Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PHYSICS 314 B
MWF/TTH
11:00-12:00/3:30-5:00
PHOSPHORUS
5.0 HISTORY:
In 1669, a German merchant called Henning Brand obtained elementary
phosphorus through the distillation of urine, writing a letter to Leibniz reporting its
discovery. It is quite probable that, in the 12th century, Arabian alchemists have
obtained the element using this process. However, the credit is given to Brand. The
name of phosphorus has a Greek origin meaning "it possesses brilliance" due to its
property of shining in the darkness when exposed to the air.
About one century after its original work, Brand discovered that phosphorus is
an important constituent of the bones, introducing a new method of industrial
production of phosphorus. The reaction of the bones with nitric or sulfuric acid
produces phosphoric acid that, when heated up with coal, produces elementary
phosphorus. This was the first method of phosphorus commercial production.
6.0 APPLICATIONS TO PHYSICS:
6.1 Used in the manufacture of gasoline additives:
Phosphorus oxychloride (POCl3) is a compound of phosphorus
with a number of uses like in the manufacturing of gasoline additives, fire
retardant agent, manufacture of transistors for electronic devices.
6.2 Used to make fertilizers:
In 1996, 91% of all the phosphate rock mined in the United States
was used to make fertilizers.
6.3 Important for energy transfer in cells:
Phosphorus is essential to all living things. It forms the sugar
phosphate backbone of DNA and RNA.
6.4 Ingredients in some detergents:
They are beginning to be phased out in some countries because
they can lead to high phosphate levels in natural water supplies causing
unwanted algae to grow.
6.5 Used to make safety matches:
The phosphorus pentasulfide or phosphorus sequisulfide coat the
tip of the match and bursts into flame. It ignites other chemicals on the
head of the match.
6.6 Useful in medical studies:
Radioactive phosphorus can be used as a tracer to study parts of
the body. It can also determine how much blood is in a persons body and
it can also help locate the presence of tumors in the brain, eyes, breasts
and skin.
SARSALEJO, JOFFRY
PHYSICS 314 C
MWF/TTH 2:00-3:00/5:00-6:30
ANTIMONY
2.0 SYMBOL : Sb
3.0 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES :
3.1 Molecular Weight: 30.973762
3.2 Boiling Point : 1908 K
3.3 Melting Point : 903.78 K
3.4 Vapor Pressure : 1mmHg at 43 atm (white)
3.5 Vapor Density: 4.42)
3.6 Density: 6.697 g/cm^3
3.7 Molar volume: 196 cm3
3.8 Molar Heat Capacity: 25.23 J/(mol-K)
3.9 Heat of Vaporization: 193.43 kJ/mol
3.10 Heat of Fusion: 19.79 kJ/mol
4.0 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:
4.1 Reaction of antimony with acids:
Antimony dissolves in hot concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4, or
nitric acid, HNO3, to form solutions containing Sb(III). The sulphuric acid
reaction produces sulphur(IV) dioxide gas. Antimony does not react with
hydrochloric acid in the absence of oxygen.
4.2 Reaction of antimony with oxygen:
Upon heating, antimony reacts with oxygen in air to form the
trioxide antimony (III) oxide, Sb2O3. The flame is bluish white.
Sb3 + 3 H+ Sb3
4.9 Reaction of antimony to chlorine:
Antimony Pentachloride, SbCl5 was first obtained by Rose by the
direct union of the elements, powdered antimony combining
spontaneously with chlorine, with incandescence. No antimony trichloride
is formed. It is usually prepared by saturating molten antimony trichloride
with chlorine, and distilling under reduced pressure.
4.10 Reaction with 15M HNO3:
(mild, =>Sb2O5)
5.0 HISTORY:
Antimony was recognized in predynastic Egypt as an eye cosmetic as
early as about 3100 B.C when the cosmetic palette was invented.
An artifact said to be a part of a vase, made of antimony dating to about
3000 B.C was found at Telloh, Chaldea (part present Day Iraq) and a copper
object plated with antimony dating between 2500 B.B and 2200 B.C has been
found in Egypt.
The element was probably first named by Roman scholar Pliny (AMP 2379) who called it stibium. Muslim chemist Abu Musa Jabir IbnHaygan probably
first called it antimony anti (not) and monos (alone). The name comesfrom the
fact that antimony does not occur alone in nature.
The first detailed reports about antimony were published in 1707 when
French chemist Nicolas Lemory (1645-1715) published his famous book,
Treatise on Antimony.
CORTES, CHAD
PHYSICS 314 C
MWF/TTH
2:00-3:00/5:00-6:30
PHOSPHORUS
P4O10(s)
6 H2O(l)
4 H3PO4(aq)
6.0 HISTORY:
Phosphorus came from the Greek word phosphoros meaning bringer of
light was discovered in 1669 at Germany by a German merchant called Henning
Brand obtained elementary phosphorus through the distillation of urine and
writing a letter to Leibniz reporting its discovery.
About one century after its original work, Brand discovered that
phosphorus is an important constituent of the bones thus introducing a new
method of industrial production of phosphorus.
At the end of 18th century, James Readman developed the first process for
the production of the element with an electric furnace. Readmans method to
obtain elementary phosphorus remains in present technology.
6.0 APPLICATIONS TO PHYSICS:
6.1 Useful in medical studies:
Radioactive phosphorus can be used as a tracer to study parts of
the body. It can also determine how much blood is in a persons body and
it can also help locate the presence of tumors in the brain, eyes, breasts
and skin.
6.2 Used to make fertilizers:
In 1996, 91% of all the phosphate rock mined in the United States
was used to make fertilizers.
6.3 Used to make safety matches:
The phosphorus pentasulfide or phosphorus sequisulfide coat the
tip of the match and bursts into flame. It ignites other chemicals on the
head of the match.
6.4 Ingredients in some detergents:
They are beginning to be phased out in some countries because
they can lead to high phosphate levels in natural water supplies causing