DEUTSCHE NORM

March 1997

Non-destructive testing

Penetrant testing

DIN

Part 1 : General principles

English version of DIN EN 571-1

EN 571-1

ICs 19.100

Supersedes DIN 54152-1,

July 1989 edition.

Descriptors: Non-destructive testing, testing, penetrant flaw detection.

Zerstrungsfreie Prfung - Eindringprfung - Teil 1 : Allgemeine Grundlagen

European Standard EN 571-1 :1997 has the status of a DIN Standard.

National foreword
This standard has been prepared by CEN/TC 138.
The responsible German body involved in its preparation was the NormenausschuB Materialprfung (Materials Testing
Standards Committee), Technical Committee Oberflachenverfahren.

Amendments
DIN 54152-1, July 1989 edition, has been superseded by the specifications of EN 571-1.

Previous editions
DIN 54152-1 1979-03. 1989-07.

EN comprises 16 pages.

No part of this standard may be reproduced without the prior permission of

DINDeutschesInstitut fur Normunge.V., Berlin.
Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin, has the exclusiveright of sale for German Standards (VIN-Normen).

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~

~~

~~

English price group 08

~~

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Sales No. 1708

11.97

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EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPENNE
EUROPISCHE NORM

EN 571-1
January 1997

ICs 19.100
Descriptors: Non-destructive testing, testing, penetrant flaw detection.

Englishversion
Non-destructive testing

Penetrant testing
Part 1 : General principles
Essais non destructifs - Examen par resw a g e - Partie 1 : Principes gnraux

Zerstrungsfreie Prfung - EindringPrfung - Teil 1: Allgemeine Grundlagen

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1995-01-14.

GEN members are bound to comply with the CENKENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard
without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be
obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any GEN member.
The European Standards exist in three official versions (English, French, German). A version
in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into
its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official
versions.
GEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.

CEN
European Committee for Standardization
Comit Europen de Normalisation
Europisches Komitee fr Normung
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels

O 1997. GEN - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means
reserved worldwide for CEN national members.

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Page 2
EN 571-1 1997

Contents
Page

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
2 Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.3
3 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.3
4 Safety precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.4
5 General principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.4
6 Products, sensitivity and designation . . . . . . . . . . ..5

Page

Compatibility of testing materials

with the part@) t o be tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Test
.............................. '8
9 Test report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Annex A (normative)
Main staaes
of the Denetrant examination . .15
"
A~~~~ B (informative)
Example of a test report
16

Foreword
This European Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee CENTTC 138 'Non-destructive testing', the Secretariat
of which is held by AFNOR.
The EN 571 series of European Standards comprises the following Parts:
EN 571-1 Non-destructive testing - penetrant testing - Part 1 : General principles
EN 571-2 Non-destructive testing - penetrant testing - Part 2: Testing of penetrant materials
EN 571-3 Non-destructive testing - penetrant testing - Part 3: Reference test blocks
This European Standard has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European
Free Trade Association and supports essential requirements of the relevant EU Directives.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by
endorsement, and conflicting standards withdrawn, by July 1997 at the latest.
In accordance with the CENKENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries
are bound to implement this European Standard:
Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway,
Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.

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EN 571-1 11997

1 Scope
T h i s standard d e f i n e s a method o f penetrant t e s t i n g used t o d e t e c t d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s , e.g. cracks, laps, f o l d s , p o r o s i t y and l a c k of fusion, which a r e open t o
t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e m a t e r i a l t o be tested. I t i s m a i n l y a p p l i e d t o m e t a l l i c mater i a l s , b u t can a l s o be performed on o t h e r m a t e r i a l s , p r o v i d e d t h a t they a r e
i n e r t t o t h e t e s t media and they are not e x c e s s i v e l y porous. Examples o f which
a r e castings, f o r g i n g s , welds, ceramics, etc.
T h i s standard i s n o t intended t o be used f o r acceptance c r i t e r i a and g i v e s no
i n f o r m a t i o n r e l a t i n g t o t h e s u i t a b i l i t y o f i n d i v i d u a l t e s t systems f o r s p e c i f i c
a p p l i c a t i o n s n o r requirements f o r t e s t equipment.
The term " d i s c o n t i n u i t y " i s used here i n t h e sense t h a t no e v a l u a t i o n concerning
acceptabi 1 ity o r non-acceptabi 1i t y i s included.
Methods f o r d e t e r m i n i n g and m o n i t o r i n g the e s s e n t i a l p r o p e r t i e s o f p e n e t r a n t t e s t i n g products t o be used a r e s p e c i f i e d i n EN 571-2 and EN 571-3.

Normative references

This-European Standard i n c o r p o r a t e s by dated o r undated reference, p r o v i s l o n s

from o t h e r p u b l i c a t i o n s . These normative references a r e c i t e d a t t h e a p p r o p r i a t e
p l a c e s i n t h e t e x t and t h e p u b l i c a t i o n s a r e l i s t e d h e r e a f t e r . F o r dated r e f e r ences, subsequent amendments t o o r r e v i s i o n s o f any o f these p u b l i c a t i o n s a p p l y
t o t h i s European Standard o n l y when incorporated i n i t by amendmemt o r r e v i s i o n .
For undated references the l a t e s t e d i t i o n o f t h e p u b l i c a t i o n r e f e r r e d t o a p p l i es.

EN 473

Q u a l i f i c a t i o n and c e r t i f i c a t i o n o f NDT personnel

principles

prEN 571-2

Non-destructive t e s t i n g - Penetrant t e s t i n g - P a r t 2: T e s t i n g
o f penetrant materials1)

prEN 571-3

Non-destructive t e s t i n g
t e s t blocks1)

prEN 956

Penetrant t e s t l n g

General

- P a r t 3:

Reference

- Penetrant t e s t i n g - Equipment
t e s t i n g - Terminology - P a r t 6: Terms used

Non-destructive t e s t i n g

prEN 1330-6 Non-destructive

p e n e t r a n t systems')
prEN 1956

Non-destructive t e s t i n g - Penetrant t e s t i n g and magnetic p a r t i c l e

t e s t i n g - Viewing conditions')

3 Definitions
F o r t h e purposes o f t h i s standard t h e d e f i n i t i o n s o f prEN 1330-6 apply.

I)

in

I n preparation

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EN 571-1 11997

Safety precautions

As p e n e t r a n t i n s p e c f i o n techniques o f t e n r e q u i r e t h e use o f harmful, flamnable

and/or v o l a t i l e m a t e r i a l s , c e r t a i n precautions s h a l l be taken.
Prolonged o r repeated contact o f these m a t e r i a l s w i t h the s k i n o r any mucous
membrane should be avoided.
Working areas s h a l l be adequately v e n t i l a t e d and s i t e d away from sources of
heat, sparks and naked flames i n accordance w i t h l o c a l regulations.
The penetrant t e s t i n g products and equipment s h a l l be used w i t h care and always
i n compliance w i t h the i n s t r u c t i o n s supplied by t h e manufacturer.
When using U F A sources, care s h a l l be taken t o ensure t h a t u n f i l t e r e d r a d i a t i o n from the UV-A source does n o t d i r e c t l y reach t h e eyes o f the operators.
Whether i t forms an i n t e g r a l p a r t o f the lamp o r i s a separate component, the
UV-A f i l t e r s h a l l always be maintained i n good c o n d i t i o n .
There are l e g i s l a t i o n and r e g u l a t i o n regarding heal t h , s a f e t y , p o l l u t i o n and
storage, e t c .
5

5.1

General p r i n c i p l e s
Personnel

The examination s h a l l be c a r r i e d o u t o r supervised by competent personnel and,

i f required, q u a l i f i e d and c e r t i f i e d according t o EN 473 o r t o a system agreed
upon by t h e c o n t r a c t i n g p a r t i e s .

5.2

D e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e method

P r i o r t o penetrant t e s t i n g the surface t o be inspected s h a l l be cleaned and

dried. Then s u i t a b l e penetrants a r e a p p l i e d t o t h e t e s t area and e n t e r i n t o d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s open t o t h e surface. A f t e r t h e a p p r o p r i a t e p e n e t r a t i o n time has
elapsed t h e excess penetrant i s removed from t h e surface and t h e developer app l i e d . T h i s absorbs t h e penetrant t h a t has entered and remains i n t h e d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s and may g i v e a c l e a r l y v i s i b l e enhanced i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e d i s c o n t i n u i t y .
Should complementary non-destructive t e s t i n g be r e q u i r e d t h e p e n e t r a n t i n s p e c t i o n s h a l l be performed f i r s t unless agreed upon between t h e c o n t r a c t i n g p a r t i e s
so as n o t t o introduce contaminants i n t o open d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s . I f penetrant i n spection i s used f o l l o w i n g another non-destructive t e s t i n g technique, the sufface s h a l l be cleaned c a r e f u l l y t o remove contaminants b e f o r e a p p l i c a t i o n .

5.3

Process sequence

The sequence o f operations i s i l l u s t r a t e d f o r t h e general case i n Annex A.

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EN 571-111997

T e s t i n g g e n e r a l l y proceeds through t h e f o l l o w i n g stages:

a ) p r e p a r a t i o n and p r e c l e a n i n g
b) application o f penetrant
c ) excess penetrant
remova 1
d ) a p p l i c a t i o n o f developer
e) i n s p e c t i o n
f ) recording
g) postcleaning
5.4

(see subclause 8.2);

(see subclause 8 . 3 ) ;
(see subclause 8.4) ;
(see
(see
(see
(see

subclause
subclause
subclause
subclause

8.5);
8.6) ;
8.7) ;
8.8).

Equipment

The equipment f o r c a r r y i n g o u t p e n e t r a n t t e s t i n g depends on t h e number, s i z e

and shape o f the p a r t s t o be tested. For t h e requirements o f equipment,
see EN 956.
5.5

Effectiveness

The e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e p e n e t r a n t t e s t i n g depends upon many f a c t o r s such as:

a ) types o f penetrant m a t e r i a l s and t e s t i n g equipment
b ) surface p r e p a r a t i o n and condi t i o n
c ) m a t e r i a l under examination and expected d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s
d ) temperature o f the t e s t surface
e ) p e n e t r a t i o n and development t i m e
f ) viewing c o n d i t i o n s ,
etc.
6
6.1

Products, s e n s i t i v i t y and d e s i g n a t i o n
Product f a m i l y

Various t e s t systems e x i s t in p e n e t r a n t t e s t i n g .
A product f a m i l y i s understood as a combination o f t h e f o l l o w i n g penetrant
t e s t i n g m a t e r i a l s : Penetrant, excess penetrant remover and developer. When type
t e s t e d i n accordance w i t h prEN 571-2 t h e penetrant and excess penetrant remover
s h a l l be from one manufacturer. Only approved product f a m i l i e s s h a l l be used.

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EN 571-1 :1997

6.2

T e s t i n g products

The t e s t i n g p r o d u c t s a r e given i n t a b l e 1.

Table 1: T e s t i n g products
Penetrant
~

Excess penetrant
remover
~

~~

Deve1Oper
~~

Denomina t i on

Method Denomi n a t ion

F1uorescent
pene t r a nt

Water

II

Colour cont r a s t penet rant

III

Dual purpos
(fluorescen
c o l o u r cont r a s t penetrant)

Lipophilic
emu 1 s if i e r
1 Oil-based
emul s i f ie r
2 Rinsing
w i t h runn i n g water

Form

Denomination

Water sol ubi e

Water suspendabl e
Solvent-based
(non-aqueous wet)

Solvent
(1 iquid)
Hydrophi 1 ic
emul s i f i e r
1 Optional
prerinse
(water )
2 emulsifier
(water-di 1uted)
3 Final rinse
(water)

Water o r sol vent

based f o r special
application
(e.g. pealable delOper)

Water and
sol vent
NOTE: For s p e c i f i c cases, i t i s necessary t o use p e n e t r a n t t e s t i n g product
complying w i t h p a r t i c u l a r requirements w i t h regards t o f l a m n a b i l i t y , s u l f u r ,
halogen and sodium content and o t h e r contaminants, see prEN 571-2.

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EN 571-111997

Sensitivity

6.3

The s e n s i t i v i t y l e v e l o f a product f a m i l y s h a l l be determined using reference

b l o c k 1 as described i n prEN 571-3. The assessed l e v e l always r e f e r t o t h e
method used f o r type t e s t i n g o f t h e approved product family.
6.4

Designation

The approved p r o d u c t f a m i l y t o be used f o r penetrant t e s t i n g i s g i v e n a d e s i g n a t i o n comprising the type, the method and t h e form f o r t h e t e s t i n g products and
a f i g u r e which i n d i c a t e s t h e s e n s i t i v i t y l e v e l achieved by t e s t i n g w i t h t h e r e ference b l o c k 1 as described' in! EN 571-3.

EXAMPLE:
Designation o f an approved product f a m i l y comprising f o r a f l u o r e s c e n t
p e n e t r a n t ( I ) , water as excess penetrant remover ( A ) and a d r y powder developer
( a ) and a system s e n s i t i v i t y o f l e v e l 2 i s the f o l l o w i n g penetrant t e s t i n g system when u s i n g EN 571-1 and prEN 572-2 g i v i n g the example: product f a m i l y
EN 571-1-IAa-2.
7

C o m p a t i b i l i t y of t e s t i n g m a t e r i a l s w i t h t h e p a r t ( s ) t o be t e s t e d

7.1

General

The p e n e t r a n t t e s t i n g products s h a l l be compatible w i t h t h e m a t e r i a l t o be t e s t ed and the use f o r which t h e p a r t i s designed.

7.2

Compatibi 1it y o f p e n e t r a n t t e s t i n g products

The p e n e t r a n t t e s t i n g m a t e r i a l s o f a system s h a l l be compatible w i t h each other.

Penetrant m a t e r i a l s f r o m d i f f e r e n t manufacturers s h a l l n o t be mixed d u r i n g the
i n i t i a l f i l l i n g o f the f a c i l i t y . Dragout losses s h a l l n o t be replaced u s i n g pen e t r a n t m a t e r i a l s f r o m d i f f e r e n t manufacturers.
7.3

C o m p a t i b i l i t y o f p e n e t r a n t t e s t i n g m a t e r i a l s w i t h p a r t s under examination

I n most cases t h e c o m p a t i b i l i t y o f products can be assessed p r i o r t o use

7.3.1
by means o f t h e c o r r o s i o n t e s t d e t a i l e d i n prEN 571-2.
7.3.2
The chemical o r p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f some non-metallics can be adversel y a f f e c t e d by p e n e t r a n t t e s t i n g m a t e r i a l s , t h e i r c o m p a t i b i l i t y has t o be establ i s h e d b e f o r e i n s p e c t i n g p a r t s manufactured from, and assemblies t h a t i n c l u d e ,
such m a t e r i a l s .
I n s i t u a t i o n s where contamination m i g h t occur i t i s e s s e n t i a l t o ensure
t h a t the p e n e t r a n t t e s t i n g m a t e r i a l s do n o t have a d e l e t e r i o u s e f f e c t on f u e l s ,
1u b r i cants, hydraul ic f 1 u i d s , etc.

7.3.3

7.3.4
F o r p a r t s associated w i t h peroxide r o c k e t f u e l , e x p l o s i v e s t o r e s (these
i n c l u d e a l 1 items c o n t a i n i n g e x p l o s i v e p r o p e l l a n t , i n i t i a t i n g o r p y r o t e c h n i c
m a t e r i a l s ) , oxygen equipment o r nuclear a p p l i c a t i o n s the c o m p a t i b i l i t y o f penet r a n t t e s t i n g m a t e r i a l s s h a l l r e q u i r e s p e c i a l consideration.
7.3.5
If,a f t e r postcleaning, penetrant t e s t i n g m a t e r i a l s remain on t h e p a r t s
t h e r e i s a p o s s i b i l i t y o f c o r r o s i o n , e. g. o f s t r e s s c o r r o s i o n o r of c o r r o s i o n
fatigue.

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EN 571-1 1997

Test procedure

8.1

W r i t t e n t e s t procedure

When c o n t r a c t u a l l y r e q u i r e d w r i t t
proved p r i o r t o t h e examination.
8.2

t s t procedure s h a l l be

repared and ap-

P r e p a r a t i o n and precleaning

Contaminants, e. g. scale, rust, o i l , grease o r p a i n t s h a l l be removed, i f necessary using mechanical o r chemical methods o r a combination o f these methods.
Precleaning s h a l l ensure t h a t the t e s t surface i s f r e e from residues and t h a t i t
a l l o w s t h e p e n e t r a n t t o e n t e r any d i s c o n t i n u i t y . The cleaned area s h a l l be l a r g e
enough t o prevent i n t e r f e r e n c e from areas adjacent t o the a c t u a l t e s t surface.
-

8.2.1

Mechani c a l p r e c l eaning

Scale, slag, r u s t , etc., s h a l l be removed using s u i t a b l e methods such as brushing, rubbing, abrasion, b l a s t i n g , h i g h pressure water b l a s t i n g , etc. These
methods remove contaminants from the surface and g e n e r a l l y a r e incapable o f r e moving contaminants from w i t h i n surface d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s . I n a l l cases and i n
p a r t i c u l a r i n t h e case o f shot b l a s t i n g , care s h a l l be taken t o ensure t h a t the
d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s a r e n o t masked by p l a s t i c deformation o r c l o g g i n g from abrasive
m a t e r i a l s . I f necessary, t o ensure t h a t d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s a r e open t o t h e surface
subsequent e t c h i n g t r e a t m e n t s h a l l be c a r r i e d out, f o l l o w e d by adequate r i n s i n g
and drying.
8.2.2

Chemical p r e c l eani ng

Chemical p r e c l e a n i n g s h a l l be c a r r i e d out using s u i t a b l e chemical c l e a n i n g

agents, t o remove residues such as grease, o i l , p a i n t o r e t c h i n g m a t e r i a l s .
Residues f r o m chemical precleaning processes can r e a c t w i t h penetrant and g r e a t l y reduce i t s s e n s i t i v i t y . Acids and chromates i n p a r t i c u l a r can g r e a t l y reduce
t h e fluorescence o f f l u o r e s c e n t penetrants and t h e c o l o u r o f the c o l o u r c o n t r a s t
penetrant. Therefore, chemical agents s h a l l be removed from t h e surface under
examination, a f t e r t h e cleaning process, u s i n g s u i t a b l e c l e a n i n g methods which
may i n c l u d e water r i n s i n g .
8.2.3

Drying

As t h e f i n a l stage o f precleaning, the p a r t s t o be t e s t e d s h a l l be thoroughly

d r i e d , so t h a t n e i t h e r water nor solvent remains i n the d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s .
8.3
8.3.1

A p p l i c a t i o n o f penetrant
Methods o f a p p l i c a t i o n

The p e n e t r a n t can be a p p l i e d t o t h e p a r t t o be t e s t e d by spraying, brushing,

f l o o d i n g , d i p p i n g o r imnersion.
Care s h a l l be taken t o ensure t h a t the t e s t surface remains completely wetted
throughout t h e e n t i r e p e n e t r a t i o n t i m e .

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EN 571-1 11997

Tempera t u r e

8.3.2

I n order t o m i n i m i z e moisture e n t e r i n g d i s c o n t i n u t i e s , the temperature o f the

t e s t surface s h a l l g e n e r a l l y be w i t h i n the range from 10 O C t o 50 O C . I n special
cases temperatures as low as 5 O C may be used.

F o r temperatures below 10 O C or above 50 O C o n l y p e n e t r a n t p r o d u c t f a m i l i e s

and procedures approved i n accordance w i t h prEN 571-2 f o r t h i s purpose s h a l l be
used.
NOTE: E s p e c i a l l y i n t h e low temperature range t h e r e i s a danger o f water
condensing i n t h e d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s and on t h e surfaces, and t h i s water w i l l
prevent the penetrant from e n t e r i n g t h e d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s .

8.3.3

P e n e t r t i o n time

The a p p r o p r i a t e p e n e t r a t i o n t i m e depends on t h e p r o p e r t i e s of t h e penetrant, the

a p p l i c a t i o n temperature, the m a t e r i a l of t h e p a r t t o be t e s t e d and t h e discont i n u i t i e s t o be detected.
The p e n e t r a t i o n time can vary from 5 m i n t o 60 min. The p e n e t r a t i o n t i m e should
be a t l e a s t as long as the time used f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f s e n s i t i v i t y (see
6.3) i f n o t the a c t u a l p e n e t r a t i o n t i m e s h a l l be recorded i n t h e w r i t t e n t e s t
procedure. I n no case s h a l l t h e penetrant be allowed t o d r y d u r i n g the p e n e t r a t ion time.

8.4

Excess p e n e t r a n t removal

8.4.1

General

The a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e remover medium s h a l l be such t h a t no p e n e t r a n t i s removed

from the discontinuities.

8.4.2

Water

The excess penetrant s h a l l be removed using a s u i t a b l e r i n s i n g technique.

Examples: spray r i n s i n g o r w i p i n g w i t h a damp c l o t h . Care s h a l l be taken t o m i nimize t h e e f f e c t o f mechanical a c t i o n caused by t h e r i n s i n g method. The tempera t u r e o f t h e water s h a l l n o t exceed 50 O C .

8.4.3

Solvents

Generally, t h e excess penetrant s h a l l be removed f i r s t by u s i n g a c l e a n l i n t f r e e c l o t h . Subsequent c l e a n i n g w i t h a clean l i n t - f r e e c l o t h l i g h t l y moistened

w i t h s o l v e n t s h a l l then be c a r r i e d out. Any o t h e r removal technique s h a l l be approved by the c o n t r a c t i n g p a r t i e s p a r t i c u l a r l y when s o l v e n t remover i s sprayed
d i r e c t l y on t o the p a r t t o be tested.
8.4.4

8.4.4.1

Emulsifier
Hydrophilic (water-dilutable)

To a l l o w the p o s t - e m u l s i f i a b l e penetrant t o be removed f r o m t h e t e s t surface, i t

s h a l l be rendered water r i n s a b l e by a p p l i c a t i o n o f an e m u l s i f i e r . B e f o r e the app l i c a t i o n o f t h e e m u l s i f i e r , a water wash should be performed i n o r d e r t o remove
the b u l k o f the excess penetrant f r o m t h e t e s t surface and t o f a c i l i t a t e a u n i form a c t i o n of the h y d r o p h i l i c e m u l s i f i e r which w i l l be a p p l i e d subsequently.

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The e m u l s i f i e r s h a l l be a p p l i e d by imnersion o r by foam equipment. The concent r a t i o n and t h e contact time o f the e m u l s f i e r s h a l l be evaluated by the user
through p r e - t e s t s according t o the manufacturer's i n s t r u c t i o n . The predetermined
e m u l s i f i e r c o n t a c t time s h a l l n o t be exceeded. A f t e r e m u l s i f i c a t i o n , a f i n a l
wash s h a l l be c a r r i e d out as described i n 8.4.2.
8.4.4.2

L i p o p h i 1 ic ( o i 1-based)

To a l l o w t h e p o s t e m u l s i f i a b l e penetrant t o be removed f r o m t h e t e s t surface, i t

s h a l l be rendered water-rinsable by a p p l i c a t i o n o f an e m u l s i f i e r . This can o n l y
be done by im-mersion. The e m u l s i f i e r contact time s h a l l be evaluated by the
user through p r e - t e s t s according t o t h e manufacturer's i n s t r u c t i o n .
This time s h a l l be s u f f i c i e n t t o a l l o w o n l y t h e excess penetrant t o be removed
f r o m the t e s t surface d u r i n g the subsequent water wash. The e m u l s i f y i n g t i m e
s h a l l n o t be exceeded. Imnediately a f t e r e m u l s i f i c a t i o n , a water wash s h a l l be
c a r r i e d out as described i n 8.4.2.
8.4.5

Water and solvent

F i r s t the excess water washable penetrant s h a l l be removed w i t h water (see

8.4.2).
Subsequent cleaning w i t h a clean l i n t - f r e e c l o t h , l i g h t l y moistened,
w i t h s o l v e n t s h a l l be then c a r r i e d out.
8.4.6

Excess penetrant

removal

check

During excess penetrant removal the t e s t surface s h a l l be v i s u a l l y checked f o r

penetrant residues. For f l u o r e s c e n t penetrants, t h i s s h a l l be c a r r i e d o u t under
a UV-A source. The minimum UV-A i r r a d i a n c e a t the t e s t surface s h a l l n o t be l e s s
than 3 W/m2 (300 pW/cmz).
When f a c i n g excessive background on p a r t s a f t e r excess penetrant removal has
been c a r r i e d out, t h e d e c i s i o n on f u t u r e a c t i o n s h a l l be taken by a s u i t a b l y
qual if i ed person.
8.4.7

Drying

I n order t o f a c i l i t a t e r a p i d d r y i n g o f excess water, any d r o p l e t s and puddles o f

w a t e r s h a l l be removed f r o m the part.
Except when u s i n g water-based developer the t e s t surface s h a l l be d r i e d as
q u i c k l y as p o s s i b l e a f t e r excess penetrant removal, using one o f t h e f o l l o w i n g
methods :
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

w i p i n g w i t h a clean, dry, l i n t - f r e e c l o t h
evaporation a t ambient temperature a f t e r h o t water d i p
evaporation a t elevated temperature
forced a i r c i r c u l a t i o n
a combination o f t h e methods l i s t e d under a) t o d).

I f compressed a i r i s used, p a r t i c u l a r care s h a l l be taken t o ensure t h a t i t i s

water- and o i l - f r e e and impinging pressure on the surface o f t h e p a r t i s kept as
low as p o s s i b l e .

The method o f d r y i n g the p a r t t o be t e s t e d s h a l l be c a r r i e d o u t i n a way

ensuring t h a t t h e penetrant entrapped i n the d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s does n o t dry.
The surface temperature s h a l l n o t exceed 50
approved.

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8.5

A p p l i c a t i o n o f developer

8.5.1.

General

The developer s h a l l be maintained i n a u n i f o r m c o n d i t i o n d u r i n g use and s h a l l

be evenly a p p l i e d t o the t e s t surface.
The a p p l i c a t i o n o f the developer s h a l l be c a r r i e d o u t as soon as p o s s i b l e a f t e r
the revomal o f excess penetrant.

8.5.2

Dry powder

Dry powder may o n l y be used w i t h f l u o r e s c e n t penetrants. The developer s h a l l be

u n i f o r m l y a p p l i e d t o t h e t e s t s u r f a c e by one o f t h e f o l l o w i n g techniques: dust
storm, e l e c t r o s t a t i c spraying, f l o c k gun, f l u i d i z e d bed o r storm cabinet. The
t e s t surface s h a l l be t h i n l y covered; l o c a l agglomerations a r e n o t permitted.
8.5.3

Water-suspendab1 e deve1Oper

A t h i n u n i f o r m a p p l i c a t i o n o f the developer s h a l l be c a r r i e d o u t by imnersion i n

a g i t a t e d suspension o r by spraying w i t h s u i t a b l e equipment i n accordance w i t h
the approved procedure. Imnersion t i m e and temperature o f t h e developper s h a l l
be evaluated by the user through p r e - t e s t s according t o t h e manufacturer's i n s t r u c t i o n . The imnersion time be as s h o r t as p o s s i b l e t o ensure optimum r e s u l t s .

The p a r t s h a l l be d r i e d by evaporation and/or by t h e use o f a f o r c e d a i r c i r c u l a t i o n oven.

8.5.4

Solvent-based developer

The developer s h a l l be a p p l i e d by spraying u n i f o r m l y . The spray s h a l l be such

t h a t the developer a r r i v e s s l i g h t l y wet on t h e surface, g i v i n g a t h i n , uniform
1ayer.

8.5.5

Water s o l u b l e developer

A t h i n u n i f o r m a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e developer s h a l l be c a r r i e d o u t by imnersion
o r by spraying w i t h s u i t a b l e equipment i n accordance w i t h t h e approved procedure. Imnersion time and temperature o f t h e developper s h a l l be evaluated by
the user through p r e - t e s t s according t o the m a n u f a c t u r e r ' s i n s t r u c t i o n . The i m mersion time should be as s h o r t as p o s s i b l e t o ensure an optimum r e s u l t .

The p a r t s h a l l be d r i e d by evaporation and/or by t h e use o f a f o r c e d a i r c i r c u l a t i o n oven.

8.5.6

Water o r s o l v e n t based f o r s p e c i a l a p p l i c a t i o n (e.g.

p e e l a b l e developer)

When an i n d i c a t i o n t h a t needs t o be recorded i s shown w i t h t h e p e n e t r a n t i n spection process t h e f o l lowing procedure s h a l l be used:

Wipe-off developer w i t h a clean, dry, l i n t - f r e e c l o t h .

- Apply the same penetrant by any convenient means, then f o l l o w e x a c t l y the

same process as i n i t i a l l y used, up t o a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e developer.

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- After

excess penetrant removal and d r y i n g o f the p a r t , apply the peelable

developer as recommended by the manufacturer.

8.5.7

When the r e c m e n d e d development time has elapsed, c a r e f u l l y peel o f f the

developer coating. I n d i c a t i o n ( s ) appear(s) on the face o f the coating which
was i n d i r e c t contact w i t h the p a r t .
Development time

The development t i m e should be between 10 min and 30 min, longer times may be
agreed between the c o n t r a c t i n g p a r t i e s .
The development t i m e begins

immediately a f t e r a p p l i c a t i o n when d r y developer i s a p p l i e d

immediately a f t e r d r y i n g when w e t developer i s applied.

8.6
8.6.1

Inspection
General

Generally, i t i s advisable t o c a r r y out the f i r s t examination j u s t a f t e r the app l i c a t i o n o f the developer o r as soon as the developer i s dry. This f a c i l i t a t e s
a better interpretation o f indications.
The f i n a l inspection s h a l l be c a r r i e d o u t when the development t i m e has elapsed.
Aids f o r v i s u a l examination, such as m a g n i f i c a t i o n instruments o r c o n t r a s t
spectacles, can be used.
NOTE: The diameter, width o r i n t e n s i t y o f the i n d i c a t i o n provide l i m i t e d
information.
8.6.2

8.6.2.1

Viewing c o n d i t i o n s
Fluorescent penetrants

Photochromatic spectacles s h a l l n o t be worn.

S u f f i c i e n t t i m e s h a l l be allowed f o r t h e o p e r a t o r ' s eyes t o become dark adapted,
i n the i n s p e c t i o n booth, u s u a l l y a t l e a s t 5 min.
UV r a d i a t i o n s h a l l n o t be d i r e c t e d i n the o p e r a t o r ' s eyes. A l l surfaces which
can be viewed by the operators s h a l l n o t fluoresce.

No paper o r c l o t h which fluoresces under UV l i g h t s h a l l be i n s i g h t o f the

operator.
A UV-A background l i g h t i n g may be provided, i f necessary, t o a l l o w the operator
t o move f r e e l y i n s i d e the booth.

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The t e s t s u r f a c e s h a l l be viewed under a UV-A r a d i a t i o n source, i n accordance

w i t h prEN 1956. The UV-A i r r a d i a n c e a t the surface inspected s h a l l n o t be l e s s
than 10 W/mZ (1000 pW/unz).
The statements above s h a l l a p p l y t o i n s p e c t i o n s i n darkened rooms where t h e
v i s i b l e l i g h t i s l i m i t e d t o a maximum of 20 lx.

8.6.2.2

Colour c o n t r a s t p e n e t r a n t s

The t e s t surface s h a l l be inspected under d a y l i g h t o r under a r t i f i c i a l w h i t e

l i g h t w i t h an i l l u m i n a n c e o f n o t l e s s than 500 lx on t h e surface o f t h e t e s t e d
p a r t . l h e v i e w i n g c o n d i t i o n s s h a l l be such t h a t g l a r e and r e f l e c t i o n s a r e avoided.

8.7

Recording

Recording may be done by any of t h e f o l l o w i n g methods

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)

0.8

8.8.1

w r i t t e n description
sketch
adhesive tape
p e e l a b l e developer
photograph
photocopy
video

P o s t c l e a n i n g and p r o t e c t i o n
Postcleaning

A f t e r f i n a l i n s p e c t i o n , p o s t c l e a n i n g o f the p a r t i s necessary o n l y i n those

cases where t h e penetrant t e s t i n g products could i n t e r f e r e w i t h subsequent processing o r s e r v i c e requirements.

8.8.2

Protection

Ifr e q u i r e d a s u i t a b l e c o r r o s i o n p r o t e c t i o n s h a l l be applied.

0.9

Retesting

I f r e t e s t i n g i s necessary, e. g. because no unambiguous e v a l u a t i o n o f i n d i c a t i o n s i s p o s s i b l e , t h e e n t i r e t e s t procedure, s t a r t i n g w i t h t h e precleaning,

s h a l l be repeated.
I f necessary, more f a v o u r a b l e t e s t c o n d i t i o n s s h a l l be chosen f o r t h i s p r o cedure. The use o f a d i f f e r e n t t y p e o f penetrant o r a p e n e t r a n t o f t h e same type
from a d i f f e r e n t s u p p l i e r i s n o t allowed unless a thorough c l e a n i n g has been
c a r r i e d o u t t o remove p e n e t r a n t residues remaining i n t h e d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s .

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9 Test r e p o r t
The t e s t r e p o r t s h a l l c o n t a i n the f o l l o w i n g i n f o r m a t i o n w i t h reference t o t h i s
standard :
a) i n f o r m a t i o n on the p a r t t e s t e d
- designation
- dimensions
- material
- surface c o n d i t i o n
- p r o d u c t i o n stage
b) purpose o f t e s t i n g

c) d e s i g n a t i o n o f the penetrant system used, as s p e c i f i e d i n subclause 6.4,

g i v i n g the manufacturer's name and product designation as w e l l as t h e
b a t c h number
d) t e s t i n s t r u c t i o n s
e) d e v i a t i o n s from the t e s t i n s t r u c t i o n s
f ) t e s t r e s u l t s ( d e s c r i p t i o n o f d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s detected)
g) t e s t l o c a t i o n , date o f t e s t i n g , name o f t h e operator
h) name, c e r t i f i c a t i o n and s i g n a t u r e o f the t e s t supervisor.

The l a y o u t of a form t h a t can be used f o r the t e s t r e p o r t i s g i v e n i n Annex B.

I t s h a l l i n c l u d e a l l the d e t a i l s r e l a t i n g t o t h e method which a r e i m p o r t a n t f o r
t h e e v a l u a t i o n of t h e t e s t r e s u l t s , and a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n r e l a t i n g t o the
p a r t s t o be tested, although t h i s data should be modified, as a p p r o p r i a t e , depending on the type o f p a r t . I f another form i s used i t s h a l l c o n t a i n a l l t h e
i n f o r m a t i o n d e t a i l e d i n items a) t o h).
The t e s t r e p o r t may be o m i t t e d i f a t e s t procedure f u l f i l l i n g the requirements
o f subclause 8.1 i s submitted, c o n t a i n i n g the i n f o r m a t i o n mentioned i n clause 9
from a) t o d ) and i f the i n f o r m a t i o n under e) t o h) are documented i n an approp r i a t e manner.

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EN 571-1 11997

N N EX

(normative)

Main stages o f the penetrant examination

I
P r e a r a t i o n and

Apply wate rwashable penet r a n t and a l l o w

contac; time

recleanin

r
-l I
I
Apply post-emls i f i a b l e penet r a n t and a l l o w
contac; time

I
1

Apply s o l v e n t
removable penet r a n t and a l l o w
contac; time

Apply l i p o p h i l i
a l 1 ow contact

e m u l s i f i e r and

1 I
1 Excess

penetrant remover check

I
I

Dry

IAllow
I

inspect

I Clean

I
I

Protect i f
required

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Apply water
suspendable
deve1 Oper

sol u b l e

I Development

time

I
I
I

t o dry

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EN 571-1 1997

A N N E X
B
( informa t i ve)
Example o f a t e s t r e p o r t
Test r e p o r t
Reference No.:
Subreference No.:
Penetrant t e s t ing
T e s t r e p o r t no.:
Sheet

Company name:
Departments :

of

- sheets

Project :
Comnissioned by:
Comnission orer no.:

Parts:
Manufacturing no. :
Drawing no,:

P a r t t o be tested:

f u r t h e r d e t a i l s , e. 9.:
Weld p l a n no.:
Test follow-up p l a n no.:
Weld no.:
Sheet no.:
U n i t no.:
P a r t no.:
Cast no.:
Model no.:

~~

Dimensions:
Material :
Surface c o n d i t i o n :
Heat treatment condi t i o n :
Pretreatment :
Test i n s t r u c t ion :
Scope o f t e s t i n g :

(e. g. s p e c i f i c a t i o n , t e s t d i r e c t i o n , d e l i v e r y c o n d i t i o n )

Penetrant system
Designa t ion :

( f u r t h e r d e t a i l s , e. g. f r e e f r o m c o r r o s i v e c o n s t i tuents, i n accordance w i t h EN 571-2)

Manufac t u r e f :
Product d e s i g n a t i o n
Penetrant :
Excess penetrant remover:
Developer:

.Batch no.:
Batch no.:
Batch no,:

Procedure
Te s t tempe r a t u r e :
Precl eani ng :
Drying:
Penetration time:

Excess penetrant removal ( f u r t h e r d e t a i l s , e. g. a n t i c o r r o s i v e agents):

Emu 1s i f y ing t ime :
Drying:
Deve1opmen t t i m e :
Postcl eani ng:
Deviations f r o m t h e t e s t i n s t r u c t i o n s :
Deviations from EN 571-1:
(e. g. f o r d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s : d e t a i l s o f l o c a t i o n , types,
d i s t r i b u t i o n s , sizes and number: sketch)

Test r e s u l t s :
Test l o c a t i o n :

T e s t date:
~

~~

Operator's name:

non acceptable:

Eva1u a t i on
acceptable:
( i n accordance w i t h t e s t i n s t r u c t i o n s ) :
Remar k s :
Test supervisor:
or
Comnissioner/expert:
or
Test house:

Certification:

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Date:

Signature :

Date:

Signature :

Date:

Signature :