CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Ex No. 1

FOUR QUADRANT OPERATION OF DC MOTOR USING CHOPPER

Date:

AIM:
To study the operation of the four quadrant chopper and to control the speed of a D.C
shunt motor using four quadrant chopper.
-

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO

NAME OF THE COMPONENT

QUANTITY

Four quadrant chopper drive module

D.C shunt motor

CRO with probe

Multimeter

Tachometer

Patch cards

As required

THEORY:
The chopper circuits can operate in the entire four quadrants of the V0-I0 plane, that
is the output voltage and current can be controlled both in magnitude as well as in direction.
Therefore the power flows from the source to the load and is assumed to be positive.
In the second quadrant the voltage is still positive but the current is negative. The
power is therefore negative. In this case the power flows from the load to the source and this
can happen if the load inductive or back emf source such as DC motor. In the third quadrant
both the voltage and current are negative, but the power is positive and the power flows from
the source to load. In the four quadrants voltage is negative but the current is positive. The
power is therefore negative.

The four quadrant chopper is widely used in reversible DC

motor drives. The reversible DC motor drive system requires power flow in either direction,
in order to achieve fast dynamic braking.
MODEL GRAPH:

1. FOUR QUADRENT OF VO IO PLANE

2. SPEED VS VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:

The four quadrant chopper with four switching device where diodes are
connected in anti parallel with the switching device is also referred to as full bridge converter
topology. The input to the chopper is a fixed magnitude DC voltage Vdc. The output can be a
variable DC voltage with either polarity
This circuit is therefore called as the four quadrant chopper circuit the output of the full
bridge converter can also be an AC voltage with variable frequency and amplitude in which
case the converter is called as DC to AC converter. In a full bridge converter, when a gating
signal is given to a switching device, the diode only will conduct depending on the direction
of the out put load current.
The full bridge converter consists of two legs. Leg-1 comprises the switches T1,
T2 and their associated anti parallel diodes D1 and D2. Leg-2 comprises the switches T3, T4,
D3 and D4. While operating the converter, the two switches in the same leg are not to be
switched simultaneously, since it would cause a short circuit across the DC supply i.e., only
one of the device in a leg will be in the ON state and the other will be in OFF state.
In practice, both the device in a leg are made to be in OFF state for a short time
interval to avoid short circulating of the DC input.
PRE LAB QUESTIONS:
1. What is meant by dc chopper?
2. What are the applications of dc chopper?
3. What are the advantages of dc chopper?
4. What is meant by step-up and step-down chopper?
5. What is meant by duty-cycle?
6. What are the two types of control strategies?
7. What is meant by TRC?
8. What are the two types of TRC?
9. What is meant by PWM control in dc chopper?

TIME PERIOD(ms)
CARRIE
R
S.NO

TYPE

T OFF

ON

1.

2.

Forward
Motoring

Reverse
motoring

TABULATION

PROCEDURE:

2.2

2.2

0.8

0.8

DUTY SPEED
CYCLE (rpm)

PWM

OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
(Volts)

ON

OFF

0.4

0.6

3.2

50

260

38

0.6

0.4

75

315

45

0.8

0.4

95

420

65

0.4

0.6

3.1

50

230

35

0.5

0.4

62.5

390

50

0.7

0.4

87.5

410

63

AMPLITUDE

1. Connect the armature terminals of the motor across A-AA.

2. Connect the field winding of the motor across the terminals F-FF.
3. Connect the AC input at the input terminals.
4. Checks for the circuit breaker and pulse release ON/OFF switch are in OFF position.
5. Give power to the chopper. The power switch with inductor will glow. This will
ensure power supply to all the control circuit.
6. Set the duty cycle control pot for armature voltage at minimum level (i.e. set the pot
for centre zero point0).
7. Set the field control chopper duty cycle for maximum level.
8. Switch ON AC supply to the bridge rectified by switching on the circuit breaker.
9. Adjust the duty cycle ratio by turning the control voltage pot knob in clockwise
direction in steps.
10. For each step measure the voltage across the motor armature, the duty cycle from
CRO and the speed of the motor.
11. Take the readings in steps up to the maximum armature voltage and tabulate the
readings.
12. Reduce the armature voltage pot knob in the anticlockwise direction until the motor
steps.
13. Once the motor steps, run the motor in the opposite direction, by turning the control
voltage plot anticlockwise direction from its centre zero position.
14. Repeat steps 9 and 10 for reverse speed.
15. Reduce the speed of the motor and make it stop. Then switch OFF the circuit breaker
and inhibit the gating signal.
16. Plot the motor speed vs. voltage characteristics.

INFERENCE:

POST LAB QUESTIONS:

1. Why four quadrants operation is not possible with the experimental setup?
2. List out the Advantages of regenerative braking.
3. How variable output voltage is obtained?
4. Explain about various configurations of DC chopper.
5. Explain about the various speed controlling methods of DC motor with necessary
equations.
6. How PWM is differed from frequency modulation?
7. In PWM Ton cannot be reduced to near zero-true or false. Justify the Answer.

STIMULATING QUESTIONS
1. Can you change the speed of the motor using chopper ?
2. Can you change the speed and direction of the motor using four quadrant chopper ?

RESULT:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

WAVE FORM

Ex. No. 2

EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION AND SIMULATION OF SPEED

CONTROL OF SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR BY STATIC ROTOR
RESISTANCE.

Date:
AIM:
To construct a three phase PWM inverter for slip ring induction motor and study its
performance.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO

COMPONENTS NAME

QUANTITY

Inverter module

Rectifier unit

Contact tachometer

Triggering unit

Patch cards

3-Ph load IM Drive

As required
1

THEORY:
Output voltage from an inverter can also be adjusted by exercising a control within
the inverter itself. The most efficient method of doing this is by pulse-width modulation
control used within an inverter. In this method, a fixed DC input voltage is given to the
inverter, and a controlled AC output voltage is obtained by adjusting the ON and OFF periods
of the inverter components. This is the most popular method of controlling the output voltage
and this method is termed as pulse-width modulation (PWM) control.
PULSE-WIDTH MODULATED INVERTERS
PWM inverters are gradually taking over other types of inverters in industrial
applications. PWM techniques are characterized by constant amplitude pulses. The width of
these pulses is, however, modulated to obtain inverter output voltage control and to reduce its
harmonic content. Different PWM techniques are as under.
One of the most promising means of controlling the inverter output and voltage is to
incorporate time ratio control within the inverter. These inverters are called as Pulse Width
Modulated Inverters. This control of inverter in this method a fixed DC input voltage is given
to the inverter through the bridge rectifier and a controlled AC output voltage is obtained by
adjusting the ON/OFF periods of inverter components.

PWM techniques are characterized by constant amplitude pulses. The width of these pulse is
however, modulated to obtain inverter output voltage control and reduce the harmonic
content.
Different PWM techniques are as follows:

Single Pulse Modulation(SPM)

Multiple Pulse Modulation(MPM)

Sinusoidal Pulse Modulation (SPWM)

In PWM inverters, forced commutation is essential. The three PWM techniques

mentioned above differ from each other in the harmonic content in their respective output
voltages. The choice of a particular PWM technique depends upon the permissible harmonic
content in the output voltage. In out experiment we are employing SPWM technique. In this
modulation also several pulses per half cycle is used.However the pulse width is made
sinusoidal function of the angular position of the pulses as shown in sample waveform. The
frequencies of the triangular wave decide the number of pulses per half cycle and the
frequency of the reference sinusoidal signal decides the frequency of the output. The output
voltage is controlled by the varying the amplitude of the sinusoidal reference voltage.
In PWM inverters, forced commutation is essential. The three PWM techniques
mentioned above differ from each other in the harmonic content in their respective output
voltages. The choice of a particular PWM technique depends upon the permissible harmonic
content in the output voltage. In industrial applications PWM inverter supplied from a diode
bridge rectifier and an LC filter.
Advantages

The output voltage control with this method can be obtained without any
additional components.

It is possible to substantially reduce or eliminate lower order harmonic

frequencies. The higher order harmonics can by filtered by the load inductance
itself. Hence no filter circuit is required even if required it will have lower size
and hence the cost is less.

The main disadvantages of this method are that the SCRs are expensive as
they must possess low turn-on and turn-off times.

TABULATION:

Carrier signal
S.NO Amplitude
(V)

Reference signal

PWM signal

Output current

Time
Time
Time
Time
Amplitude
Amplitude
Amplitude
Period
Period
Period
Period
(V)
(V)
(V)
(ms)
(ms)
(ms)
(ms)

PRE LAB QUESTIONS:

1. What is meant by inverter?

2. What are the applications of an inverter?
3. What are the main classification of inverter?
4. Why thyristors are not preferred for inverters?
5. Give two advantages of CSI.
6. List the different types of PWM control.
7. What are the advantage and disadvantage of PWM control?

PROCEDURE
1.

The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The control circuit and input AC mains supply are switched ON.(Ensure the that pulse
release is in OFF position, potentiometers at zero position).
3. The DC voltmeter reading is noted down.
4. The input triggering pulse is switched ON.
5. The frequency, Amplitude controller knobs are adjusted to obtain the variable output
voltage and frequency.
6. Voltmeter, Frequency meter readings for various load conditions are noted down.
7. The triggering pulse circuit is switched OFF and then AC mains supply is switched OFF.

INFERENCE:

POST LAB QUESTIONS:

1. Why IGBT are used instead of SCRs power Transistors?

2. Define Modulation Index.

3. How PWM inverters are superior to conventional inverters?
4. Explain about various PWM techniques.
5. What is the need for connection of diodes in parallel with IGBTs?
6. Mention the other methods used to eliminate the Harmonics.
7. Give the difference between converter and inverter.
8. State the difference between voltage and current source inverter.

STIMULATING QUESTIONS
1. Why the three phase PWM inverter named as so?
2. How to produce the pulse using PWM techniques?

RESULT:

Assessment

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Max Marks

Preparation

30

Performance

30

Record

40

Total

100

Marks

MODEL GRAPH

Ig1
Ig2
0

wt

Ig3
Ig4
0
output voltage

Vs

w
t

Vo

2T

0
T

wt

-Vs

Ex. No. 3
Date:

VOLTAGE SOURCE INVERTER FED INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE

AIM:
To construct a three phase voltage source inverter and study its performance.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO

COMPONENTS NAME

QUANTITY

Inverter module

Rectifier unit

Contact tachometer

Triggering unit

Patch cards

3-Ph load IM Drive

As required
1

THEORY:
A device that converters DC power into AC power at output voltage and
frequency is called inverter some industrial applications of inverter are for adjustable
speed AC drives. Inductive heating stand by aircraft supplies, HVDC transmission
line etc.
SINGLE PHASE FULL BRIDGE INVERTER
In the circuit there are four IGBT Power switches are there S 1 to S4. During the
positive half cycle +ve voltage is obtained by firing S1 and S2. Zero level of the output voltage
for a general load is obtained by turning OFF S2 and firing S3, since gate pulses are available
for both S2 and S3, depending on the nature of the load inductive the load current flows
through one of these IGBTs and the diode connected in parallel with the other IGBT.
In the negative half cycle, the output voltage level negative is obtained by turning ON
S3 and S4. The zero level of the output voltage for a general load is obtained by turning OFF
S3 and Firing S2.Depending upon the nature of the load, the current flows through one of the
two switches (S2 or S4) and the diode connected in parallel with the other IGBT.

TABULATION:

CARRIER SIGNAL

SNO

AMPLITUDE
(V)

TIME
PERIOD
(ms)

REFERENCE SIGNAL

AMPLITUDE
(V)

TIME
PERIOD
(ms)

PWM SIGNAL

AMPLITUDE

TIME
PERIOD
(ms)

(V)

PRE LAB QUESTIONS:

1. Why IGBT are used instead of SCRs power Transistors?
2. Define Modulation Index?
3. How PWM inverters are superior to conventional inverters?

TON

TOFF

OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
(V)

4. Explain about various PWM techniques?

5. What is the need for connection of diodes in parallel with IGBTs?
PROCEDURE:
1. Circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram and connect the rheostat as
load with input AC voltage at 24V.
2. Check all the connections and combine before switching on the equipment.
3. Switch on the inverter firing unit.
4. Note that the frequency of the firing pulse is from 40Hz to 50Hz.
5. Vary the frequency of the inverter circuit in steps and observe the load voltage wave
form in CRO.
6. Now connect motor as load and slowly increase input voltage at 60V. When motor is
connected and if it is not running the input voltage should not be increased suddenly.
7. Vary the frequency of the inverter circuit in steps for each step and note down the
speed of the motor in rpm.
8. Tabulate the readings in the table.

INFERENCE:

POST LAB QUESTIONS:

1. Mention the other methods used to eliminate the Harmonics?
2. Give the difference between converter and inverter?
3. State the difference between voltage and current source inverter?

4. How is speed control achieved by changing the number of stator poles?

5. What are two methods of speed control preferred for large motors?

STIMULATING QUESTIONS
1. Why the single phase PWM inverter named as so ?
2. Why the output frequency is equal to reference signal ?

RESULT:

Assessment

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Max Marks

Preparation

30

Performance

30

Record

40

Total

100

Marks

Ex. No. 4
Date:

CURRENT SOURCE INVERTER FED INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVE

AIM:
To construct a three phase current source inverter and study its performance.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO

COMPONENTS NAME

QUANTITY

Inverter module

Rectifier unit

Contact tachometer

Triggering unit

Patch cards

3-Ph load IM Drive

As required
1

THEORY:
A device that converters DC power into AC power at output voltage and frequency is
called inverter some industrial applications of inverter are for adjustable speed AC drives.
Inductive heating stand by aircraft supplies, HVDC transmission line etc.
The current can be supplied to different phases of the load by proper gating the SCRs.
The output voltage waveform of the inverter depends on the nature of the load. Only two
SCRs will be ON at any one time, and the conduction SCRs will be turned off by firing the
SCR adjacent to it. For example, if SCRs 1 and 6 are conduction, A will get positive current
while the current flows out of phase c. Capacitor C1 will get charged to the maximum value
of the input voltage. At the end of this conducting interval, SCR2 will be fired. Capacitor C1
will then discharge through SCR1 and turn it off. Diodes 1 to 6 are used for preventing the
capacitor from discharging through load.

WAVE FORM:

TABULATION:
S.NO

FREQUENCY (Hz)

OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)

PRE LAB QUESTIONS:

1. What is the difference between VSI and CSI?
2. How the input current is maintained in CSI?
3. What are the applications of current source inverter?

SPEED (rpm)

TYPE

4. Mention the types of commutation employed in CSI?

PROCEDURE:
1. Circuit connections are made as per the circuit diagram and connect the rheostat as
load with input AC voltage at 24V.
2. Check all the connections before switching on the equipment.
3. Switch on the inverter firing unit.
4. Notice the frequency of the firing pulse is from 40Hz to 50Hz.
5. Vary the frequency of the inverter circuit in steps and observe the load voltage wave
form in CRO.
6. Now connect motor load and slowly increase input voltage at 60V. When motor is
connected and if it is not running, the input voltage should not be increased suddenly.
7. Vary the frequency of the inverter circuit in steps, for each step note down the speed
of the motor in rpm.
8. Tabulate the readings in the table.
INFERENCE:

POST LAB QUESTIONS:

1. What is the effect of Ls on inverter operation?
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of three phase induction motors?
3. Define Slip.
4. What are the different methods of speed control in three phase induction motor?
5. What are the main applications of induction machines?
6. What is an induction regulator?

STIMULATING QUESTIONS
1. Why the capacitors used in CSI ?
2. Differentiate Constant voltage and Constant frequency ?

RESULT:

Assessment

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Fully Controlled Converter

MaxMarks

Preparation

30

Performance

30

Record

40

Total

100

Marks

Half Controlled Converter

Ex. No. 5

EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION AND SIMULATION OF HALF AND

FULLY CONTROL CONVERTER FED DC MOTOR DRIVE.

Date:
AIM:
To construct a single phase half and fully controlled converter and study its
performance.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO

COMPONENTS NAME

QUANTITY

Rectifier unit

Contact tachometer

Triggering unit

Patch cards

DC motor drive

As required
1

THEORY:
Single phase fully controlled bridge converters are widely used in many industrial
applications. They can supply unidirectional current with both positive and negative voltage
polarity. Thus they can operate either as a controlled rectifier or an inverter. However, many
of the industrial application do not utilize the inverter mode operation capability of the fully
controlled converter. In such situations a fully controlled converter with four thyristors and
their associated control and gate drive circuit is definitely a more complex and expensive
proposition. Single phase fully controlled converters have other disadvantages as well such as
relatively poor output voltage (and current for lightly inductive load) form factor and input
power factor. The inverter mode of operation of a single phase fully controlled converter is
made possible by the forward voltage blocking capability of the thyristors which allows the
output voltage to go negative. The disadvantages of the single phase fully controlled
converter are also related to the same capability. In order to improve the output voltage and
current form factor the negative excursion of the output voltage may be prevented by
connecting a diode across the output. Here as the output voltage tries to go negative the diode
across the load becomes forward bias and clamp the load voltage to zero. Of course this
circuit will not be able to operate in the inverter mode. The complexity of the circuit is not
reduced, however. For that, two of the thyristors of a single phase fully controlled converter
has to be replaced by two diodes. The resulting converters are called single phase half
controlled converters. As in the case of fully controlled converters, the devices T1 and D2
conducts in the positive input voltage half cycle after T1 is turned on. As the input voltage
passes through negative going zero crossing D4 comes into conduction commutating D2 or
T1. The load voltage is thus clamped to zero until T3 is fired in the negative half cycle. As far
WAVE FORM:

TABULATION:
TYPE
OF
LOAD

FIRING ANGLE
(ms)
TON

TOFF

FIRING
ANGLE(de
g)

OUTPUT
VOLTAGE (V)

AVERAGE
OUTPUT
VOLTAGE
(V)

as the input and output behavior of the circuit is concerned the circuits are identical although
the device designs differs. In the diodes carry current for a considerably longer duration than
the thyristors. However, both the thyristors and the diodes carry current for half the input
cycle. In this lesson the operating principle and characteristics of a single phase half
controlled converter will be presented with reference to the circuit.
PRE LAB QUESTIONS:
1.

Assuming a constant load current, sketch the waveform of the current through the
SCR and ac input current.

2.

What are the lowest harmonics present in the output voltage for single phase and for
three phase rectifiers? Explain

3.
4.

Explain the operation of single phase fully controlled rectifier with R, RL load.
What is advantage of freewheeling diode in a controlled rectifier?

5.

Define conduction angle and extinction angles?

6.

Explain the action of freewheeling diode?

7.

The effect of inductance on power factor-explain?

8.
9.
10.

What is semiconverter?
What is fullconverter?
Why is power factor of semiconverter better than full converter?

11.

Distinguish between half controlled and fully controlled converter circuits.

12.

Where is full bridge converter used?

PROCEDURE

1.

Study the waveform at salient point of the trigger circuit.

2.

Connect the load without free wheeling diode and energize the Converter.

3.

Observe the voltage waveform across the load for different delay angles.

4.

Measure the output dc voltages for different delay angles.

5.

Calculate the harmonics in the output voltage.

INFERENCE

POST LAB QUESTIONS:

1. Explain the variation of the V-I waveforms due to the effect of inductance?
2. Sketch the current waveforms across the freewheeling diode.
3. Find the power factor this converter having R-L load?
4. Sketch the voltage waveform across the SCR.
5. What are the effects of source inductance on the conduction of SCRs and the output
voltage?
6. If S1 and S2 are replaced by diodes, what will be the waveform of the output voltage for a
highly inductive load?
STIMULATING QUESTIONS
1. Compare half and fully controlled converters in terms of cost.
2. Will the rectifier convert the input ac supply when the thyristors connection is
reversed ?
RESULT

Ex.No.6

Assessment

Max Marks

Preparation

30

Performance

30

Record

40

Total

100

Marks

DSP CONTROLLER BASED SPEED CONTROL OF SWITCHED

RELUCTANCE MOTOR DRIVE

Aim:
To control the speed of Switched Reluctance Motor using Micro-2812 trainer and SRM
power module (PEC16DSMO15).
Apparatus Required:
1. PEC16DSMO15 Module
2. Switched Reluctance Motor
3. Micro-2812 trainer
4. PC -PC serial port cable
5. Patch Chords
6. 26 Pin FRC cable
7. 34 Pin FRC cable
8. (0-30) Regulated power supply
THEORY:
The SRM is a doubly salient, singly excited machine with independent windings of
the stator. Its stator structure is same as PM motor, but the rotor is simpler having no
permanent magnet on it. Stator windings on diametrically opposite poles are connected in
series or parallel to form one phase of the motor. Several combinations of stator and rotor
poles are possible, such as 6/4 (6 stator poles and4 rotor poles), 8/6, 10/6, 12/6 etc. The
configurations with higher number of stator/rotor pole combinations have less torque ripple.
The design objectives are to minimize the core losses, to have a good starting capability and
to eliminate mutual coupling. The switched Reluctance motor used is of 8/6-Pole type motor.
It consists of four phases A, B, C &D. The figure shows the 8/6 SR motor.
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
When stator phase pair is excited the rotor tends to align with a stator phase. When the
rotor aligns with a phase, the next pair is excited so as to maintain a continuous rotation of
the motor. As the motor rotates, each stator phase undergoes a cyclic variation of inductance.
In the fully aligned position (when a rotor pole axis is directly aligned with the stator pole
axis ) the reluctance of the magnetic circuit through the stator and rotor poles will be at a
minimum, and thus the inductance of the stator winding will be at a maximum. The opposite
will occur in the fully unaligned position (when the rotor inter pole axis is aligned with the
stator pole). Thus the inductance becomes a function of position. Hence, for the excitation of
SR motor phase, the feedback position is compared with the inductance profile of the SR
motor. From the comparison the respective phase pairs are excited. The following figure
shows the inductance profile and rotor position signal of SR motor.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

CONNECTION PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the 3-pin power chord of the Micro-2812 trainer to the supply.

2. Connect the power module to the 1N power supply.

3. Connect the 34 pin FRC cable one end to 34 pin FRC connector in Micro-2812 trainer and
the other end to IGBT- PWM INPUTS of the PEC16DSMO15.
4. Connect the 26 pin FRC cable one end to P6 connector in Micro-2812 trainer and the other
end to FEEDBACK SIGNALS of the PEC16DSMO15.
5. Connect the motor feedback to the motor feedback connector provided in the SRM power
module.
6.Connect the motor power output terminal of PEC16DSMO15 to the power input terminal
of Switched Reluctance Motor.
7.Connect the (0-30)V DC power supply to the Eddy Current coil terminals.

PRE LAB QUESTIONS:

1. What is switched reluctance motor?
2. List the advantages and disadvantages of switched reluctance motor.
3. Draw the block diagram of switched reluctance motor.
4. What is the basic operating principle of SRM?

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
1. Verify the connections as per the connection procedure and connection diagram.
2. Switch ON the Micro-2812 trainer.
3. Switch ON the power ON/OFF switch in the SRM Power Module (PEC16DSMO15).
4. Check whether shut down LED "SD" glows or not. If 'SD' LED glows press the Reset
switch, the LED gets OFF.
5. Switch on the MCB and gradually increase the voltage upto 300 V( DC link voltage) using
single phase variac .
6. Switch ON the PC and then press Reset switch of the Micro-2812 trainer.
7. Download and execute the program by following the Download Procedure given in the
following section.

INFERENCE

POST LAB QUESTIONS:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Mention some Applications of SRM?

Why rotor positional sensor is essential for SRM?
What are the different types of power controller used for SRM?
What are the modes of operation of SRM?

STIMULATING QUESTIONS
1. Compare switched reluctance motor with synchronous reluctance motor.
2. Why switched reluctance motor work based on variable reluctance principle?

RESULT

Ex.No:7

Assessment

Max Marks

Preparation

30

Performance

30

Record

40

Total

100

DSP CONTROLLERS BASED PERMANENT MAGNET

Marks

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR DRIVE

AIM
To control the speed of PMSM motor using DSP controller.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Micro-2407 Trainer
2. PEC16DSMO1 Module
3. PMSM Motor
4. CRO
5. QEP signal conditioner card
6. 34 pin cable,26 pin cable.
7. Three phase auto transformer.

THEORY:
Three phase Synchronous Motors are of two types based on their Rotor Construction.
One has the rotor winding fed from the stator and the other uses the permanent magnet as
rotor.A motor with rotor windings requires brushes to obtain its current supply and generate
rotor flux. The drawbacks of this type of motors needs brush maintenance and lower
reliability. A motor with permanent magnet rotor are also called as Brushless motors. The use
of magnets enables an efficient use of radial space and suppresses the rotor copper loss.
The two types of Brushless motor drives based on Back emf waveforms are:
1. Sinusoidal type
2. Trapezoidal type
The Trapezoidal Back EMF motors are called as BLDC motors and the sinusoidal stator
current drive the sinusoidal Back EMF drive called as Three Phase permanent Magnet
Synchronous machine (PMSM). In PMSM, the stator magnetic field is set according to the
rotor field. The following sections briefly explain to the PMSM.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

CONNECTION PROCEDURE
1. Connect the 26 pin FRC cable one end to P6 connector placed at the Micro-2407
Trainer and the other end to ADC input to DSP in the IPM Power Module.
2. Connect the 34 pin FRC cable one end to P8 connector placed at the Micro-2407
Trainer and the other end to PWM output from DSP in the IPM Power Module.
3. Connect the Power connector" from the motor to the R, Y, B terminals placed in the
IPM Based Power Module.
Note: Ensure that connections are made in the correct sequence. (R, Y and B)
4. Connect the "signal connector" placed in the motor to the quadrature encoder pulse (QEP)
module.
5. Connect the Serial port of PC to Micro-2407 Trainer using PC-PC RS232 cable.
6. Connect 220V DC supply to the input of field coil FF, F of the DC Generator.
7. Connect the loading Rheostat to the terminals of AA, A of the DC Generator.
Note :
DC Link voltage should not exceed more than 400V. This voltage display in the volt
meter. Connect the ammeter series with R phase of PMSM motor. Dont apply more than
three amps load.
8. Down load the program to DSP Processor in the following steps.

PRE LAB QUESTIONS:

1. What are the features of permanent magnet synchronous motor?
2. What are the merits and demerits of PMSM?
3. What is meant by synchronous reactance?

SPEED CALCULATION:
If motor run at 1500 RPM motor encoder generate 50KHz (2000 PPR).
1500 RPM = 25 rotates per seconds (1500/60 = 25)
1 Rotation = 2000 Pulses
. 25 Rotates = 2000 25 = 50 KHz.
Timer Calculation
Timer operating frequency is 40MHz
Then we calculate the count value for 50 KHz
40,000,000/50,000 = 2000 (Count value)
This is formula for calculate the RPM.
Max. RPM Count value for Max. RPM

POST LAB QUESTIONS:

1.What is meant by self control technique in PMSM?
2. What is meant by vector control technique in PMSM?
3. Differentiate self control and vector control technique.
4.Draw the speed torque characteristics of PMSM.

STIMULATING QUESTIONS
1. Analyse the different types of controllers for speed control of permanent magnet
synchronous motor.
2. Why DSP controller is chosen for speed control of PMSM?

RESULT

Assessment

Max Marks

Preparation

30

Performance

30

Record

40

Total

100

Marks

Ex.No:8

POWER QUALITY ANALYSIS IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF POWER

CONVERTERS FED ELECTRIC DRIVES

AIM:
To compute the various power quality parameters in power converters
fed electric drives using fluke analyzer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

S.NO

COMPONENTS NAME

QUANTITY

Inverter module

Rectifier unit

Triggering unit

Patch cards

3-ph load Induction motor

Fluke meter - 434

As required

INTRODUCTION: [FEATURES OF FLUKE 434/435]

The Analyzer offers an extensive and powerful set of measurements to check
power distribution systems. Some give a general impression of power system
performance. Others are used to investigate specific details.
Fluke 435 has additional features such as Mains Signaling, Logging, 0.1 %
voltage input accuracy acc. to IEC61000-4-30 2003 Class A, extra memory to
store Logging Data, Power Log software, flexible current clamps, and a heavy
duty trolley style case. In Fluke 434 the functions Mains signaling and Logging
can be installed optionally. If not installed, they show up in the menu in grey
color.

GENERAL MEASUREMENTS:
To check if voltage leads and current clamps are connected correctly, use
Scope Waveform and Scope Phasor. The clamps are marked with an arrow to
facilitate proper signal polarity. To get a general impression of the quality of a
power system use Monitor. The Monitor key displays a screen with Bar Graphs
that show quality aspects of the phase voltages. A Bar Graph changes from
green to red if the related aspect does not meet the limits. Up to 7 different sets
of limits can be chosen for Fluke 435: a number of them are user programmable.
One of these sets is the limits according to the EN50160 norm.
For each quality aspect submenus with detailed information are attainable
via the function keys F1 ... F5. Numerical data is shown by Volts/Amps/Hertz. For
this press the MENU key. Then select Volts/Amps/Hertz and press F5 OK to
display a Meter screen with the present values of voltages (rms and peak),
currents (rms and peak), frequency and Crest Factors per phase. Press F5
TREND so display the course over time of these values.

TABULATION:

S. No

SPEED
(RPM)

LINE TO LINE

PHASE VOLTAGE

CURRENT

VOLTAGE

(Vph) in Volts

(I) Amps

VRMS

VPEAK

VRMS

VPEAK

ARMS

APEAK

THD IN %
VTHD

ITHD

MEASURING MODES TO INVESTIGATE DETAILS:

Phase voltages: Should be close to the nominal value. Voltage
waveforms must be a sine wave that is smooth and free from distortion.
Use Scope Waveform to check the waveform shape. Use Dips & Swells to
record sudden voltage changes. Use Transients mode to capture voltage
anomalies.
Phase currents: Use Volts/Amps/Hertz and Dips & Swells to check
current/voltage relations. Use Inrush Current to record sudden current
increases like motor inrush.
Crest Factor: A CF of 1.8 or higher means high waveform distortion. Use
Scope Waveform to see waveform distortion. Use Harmonics mode to
identify harmonics and THD (Total Harmonic Distortion).
Harmonics: Use Harmonics mode to check for voltage and current
harmonics and THD per phase. Use Trend to record harmonics over time.
Flicker: Use Flicker to check short and long term voltage flicker and
related data per phase. Use Trend to record these values over time.
Dips & Swells: Use Dips & Swells to record sudden voltage changes as
short as half a cycle.
Frequency: Should be close to nominal value. Frequency is normally very
stable. Select Volts/Amps/Hertz to display frequency. The course of
frequency over time is recorded in the Trend screen.
Mains Signaling: Can be used to analyze the level of remote control
signals that often are present on power distribution systems.
Logger: Allows you to store multiple readings with high resolution in a
long memory.
Unbalance: Each phase voltage should not differ more than 1 % from the
average of the three. Current unbalance should not exceed 10 %. Use
Scope Phasor or Unbalance mode to investigate unbalances.

FULL MEASUREMENT CAPABILITY AND THE HIGHEST SAFETY RATING:

With a CAT III, 1000 V / CAT IV, 600 V safety rating the Fluke 434 can measure all
phases, neutral and ground on virtually every connection in a low voltage electrical distribution
system. The meter's measurement capabilities encompass all power system parameters including
true-rms voltage and current, frequency, power, power consumption (energy), unbalance and

flicker. They also automatically capture events like transients (as fast as 5 microseconds and as
high as 6kV), interruptions, rapid voltage changes and dips and swells.

RUGGED DESIGN FOR FIELD USE:

Optimized for mobile applications, these rugged instruments operate up to seven
hours on a single battery charge. The large data (8 MB) memory stores up to 50 screens and
up to 10 measurements each comprising 32 parameters - including setups and trend data recorded for more than a year, all of which can be transferred to a PC via Fluke View
software for analysis or use in reports.
If any of these situations apply to you, then this tool is for you:

Frontline Troubleshooting - Quickly diagnose problems on-screen to get

your operation back online

Predictive Maintenance - Detect and prevent power quality issues before

they cause downtime

Quality of Service Compliance - Validate incoming power quality at the

service entrance

Long-term Analysis - Uncover hard-to-find or intermittent issues

Load Studies - Verify electrical system capacity before adding loads

Energy Assessments - Quantify energy consumption before and after

improvements to justify energy saving devices

QUALITY ANALYZER KIT W/ 4X 400A CURRENT SENSORS:

Troubleshoot real-time: Analyze the trends using the cursors and zoom
tools even while background recording continues

Highest safety rating in the industry 600V Cat IV / 1000V CAT III

Automatic transient mode captures 200kHz waveform data on all phases

simultaneously up to 6kV

Measure all three phases and neutral with included 4 current probes

Auto Trend: every measurement you see is always automatically recorded,

without any setup

System-Monitor: Up to seven power quality parameters on one screen

according to EN50160

Inrush mode for troubleshooting nuisance circuit breaker tripping

Rugged, handheld troubleshooter with Fluke 3 year warranty

Seven hours operating time per charge on NiMH battery pack

View graphs and generate reports with included analysis software

ENHANCEMENTS:

Expanded voltage configurations with 2 and 2.5 element modes

Phase angle resolution improved to 0.1 resolution and referenced to L1/A

voltage

Phase rotation indicator provides clear indication of the phase rotation

direction to determine correct connections.

SIMPLE TO USE WITH IMMEDIATE RESULTS:

Designed for power quality specialists as well as electricians and plant technicians
working in industrial, healthcare, business, and public services settings, the Fluke 434 has
functions typically only found on expensive power recorders. Yet its menu-driven interface
allows users to be hooked up and recording in minutes.
UNBALANCE:
Unbalance displays phase relations between voltages and currents.
Measuring results are based upon the fundamental frequency component (60 or
50 Hz using method of symmetrical components). In a 3-phase power system,
the phase shift between voltages and between currents should be close to 120.
Unbalance mode offers a Meter screen, a related Trend display, and a Phasor
display.

The Meter screen shows all relevant numerical values: negative voltage
unbalance percentage, zero sequence voltage unbalance percentage (in 4-wire
systems), negative current unbalance percentage, zero sequence current
unbalance

percentage

(in

4-wire

systems),

fundamental

phase

voltage,

frequency, fundamental phase current, angle between phase-neutral voltages

relative to the reference phase A/L1 and angles between voltage and current for
each phase. The available readings depend on the selected wiring configuration.
HARMONICS:
Harmonics measures and records harmonics and inter harmonics up to the
50th. Related data such as DC components, THD (Total Harmonic Distortion), and
K-factor are measured. Harmonics are periodic distortions of voltage, current, or
power sine waves.
A waveform can be considered as a combination of various sinewaves with
different frequencies and magnitudes. The contribution of each of these
components to the full signal is measured. Readings can be given as a
percentage of the fundamental, or as a percentage of all harmonics combined
(rms value). Results may be viewed in a Bar Graph display, a Meter screen, or a
Trend display. Harmonics are often caused by nonlinear loads such as DC power

supplies in computers, TVs and adjustable speed motor drives. Harmonics can
cause transformers, conductors, and motors to overheat.
A pure sine wave becomes distorted when higher frequency components
are added to it. Distortion is represented by the THD percentage. The display can
also show the percentage of the DC component and the K-factor. The K-factor is a
number that quantifies potential losses in transformers due to harmonic currents.
Higher order harmonics influence the K-factor more than low order harmonics.
The table below shows the number of Bar Graphs displayed simultaneously in
one screen.
HARMONICS & INTERHARMONICS
A pure sine wave becomes distorted when higher frequency components
are added to it. Distortion is represented by the THD percentage. The display can
also show the percentage of the DC component and the K-factor. The K-factor is a
number that quantifies potential losses in transformers due to harmonic currents.
Higher order harmonics influence the K-factor more than low order harmonics.

PRELAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the use of harmonic analyzer?
2. What are the parameters can be measured using power quality meter?
3. What is power quality?
4. Define harmonics.
5. What is voltage sag and voltage swell?

POST LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Why the even order harmonics are eliminated in sine waveform?
2. Mention some of the power quality parameters.
3. Compare harmonics and transients.
4. List some of the sources for harmonics.
5. What are Harmonic Indices?

STIMULATING QUESTIONS
1. Analyse the different types of power quality parameters in AC drives.
2. Analyse the different types of power quality parameters in DC drives.

RESULT

Ex.No:9

Assessment

Max Marks

Preparation

30

Performance

30

Record

40

Total

100

Marks

SIMULATION OF THREE PHASE CONVERTER FED DC MOTOR

DRIVE

PRELAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is an electrical drive?
2. What is AC drive?
3. What is mean by DC drive?
4. How semi converter is differentiated from fully controlled converter fed
dc drive?

POST LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Compare AC drive with DC drive.
2. Mention some of the power quality parameters in drives.
3. Compare output voltage and output current waveforms of half controlled
converter fed dc drive with fully controlled converter fed dc drive.

STIMULATING QUESTIONS
1. Analyse the three phase half controlled converter fed dc drive.
2. Analyse the three phase fully controlled converter fed dc drive.

Assessment

Max Marks

Preparation

30

Performance

30

Record

40

Total

100

Marks

DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF CHOPPER FED DC MOTOR DRIVE