

90

89.9

90.1

90

10

81

81.2

81.1

81.1

84.6

84.8

84.7

84.7

87.9

87.9

87.6

87.8

90.1

90.1

90.1

90.1

11

80.8

80.6

80.7

80.7

84.3

84.2

84.1

84.2

87.6

87.8

87.7

87.7

91.3

91.4

91.5

91.4

12

81.3

81.4

81.2

81.3

84.8

84.7

84.9

84.8

88

87.8

87.9

87.9

91.6

91.4

91.8

91.6

13

80.7

80.8

80.9

80.8

84.3

84.2

84.7

84.4

88.1

88.2

88.1

88.1

90.7

90.9

90.5

90.7

14

81.7

81.9

81.8

81.8

84.2

84.1

84

84.1

87.1

87.3

87.1

87.2

91.2

90

91.1

91.1

15

81.3

81.5

81.7

81.5

84.3

84.2

84.1

84.2

87.8

87.6

87.7

87.7

90.2

90.6

90.4

90.4

16

81.8

81.6

81.4

81.6

84.5

84.6

84.4

84.5

87.7

87.9

88.1

87.9

90.7

90.5

90.9

90.7

17

82.1

81.9

81.7

81.9

84.8

84.6

84.7

84.7

87.5

87.7

87.6

87.6

90.7

91

91

90.9

Ls

81.3

84.2

87.2

90.8

Value of Acoustic Power in dB(A) (ref. 10-12 W)

Lw

95.6

98.5

101.5

105.1

128

Table 17
WITH SILENCER 2
Load 2 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

1900

2300

Grid Pts. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg.
1

82.4

82.3

82.5

82.4

85.7

85.9

86.1

85.9

88.2

88.3

88.4

88.3

93.1

93

93.2

93.1

83.1

83.2

83.1

83.2

85.3

85.4

85.5

85.4

88.1

87.9

88.1

88

92.7

92.8

92.9

92.8

82.4

82.6

82.5

82.5

85.1

85.1

85.4

85.2

88.1

88.2

88.3

88.2

91.7

91.9

91.5

91.7

81.2

81.3

81.1

81.2

85.8

86.1

85.8

85.9

88.1

88.4

88.4

88.3

91.1

91.3

91.2

91.2

82.7

82.8

82.9

82.8

84.8

84.6

84.7

84.7

87.9

87.9

87.8

87.9

90.9

90.8

91

90.9

81.1

80.9

80.8

80.9

83.9

83.9

83.8

83.9

87.6

87.8

87.5

87.6

91.2

91

91.1

91.1

81.4

81.6

81.5

81.5

84.7

84.8

84.6

84.7

87.7

87.9

87.5

87.7

90.8

90.7

90.6

90.7

82.3

82.4

82.4

82.4

84.7

84.9

84.8

84.8

87.9

88.1

87.7

87.9

91.5

91.6

91.4

91.5

82.2

82.4

82.3

82.2

85.7

86.1

85.9

85.9

88.3

88.1

88.1

88.2

92.1

92.2

92.3

92.2

10

83.2

83.1

83.3

83.2

85.7

85.5

85.6

85.6

88.5

88.4

88.3

88.4

92.3

92.4

92.5

92.4

11

82.6

82.5

82.7

82.6

85.3

85.4

85.5

85.4

88.1

88

88.3

88.1

92.2

92.4

92.3

92.3

12

81.3

81.4

81.2

81.3

85.5

85.7

85.6

85.6

88.5

88.3

88.4

88.4

91.6

92

91.8

91.8

13

83.1

82.8

82.8

82.9

85.7

85.8

85.6

85.7

88.5

88.4

88.6

88.5

91.2

91.1

91.1

91.1

14

81.4

81.3

81.2

81.3

84.2

84.3

84.4

84.3

87.9

88.1

87.7

87.9

91.5

91.9

91.7

91.7

15

81.5

81.6

81.7

81.6

84.6

84.8

84.7

84.7

87.8

87.7

87.6

87.7

91.6

91.6

91.7

91.6

16

82.3

82.4

82.2

82.3

84.6

84.5

84.2

84.4

87.8

87.9

87.7

87.8

91.9

92

91.8

91.9

17

82.7

82.8

82.9

82.8

84.1

84.5

84.3

84.3

87.8

88.1

88.1

88

91.7

91.8

91.9

91.8

Ls

82

85

88.1

91.7

Value of Acoustic Power in dB(A) (ref. 10-12 W)

Lw

96.3

99.3

102.4

106

129

Table 18
WITH SILENCER 2
Load 3 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

1900

2300

Grid Pts. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg.
1

82.9

82.7

83.1

82.9

85.5

85.6

85.4

85.5

89.1

89.3

89.2

89.2

92.4

92.5

92.6

92.5

83.1

83.3

83.2

83.2

85.8

85.7

86.1

85.9

88.9

88.9

89.2

89

92.7

92.9

92.8

92.8

82.8

82.7

82.9

82.8

85.8

85.6

85.7

85.7

89.1

89.2

89.1

89.1

92.5

92.6

92.7

92.6

82.9

83.1

82.9

83

85.5

85.7

85.6

85.6

88.7

88.9

89.1

88.9

92.4

92.6

92.8

92.6

82.7

82.9

82.8

82.8

85.5

85.6

85.4

85.5

88.3

88.4

88.5

88.4

92

92.2

92.1

92.1

82.8

82.9

82.9

82.9

85.3

85.5

85.4

85.4

88.6

88.7

88.5

88.6

92.1

92.2

92.3

92.2

82.7

82.4

82.7

82.6

85.3

85.4

85.8

85.5

88.2

88.5

88.2

88.3

92.3

92.4

92.2

92.3

82.9

82.8

82.7

82.8

85.6

85.8

85.7

85.7

88.7

88.8

88.9

88.8

92.7

92.9

92.8

92.8

82.9

83.1

82.9

83

85.9

85.7

85.9

85.8

88.9

89.1

88.7

88.9

92.7

92.5

92.6

92.6

10

83.2

83.4

83.3

83.3

85.6

85.8

85.7

85.7

89.2

89.3

89.4

89.3

92.6

92.7

92.8

92.7

11

82.8

83.1

82.8

82.9

85.8

85.9

85.9

85.9

89.1

89.1

89.2

89.1

92.8

93.1

92.8

92.9

12

83.2

83.1

83.1

83.1

85.6

85.8

85.7

85.7

89.3

89.1

89.2

89.2

92.8

92.6

92.7

92.7

13

83.1

83.3

83.2

83.2

85.4

85.6

85.8

85.6

88.9

89.1

88.9

89

92.7

92.9

92.8

92.8

14

82.6

82.8

82.7

82.7

85.9

85.7

85.5

85.7

88.8

88.6

88.7

88.7

92.1

92.3

92.2

92.2

15

83.1

83.2

83.1

83.1

85.6

85.4

85.5

85.5

88.8

88.7

89.2

88.9

92.1

92.3

92.5

92.3

16

82.8

82.9

83

82.9

85.7

85.7

85.8

85.7

88.3

88.5

88.4

88.4

92.5

92.6

92.4

92.5

17

82.7

82.9

82.8

82.8

85.8

85.9

85.7

85.8

89.1

89.2

89.3

89.2

92.7

92.9

93.1

92.9

Ls

82.9

85.7

88.9

92.5

Value of Acoustic Power in dB(A) (ref. 10-12 W)

Lw

97.2

100

103.2

106.8

130

Table 19
WITH SILENCER 2
Load 4 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

1900

2300

Grid Pts. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg.
1

83.9

83.7

84.1

83.9

86.8

86.7

86.9

86.8

89.6

89.4

89.8

89.6

93.1

93.1

93.4

93.2

83.7

83.9

83.8

83.8

86.5

86.9

86.7

86.7

89.6

89.8

89.7

89.7

93.4

93.2

93.3

93.3

83.7

83.8

83.6

83.7

86.4

86.5

86.6

86.5

89.9

89.9

89.6

89.8

93.2

93

93.1

93.1

83.6

83.7

83.5

83.6

86.3

86.5

86.4

86.4

89.6

89.7

89.8

89.7

93.2

93.4

93.1

93.2

83.3

83.4

83.3

83.3

86.2

86.1

86.1

86.1

89.5

89.3

89.4

89.4

93.5

93.7

93.6

93.6

83.1

83.3

83.2

83.2

86.1

85.9

85.9

86

89.4

89.6

89.5

89.5

93.4

93.5

93.3

93.4

83.5

83.6

83.4

83.5

86

86.1

86.2

86.1

89.5

89.4

89.3

89.4

93.5

93.4

93.6

93.5

83.9

83.7

83.8

83.8

86.8

86.7

86.6

86.7

89.3

89.2

89.4

89.3

93.4

93.4

93.4

93.4

83.9

83.8

83.9

83.9

86.6

86.5

86.7

86.6

89.9

89.9

89.6

89.8

93.7

93.5

93.6

93.6

10

84.1

84.1

84.1

84.1

86.7

86.9

87.1

86.9

89.7

89.8

89.7

89.7

93.3

93.4

93.2

93.3

11

83.9

84.1

84.1

84

86.8

86.8

86.7

86.8

89.8

89.9

89.9

89.9

93.6

93.7

93.5

93.6

12

83.8

83.9

83.9

83.9

86.7

86.9

86.5

86.7

89.4

89.8

89.9

89.7

93.1

93.2

93.3

93.2

13

83.9

83.7

83.8

83.8

86.4

86.5

86.6

86.5

89.9

89.7

89.8

89.8

93.4

93.2

93.6

93.4

14

83.5

83.6

83.7

83.6

86.2

86.3

86.4

86.3

89.5

89.7

89.6

89.6

93.4

93.5

93.6

93.5

15

83.5

83.4

83.6

83.5

86.3

86.2

86.1

86.2

89.2

89.5

89.5

89.4

93.6

93.8

93.4

93.6

16

83.7

83.7

83.7

83.7

86.4

86.5

86.3

86.4

89.6

89.5

89.4

89.5

93.5

93.9

93.7

93.7

17

83.8

84.1

83.9

83.9

86.7

86.8

86.9

86.8

89.4

89.5

89.3

89.4

93.8

93.8

93.8

93.8

Ls

83.7

86.5

89.6

93.4

Value of Acoustic Power in dB(A) (ref. 10-12 W)

Lw

98

100.8

103.9

107.7

131

Table 20
WITH SILENCER 2
Load 5 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

1900

2300

Grid Pts. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg.
1

83.7

83.6

83.8

83.7

87.6

87.7

87.5

87.6

89.3

89.4

89.5

89.4

93.2

93.5

93.5

93.4

84.1

84.2

84.1

84.1

86.7

86.7

86.7

86.7

89.9

89.7

89.8

89.8

93.5

93.4

93.6

93.5

84.5

84.6

84.5

84.5

86.4

86.6

86.8

86.6

90.5

90.3

90.7

90.5

94.2

94

93.8

94

84.2

84.3

84.4

84.3

87.1

87.3

87.2

87.2

90.4

90.8

90.6

90.6

93.4

93.3

93.5

93.4

84.4

84.6

84.2

84.4

87.5

87.3

87.4

87.4

90.9

90.6

90.3

90.6

93.7

93.5

93.6

93.6

84.6

84.7

84.8

84.7

87.5

87.7

87.6

87.6

90.7

90.8

91.2

90.9

94.1

94.2

94.1

94.1

84.4

84.6

84.5

84.5

87.8

87.8

87.5

87.7

90.7

90.9

90.8

90.8

94.2

94.4

94.3

94.3

84.9

84.7

85.1

84.9

87.6

87.5

87.4

87.5

90.8

90.9

90.9

90.9

94.1

94

94.2

94.1

84.7

84.9

84.8

84.8

87.1

86.9

87.1

87

90.7

90.8

90.6

90.6

94.7

94.9

94.8

94.8

10

84.2

84.3

84.2

84.2

87.4

87.3

87.5

87.4

89.8

89.6

89.7

89.7

94.1

93.9

94

94

11

84.5

84.3

84.4

84.4

86.5

86.6

86.7

86.6

90.4

90.2

90

90.2

94.2

94.3

94.4

94.3

12

84.7

84.6

84.8

84.7

87.3

87.5

87.3

87.4

90.5

90.7

90.6

90.6

94.3

94.5

94.4

94.4

13

84.7

84.8

84.9

84.8

86.8

86.5

86.8

86.7

90.7

90.6

90.8

90.7

94.4

94.8

94.6

94.6

14

84.8

84.7

84.6

84.7

87.6

87.7

87.5

87.7

90.9

90.8

90.7

90.8

93.4

93.6

93.8

93.6

15

84.8

84.9

84.9

84.9

87.4

87.8

87.6

87.6

90.9

90.9

90.8

90.9

93.7

93.9

93.5

93.7

16

84.6

84.9

84.9

84.8

87.4

87.5

87.5

87.5

90.8

90.6

90.7

90.7

94.7

94.8

94.9

94.8

17

84.7

84.5

84.6

84.6

87.6

87.7

87.8

87.7

90.4

90.6

90.5

90.5

94.6

94.8

94.7

94.7

Ls

84.5

87.3

90.5

94.1

Value of Acoustic Power in dB(A) (ref. 10-12 W)

Lw

98.8

101.6

104.8

108.4

132

Table 21
WITH SILENCER 2
Load 6 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

1900

2300

Grid Pts. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg.
1

85.1

85.3

85.2

85.2

88.1

88.1

88.2

88.1

91.7

91.9

91.8

91.8

95

95.2

95.1

95.1

85.1

85.4

85.4

85.3

88.2

88.1

88.3

88.2

91.7

91.6

91.8

91.7

94.9

95.1

95.1

95

85.2

85.1

85.1

85.1

88.4

88.2

88.6

88.4

91.5

91.3

91.4

91.4

95.1

95.2

95.3

95.2

85.1

85.2

85.3

85.2

88.1

88.3

88.2

88.2

91.2

91.3

91.1

91.2

94.9

94.7

94.5

94.7

85.4

85.7

85.8

85.6

87.8

87.7

88.2

87.9

91.2

91

91.1

91.1

94.3

94.2

94.1

94.2

85.3

85.5

85.4

85.4

88.1

88.3

87.9

88.1

90.9

91.1

90.9

91

94.4

94.5

94.3

94.4

85.5

85.7

85.4

85.5

88

87.9

87.8

87.9

90.9

90.7

91.1

90.9

94.6

94.4

94.5

94.5

85.4

85.3

85.5

85.4

88.1

88.2

88.3

88.2

91.4

91.2

91.3

91.3

95

95.3

95

95.1

85.7

85.5

85.6

85.6

88.1

88.1

88.1

88.1

92.1

92.3

92.2

92.2

95.1

95.3

95.2

95.2

10

85.4

85.2

85.3

85.3

88.1

88.2

88.3

88.2

91.9

92.1

92.1

92

94.9

95.1

95

95

11

85.5

85.7

85.6

85.6

88.5

88.3

88.4

88.4

91.8

91.7

92.1

91.9

95.1

95.1

95.1

95.1

12

85.1

85.2

85.3

85.2

88.7

88.4

88.7

88.6

91.6

91.8

91.7

91.7

95.3

95.1

95.2

95.2

13

85.4

85.5

85.6

85.4

88.3

88.5

88.4

88.4

91.9

91.7

91.5

91.7

94.8

94.9

94.9

94.9

14

85.6

85.7

85.2

85.5

87.9

87.9

88.2

88

91.7

91.9

91.8

91.8

94.4

94.6

94.5

94.5

15

85.4

85.8

85.6

85.6

88.1

88.3

88.2

88.2

91.3

91.4

91.5

91.4

94.8

94.6

94.9

94.7

16

85.2

85.3

85.4

85.3

88.1

87.9

87.7

87.9

91.7

91.9

91.6

91.7

94.8

94.9

95.2

95

17

85.9

85.7

85.8

85.8

88.5

88.4

88.3

88.4

91.7

91.9

92.1

91.9

95.3

95.4

95.2

95.3

Ls

85.4

88.2

91.3

94.9

Value of Acoustic Power in dB(A) (ref. 10-12 W)

Lw

99.7

102.5

105.6

109.2

133

Table 22
WITH SILENCER 3
Load 0 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

1900

2300

Grid Pts. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg.
1

79.5

79.6

79.7

79.6

81.4

81.1

81.4

81.3

84.6

84.8

84.7

84.7

87.8

87.6

87.7

87.7

79.8

79.7

79.9

79.8

81.9

81.7

81.6

81.8

84.9

84.8

84.9

84.9

87.8

88.1

87.8

87.9

79.8

79.8

80.1

79.9

81.4

81.6

81.5

81.5

84.7

84.9

84.8

84.8

88.1

87.9

87.9

88

80.1

79.8

79.8

79.9

81.7

81.9

81.6

81.7

84.4

84.3

84.5

84.4

87.5

87.2

87.5

87.4

79.6

79.7

79.8

79.7

82.1

82

82.2

82.1

84.1

84.1

84.2

85.1

87.7

87.9

87.8

87.8

79.9

79.8

79.9

79.9

82.1

82.2

82.3

82.2

85.1

85.2

85.3

85.2

88.1

88

88.1

88.1

80.1

79.9

80.3

80.1

81.9

82.1

81.9

82

84.7

84.8

84.9

84.8

88.1

88.3

88.2

88.2

80.2

80.9

80.4

80.5

81.9

82.1

82.3

82.1

85.1

85.2

85.3

85.2

88.6

88.5

88.7

88.6

80.8

80.9

80.9

80.9

81.4

81.6

81.5

81.5

85.1

85

85.2

85.1

88.7

88.5

88.9

88.7

10

80.3

80.1

80.2

80.2

81.9

81.5

81.7

81.7

84.9

84.7

84.8

84.8

88.3

88.4

88.5

88.4

11

80.5

80.6

80.4

80.5

81.5

81.6

81.7

81.6

84.8

85.1

85.2

85

88.9

88.7

88.5

88.7

12

80.2

80.3

80.4

80.3

81.9

81.8

81.7

81.8

85.1

84.9

85.3

85.1

88.3

88.5

88.4

88.4

13

80.4

80.6

80.2

80.4

82.1

82.4

82.5

82.3

84.4

84.3

84.5

84.5

88.4

88.5

88.6

88.5

14

79.3

79.4

79.2

79.3

82.1

82.1

82.1

82.1

85.2

85.4

85.3

85.3

87.3

87.5

87.4

87.4

15

79.3

79.5

79.4

79.4

82.4

82.2

82.3

82.3

84.9

84.7

85.1

84.9

87.5

87.6

87.4

87.5

16

80.7

80.8

80.6

80.7

81.6

81.5

81.7

81.6

85.2

85.4

85.6

85.4

88.9

88.6

88.9

88.8

17

80.8

80.9

80.9

80.9

81.8

81.9

81.9

81.9

84.9

84.8

85

84.9

88.7

88.9

89.1

88.9

Ls

80.1

81.9

84.9

88.2

Value of Acoustic Power in dB(A) (ref. 10-12 W)

Lw

94.4

96.2

99.2

102.5

134

Table 23
WITH SILENCER 3
Load 1 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

1900

2300

Grid Pts. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg.
1

80.2

80.3

80.4

80.3

82.2

82.4

82.3

82.3

85.9

85.7

85.8

85.8

88.6

88.5

88.7

88.6

80.6

80.9

80.8

80.8

82.4

82.3

82.5

82.4

85.5

85.4

85.6

85.5

88.6

88.8

88.7

88.7

80.4

80.6

80.5

80.5

82.6

82.8

82.7

82.7

85.8

85.6

85.7

85.7

88.4

88.8

88.6

88.6

80.7

80.8

80.6

80.7

82.1

82.3

82.2

82.2

85.6

85.4

85.2

85.4

88.8

88.7

88.9

88.8

81.1

81.2

81.1

81.1

82.5

82.7

82.6

82.6

85.9

85.8

85.7

85.8

88.9

88.9

89.2

89

81.1

81.2

81.3

81.2

82.6

82.8

82.7

82.7

85.6

85.7

85.8

85.7

89

89.2

89.1

89.1

80.9

80.9

81.2

81

82.5

82.7

82.6

82.6

85.5

85.7

85.3

85.5

89.2

89.2

89.5

89.3

81.2

81

81.1

81.1

82.8

83

82.9

82.9

85.9

85.6

85.9

85.8

89.4

89.6

89.2

89.4

80.4

80.5

80.6

80.5

83.1

83

83.2

83.1

85.9

86.2

86.2

86.1

88.7

88.9

88.8

88.8

10

80.7

80.6

80.8

80.7

82.4

82.6

82.5

82.5

85.7

85.9

86.1

85.9

88.6

88.4

88.7

88.6

11

80.5

80.7

80.6

80.6

82.6

82.5

82.7

82.6

85.7

85.8

85.6

85.7

88.5

89.1

88.9

88.8

12

80.7

80.9

80.8

80.8

82.1

82.3

82.2

82.2

85.9

85.7

85.8

85.8

89.1

88.9

88.7

88.9

13

81.1

81.5

81.3

81.3

82.2

82.1

82.3

82.2

85.6

85.4

85.8

85.6

89.2

89.3

89.2

89.2

14

81.3

81.1

80.9

81.1

82.2

82.3

82.4

82.3

85.8

86

85.9

85.9

89.6

89.5

89.4

89.5

15

81.2

81.1

81.3

81.3

82.7

82.8

82.9

82.8

85.9

85.9

85.6

85.8

89.5

89.6

89.7

89.6

16

80.7

80.4

80.7

80.6

82.9

83.1

82.7

82.9

85.7

85.7

86.1

85.7

89.1

88.7

88.9

88.9

17

80.8

80.9

80.9

80.9

83.1

83.1

83.1

83.1

86.1

85.7

85.9

85.9

88.7

88.9

88.8

88.8

Ls

80.9

82.6

85.7

89

Value of Acoustic Power in dB(A) (ref. 10-12 W)

Lw

95.2

96.9

100

103.3

135

Table 24
WITH SILENCER 3
Load 2 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

1900

2300

Grid Pts. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg.
1

81.5

81.4

81.6

81.5

83.5

83.6

83.7

83.6

86.1

86

86.2

86.1

90.1

90.3

90.2

90.2

81.6

81.9

81.6

81.7

82.7

82.9

82.5

82.7

86.4

86.5

86.6

86.5

89.7

89.5

89.6

89.6

81.4

81.2

81.3

81.3

82.6

82.7

82.5

82.6

86.3

86.1

86.2

86.2

89.7

89.9

90.1

89.9

81.7

81.9

81.8

81.8

83.1

83.2

83.3

83.2

86.8

86.7

86.6

86.7

90.1

90.2

90.3

90.2

81.4

81.5

81.6

81.5

83.4

83.6

83.2

83.4

85.8

85.9

85.7

85.8

89.4

89.2

89.3

89.3

81.6

81.5

81.7

81.6

83.6

83.5

83.7

83.6

86.3

86.1

86.5

86.3

90.9

90.9

90.6

90.8

81.5

81.6

81.4

81.5

83.7

83.8

83.6

83.7

86.6

86.8

86.7

86.7

90.1

90.3

90.2

90.2

81.8

81.9

81.7

81.8

83.5

83.4

83.6

83.5

86.2

86.3

86.1

86.2

90.4

90.5

90.6

90.5

82.2

82.1

82.1

82.1

83.1

82.9

83.1

83

86.4

86.3

86.5

86.4

90.2

90.4

90.3

90.3

10

81.6

81.7

81.5

81.6

83.4

83.3

83.5

83.4

86.7

86.5

86.6

86.6

90.2

90.3

90.1

90.2

11

81.9

81.8

81.9

81.9

82.7

82.6

82.5

82.6

86.3

86.5

86.4

86.4

89.4

89.2

89.3

89.3

12

81.4

81.6

81.5

81.5

83.2

83.4

83.6

83.4

86.3

86.6

86.6

86.5

89.4

89.6

89.5

89.5

13

81.8

81.7

81.9

81.8

82.7

82.7

82.8

82.7

86.2

86.4

86.3

86.3

89.6

89.8

89.7

89.7

14

81.6

81.9

81.6

81.7

83.6

83.8

83.7

83.7

86.4

86.2

86.6

86.4

89.1

86.9

89.1

89

15

81.8

81.7

81.9

81.8

83.8

83.6

83.4

83.6

86.7

86.6

86.5

86.6

89.3

89.4

89.2

89.3

16

81.7

81.9

81.5

81.7

83.4

83.3

83.8

83.5

86.3

86.4

86.2

86.3

90.1

90.1

90.4

90.2

17

81.9

81.9

81.9

81.9

83.9

83.4

83.7

83.7

86.7

86.5

86.9

86.7

89.6

89.8

89.6

89.7

Ls

81.7

83.3

86.4

89.8

Value of Acoustic Power in dB(A) (ref. 10-12 W)

Lw

96

97.6

100.7

104.1

136

Table 25
WITH SILENCER3
Load 3 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

1900

2300

Grid Pts. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg.
1

82.3

82.1

82.3

82.2

83.8

84.1

83.8

83.9

86.8

86.7

86.6

86.7

89.4

89.6

89.5

89.5

82.3

82.2

82.4

82.3

83.7

83.8

83.9

83.8

86.9

86.9

87.2

87

89.9

89.8

89.1

89.9

82.1

82.3

82.2

82.2

83.9

83.7

84.1

83.9

86.8

86.9

87.1

86.9

90.4

90.6

90.8

90.6

82.6

82.6

82.4

82.5

83.5

83.6

83.4

83.5

87.2

87.1

87.1

87.1

90.9

90.4

90.7

90.7

82.3

82.2

82.1

82.2

83.9

83.8

83.9

83.9

86.5

86.9

86.7

86.7

90.8

91

90.6

90.8

82.1

82.1

81.8

82

84.5

84.3

84.1

84.3

87.4

87.2

87.3

87.3

90.6

90.8

90.7

90.7

82.2

82.3

82.4

82.3

84

84.2

83.8

84

86.9

86.7

87.1

86.9

90.8

90.9

90.9

90.9

83.3

83.4

83.2

83.3

84.2

84

84.1

84.1

87

87.2

87.1

87.1

90.9

90.8

90.7

90.8

83.3

83.4

82.9

83.2

84.3

84.2

84.9

84.5

87.4

87.6

87.2

87.4

90.7

90.8

91.1

90.9

10

82.4

82.5

82.3

82.4

84.1

84.1

83.9

84

86.9

87.1

87

86.9

89.7

89.9

89.9

89.8

11

82.6

82.5

82.7

82.6

83.9

83.8

83.9

83.9

87.3

87.1

87.2

87.2

90.2

90.5

90.5

90.4

12

81.9

81.7

81.8

81.8

84.1

84.1

84.2

84.1

87.1

87

87.2

87.1

90.8

90.6

90.7

90.7

13

82.3

82.2

82.4

82.3

83.7

83.9

83.5

83.7

87.2

87.1

87.3

87.2

91

90.8

90.9

90.9

14

81.4

81.5

81.6

81.5

83.9

83.9

84.2

84

87.1

87.3

87.2

87.2

90.7

90.6

90.5

90.6

15

82.3

81.9

82.1

82.1

84.6

84.9

84.1

84.5

86.8

86.9

86.7

86.8

90.7

90.8

90.9

90.8

16

83.7

83.5

83.6

83.6

84.3

84.2

84.4

84.3

87.3

87.5

87.4

87.4

90.9

90.9

90.8

90.9

17

83.3

83.4

83.2

83.3

84.5

84.3

84.4

84.4

87.1

87

87.2

87.1

90.8

90.9

90.7

90.8

Ls

82.5

84

87

90.6

Value of Acoustic Power in dB(A) (ref. 10-12 W)

Lw

96.8

98.3

101.4

104.9

137

Table 26
WITH SILENCER 3
Load 4 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

1900

2300

Grid Pts. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg.
1

82.5

82.3

82.4

82.4

84.2

84.3

84.4

84.3

87.8

87.9

87.7

87.8

91.2

91.3

91.4

91.3

82.5

82.6

82.4

82.5

84.7

84.9

84.8

84.8

87.7

87.6

87.8

87.7

91.5

91.7

91.6

91.6

82.9

83.1

82.9

83

84.5

84.4

84.6

84.5

87.9

88.1

88

87.9

90.9

90.7

90.8

90.8

82.4

82.3

82.5

82.4

84.8

84.7

84.6

84.7

87.4

87.5

87.6

87.5

90.7

91.1

90.9

90.9

82.6

82.7

82.5

82.6

85.1

85.2

85.1

85.1

87.9

88.1

88.1

88

90.5

90.7

90.6

90.6

83.2

83.1

83.1

83.1

85.1

85.2

85.3

85.2

88.2

88.3

88.1

88.2

90.8

91.1

90.8

90.9

83.4

83.2

83.3

83.3

85.3

85.2

85.1

85.2

87.8

87.9

87.9

87.9

90.7

90.9

90.8

90.8

83.1

83.2

83

83.1

85

85.1

85.2

85.1

88.1

88

88.2

88.1

91.1

90.9

90.8

90.9

83.8

83.7

83.9

83.8

84.5

84.4

84.6

84.5

88.2

88.4

88.3

88.3

92

92.2

92.1

92.1

10

83.1

83.1

82.9

83

84.6

84.7

84.8

84.7

87.8

87.9

87.9

87.9

91.6

91.5

91.7

91.6

11

83.4

83.2

83.3

83.3

84.6

84.7

84.5

84.6

87.7

87.9

87.8

87.8

91.8

91.9

91.7

91.8

12

83.3

83.4

83.5

83.4

84.8

84.9

84.7

84.8

88.2

88.1

88.1

88.1

91.3

91.5

91.4

91.4

13

83.6

83.5

83.7

83.6

85.1

85.3

85.5

85.3

87.6

87.5

87.7

87.6

91.3

91.2

91.1

91.2

14

82.6

82.5

82.7

82.6

84.9

85.1

85.3

85.1

88.2

88.1

88

88.1

90.8

91.1

90.8

90.9

15

82.7

82.8

82.6

82.7

85.5

85.3

85.1

85.3

88.1

88.1

87.8

88

91.4

91.2

91.3

91.3

16

83.7

83.8

83.9

83.8

84.7

84.5

84.6

84.6

88.2

88.4

88.3

88.3

91.5

91.4

91.3

91.4

17

83.8

83.6

83.7

83.7

84.9

84.8

85

84.9

88.1

88.2

88.1

88.2

91.6

91.7

91.5

91.6

Ls

83.1

84.9

88

91.2

Value of Acoustic Power in dB(A) (ref. 10-12 W)

Lw

97.4

99.2

102.3

105.5

138

Table 27
WITH SILENCER 3
Load 5 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

1900

2300

Grid Pts. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg.
1

83.8

83.7

84.2

83.9

85.9

85.8

85.9

85.9

89.1

89.3

89.2

89.2

92.1

92.2

92.1

92.1

83.7

83.8

83.9

83.8

85.7

85.8

85.6

85.7

88.8

88.7

88.9

88.8

91.9

91.8

92.1

91.9

83.9

83.7

83.5

83.7

85.6

85.6

85.6

85.6

88.9

88.8

89.1

88.9

92.2

92.1

92

92.1

83.8

83.9

83.9

83.9

85.4

85.7

85.4

85.5

88.8

88.7

88.9

88.8

92

91.9

92.1

92

83.4

83.6

83.2

83.4

85.3

85.4

85.2

85.3

88.6

88.8

88.4

88.6

91.3

91.4

91.5

91.4

83.8

83.7

83.9

83.8

85.7

85.5

85.6

85.6

88.2

88.1

88.3

88.2

91.6

91.7

91.5

91.6

83.9

83.8

83.9

83.9

85.5

85.4

85.3

85.4

88.3

88.5

88.4

88.4

91.4

91.5

91.6

91.5

83.9

84.1

83.7

83.9

85.7

85.9

85.8

85.8

88.9

88.8

89.1

88.9

92.1

92.1

91.9

92

84.2

84.1

84.3

84.2

85.9

85.9

85.8

85.9

89.3

89.2

89.1

89.2

92.4

92.5

92.6

92.5

10

84.1

84

84.2

84.1

86.1

86.2

86.3

86.2

89.4

89.2

89.6

89.4

92.4

92.5

92.3

92.4

11

84.1

84.1

84.2

84.1

85.9

85.9

85.8

85.9

88.9

88.9

89.1

89

92.1

92.2

92.3

92.2

12

83.9

84.1

83.9

84

85.7

85.9

85.8

85.8

89.1

89.1

89.2

89.1

92.4

92.5

92.3

92.4

13

84.1

84

84.2

84.1

85.8

85.7

85.9

85.8

89.3

89.2

89.1

89.2

92.2

92.4

92.3

92.3

14

84.1

84.3

84.2

84.2

85.3

85.5

85.4

85.4

88.9

88.7

88.8

88.8

91.8

92.1

91.8

91.9

15

84.1

83.9

83.9

84

85.6

85.8

85.7

85.7

88.5

88.9

88.7

88.7

91.9

92.1

91.9

92

16

84.3

84.2

84.4

84.3

85.4

85.3

85.2

85.3

88.9

88.7

89.1

88.9

91.9

91.9

91.8

91.9

17

84.1

84.3

84.2

84.2

85.8

86.1

85.8

85.9

89.4

89.2

89

89.2

92.3

92.5

92.4

92.4

Ls

83.9

85.7

88.9

92

Value of Acoustic Power in dB(A) (ref. 10-12 W)

Lw

98.2

100

103.2

106.3

139

Table 28
WITH SILENCER 3
Load 6 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

1900

2300

Grid Pts. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg.
1

84.6

84.7

84.8

84.7

86.4

86.6

86.5

86.5

89.7

89.5

89.6

89.6

92.8

92.9

92.7

92.8

84.9

84.7

84.8

84.8

86.7

86.5

86.9

86.7

89.8

89.6

89.7

89.7

92.7

92.9

92.5

92.7

84.5

84.7

84.6

84.6

86.6

86.4

86.8

86.6

89.5

89.6

89.4

89.5

93.1

92.7

92.9

92.9

84.7

84.6

84.8

84.7

86.7

86.8

86.6

86.7

89.7

89.9

89.8

89.8

92.6

92.7

92.8

92.7

84.3

84.5

84.4

84.4

86.2

86.4

86.3

86.3

89.9

89.9

89.8

89.9

92.5

92.7

92.6

92.6

84.1

84.3

84.2

84.2

86.2

86.1

86.1

86.1

89.6

89.4

89.5

89.5

92.3

92.1

92.2

92.2

84.4

84.5

84.6

84.5

85.7

85.6

85.8

85.7

89.8

89.5

89.5

89.6

92.1

92.5

92.3

92.3

84.7

84.8

84.6

84.7

85.8

85.9

85.7

85.8

89.7

89.5

89.9

89.7

92.9

92.8

92.7

92.8

84.9

84.7

84.8

84.8

86.4

86.3

86.5

86.4

89.8

89.7

89.8

89.8

92.9

92.9

92.8

92.9

10

84.8

84.7

84.9

84.8

86.8

86.6

86.7

86.7

89.7

89.7

89.8

89.7

92.9

93.1

92.8

92.9

11

84.8

84.9

84.9

84.9

86.9

86.8

86.9

86.9

89.8

89.9

89.9

89.9

93.1

92.9

93.1

93

12

84.7

84.9

84.5

84.7

86.7

86.9

86.5

86.7

89.8

89.6

89.7

89.7

92.7

92.7

92.9

92.8

13

84.7

84.9

84.8

84.8

87.1

86.9

86.8

86.9

89.9

89.9

89.8

89.9

93.2

93.3

93.1

93.2

14

84.6

84.3

84.6

84.5

86.7

86.6

86.6

86.6

89.4

89.2

89.3

89.3

92.4

92.5

92.3

92.4

15

84.3

84.5

84.4

84.4

86.1

86.2

86.3

86.2

89.7

89.6

89.8

89.7

92.5

92.6

92.4

92.5

16

84.4

84.7

84.7

84.6

86.3

86.4

86.5

86.4

89.7

89.9

90.1

89.9

92.8

92.8

93.1

92.9

17

84.7

84.9

84.8

84.8

86.2

86.1

86

86.1

89.8

89.7

89.9

89.8

93.2

93

93.1

93.1

Ls

84.6

86.5

89.7

92.8

Value of Acoustic Power in dB(A) (ref. 10-12 W)

Lw

98.9

100.8

104

107.1

140

APPENDIX-B
Table 1
WITHOUT SILENCER
Load 0 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)
Points

1100

1500

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

1900

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

2300

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Le

99

98.7

98.7

98.8

102.1

102

101.9

102

106.3

106.9

107.1

106.8

109.5

109.8

109.5

109.6

Lap

90

90.2

90.1

90.1

94

94.1

94.4

94.2

99

98.8

98.9

99

101.9

102

102.1

102

Lbp

91.3

91.5

91.4

91.4

95.3

95.8

95.9

95.7

100

100.2

100

100.1

102.8

102.9

102.9

102.9

Lcp

90.1

89.9

89.9

90

94.2

93.9

94.2

94.1

98.8

98.9

99

989

101.9

102

102.1

102

Ldp

90.6

90.7

90.8

90.7

95.2

95

95.2

95.1

99.9

99.7

100

99.9

102.6

102.9

102.9

102.8

Table 2
WITHOUT SILENCER
Load 1 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)
Points

1100

1500

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

1900

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

2300
Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Le

99.5

99.2

99.2

99.3

103.4

103.6

103.5

103.5

107.1

107.3

107.2

107.2

110.6

110.8

110.7

110.7

Lap

92.2

91.9

92

92

95.2

94.9

94.9

95

99.7

99.9

99.9

99.9

102.6

102.9

102.8

102.8

Lbp

92.6

92.5

92.5

92.5

95.5

95.7

95.6

95.6

100.6

100.8

100.7

100.7

103.4

103.5

103.6

103.5

Lcp

92.3

92.3

92.4

92.4

95.4

95.6

95.5

95.5

100.4

100.5

100.2

100.3

103.4

103.5

103.3

103.3

92.1

92.1

95.2

95.2

100.1

100.1

102.8

103

103.1

103

Ldp

92

91.9

95.1

95.4

100

100.2

Table 3
WITHOUT SILENCER
Load 2 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)
Points

1100
Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

1500
Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

1900
Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

2300
Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Le

100.3

100.6

100.6

100.5

104.5

104.2

104.3

104.3

108

108.3

108.2

108.2

111.3

111.6

111.6

111.5

Lap

92.8

92.5

92.6

92.6

96.2

96

95.9

96

101.1

101

101

101

103.2

103.4

103.3

103.3

Lbp

93

93.2

93.2

93.1

96.4

96.6

96.5

96.5

101.2

101.3

101.4

101.3

104

103.9

104

104

Lcp

92.9

92.8

93.3

93

96.2

96.5

96.4

96.4

101.2

101.3

101.1

101.2

103.7

103.9

104

103.9

Ldp

92.9

92.9

92.6

92.8

96.3

96.2

96.2

96.2

101

101.2

101.1

101.1

103.4

103.5

103.6

103.5

141

Table 4
WITHOUT SILENCER
Load 3 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

Points Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

1900

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

2300

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Le

101.4

101.2

101.1

101.2

105.1

104.9

105.1

105

109

109.2

109.1

109.1

112.3

112.2

112.3

112.3

Lap

93.4

93.3

93.2

93.3

96.6

96.5

96.5

96.5

101.3

101.5

101.7

101.5

104.1

104

103.9

104

Lbp

93.6

93.9

93.9

93.8

97.1

97.2

97.3

97.2

102.3

102.4

102.2

102.3

104.5

104.6

104.5

104.5

Lcp

93.6

93.8

93.7

93.7

97

97.1

97.2

97.1

102

102.2

102.1

102.1

104.3

104.5

104.4

104.4

Ldp

93.5

93.4

93.6

93.5

96.8

96.9

96.7

96.8

101.5

101.9

101.7

101.7

104.1

104.3

104.2

104.2

Table 5
WITHOUT SILENCER
Load 4 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

Points Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

1900

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

2300

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Le

101.7

101.9

101.8

101.8

105.9

105.7

105.5

105.7

109.8

109.7

109.9

109.8

112.7

112.9

112.8

112.8

Lap

94.1

93.9

94

94

97.1

97.3

97.5

97.3

102.2

102.3

102.3

102.3

104.6

104.4

104.7

104.6

Lbp

94.5

94.4

94.6

94.5

97.8

97.9

97.7

97.8

102.8

102.9

102.7

102.8

105.3

105.1

105.2

105.2

Lcp

94.7

94.4

94.4

94.5

97.9

97.6

97.6

97.7

102.5

102.7

102.6

102.6

105.1

104.9

105

105

Ldp

94.2

94.1

94.3

94.2

97.6

97.4

97.6

97.5

102.5

102.4

102.3

102.4

104.7

104.8

104.9

104.8

Table 6
WITHOUT SILENCER
Load 5 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)
Points

1100

1500

1900

2300

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Le

101.8

101.6

101.7

101.6

106.4

106.6

106.5

106.5

110.6

110.8

110.7

110.8

113.5

113.7

113.8

113.7

Lap

94.7

94.9

94.8

94.8

98.2

98.3

98.1

98.2

102.8

102.9

102.9

102.9

105.6

105.7

105.5

105.5

Lbp

95.6

95.4

95.3

95.4

98.6

98.8

98.9

98.8

103.2

103.4

103.3

103.3

106

106.1

106.2

106.1

Lcp

95.4

95.1

95.4

95.3

98.5

98.8

98.5

98.6

103.5

103.1

103.1

103.2

105.9

105.9

105.8

105.9

Ldp

94.7

94.9

94.9

94.9

98.3

98.5

98.5

98.4

103

102.9

103

103

105.8

105.8

105.5

105.7

142

Table 7
WITHOUT SILENCER
Load 6 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

1900

2300

Points Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg.
Le

103.4

103.5

102.3

102.4

107.5

107.3

107.1

107.3

111.7

111.6

111.4

111.6

114.4

114.6

114.5

114.6

Lap

95.7

95.4

95.4

95.5

99

98.9

99.1

99

103.4

103.6

103.5

103.5

106.6

106.4

106.2

106.4

Lbp

96.2

96.4

96.3

96.3

99.4

99.7

99.7

99.6

104

104.2

104.1

104.1

106.8

106.9

106.9

106.9

Lcp

96

96.2

96.1

96.1

99.4

99.6

99.4

99.5

103.8

104

103.9

103.9

106.6

106.8

106.7

106.7

Ldp

96.8

96.7

96.6

96.7

99.3

99.2

99.2

99.2

103.6

103.5

103.9

103.7

106.2

106.6

106.4

106.4

Table 8
WITH SILENCER 1
Load 0 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

1900

2300

Points Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg.
Le

85.2

85.4

85.3

85.3

87.2

87

87.1

87.1

89.3

89

89.1

89.1

92.8

93

92.9

92.9

Lap

80.8

80.9

80.7

80.8

82.6

82.6

82.9

82.7

85.5

85.7

85.3

85.5

89

88.9

89.1

89

Lbp

81.5

81.4

81.3

81.4

83.5

83.4

83.3

83.3

86.2

86

86.1

86.1

89.4

89.5

89.3

89.4

Lcp

81

81.1

81.2

81.1

83.4

83.1

83.1

83.2

85.8

85.9

86

85.9

89.1

89.4

89.2

89.3

Ldp

81

80.8

81.2

81

82.9

82.9

82.9

82.9

85.7

85.8

85.6

85.7

89.2

89

89.1

89.1

Table 9
WITH SILENCER 1
Load 1 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

Points Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

1500

1900

2300

Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg. Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Avg.

Le

86.2

86

86.1

86.1

87.7

87.9

87.8

87.8

89.8

89.9

89.7

89.8

93.8

93.5

93.8

93.7

Lap

81.6

81.5

81.4

81.5

83.6

83.4

83.5

83.4

86.2

86.1

86.3

86.2

90

89.8

89.4

89.7

Lbp

82

82.2

82.1

82.1

84.2

84.1

83.8

84

86.7

86.9

86.8

86.8

90.1

90.5

90.3

90.3

Lcp

82

81.9

82.1

82

83.7

83.9

83.8

83.8

86.7

86.6

86.8

86.7

90.1

90

90.2

90.1

Ldp

81.5

81.9

81.7

81.7

83.6

83.8

83.7

83.7

86.4

86.2

86.3

86.3

89.7

90

90.1

89.9

143

Table 10
WITH SILENCER 1
Load 2 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

Points Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

1500
Avg.

1900

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

2300
Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Le

86.7

86.9

87.1

86.9

88.9

88.5

88.7

88.7

90.6

90.7

90.5

90.6

94.7

94.5

94.3

94.5

Lap

82.2

82.3

82.4

82.3

84.2

84.3

84.1

84.2

87.4

87.1

87.1

87.2

90.6

90.2

90.3

90.4

Lbp

83

82.8

82.9

82.9

84.9

84.7

84.8

84.8

87.7

87.9

87.8

87.8

91.3

90.9

90.8

91

Lcp

82.6

82.7

82.7

82.7

87.6

84.9

84.7

84.7

87.6

87.7

87.5

87.6

90.5

90.9

90.7

90.9

Ldp

82.6

82.5

82.4

82.5

84.2

84.4

84.3

84.3

87.3

87.5

87.4

87.4

90.6

90.4

90.5

90.5

Table 11
WITH SILENCER 1
Load 3 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

Points Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

1500
Avg.

1900

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

2300
Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Le

87.5

87.7

87.6

87.6

89.4

89.6

89.5

89.5

91.5

91.3

91.4

91.4

95.4

95

95.2

95.2

Lap

83.1

83

83.3

83.1

84.7

84.9

84.8

84.8

88

88

87.9

88

91.2

91.1

91.1

91.1

Lbp

83.8

83.7

83.6

83.7

85.5

85.3

85.4

85.4

88.4

88.5

88.6

88.5

91.6

91.8

91.7

91.7

Lcp

83.4

83.5

83.6

83.5

85.2

85.4

85

85.2

88.5

88.6

88.4

88.4

91.4

91.5

91.6

91.5

Ldp

83.4

83.3

83.2

83.3

85

84.8

85.2

85

88.2

88

88.2

88.1

91.4

91.3

91.2

91.3

Table 12
WITH SILENCER 1
Load 4 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

1900

2300

Points

Obs. 1

Obs. 2

Obs. 3

Avg.

Obs. 1

Obs. 2

Obs. 3

Avg.

Obs. 1

Obs. 2

Obs. 3

Avg.

Obs. 1

Obs. 2

Obs. 3

Avg.

Le

88.3

88.2

88.1

88.2

90.4

90.6

90.3

90.4

92.2

92

92.1

92.1

96

96.2

95.9

96

Lap

83.8

83.9

83.7

83.8

85.6

85.8

85.4

85.6

88.7

88.6

88.8

88.7

92

91.6

91.7

91.8

Lbp

84.5

84.3

84.4

84.4

86.1

86.3

86.2

86.2

89.3

89.4

89.5

89.3

92.5

92.3

92.4

92.4

Lcp

84.1

84.4

84.1

84.2

86.1

86.2

86

86.1

89.1

89.2

89.3

89.2

92.2

92.1

92.3

92.2

84.1

84

85.7

85.7

88.9

88.9

92.1

92

91.9

92

Ldp

84

83.9

85.7

85.7

88.7

89.1

144

Table 13
WITH SILENCER 1
Load 5 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

1900

2300

Points

Obs. 1

Obs. 2

Obs. 3

Avg.

Obs. 1

Obs. 2

Obs. 3

Avg.

Obs. 1

Obs. 2

Obs. 3

Avg.

Obs. 1

Obs. 2

Obs. 3

Avg.

Le

89.1

89

88.9

89

91.4

91.3

91

91.2

93.1

93

93.1

93.1

96.9

96.7

96.8

96.8

Lap

84.4

84.8

84.6

84.6

86.4

86.5

86.3

86.4

89.3

89.4

89.5

89.4

92.5

92.6

92.4

92.5

Lbp

85.3

85.1

85.2

85.2

87

86.9

87.1

87

90

90.1

89.9

90

93

93.1

93.2

93.1

Lcp

85

85.1

85.2

85.1

86.9

86.7

86.8

86.8

89.9

90

89.8

89.9

93.1

92.7

92.9

92.9

Ldp

84.9

84.5

84.7

84.7

86.5

86.7

86.6

86.6

89.6

89.4

89.5

89.5

92.6

92.4

93

92.7

Table 14
WITH SILENCER 1
Load 6 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

Points Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

1900

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

2300
Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Le

89.7

89.9

89.8

89.8

92

92.2

92.1

92.1

94

94.1

94.2

94.1

97.7

97.3

97.5

97.5

Lap

85.4

85.5

85.2

85.4

87.2

87.1

87.3

87.2

90.3

90.2

90.4

90.3

93.4

93.4

93.5

93.4

Lbp

86.1

85.9

86

86

87.6

87.9

87.9

87.8

90.8

91.1

90.8

90.9

94

94.2

93.8

94

Lcp

85.5

86

85.9

85.8

87.7

87.8

87.6

87.7

90.6

90.9

90.6

90.7

93.7

93.9

93.8

93.8

Ldp

85.7

85.4

85.7

85.6

87.2

87.4

87.3

87.3

90.5

90.7

90.3

90.5

93.4

93.5

93.8

93.6

Table 15
WITH SILENCER 2
Load 0 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

Points Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

1900
Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

2300
Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Le

86.7

87

87

86.9

89.4

89.6

89.5

89.5

92.1

92.3

92.2

92.2

95.7

95.9

95.8

95.8

Lap

81.4

81.2

81.3

81.3

84.2

84.1

84.3

84.2

87.2

87.1

87.4

87.2

90.9

91

90.7

90.9

Lbp

81.9

82

81.8

81.9

84.9

84.7

84.8

84.8

87.8

87.9

87.8

87.8

91.5

91.4

91.6

91.5

Lcp

81.8

81.9

81.7

81.8

84.5

84.7

84.6

84.6

87.5

87.6

87.7

87.6

91.4

91.3

91.5

91.4

Ldp

81.5

81.2

81.5

81.4

84.3

84.5

84.1

84.3

87.4

87.6

87.2

87.4

91.1

91

90.9

91

145

Table 16
WITH SILENCER 2
Load 1 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

Points Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

87.6

87.6

90.3

90.4

82

82.1

82.1

84.8

82.7

82.9

82.6

82.7

85.4

Lcp

82.6

82.7

82.5

82.5

85.5

85.7

Ldp

82.4

82.2

82.3

82.3

85

85.2

Le

87.5

87.7

Lap

82.2

Lbp

1900
Avg.

2300

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

90.5

90.4

93.1

92.9

85

85.2

85

88

85.8

85.6

85.6

85.3
85.1

Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

93

93

96.8

96.7

96.6

96.7

88.1

88.2

88.1

91.6

91.5

91.7

91.6

88.7

88.5

88.8

88.7

92.3

92.1

82.2

92.2

85.5

88.5

88.6

88.4

88.5

92.1

92.2

92

92.1

85.1

88.1

88.5

88.3

88.3

91.9

91.5

91.7

91.7

Table 17
WITH SILENCER 2
Load 2 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

Points Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Le

88.3

88.4

88.4

88.4

1900

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

91.4

91.2

91

Avg.

2300

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

91.2

93.9

94

93.8

93.9

97.5

97.6

97.4

97.5

Lap

82.9

82.8

82.9

82.9

86

86.1

86

86

88.8

88.9

88.7

88.8

92.4

92.5

92.6

92.5

Lbp

83.6

83.4

83.5

83.5

86.4

86.4

86.7

86.5

89.3

89.2

89.4

89.4

93

93.2

93.1

93.1

Lcp

83.3

83.6

83.4

83.4

86.3

86.4

86.2

86.3

89.2

89.3

89.4

89.3

92.9

92.9

92.8

92.9

Ldp

83.1

82.9

83

83

86.1

86

86.2

86.1

88.9

88.8

89

88.9

92.6

92.8

92.7

92.7

Table 18
WITH SILENCER 2
Load 3 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

Points Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

1900
Avg.

2300

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Le

89.3

89.2

89.1

89.2

92

92.1

91.9

92

94.6

94.5

94.9

94.7

98.2

98.6

98.4

98.4

Lap

83.8

83.6

84

83.8

86.7

86.9

86.5

86.7

89.6

89.7

89.5

89.6

93.5

93.1

93.3

93.3

Lbp

84.3

84.5

84.4

84.4

87.3

87.1

87.5

87.3

90.2

90.1

90.3

90.2

93.8

93.9

93.7

93.9

Lcp

84.2

84.3

84.1

84.2

87.2

87.1

87.3

87.2

90.1

89.9

90

90

93.7

93.9

93.5

93.7

Ldp

84.2

84

83.8

84

86.7

86.9

86.8

86.8

89.8

89.9

89.7

89.8

93.5

93.6

93.4

93.5

146

Table 19
WITH SILENCER 2
Load 4 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

Points Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

1900

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

2300

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Le

90.1

90

89.9

90

92.7

92.6

92.8

92.7

95.6

95.5

95.4

95.5

99.2

99

99.4

99.2

Lap

84.4

84.6

84.5

84.6

87.5

87.6

87.4

87.5

90.5

90.6

90.4

90.5

94.1

94.1

94.2

94.1

Lbp

85.3

85.1

85.2

85.2

88.2

88

88.1

88.1

91.1

91

91.2

91.1

94.5

94.8

94.8

94.7

Lcp

85.1

85.2

85

85.1

87.9

87.8

88

87.9

90.9

90.9

90.9

90.9

94.5

94.6

94.4

94.5

Ldp

84.6

84.8

84.7

84.7

87.5

87.9

87.7

87.7

90.4

90.9

90.9

90.7

94.1

94.5

94.3

94.3

Obs. 3

Avg.

Table 20
WITH SILENCER 2
Load 5 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)
Points

1100
Obs. 1

Obs. 2

1500

Obs. 3

Avg.

Obs. 1

Obs. 2

1900

Obs. 3

Avg.

Obs. 1

Obs. 2

2300

Obs. 3

Avg.

Obs. 1

Obs. 2

Le

90.7

90.8

90.9

90.8

93.6

93.4

93.5

93.5

96.1

96.3

96.2

96.2

99.8

99.9

99.7

99.9

Lap

85.5

85.3

85.4

85.4

88.3

88.2

88.4

88.3

91.3

91.4

91.5

91.4

95

95

94.7

94.9

Lbp

86

86.1

86

86

88.7

88.9

89.1

88.9

92.1

91.9

92

92

95.4

95.6

95.5

95.5

Lcp

85.9

85.8

85.8

85.8

88.9

88.5

88.7

88.7

91.9

91.9

91.8

91.9

95.2

95.3

95.4

95.3

Ldp

85.5

85.7

85.6

85.6

88.4

88.6

88.5

88.5

91.3

91.7

91.5

91.5

95

95.2

95.1

95.1

Table 21
WITH SILENCER 2
Load 6 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

Points Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

1500
Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

1900
Avg.

2300

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Le

91.6

91.4

91.5

91.5

94

94.2

94.1

94.1

97.1

96.9

97

97

100.5

100.7

100.6

100.6

Lap

86

86.2

86.1

86.1

89

89

89.1

89

92.1

92.3

92.2

92.2

95.8

95.7

95.6

95.7

Lbp

86.5

86.7

86.9

86.7

89.6

89.7

89.5

89.6

92.7

92.9

92.8

92.8

96.2

96.3

96.2

96.3

Lcp

86.6

86.5

86.4

86.5

89.3

89.5

89.4

89.4

92.6

92.8

92.7

92.7

96

96.2

96.1

96.1

Ldp

86.3

86.5

86.1

86.3

89.2

89.3

89.1

89.2

92.3

92.2

92.4

92.3

95.9

95.9

95.8

95.9

147

Table 22
WITH SILENCER 3
Load 0 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

Points Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

1900

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

2300

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Le

85.3

85.9

85.6

85.6

87.3

87.2

87.4

87.3

89.4

89.5

89.3

89.4

93.2

92.3

92.4

93.3

Lap

81.1

80.9

81

81

82.8

82.7

82.9

82.8

85.6

85.7

85.8

85.7

89.1

89.2

89

89.1

Lbp

81.6

81.7

81.5

81.6

83.5

83.3

83.4

83.4

86.1

86.4

86.4

86.3

89.7

89.8

89.6

89.7

Lcp

81.4

81.6

81.5

81.5

83.1

83.3

83.2

83.2

86.1

86.3

86.2

86.2

89.5

89.7

89.3

89.5

Ldp

81.1

81

81.1

81.1

83.1

82.9

83

83

85.7

85.9

85.8

85.8

89.2

89.3

89.4

89.3

Table 23
WITH SILENCER 3
Load 1 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

Points Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

1900

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Le

86.2

86.7

86.3

86.4

87.8

88

87.9

Avg.

2300

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

87.9

90.1

90.3

90.2

90.2

94

94.2

94.1

94.1

Lap

81.9

81.7

81.8

81.8

83.4

83.6

83.5

83.5

86.3

86.6

86.6

86.5

89.9

89.7

90.1

89.9

Lbp

82.3

82.5

82.4

82.4

84

84.2

84.1

84.1

87.2

87.1

87.1

87.1

90.4

90.6

90.5

90.5

Lcp

82.4

82.2

82.3

82.3

84

83.9

84.1

84

86.7

86.9

87.1

86.9

90.3

90.4

90.3

90.3

Ldp

81.8

81.9

81.9

81.9

83.5

83.8

83.6

83.6

86.6

86.7

86.8

86.7

90

90.1

90.2

90.1

Table 24
WITH SILENCER 3
Load 2 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

Points Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

1900
Avg.

2300

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Le

87

87.2

87.1

87.1

88.9

88.7

89.1

88.9

91

91.1

91

91

94.9

94.8

95

94.9

Lap

82.7

82.5

82.6

82.6

84.3

84.5

84.4

84.4

87.4

87.2

87.3

87.3

90.6

90.8

90.7

90.7

85

85.1

84.9

85

87.9

87.7

88.1

87.9

91.4

91.2

91.3

91.3

Lbp

83.9

83.7

83.8

83.8

Lcp

82.9

83.1

83

83

84.7

84.9

84.8

84.8

87.9

87.7

87.8

87.8

91.2

91.1

91.1

91.1

Ldp

82.9

82.7

82.8

82.8

84.5

84.7

84.6

84.6

87.3

87.5

87.4

87.4

90.7

90.9

90.8

90.8

148

Table 25
WITH SILENCER3
Load 3 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

Points Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

1900

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

2300

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Le

88

87.8

87.9

87.9

89.9

89.7

89.8

89.8

91.9

91.9

91.6

91.8

95.4

95.6

95.8

95.6

Lap

83.4

83.6

83.3

83.4

85.1

85.3

85.1

85.2

88.3

88.1

88.2

88.2

91.4

91.6

91.5

91.5

Lbp

83.9

84.1

84

84

85.7

85.9

85.7

85.8

88.8

88.6

89

88.8

92.1

92.3

92

92.1

Lcp

83.7

83.9

83.8

83.8

85.7

85.8

85.6

85.7

88.6

88.4

88.8

88.6

92

91.9

92.1

92

Ldp

83.5

83.4

83.6

83.6

85.4

85.2

85.3

85.3

88.1

88.7

88.4

88.4

91.5

91.7

91.6

91.6

Table 26
WITH SILENCER 3
Load 4 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

Points Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

1900

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

2300

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Le

88.7

88.6

88.5

88.6

90.6

90.5

90.9

90.7

92.7

92.9

92.8

92.8

96.4

96.2

93.3

96.3

Lap

84.1

84.3

84.2

84.2

85.8

86

85.9

85.9

89.1

88.9

89

89

92.3

92.5

92.4

92.4

Lbp

84.9

84.7

84.8

84.8

86.5

86.3

86.7

86.5

89.6

89.4

89.8

89.6

93

92.9

93.1

93

Lcp

84.6

84.8

84.7

84.7

86.3

86.3

86.3

86.3

89.4

89.6

89.5

89.5

92.7

92.9

92.8

92.8

Ldp

84.2

84.4

84.3

84.3

86

86.2

86.1

86.1

89.1

89

89.2

89.1

92.4

92.7

92.7

92.6

Table 27
WITH SILENCER 3
Load 5 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

1500

Points Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

1900
Avg.

2300

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Le

89.2

89.6

89.4

89.4

91.8

91.6

91.4

91.6

93.5

93.7

93.3

93.5

97.1

97.1

96.8

97

Lap

85.1

84.9

85

85

86.5

86.7

86.6

86.6

89.4

89.8

89.6

89.6

93.1

93

93.2

93.1

Lbp

85.7

85.3

85.4

85.5

87.2

87.3

87.1

87.2

90.2

90.3

90.1

90.2

93.8

93.7

93.6

93.7

Lcp

85.4

85.3

85.2

85.3

87.2

87

86.9

87

90.1

90

90

90

93.4

93.6

93.5

93.5

Ldp

85.1

85.3

85.2

85.1

86.7

86.9

86.8

86.8

89.6

89.5

90.2

89.8

93.1

93.3

93.5

93.3

149

Table 28
WITH SILENCER 3
Load 6 kg
Observations for SPL in dB(A)
Speed
(rpm)

1100

Points Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

1500
Avg.

1900

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

2300

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3

Avg.

Le

90

90.2

90.1

90.1

92.4

92.3

92.5

92.3

94.2

94.1

94.3

94.2

97.7

97.9

97.8

97.8

Lap

85.5

85.9

85.7

85.7

87.8

87.6

87.4

87.6

90.5

90.6

90.4

90.5

93.8

93.5

93.5

93.6

Lbp

86.2

86.3

86.4

86.3

88.2

88.1

88.3

88.2

91.2

91.1

91

91.1

94.1

94.3

94.2

94.2

Lcp

86.2

86.1

86.3

86.2

88.1

88

88

88

91.1

90.9

91

91

94.1

94.2

94

94.1

Ldp

85.7

85.9

85.8

85.8

87.6

88

87.8

87.8

90.5

90.7

90.6

90.6

93.5

93.7

93.9

93.7

150

APPENDIX-C
Table 1
Observation for Acceleration in m/s2
Load
(kg)

Speed
(rpm)

Frequency in Hz
31.5

63

125

250

500

1000

2000

4000

8000

1100

0.01

0.12

0.96

2.41

13.78

10.07

8.14

6.32

4.11

1500

0.14

0.33

1.39

2.58

13.51

11.78

9.24

7.18

4.88

1900

0.18

0.41

1.78

3.25

13.36

13.07

9.78

8.01

5.71

2300

0.27

0.73

2.41

3.69

13.27

14.13

10.98

9.17

6.11

1100

0.03

0.24

1.17

2.57

14.04

10.34

8.37

6.43

4.32

1500

0.17

0.45

1.58

2.75

13.68

12.12

9.52

7.21

5.18

1900

0.22

0.56

2.01

3.42

13.47

13.48

10.18

8.12

5.97

2300

0.32

0.82

2.61

3.88

13.35

14.41

11.22

9.56

6.23

1100

0.04

0.31

1.33

2.7

14.33

10.66

8.56

6.46

4.39

1500

0.2

0.54

1.76

2.97

13.89

12.48

9.79

7.26

5.23

1900

0.26

0.63

2.18

3.68

13.63

13.75

10.46

8.18

6.1

2300

0.35

0.91

2.74

4.01

13.51

14.58

11.36

9.34

6.41

1100

0.05

0.32

1.48

2.89

14.48

10.96

8.81

6.51

4.46

1500

0.23

0.61

1.89

3.12

14.01

12.71

10.04

7.35

5.31

1900

0.28

0.72

2.31

3.84

13.74

13.92

10.79

8.23

6.18

2300

0.39

0.99

2.89

4.12

13.65

14.76

11.55

9.42

6.59

1100

0.06

0.38

1.61

3.06

14.61

11.04

9.09

6.59

4.58

1500

0.25

0.64

1.98

3.36

14.13

12.83

10.33

7.46

5.42

1900

0.31

0.81

2.42

4.02

13.83

14.16

11.03

8.29

6.25

2300

0.41

1.06

2.99

4.28

13.74

14.92

11.79

9.48

6.71

1100

0.07

0.42

1.73

3.19

14.76

11.22

9.31

6.64

4.62

1500

0.29

0.69

2.11

3.53

14.34

13.11

10.62

7.52

5.49

1900

0.34

0.87

2.56

4.12

13.96

14.37

11.28

8.35

6.32

2300

0.46

1.14

3.18

4.39

13.89

15.11

12.19

9.59

6.78

1100

0.09

0.56

1.96

3.76

14.88

12.38

10.41

6.63

4.65

1500

0.32

0.8

2.4

4.01

14.53

13.72

11.21

7.58

5.56

1900

0.38

0.99

2.97

4.39

14.09

15.48

12.09

8.39

6.39

2300

0.49

1.22

3.61

4.81

14.06

16.61

13.06

9.62

6.85

151

Table 2
Observation for Velocity in mm/s
Load
(kg)

Speed
(rpm)

Frequency in Hz
31.5

63

125

250

500

1000

2000

4000

8000

1100

0.21

0.24

0.62

2.01

2.41

0.49

0.16

0.09

0.04

1500

0.36

0.38

0.81

1.36

2.12

0.71

0.41

0.22

0.14

1900

0.47

0.72

0.96

1.18

1.93

0.94

0.54

0.3

0.19

2300

0.78

1.04

1.17

1.11

1.81

1.54

0.95

0.46

0.31

1100

0.33

0.41

0.76

2.22

2.62

0.67

0.27

0.13

0.08

1500

0.51

0.56

0.93

1.51

2.27

0.89

0.49

0.28

0.21

1900

0.62

0.97

1.11

1.33

2.02

1.12

0.68

0.36

0.27

2300

0.89

1.24

1.31

1.24

1.91

1.78

1.16

0.53

0.39

1100

0.45

0.56

0.91

2.47

2.83

0.89

0.44

0.18

0.12

1500

0.64

0.69

1.06

1.64

2.41

1.01

0.67

0.34

0.27

1900

0.73

1.11

1.29

1.47

2.19

1.39

0.82

0.43

0.34

2300

0.98

1.41

1.49

1.35

2.03

1.91

1.38

0.62

0.48

1100

0.53

0.59

1.08

2.69

3.07

1.04

0.57

0.24

0.19

1500

0.71

0.77

1.21

1.84

2.64

1.17

0.76

0.43

0.34

1900

0.83

1.28

1.37

1.61

2.36

1.56

0.91

0.51

0.41

2300

1.05

1.55

1.57

1.43

2.18

2.08

1.49

0.7

0.58

1100

0.59

0.68

1.24

2.18

3.31

1.25

0.65

0.31

0.23

1500

0.77

0.84

1.37

2.09

2.83

1.38

0.87

0.53

0.43

1900

0.89

1.42

1.53

1.74

2.51

1.77

1.04

0.59

0.49

2300

1.13

1.71

1.62

1.52

2.31

2.29

1.68

0.79

0.67

1100

0.67

0.75

1.39

3.03

3.61

1.46

0.79

0.38

0.31

1500

0.85

0.97

1.55

2.22

3.08

1.53

0.98

0.62

0.51

1900

0.99

1.58

1.67

1.81

2.72

1.94

1.23

0.67

0.54

2300

1.21

1.95

1.77

1.61

2.49

2.43

1.83

0.86

0.75

1100

0.73

0.82

1.54

3.22

3.79

1.59

0.94

0.43

0.37

1500

0.94

1.14

1.72

2.65

3.21

1.62

1.12

0.73

0.64

1900

1.07

1.72

1.83

2.2

2.87

2.2

1.56

0.79

0.68

2300

1.27

2.16

1.94

1.75

2.71

2.63

2.11

0.93

0.82

152

APPENDIX-D
Table 1
Observation for SPL in dB(A) for Without Silencer
Load
(kg)

Speed
(rpm)

Frequency in Hz
31.5

63

125

250

500

1000

2000

4000

8000

1100

80.4

88.1

86.7

81.3

78.6

72.9

68.6

61.9

54.6

1500

85.3

92.9

91.1

86.8

83.7

78.6

74.7

67.6

58.9

1900

90

98.6

97

92.5

89.8

83.4

79.3

73.8

64.8

2300

94.1

101.7

100.3

95.9

92.7

87.1

82.6

76.9

67.4

1100

82.1

90.5

88.3

83.8

80.7

74.6

70.3

63.4

56.2

1500

87.5

94.7

93

88.1

85.2

80.2

76.2

69.2

60.1

1900

91.7

99.9

98.7

93.9

91.3

85

80.9

75.7

66.2

2300

95.8

103

102.1

97.3

94.1

88.5

84.1

78.4

69.5

1100

83.8

91.8

90.2

85.2

82.1

76.1

72.1

65.2

57.9

1500

89.1

96.1

94.6

89.5

86.9

81.9

77.8

70.8

61.6

1900

93.2

100.9

100.1

95.3

92.8

86.7

82.2

77.1

67.8

2300

97.1

104

103.2

98.7

95.9

89.9

85.8

80.1

71.2

1100

85.9

93.4

91.9

86.8

83.9

78

73.9

66.9

59.2

1500

90.7

97.8

96.1

90.9

88.5

83.2

79.2

72.2

63.2

1900

94.6

102.7

101.4

96.7

94.6

88.3

83.9

78.8

69.4

2300

98.9

105.8

104.5

100.1

97.5

91.2

87.6

81.4

72.5

Table 2
Observation for SPL in dB(A) for With Silencer 1
Load
(kg)

Speed
(rpm)

Frequency in Hz
31.5

63

125

250

500

1000

2000

4000

8000

1100

67.7

77.9

76.7

73.3

65.9

60

56.8

51.8

40.3

1500

69.3

79.2

78.1

74.7

67.2

61.2

57.4

52.9

41.2

1900

73.1

81

80.6

76.9

68.4

63.1

58.1

54

42.5

2300

77.5

82.6

82.1

78.4

69.9

64

59.5

55.3

43.9

1100

68.6

78.3

77.8

74

66.7

60.8

57.4

52.3

41.1

1500

70.1

80.1

78.9

75.2

67.9

61.7

58.2

53.4

41.9

1900

74.3

81.3

81

77.6

69.1

63.4

58.8

54.8

43.1

2300

78.6

83.1

82.7

79.1

70.8

64.7

60.2

56.2

44.8

1100

69.5

78.8

78.2

74.7

67.5

61.2

57.9

52.8

41.8

1500

70.8

81.1

79.5

75.9

68.6

62.3

58.8

53.9

42.7

1900

75.1

82.7

81.5

78.1

69.9

63.9

59.5

55.5

43.6

2300

79.3

83.8

83.2

79.7

71.5

65.1

60.8

56.9

45.4

1100

70.2

79.6

78.9

75.3

68.3

61.8

58.3

53.4

42.5

1500

71.7

81.7

79.9

76.5

69.4

62.9

59.5

54.6

43.2

1900

75.8

83.1

82

78.8

70.6

64.6

60.1

56.1

44.3

2300

80.1

84.5

83.9

80.2

72.1

65.8

61.4

57.7

46

153

Table 3
Observation for SPL in dB(A) for With Silencer 2
Load
(kg)

Speed
(rpm)

Frequency in Hz
31.5

63

125

250

500

1000

2000

4000

8000

1100

69.8

79.8

77.4

74.1

68.2

62.5

59.3

53.1

44.7

1500

71.6

81.8

78.8

75.3

70.4

63.6

61.6

54.9

45.2

1900

75.3

84.2

80.1

77.5

71.8

65.9

62.8

55.3

45.9

2300

79.4

87.4

81.8

77.9

72.4

67.4

63.4

55.8

46.4

1100

71.1

80.3

77.9

74.8

69

63.2

60.1

53.8

45.1

1500

74.3

83

79.4

75.9

70.8

64.4

62.3

55.7

45.9

1900

78

85.1

80.9

78.2

72.7

66.3

63.6

56.1

46.7

2300

82.2

87.7

82.2

78.9

73.2

68.1

64.1

57.7

47.2

1100

72

80.9

78.5

75.4

69.7

63.7

60.7

54.3

45.8

1500

74.9

83.5

80

76.3

71.4

64.9

63

56.2

46.6

1900

78.8

85.8

81.5

78.8

73

66.9

64.1

56.8

47.3

2300

82.9

88.2

82.6

79.4

73.6

68.7

64.8

58.4

47.9

1100

72.8

81.4

79.1

75.9

70.2

64.4

61.4

54.9

46.5

1500

85.7

84.4

80.7

77.1

71.9

65.6

63.7

56.9

47.3

1900

79.3

86.4

81.9

79.5

73.4

67.2

64.9

57.7

48.1

2300

84.1

88.8

83.2

80

74.3

69.4

65.9

59.1

48.8

8000

Table 4
Observation for SPL in dB(A) for With Silencer 3
Load
(kg)

Speed
(rpm)

Frequency in Hz
31.5

63

125

250

500

1000

2000

4000

1100

68.1

78.6

77.4

73.8

66.7

61.1

57.4

52.3

41

1500

70.2

79.9

78.7

75.1

67.9

62

58.3

53.4

42.1

1900

73.6

81.5

81.1

77.4

69.1

63.8

59.2

54.6

43.3

2300

78.1

83.1

82.6

79

70.8

64.9

60

56.1

44.4

1100

69

79.7

78.3

74.6

67.6

61.8

58.1

53

41.7

1500

70.9

80.8

79.6

75.9

68.7

62.9

58.9

54.1

42.8

1900

74.8

82.3

81.9

78.4

69.9

64.7

59.9

55.3

44.6

2300

79.2

83.9

83.1

79.9

71.6

65.8

60.8

56.9

45.7

1100

70.1

80.6

79.2

75.3

68.5

62.5

58.9

53.8

42.5

1500

71.8

81.7

80.4

76.8

69.6

63.6

59.4

54.9

43.6

1900

75.7

83.2

82.7

79.2

70.7

65.3

60.6

56

45.3

2300

80.3

84.7

83.9

80.6

72.5

66.5

61.7

57.6

46.6

1100

71.2

81.4

80.1

76.1

69.4

63.2

59.7

54.5

43.2

1500

72.8

82.5

81.3

77.7

70.4

64.3

60.1

55.7

44.4

1900

76.4

84

83.4

80.1

71.5

65.9

61.2

56.8

46.2

2300

81.2

85.5

84.7

81.8

73.2

67.2

62.4

58.3

47.5

154

APPENDIX-E
Acoustic Power is calculated with the help of sound pressure level. Sound Power is
calculated from the formula:
Lw = L p + 10 log 10 (S / S 0 )

Lw= Sound Power in dB(A) (ref. 10-12 W)

Lp= Average Sound Pressure Level in dB(A)
So= Reference area (taken as 1m2)
S= Hypothetical surface area
Length, a=2.86m
Breadth, b=2.84m
Height, c=1.66m
Area, S= a*b+2(a*c + b*c)
S= 2.86*2.84 +2*(2.86*1.66+2.84*1.66)
S=27.046 m2
Lw = L p + 10 log 10 (S / S 0 )

The Equation is reduced to:

Lw= Lp + 10log10(27.046/1)
Lw= Lp + 10*1.432
Lw=Lp +14.32

155