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A SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON

PROCESS INVOLVED IN PRODUCTION OF VALVE TAPPET


At

MAHLE ENGINE COMPONENTS INDIA PVT.LTD.PITHAMPUR

SESSION- 2015-2016
MEDICAPS ISTITUTE OF TECHOLOGY AND
MANAGEMENT

SUBMITTED TO-

SUBMITTED BY-

Mr.Pramendra Dhebena

Pratik Agrawal

(Manager M.S.V.T)

Rajat Sharma
7th semester

PREFACE
The theoretical knowledge can be enhanced effectively if it is
supplemented by practical exposure in an organization. A Proper
solution to an engineering problem can be obtained provided that one
is equipped with theoretical as well as practical skills.
Industrial training gives opportunity to relate theory with practical
applications .Hence over all understanding and application of the
concept improves with the industrial exposure.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that student Pratik Agrawal & Rajat Sharma of


Medicaps Inst. of Tech. & Mgmt. Indore has successfully completed
their summer training under my guidance on Process involved in
production of Valve Tappet at machine shop of MAHLE ENGINE
COMPONENTS INDIA PVT.LTD.PITHAMPUR.
The duration of the training was 30 days from 08.06.2015 to
04.07.2015.
I have undergone through the report and certify that it has
been prepared to my satisfaction and all the facts mentioned have
been verified to the best of my knowledge.

-----------------------------Mr.Pramendra Dhebena
(Manager M.S.V.T)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Knowledge is power, for an engineering student this power of knowledge is
unattainable unless an element of practical observation and practical
performance is not added. Mechanical Engineering not only calls for a
theoretical knowledge of the subject but also asks for practical
understanding as well.
This opportunity to work at Mahle (M.S.V.T) was an enriching
experience in itself.
We convey our gratitude and sincere acknowledgement to
Mr.B.V.Reddy (G.M Mahle, Pithampur) & Mrs. Neha Jhalani (H.R Mahle,
Pithampur) for permitting us to undergo this vocational training.
We are grateful to our project guide Mr.Pramendra Dhebena
(Manager M.S.V.T) for his excellent guidance and continuous
encouragement thought the course of the project.
We are also grateful to all the other staff members of M.S.V.T who
stepped up to guide us and to share there valuable knowledge & experience
that helped us for in depth understanding.
Also we are thankful to all the technicians and operators who were
ever ready to give all sort of practical knowledge that was required for the
successful completion of this project.

CONTENT

Introduction
Parts Manufactured
Departments
1-FOUNDRY

2-M.S.V.T

Process Flow Chart for Valve Tappet


Process Involved in M.S.V.T

o Nomoco Pre-grinding
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

Diskus Chill Face Grinding


Hardness Testing
6-Spindle Turning
Heat Treatment
Lapping
Nitriding
Crack Testing
Washing
Final Grinding
T.C.E Washing
Phosphating

Project Work
Conclusion

INTRODUCTION
Mahle group is a leading developer of engine components all over the
world. Mahle offers unique systems competence in the combustion
engine and engine peripherals, with its three business units Engine

systems and components, Filtration and Engine Peripherals & Thermal


Management. Mahle group is the soul power which is driving the
automobile industry from generations .The success story begins from
the year 1920 when the pistons made of heavy grey cast iron were
replaced by alloy pistons of aluminum, and this technology went to
reach all over the world and mark the beginning of Mahle group. Then
onwards in 1976 Mahle went to introduce aluminum engine block and
in 1988 the assembled camshaft was developed and was ready for
series production and in 2001 the revolutionary cooling concept for
pistons was also introduced by Mahle group and then from here
Mahle group came up with many more innovations and technologies
for the automobiles. The Mahle group is the only organization having
its production units at over 140 locations around the globe and having
64000 employees working under it.
In 1986 Mahle established a plant named as Mahle Engine
Components India Pvt. Ltd. at Pithampur (M.P) India for the
production of valve tappets and camshafts. In this plant different
types of valve tappets & camshafts are manufactured for different
automotive companies .The plant has mainly two departments one is
foundry for the preparation of raw casting and other is machine shop
for further machining of raw casting into desired product.

DEPARTMENTS
The plant is divided into two main departments:
1-Foundry

2-Machine Shop

FOUNDARY
Molding Material
Procurement (SHELL SANDRESIN COATED)

DESIGN AND DRAWING

PREHEATNI
G

Sand
invest
ment
Four station
moulding

PATTERN
MAKING
CORE MAKING
Bakin
g

Ejection
&
cleaning

INDUCTION FURNACE
CHARGE PREPARATION
Core placement (For Hollow Camshaft Only)
and Mould Closing

CHAPLET PLACEMENT

POURING

ADJUSTMENT

MELTING

NODULARISATIO
N TREATMENT
(FOR SG IRON)

DRESSING OF CORES

SOLIDIFICATION
CORE PREHEATING

KNOCKOUT
SHOT-BLASTING

VISUAL
INSPECTION

FETTLING

INTERNAL SHOT
BLASTING and number
punching

HEAT TREATMENT (STRESS


RELIEVING ANEALING IF REQUIRED)

FINAL INSPECTION
(ENDOSCOPY, ULTRASONIC
TESTING)

DESPATCH FOR MACHINING OR TO


CUSTOMER IN AS CAST CONDITION

In this department casting of valve tappet and camshaft is produced. Both


the types of tappet (mushroom& cylindrical) are cast. Moulds are prepared
by two different sands one is green sand and other is shell sand. Both these
sands have different composition and properties.

M.S.V.T-(Machine Shop Valve Tappet)


The Raw Tappet produced in foundry is sent to machine shop for its further
machining in-order to get the desired shape, size & surface finish. Here different
machining operations are performed sequentially on different machines. The
Nomoco pre- grinding & Cincinnati machine is used for pre-grinding of valve
tappet, the Diskus machine is used for face grinding, 6-spindle turning (Index
machine) is used for turning operations on the tappet & Lapping machine is used
for lapping operation to provide high surface finish. In this machine shop heat
treatment, nitriding, phosphating and washing is also done for the valve tappet.

PROCESS FLOW CHART FOR VALVE TAPPET


RAW TAPPET

NOMOCO PRE GRINDING M/C

DISKUS M/C
HARDNESS TEST

6-SPINDLE TURNING M/C


NITRIDED TAPPET

NON NITRIDED TAPPET

LAPPING

LAPPING

HEAT TREATED TAPPET

HEAT TREATMENT

CRACK TEST

CRACK TEST

TEMPERING

NITRIDING

FINAL GRINDING

LAPPING

FINAL GRINDING

INSPECTION

CRACK TEST

INSPECTION

OIL & PACKING

OIL & PACKING

DISPATCH

DISPATCH

FINAL GRINDING
INSPECTION

PHOSPHATING

FINAL INSPECTION

PACKING

Processes Involved In MSVT


Centre less grinding-Centerless grinding is a form of grinding where there
is no collet or pair of centers holding the object in place. Instead, there is a
regulating wheel positioned on the opposite side of the object to the grinding
wheel. A work rest keeps the object at the appropriate height but has no
bearing on its rotary speed. The workblade is angled slightly towards the
regulating wheel, with the workpiece centreline above the centerlines of the
regulating and grinding wheel; this means that high spots do not tend to
generate corresponding opposite low spots, and hence the roundness of parts
can be improved. Centerless grinding is much easier to combine with
automatic loading procedures than centered grinding; through feed grinding,
where the regulating wheel is held at a slight angle to the part so that there is
a force feeding the part through the grinder is particularly efficient.
Regulating wheel provides the axial movement to workpiece, both wheels
are having same sense of rotation.

1. Pre-Grinding Process- This process is done in order to remove 1-3 mm


material from the given workpiece. The basic purpose of this process is to
remove maximum possible amount of material with in customer
specification. After pre grinding process workpiece is allowed to get its final
finished dimensions by final grinding machines which remove materials in
range of microns.
o Grade of a wheel is defined as a measure of bond strength& it ranges from
soft to hard. Soft wheels are used for low material removal rate & grinding
of hard materials, while hard wheels are used for high material removal rate
& grinding of soft materials.
o Feeding motions of workpart can be of 3 types:
1. Traverse feed (Feed motion is parallel to axis of rotation).
2. Plunge Feed (Grinding wheel is fed radially into workpiece).
3. Combination Of both (Grinding wheel is fed at 45deg. & simultaneously
grind cylindrical part of surface).
There are two types of pre grinding machinesA) Tappet Cylindrical Pre-grinding.
Specification of tappet cylindrical pre-grinding machine-

Type of machineProduct

Cylindrical tappet type

Horizontal through two pass


machine
process
Rough process
(Depth of cut- 0.25mm)
Regulating wheel(2 wheel)

Grinding wheel(2 wheel)


Semi-finished process
(Depth of cut- 0.17mm)
Regulating wheel(1 wheel)
Grinding wheel(3 wheel)
Dressing
Grinding wheel
Regulating wheel

Product/process/Tool
specification

300*100*127 ROS 192*40


Grade- A8ORR

355*254*152.4
Grade- A8ORR

Multi point diamond dresser.


Grade- D224047100071754
Frequency- 5000pieces
Single point diamond dresser
Grade- AAA CLASS
10*35MM/EW2 STUBER
Frequency- 15000 pieces.

b) Mushroom Tappet Pre-grinding.

Specification of mushroom tappet pre-grinding machine-

Type of machineProduct

Mushroom tappet type

plunger type grinding


Process

Product/process/Tool
specification

Center less process


(Depth of cut- 0.5mm)
(Cycle time-15 sec)
(Machining time-9sec)
Regulating wheel(2 wheel)
(speed-17.8 rpm)

350*60*203ROS260*20
Grade- A80Z1V25/A80RR

Grinding wheel(2 wheel)


(speed Dressing(automatic)
Grinding wheel
(Dressing time-2.35min)

400*(60/70)*203ROS260*20
Grade-DA803L5V223/45

Regulating wheel

Blade type diamond dresser.


Grade- 1HFAS90-38
Frequency- 45pieces
Single point diamond dresser
Grade- AAA CLASS
10*35MM/EW2 STUBER
Frequency- pieces.

1. DISKUS Chill Face Grinding


Specification of Chill face pre-grinding machine- In this process , the face of
tappet that is head is finished by removing material from range of mm to
microns depends on need.

Before Diskus Operation (chill face)

After Diskus Operation (chill face)

Type of machineProduct

Mushroom /Cylindrical
tappet

DISKUS face grinding machine


Process

Product/process/Tool
specification

(Depth of cut- 0.45mm)


(Cycle time-2.4 sec)
(Machining time-2.4*WIP
sec)
Rotating wheel(1 wheel)
(speed-1.33 rpm)

Work holding wheel


Cast iron

Tool holding device

Diskus fixture wheel(1


wheel)
(speed-27000rpm)
o Grinding segment (Tool
)
(no. of segment- 16)
Dressing(automatic)
Grinding wheel
(Dressing time- ?min)

104/68*75*102
Grade-SG36-2818VS3

Cluster type D12 dresser.


Frequency- 2min

Hardness testing process-

It is performed to check the hardness of the mushroom tappet head /cylindrical tappet surface.
2 test points are selected which are 120degree apart.
Load of 150kg is applied on the work piece.
Range of hardness lies from 35HRC to 65HRC (depends upon type of tappet).

Diamond indenter is used for test.


Cycle time-10sec.

4. 6- Spindle Turning
a. In this process 6 operations are performed & 6 tools tappets are operated at a
time.
b. This machine is based on Geneva Indexing mechanism.
c. Operations Performed are:
1. Turning: It is the process of removing extra material from workpiece to
generate cylindrical surface.
2. Boring: It is used for enlarging a hole produced by drilling, casting etc.
3. Drilling: It is the process of producing cylindrical hole with the help of drill
bit.
4. Chamfering: It is the operation of beveling the extreme end of a workpiece to
remove burs.
Parameters
Spindle RPM
Cutting Oil
Total Cycle
Time
Indexing Time
Turning Time

Specifications
MVT
600-700
ILOCUT 1253
1253
10.5-12.5sec.
22sec.
2sec.
8.5-10.5sec.

CVT
485-540
ILOCUT
202sec.
18-20 sec.

MVT- Mushroom
valve tappet
CVT- Cylindrical
valve tappet

HARDENINGHardening is a metallurgical and metalworking process used to increase the


hardness of a metal. The hardness of a metal is directly proportional to the uniaxial
yield stress at the location of the imposed strain. A harder metal will have a higher
resistance to plastic deformation than a less hard.
Hardening is achieved by following processHEAT TREATMENT- It is the heating and cooling of metals to change their physical
and mechanical properties, without letting it change its shape. Heat treatment
could be said to be a method for strengthening materials but could also be used
to alter some mechanical properties such as improving formability, machining,
etc.
Need of Heat Treatment: 1. To releive internal stresses attained after hot & cold
working.
2.To improve hardness.
3.To refine grain size.
4. To improve material magnetic & electrical properties.
5. Reduction in brittleness, resistance to shock & fatigue.
Furnace temperature-920degree centigrade.
Nitrogen is used to create inert atmosphere i.e. to prevent oxidation at

such a high temperature.


Flow rate (N2)- 1000nl/Hr , Pressure- 2-3bar.
Cycle time- 13sec.(2product at a time).
Process time- 18min.
Pre heating is done to remove dirt or oil particles from surface of workpiece.
Oil quenching is performed where oil is maintained at 50-60 degree temperature.
Heat exchanger is installed to maintain quenching oil temperature.
ILO quenching oil is used.
Hardness level of 60-65 HRC is achieved by the process.

Process Flow Of Heat Treatment

washing with
Gardoclean NC 9809

N2 Gas supply in high


temp. furnace(9801200ltr./hr.)

Quenching in ILO
castrol oil upto 50-60
deg.C temp.

TemperingTempering involves heating steel that has been quenched and hardened for an adequate period
of time so that the metal can be equilibrated. The hardness and strength obtained depend upon
the temperature at which tempering is carried out. Higher temperatures will result into high
ductility, but low strength and hardness. Low tempering temperatures will produce low ductility,
but high strength and hardness. In practice, appropriate tempering temperatures are selected
that will produce the desired level of hardness and strength. This operation is performed on all
carbon steels that have been hardened, in order to reduce their brittleness, so that they can be
used effectively in desired applications.
Furnace temperature from 180-190 degree centigrade(depends on type of tappet).
Tempering is followed by hardening in order to increase toughness and ductility at the
cost of hardness and brittleness.
Capacity-400kg.
Soaking time- 2Hr.
Ambient Cooling is done.

Stress relievingStress relieving is applied to both ferrous and non-ferrous alloys and is intended to remove
internal residual stresses generated by prior manufacturing processes such as machining, cold
rolling and welding. Without it, subsequent processing may give rise to unacceptable distortion
and/or the material can suffer from service problems such as stress corrosion cracking. The
treatment is not intended to produce significant changes in material structures or mechanical
properties, and is therefore normally restricted to relatively low temperatures.
Furnace temperature from 570, 610 degree centigrade (depends on type of tappet).
Stress relieving is followed by either casting or machining according to requirement in
order to increase machinability and removing residual casting stresses.
Capacity-400 kg
Soaking time- 2-3 Hrs.
Up to 350 degree centigrade cooling is done inside furnace then Ambient Cooling is
done.

NitridingIt is one of hardening process that diffuses nitrogen into the surface of a metal to create a casehardened surface. These processes are most commonly used on low-carbon, low-alloy steels.
However, they are also used on medium and high-carbon steels, titanium, aluminum and
molybdenum. Recently, nitriding was used to generate unique duplex microstructure
(Martensite-Austenite, Austenite-ferrite), known to be associated with strongly enhanced
mechanical properties Typical applications include gears, crankshafts, camshafts, cam followers,
valve parts, extruder screws, die-casting tools, forging dies, extrusion dies, firearm components,
injectors and plastic-mold tools.

Gas nitriding- In gas nitriding the donor is a nitrogen rich gas, usually ammonia (NH3),
which is why it is sometimes known as ammonia nitriding. When ammonia comes into
contact with the heated work piece it disassociates into nitrogen and hydrogen. The
nitrogen then diffuses onto the surface of the material creating a nitride layer. The
thickness and phase constitution of the resulting nitriding layers can be selected and the
process optimized for the particular properties required.

Specification of gas nitriding- Gas composition- N2(40%)+NH3(50%)+CO2(10%)


Two tanks are used1. Tank A- Furnace tank.
2. Tank B- Cooling tank

In furnace tank temperature is maintained at 580 degree centigrade.


Nitriding layer (Fe4N) of thickness 8-12 micron is achieved.
After nitriding layer steam is passed through same tank in order to achieve oxidation
layer of thickness 1.5 micron which works as lubricating layer during start of engine.
Holding time- 4 Hours.
Capacity of furnace- 400kg.

Flow ratea) N2 (during heating)= 1800 to 2200Lt/Hr.


b) N2 (during holding)= 1300 to 1700Lt/Hr.
c) NH3 = 1300 to 1700Lt/Hr.
d) CO2 = 200 to 400Lt/Hr.
Steam pressure- 1 to 6bar.

Lapping and Chamfering processIt is final chill face grinding process in which we provide convex profile on tappet head in order
to increase its life cycle and chamfering is done in order to provide proper stress distribution.
Cycle time-4 to 8 sec.
Cutting oil-Macron 295 F5.
Lapping roughing wheela) Size- 110*60*94mm / 194*82*175mm.
b) Grade-AA7A 80 H9V3703/AA7A 100 HO 370.
c) Length-15mm.
Lapping finishing wheela) Size- 110*60*94mm / 194*82*175mm.
b) Grade-4A400 N5 BA YOY03/01-EKR-350-LBK.
c) Length-15mm.
Chamfering Wheela) Size- 18.5*26*8 mm.
b) Grade- AA 5021.
c) Length-10 mm.

Convexity 0+0.008.
Chamfer on chill face- 0.4+0.2/-0.0 * 45 degree.
Surface roughness-Ra 0.07

Crack TestingAs the tappets are subjected to high wear during their opearation. It is not tolerable
to have even a hint of crack on specially chill face to ensure that it may lead to a
major failure.For this, surface of tappets are carefully observed for cracks .In this
process crack which are developed during any of the surface operations are
examined in UV rays by passing it through a particular solution ,so that powder
present in solution gets stuck into the cracks .

Magnetisation of
Tappet
(Generation of
north-south pole)

Passing through
oil+ Magnaflux
fluoroscent powder
solution

Identification of
cracks in UV Rays.

Visual Inspection
under UV rays.

A VOCATIONAL

PROCESS INVOLVED IN PROD

This method uses UV blacklights for use in


conjunction with fluorescent dye penetrants and magnetic particles for highlighting defects in
metals and ceramics.

Examples include; hairline cracks in aircraft landing gear, automotive steering systems and many other
safety critical components on which our lives may depend.
Defects literally jump out at the inspector due to the dramatic contrast between the bright glowing
image of a defect against a dull background

MAHLE ENGINE
Steps to perform:1. Magnetizing the tappet up to min. 3 gauss.
2. Magnetized tappets are to be passed through the test oil mixed with powder.
3. Check the tappets for cracks and foundry defects under the ultra violet light generated
by UV lamp in the dark room.
4. Pass the tappet through demagnetizer to reduce intensity up to 1 gauss.
5. Gauze meter is used to check if the tappet is demagnetized or not.
Ultra Violet lamp intensity- 1500micro watt/cm2.
Test oil- 16gm uniflux powder mixed in make ferro chem. Oil.

COMPON

SESSIO

Phosphating

SUBMITTED TO-

Phosphate coatings are a crystalline conversion coating that is formed on a ferrous metal
substrate. Phosphate coating is employed for the purpose of pretreatment prior to coating or
painting, increasing corrosion protection and improving friction properties of sliding
components. In other instances, phosphate coatings are applied to threaded parts and top
coated with oil (P&O) to add anti-galling and rust inhibiting characteristics.
Process is carried in seven separate tanksManager M.S.V.T )
1) Tank 1- Perform degreasing process.
a) Solution used-water (150 lit.) + gardoclean 4 chemical (750 gm).
b) Working temperature-75-80 degree centigrade.
c) Holding time- 5-6 min.
2) Tank 2- Water rinsing (soft water).
a) Solution used-water

Mr.Pramendra Dhebena
(

b) Holding time- 1-2 min.


3) Tank 3- Surface conditioning.
a) Solution used- water (150 lit.) + pyrolite VMA (450 gm) or
pyrolite VMC (450 gm) depends on type of tappet.
b) Working temperature- 45-49 degree centigrade.
c) Holding time- 2-6 min.
4) Tank 4- Phosphating.
a) Solution used- water (150 lit.) +gardobond-30 9.5 lit. by
volume+ steel wool to provide iron upto 4-6 %.
b) Working temperature- 96 to 99 degree centigrade.
5) Tank 5- Water rinsing.
a) Holding time-1-2 min.
6) Tank 6- Dewatering.
a) Solution used- gardorol DW- 36.
b) Holding time-1-2 min.
7) Tank 7-Antirust coating.
a) Solution used- Fuchs anticorit 6120/42e.
b) Holding time- 1-2 min.

Primary+secondary
washing
Gardoclean-104

Surface
conditioning+
water rinsing soft
water.

Surface Conditioning
Gardolene
(VMA+VMC)

PHOSPATING TANK

Phosphating
Gardobond-30 steel
wool+ water rinsing.

Project workSLIDE 1-

Heat Treatment Process thermal expansionCustomer Spec 38.00 0.250 ( VT 8003 ISBe )
Result- Following are the dimensions achieved-

Specification at
Pre Grinding

Before Heat
Treatment Head
Diameter Size
Observed

After Heat
Treatment Head
Diameter Size
Observed

38.00 -05/-0.150

37.78 to 37.83 37.11 to 38.23

Expansion
Observed after
Heat Treatment
Max 0.42 mm

Conclusion :Trial lot should be pre-grind 0.1 mm under size ( i.e. 38.00 -0.15/-0.25 )
against Specification of Nomoco pre grinding Process. ( Within Customer
Specification )
36% Head Diameter over size found after Heat Treatment Process with Existing
Nomoco Pre grinding Specification ( 2840 Nos over size out off 7706 Nos )

NOTE- Data regarding above observation is attached here.

SLIDE 2Total
Aug2013

Valve Tappets -Head Diameter Over Size

Model: Valve Tappet 8003 IS

Problem Description : Head Diameter Over Size ( Specification : 38 0.25 mm )


36% Head Diameter over size found after Heat Treatment Process with Existing
Nomoco Pre grinding Specification . 38.00 -0.05/-0.15
( 2840 Nos over size out off 7706 Nos )

MAHLE Engine Components India Pvt. Ltd.

Dept. Quality Assurance & Systems

SLIDE 3 Valve Tappets - Head Diameter Over Size

Possible Cause Identified :

Head Diameter Ground oversize at pre- Grinding Operation .


Expansion of Head Diameter after Heat Treatment Process.
Gather Data & Corrective Action :

Pre Grinding Process Study :- Inspect one Dressing Cycle Component 100
Nos , Dressing frequency-50. Status :-Done
Heat Treatment Process Study :- Check 500 Tappets before & after Heat
Treatment Process . Status :- Done.

SLIDE 4Corrective Actions-(a)Study of nomoco pre-grinding process.


Customer Spec 38.00 0.250 ( VT 8003 ISBe )
Result- Following are the dimensions achieved-

In

Min-32.84

Max-32.87

Out

Min-32.84

Max-32.87

Variation

0.03

0.03

Conclusion
As per above observations variation(0.03mm) of the process is only 6% of
tolerance under customer specification that is 0.5mm.
As per standard norms the variation should be less than 10% for process to be
correct.
Hence no corrections are required in nomoco pre grinding process.

NOTE- Data regarding above observation is attached.

SLIDE 5 Corrective Actions : (b) Heat Treatment Process Study


Customer Spec 38.00 0.250 ( VT 8003 ISBe )
Result- Following are the dimensions achieved-

Specification at
Pre Grinding

Before Heat
Treatment Head
Diameter Size
Observed

After Heat
Treatment Head
Diameter Size
Observed

Expansion
Observed after
Heat Treatment

38.00 -05/-0.150

37.78 to 37.84 37.87 to 38.24 Max 0.42 mm

Conclusion :- We have taken Trial Batch Qty 500 Tappets.

This tappets Head Diameter grind at Cincinnati Pre Grinding m/c because of
Grinding wheel not available at Nomoco pre Grd. m/c .
Trial lot grind 0.05 mm under size ( i.e. 38.00 -0.2/-0.3 ) against Specification
of Nomoco pre grinding Process. ( Within Customer Specification )
3.68% Head Diameter over size found after Heat Treatment Process with
Existing Nomoco Pre grinding Specification ( 18 Nos over size out off 500 Nos )

NOTE- Data regarding above observation is attached.

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