A Versatile Acceleration-Based Cam

Profile for Single-Dwell Applications

Requiring Cam-Follower Clearance
During Dwell
Forrest W. Flocker
Department of Engineering and Technology,
University of Texas of the Permian Basin,
4901 East University,
Odessa, TX 79762
e-mail: flocker_f@utpb.edu

Presented in this paper is an asymmetric acceleration-derived

cam motion program suitable for single-dwell cam-follower systems with clearance between the cam and follower during dwell.
Asymmetric rise and fall is included as this is desirable in certain
manufacturing operations and machines that require a quick rise
or fall. The motion program for the cam-follower actuation is
derived from the follower acceleration so that designers can
control the ratio of the magnitudes of positive and negative accelerations. This provides cam designers more control over the camfollower interface force and therefore more control over factors
such as cam wear and the potentially destructive phenomenon
known as follower jump. The motion program used to close and
open the clearance gap is derived from a velocity function,
allowing more control of follower inertia during the important
clearance closing event. The motion program is presented in
closed-form, suitable for implementation in standard engineering
equation-solving software. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4007002]
Keywords: cam design, cam optimization

Introduction

Figure 1 illustrates a typical plate cam driving a translating

follower. The cam turns at rate x dh/dt where t denotes time
and h is the cam angle relative to a fixed axis. The position of the
follower is given by s(h). A translating roller follower is shown;
however, the profile developed in this paper is equally suited to
flat-faced and oscillating followers.
Derivatives of follower motion with respect to cam angle give
pseudoquantities. For example, v(h) ds/dh is the pseudovelocity,
a(h) d2s/dh2 is the pseudo-acceleration, j(h) d3s/dh3 is the
pseudojerk and so forth. Derivatives of follower motion with
respect to time give the true follower velocity, acceleration, jerk,
etc. In this paper, terms like velocity, acceleration, etc., will
denote either pseudoquantities or true quantities with the meaning
clear from the context. For cams operating at constant angular
velocity, the true and pseudoquantities are related through Ref. [1]
di s
di s
xi i
i
dt
dh

(1)

Here, i 1, 2, 3, is the order of the derivative. For nearly all

practical applications, changes in angular velocity are gradual so
that the above equation is entirely valid even if the angular velocity is not constant. In this paper, we assume that Eq. (1) is valid
for all practical applications.
The two most important parameters to single-dwell cam designers are the amount of cam lift, h, and the cam actuation angle of
Contributed by Mechanisms and Robotics Committee of ASME for publication in
the JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL DESIGN. Manuscript received March 6, 2012; final
manuscript received May 23, 2012; published online July 23, 2012. Assoc. Editor:
Ashitava Ghosal.

Journal of Mechanical Design

the rise/fall interval, b. Both of these are illustrated in Fig. 2. After

that, the profile is chosen to satisfy other design requirements. For
example, for single-dwell cams, we must have s v a 0 at h 0
and b [2]. Here, the cam profile is derived at some points from its
acceleration and at others from its velocity. This allows appropriate
kinematic control as needed. Acceleration control is important
because it contributes to the interface force between the cam and
follower by way of Newtons second law. Too much positive acceleration can develop excessive interface force leading to premature
wear, whereas too much negative acceleration can lead to the destructive event known as follower jump [3]. As will be explained
later, velocity control during the clearance closing event is important
because of possible impact between follower components.
Asymmetric rise and fall is also included in the profile considered here. The case of symmetric rise and fall was covered in a previous paper [3]. The total actuation angle b is divided into rise and
fall portions denoted by br and bf, respectively, as shown in Fig. 2.
Examples of enhanced performance with asymmetric rise and fall
include certain manufacturing operations that need a quick rise or
fall, or in the actuation of poppet valves in four-stroke cycle
engines, which have asymmetric gas exchange processes [4].

The Kinematic Functions for the Main Event

Acceleration is the starting point for designing the follower

main event, which is defined to be all follower motion except that
used to open and close the clearance gap. Designing cam profiles
from the acceleration is a robust technique for high-speed camfollower systems; however, the difficulty in doing so is great and
is described in the recent United States patent of Mosier et al. [5].
In Mosiers method, a candidate acceleration function is constructed that is adjusted to satisfy the necessary constraints. In the
method given here, no candidate profile is needed; all of the
desired acceleration properties are defined from the outset with no
adjustments needed to produce the final form. The result has better
control over all important acceleration events during the cam
cycle. Once the acceleration is defined, velocity is obtained by
integrating the acceleration while enforcing boundary conditions
and continuity between segments [2]. A similar procedure gets the
position function. The jerk function and higher-order derivatives
are obtained by differentiating successively the acceleration.
The technique for developing the profile given in this paper is
historically interesting. Despite the benefits of using accelerationderived profiles, the algebraic manipulation of the kinematic and
continuity requirements precluded their development for all but
the simplest cases. Reference [2] reviews some of these classical
profiles, many developed for double-dwell applications. With the
widespread use of computers in engineering design, profile development now relies heavily on splines [6,7]. Computers make these
easy to generate; however, desirable characteristics are the result
of trial and error procedures, often resulting in design compromises. A drawback of spline generation is that the profiles are
typically suitable only for specific applications, whereas the profiles of the form given in this paper offer more generality and
widespread applicability to cam design. Not until the advent of
computer symbolic manipulation were profiles such as the one
given in this paper and its predecessor [3] possible.
Figure 3 illustrates the follower acceleration during actuation
only. Omitted from Fig. 3 is the dwell portion and the opening
and closing ramps [5,8] used to provide clearance between the
cam and follower during dwell.
The profile of Fig. 3 is suitable for single-dwell applications,
which are characterized by a rise/fall interval followed by a
single-dwell period as illustrated in Fig. 2. The follower rise
occurs during 0  h  br, followed immediately by the fall during
br  h  b. Dwell is defined by s(h) 0 and this occurs for
b  h  360 deg. Characteristic of single-dwell trapezoidal acceleration profiles, there are three regions where the acceleration is
constant. The pure trapezoids are modified by placing quarter- or
half-period trigonometric functions between the regions of

C 2012 by ASME
Copyright V

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Fig. 1

Fig. 2

A plate cam driving a translating follower

Follower position for a single-dwell cam and follower

rise and fall [3], A equals C. In this paper, only the quick-rise formulation is given with the understanding that a quick-fall cam is
obtained by simply running the quick-rise in reverse.
To simplify the design process, the acceleration function should be
defined in terms the smallest possible number of parameters. The following set is proposed: (1) h, the cam lift, (2) br, the cam angle for
rise, (3) bf, the cam angle for fall, (4) R, the ratio of the magnitudes of
positive and negative acceleration, R A/B, and (5) n, a parameter
that controls the maximum follower jerk during the cycle. All other
parameters of Fig. 3 will be related to these five. Parameters R and n
provide great versatility and their affect on the profile is discussed in
Ref. [3]. The acceleration shown in Fig. 3 is given by the function
8


Ah
nph
>
>
>
; 0  h  /1
sin
> 2
>
2b
b
>
>
>
>
>
Ah
>
>
; /1 < h  /2
>
>
>
b2
>
>




>
>
Ah n
mph  /2
R1
>
>
>
cos

; /2 < h  /3
>
>
b
R
2b2 m
>
>
>
< Bh
; /3 < h  /4
ah
>
b2
>
>




>
>
h
lph  /4
>
>
>

B

C
; /4 < h  /5
B

C
cos
>
>
b
2b2
>
>
>
>
>
Ch
>
>
; /5 < h  /6
>
>
>
b2
>
>


>
>
>
Ch
kph  /6
>
>
; /6 < h  b
: 2 cos
2b
b
(2)
where

Fig. 3

Follower acceleration during the rise and fall interval

constant acceleration. These functions provide a smoother, continuous follower jerk function during actuation, and there is simulation and experimental evidence that smooth jerk curves perform
better [9,10] than discontinuous ones. The reader will also note that
the magnitude of maximum positive acceleration is different than
that for the maximum negative acceleration. This type of acceleration is commonly called a skewed modified trapezoidal curve
[11]. In Fig. 3, A, B, and C are amplitude parameters for the magnitude of acceleration in the regions where acceleration is constant;
p, qr, qf, and r are the cam angles where acceleration is constant;
and m, n, l, and k are parameters that control how quickly the acceleration transitions from positive to negative and vice versa. The
shape shown in Fig. 3 is characteristic of the quick-rise formulation
shown in Fig. 2. For this case, C is always less than A. For quickfall cases, C is always greater than A. For the case of symmetric
084505-2 / Vol. 134, AUGUST 2012

b
/1 ;
n

/2 /1 p;

/4 br qf ;

b
/5 /4 ;
l

/3 /2

b
;
m

(3)

/6 /5 r

The parameters m, n, and l are chosen to give equal jerk peaks

throughout the cycle [3]




 
A
A
A
n; l
n; k
n
(4)
m
AB
BC
C
Parameters p and qr are determined using the same method as for
p and q in Ref. [3]. The result is
p

2pRnbr  b4R2 pR2 4R 1

2pRn1 R
qr br 

b b
 p
n m

(5)

(6)

Referring to Fig. 3, we see that the values for p and qr cannot be

negative. To ensure that both are non-negative requires that the
parameter n be at least some minimum value. To ensure that p is
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non-negative requires the numerator of Eq. (5) to be non-negative.

After some manipulation and letting n1 denote the minimum value
of n to ensure p is non-negative, we get
n1 

b4R2 pR2 4R 1
2pRbr

(7)

A similar procedure ensures that qr is non-negative. Using Eq. (5)

in Eq. (6) results in
n2 

bR2 3p  4 p2R 1
2pR2 br

(8)

Equations (10)(12) are three nonlinear equations that must be

solved simultaneously to get the parameters qf, C, and r. As in the
case of p and qr, both qf and r must be non-negative. Since the
equations are nonlinear, no explicit formula is known that guarantees non-negative qf and r. In the case of a negative qf or r, n must
be increased above that given by Eq. (9).
In determining the amplitude parameters A and B, we get A first
then B with the relation B A/R. A is determined from the
requirement that s(br) h, which requires that the integral of
velocity between h br and b is h. Using the same procedure as
that used to get Eq. (12), we can solve directly for A. The result is

Here, n2 denotes the minimum value of n that gives a nonnegative value of qr. Therefore, to ensure that both p and qr are
non-negative we must have
n  maxn1 ; n2 

(9)

For the case where we have a symmetric profile with br bf,

we simply set qf qr, C A, and r p. The determination of amplitude parameter A is described below.
For asymmetric rise and fall, three equations must be solved
simultaneously to get the parameters qf, C, and r. The first is
obtained by noting that the total fall angle must be bf, which when
combined with the last two of Eq. (4) gives
bf  r  qf 

bB 2C
0
An

(10)

A0
b A1 A2  A3
2

(13)

where
A0 8p2 R3 b2 n2 R 1;

A1 R4 p2  16p 40

A2 p2  86R2 4R 1; A3 4pnR3 br b4  2p pnbr 

(14)
To facilitate computer implementation, the following shorthand
notation is introduced





p
2
B  C Bqf
Cr

; C2 

C2 ;
; C3
b np
2l
b
b


 2
2
2
p
4p
n
; C5
3 2 2C4 ;

1
C4 2
n p
p
b
npb m p


R n
R  1 C1

C6
C5 ;
2 m3 p2 2Rm2 m
!
A q2r  q2f
BC
C7

C
 2 2;
6
2
R
2l p
2b
C1 2

The second equation is obtained by noting that the change in

velocity between h br and b is zero. This requires that the integral of acceleration between h br and b be zero. Performing the
integration, simplifying, and using the last two of Eq. (4) gives
C2 b4 p  pB2 b 2pAnCr  Bqf 0

(11)

The third equation is obtained by noting that the change in position between h br and b is h. This requires that the integral of
velocity between h br and b be h. To get the velocity for the
integration, we use the procedure described in Ref. [3]. Integrating
and simplifying gives
p2 4B3 3B2 C  3C3  BC2 p2  12
4p2 B2 R2 n2
2
B 2qf r  3C2 r 4BCqf Bqf qf 2r  Cr2

10

2BRbn
2b2
(12)

C8 C7 

 
 
B C B  C Bqf
C r 2
r
C8



C
;
C
9
2
2l2 p2
4l2
2 b
b
bl
(15)

With these definitions and using the methodology from Ref. [3]
for integrating the acceleration to the obtain the position function,
we get

8



2Ah h
2
nph
>
>
>

sin
; 0  h  /1
>
>
np" b np
2b
>
#
>




>
>
>
1 h  /1 2 2 h  /1
>
>
Ah

C
/1 < h  /2
>
4 ;
>
>
2
np
b
b
>
>
(
)
>

 




>
>
Ah n
mph  /2
R  1 h  /2 2
h  /2
>
>
>

cos
C1
C5 ; /2 < h  /3
>
>
2 m3 p 2
b
2R
b
b
>
>
>
"
#
>
< Ah 1 h  / 2 q h  / 
r
3
3

C6 ; /3 < h  /4
sh
>
R 2
b
b
b
>
>
(
)
>

 
 




>
>
>
BC
lph  /4
B  C h  /4 2 Bqf h  /4
>
>
cos

h

C7 ; /4 < h  /5
>
>
2l2 p2
b
4
b
b
b
>
>
>
"
#
>


> C h  / 2
>
h  /5
>
5
>
h
C
C8 ; /5 < h  /6
>
2
> 2
>
b
b
>
>









>
>
>
4C
kph  /6
h  /6
>
>
1

cos
/6 < h  b

C
h

C
:
3
9 ;
k 2 p2
2b
b
Journal of Mechanical Design

(16)

AUGUST 2012, Vol. 134 / 084505-3

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Having the position and acceleration functions, one can obtain the
velocity by differentiating the position and obtain the jerk by differentiating the acceleration.
Aside from being important inertia parameters, the maximum
and minimum pseudovelocites are necessary in the design of flatfaced followers as vmax  vmin is the minimum required face width
[12]. From the principles of kinematics, the maximum velocity is
just the area of the first hump of the acceleration curve. From
Eq. (2), we can locate the point where the acceleration crosses the
cam angle axis. Integrating the acceleration from zero to that point
gives the maximum velocity
vmax





Ah
2
R1
R1
C1 p
p  cos1
(17)
2b
R1
mp R mpR

Fig. 4

Follower velocity for opening ramp

Similarly, the minimum velocity is equal to the area of the acceleration curve from br to the point where the curve crosses the cam
angle axis. Evaluating this area gives

vmin

p





h Bqf
BC C  B
BC

cos1
p
(18)

b
pl
2pl
BC
b

For systems without cam-follower clearance during dwell, the

kinematic equations given so far are complete. Systems that
require clearance during dwell are discussed in Sec. 3. Since
the kinematic functions contain seven separate regions pasted
together, their calculation is best suited for an equation solver
program. The algorithm for doing the calculations is given
below:
(1) Set the design parameters h, br, bf, R, and n. Select n such
that it is greater than or equal to the minimum given by
Eq. (9).
(2) Calculate m Rn/(R 1).
(3) Calculate, in order, p and qr using Eqs. (5) and (6),
respectively.
(4) Calculate A using Eq. (13), then B using B A/R.
(5) Solve Eqs. (10)(12) simultaneously for qf, r, and C. If the
profile is to have symmetric rise and fall, simply set
qf qr, r p, and C A.
(6) If, either qf or r is negative, increase n and return to step 2,
otherwise continue to step 7.
(7) Calculate l and k using the last two of Eq. (4).
(8) Calculate /1, /2, , /6 using Eq. (3).
(9) Calculate C1, C2, , C9 using Eq. (15).
(10) Calculate a and s using Eqs. (2) and (16), respectively.
v and j can be obtained by differentiating s and a,
respectively.
(11) If required, use Eqs. (17) and (18) to calculate extreme
values of velocity.

Opening and Closing Ramps

Opening and closing ramps are used in cam-follower systems

that require clearance between the cam and follower during the
dwell portion. A good example is the poppet valves found in internal combustion engines. The clearance assures that the valve is
not left slightly open, that it is fully seated during dwell. When
opening and closing ramps are used, the kinematic formulas for
the main event remain nearly the same; the ramps are simply
added as segments before and after the main event.
Let s0 denote the clearance in the cam-follower system during dwell and let bo and bc denote the opening and closing
ramp angles, respectively. Here, the process starts with the
opening ramp velocity function shown Fig. 4. The general
shape of the resulting opening ramp position function is shown
in Fig. 5.
084505-4 / Vol. 134, AUGUST 2012

Fig. 5

Position function for the opening ramp

The boundary conditions for the opening ramp are as follows:

s v a 0 at h bo
s s0 at h 0

(19)

v a 0 at h 0
The reason for starting with velocity for the opening ramp is that
in some arrangements we would like the velocity to be as small
as practicable. In systems in which the parts of the follower train
become physically separated during dwell, the maximum velocity occurring during the opening ramp is likely going to be an
impact velocity between components of the follower train. An
example of such a system is an overhead valve train in an internal combustion engine in which the cam actuates a pushrod and
rocker arm.
The parameter nr in Fig. 4 is used to control the amount of
velocity and acceleration that occur during the opening ramp.
Choosing nr 2, provides a ramp with the minimum acceleration
(slope of velocity), but maximum opening ramp velocity, Vo.
Whereas choosing nr large (say, 100) provides a nearly constant
velocity ramp yielding the minimum velocity but a very large
acceleration. The two extreme cases along with an intermediate
one are shown in Fig. 6. The reader will note the significant reduction in peak velocity with the choice of nr 4. Here is a classic
engineering design tradeoff between interface force driven by
acceleration and impact stress driven by velocity. Important is
that the designer has more control over both quantities.
The velocity shown in Fig. 4 is given by


8 
Vo
nr ph  w0
>
>
;
1

cos
>
>
b0
>
< 2
vh Vo ; w1 < h  w2
>



>
>
>
> Vo 1 cos nr ph  w2 ;
:
b0
2

w0  h  w1
(20)
w2 < h  w3

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where

w0 bo ;

w1 bo


1
1 ;
nr

w2

bo
nr

w3 0

(21)

The position is determined in the same manner as for the main

event. The maximum velocity Vo is obtained in the same way as
the amplitude parameter A in the main event. The results are




8
Vo bo h  w0
1
nr ph  w0
>
>
; w0  h  w1

sin
>
>
nr p
bo
2  bo
>
>
<
h  w1
1
; w1 < h  w2

sh Vo bo
>
2n
b
r
>
 o



>
>
V b h  w2
1
nr ph  w2
3
>
>
: o o
2
; w2 < h  w3

sin
nr p
bo
nr
2
bo

Vo

s0

bo 1 

1
nr

(23)

To implement the opening and closing ramps, the main event

algorithm should be modified as follows:
1. Add s0, nr, bo, and bc to the input parameters in step 1.
Recall that nr must be at least 2. To implement jerk continuity, use Eq. (25) to set the ramp angles.
2. Add a step 4a to calculate the maximum ramp velocities Vo
and Vc. Use Eq. (23) for Vo and replace bo with bc in
Eq. (23) to get Vc
3. Add a step 8a to calculate ramp angles w0,, w3 and
g0,, g3 using Eqs. (21) and (24), respectively.
4. To step 10, add the opening and closing ramps. Use
Eqs. (22) and (20) for the position and velocity, respectively.
Differentiate successively, as needed, to get acceleration and
jerk. Follow the guidance after Eq. (23) for calculating the
closing ramp. The main event position must be modified by
adding s0 to each segment in Eq. (16).

The acceleration and jerk can be obtained by successively differentiating Eq. (22).
Equation (22) gives the position for the opening ramp. To
obtain the position function for the closing ramp, one subtracts
Eq. (22) from s0. To obtain the velocity, acceleration, and jerk for
the closing ramp, one differentiates successively the closing ramp
position function. In addition, the opening angle bo is replaced by
bc, Vo becomes Vc by replacing bo with bc in Eq. (23), and the reference angles w0,, w3 are replaced by g0,, g3, respectively,
which are


b
1
 1 ; g3 b bc
g0 b; g1 b c ; g2 b  bc
nr
nr
(24)

4
There are two ways to handle the choice of the ramp angles. In
the first choice, the ramp angles are completely independent and
are chosen by the designer. In general, this produces discontinuity
in the jerk between the ramps and the main event. In the second
approach, the angles are chosen so that there is jerk continuity
between the ramps and the main event. Evaluating and equating
the jerk at h 0 for both the opening ramp and the main event
gives the required ramp angle for jerk continuity

1=3
s0 p
(25)
bo bc nr b
Ahnnr  1
Jerk continuity is the most important during the engagement
phase; therefore, the designer may want to set the opening ramp
angle to that of Eq. (25) and choose another angle for the closing
ramp.

Fig. 6

Opening ramp velocity functions for three values of nr

Journal of Mechanical Design

(22)

Illustrative Example

Consider the following example: h 10 mm, s0 0.3 mm,

R 1.5, n 2nmin, nr 4, br 56 deg, and bf 84 deg. Here,
we have a total actuation angle of 140 deg, typical for an
intake valve in a four-stroke cycle engine. The calculations
provide n 20.19, m 12.11, l, 22.87, k 93.31, p 11.20 deg,
qf 17.39 deg,
r 58.99 deg,
A 34.50,
qr 26.31 deg,
B 23.00, and C 7.465. Also, for this example, we choose the
opening and closing ramp angles that give continuous jerk
throughout the actuation phase. This gives bo bc 19.93 deg,
and Vo Vc 1.150 mm. The follower position and pseudoacceleration are shown in Figs. 7 and 8 where the dwell portion of
the cycle is omitted for clarity.
The cam profile for the example considered is shown in Fig. 9.
Here, we consider a translating follower with a base circle
diameter of 35 mm and a 12 mm diameter roller. To maintain a
balanced pressure angle between 630 deg, a follower eccentricity

Fig. 7

Follower position for the illustrative example

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Fig. 8 Follower
example

pseudo-acceleration

for

the

illustrative

Fig. 10 Symmetric profile for the illustrative example using a

translating roller follower

Fig. 9 Cam profile for the illustrative example using a translating roller follower

of 4.14 mm is used. The xy coordinates for the profile are

obtained in the usual manner [12]. Although this example was
chosen to be a quick-rise type, the quick-fall version can be
obtained by running the cam in the opposite direction. Figure 10
shows the symmetric version of the example. Here, all parameters
are the same except that the follower eccentricity is zero and the
rise and fall angles are equal with br bf 70 deg. The base circle
diameter of the cam is the same; however, the asymmetry of rise
and fall introduces a smaller concave radius of curvature. This is
important because the minimum concave radius of curvature dictates the minimum allowable radius of the follower roller: for
proper profile tracking, one cannot use a roller with radius larger
than the minimum concave radius of curvature.
Figure 11 shows cam profiles for the case of translating flatfaced followers. The thick line indicates the shape for the asymmetric illustrative example. Here, the base circle diameter is
45 mm and the radius of curvature is kept above 4 mm. The 4 mm
value is arbitrarily chosen for illustrative purposes; the actual
value is determined for a specific design from an analysis of
allowable Hertz contact stresses. The thin line in Fig. 11 is for the
symmetric version of the same cam, again keeping the radius of
curvature above 4 mm. The basic cam size is larger in the case of
flat-faced followers due to the requirement that the profile cannot
084505-6 / Vol. 134, AUGUST 2012

Fig. 11 Cam profiles for the illustrative example using a translating flat-faced follower

be concave anywhere. Also, the reader will observe that the asymmetric case is significantly larger than the symmetric case. This is
in contrast to the case of translating roller followers in which the
basic size remains the same. This must be the case for flat-faced
followers because the minimum base circle diameter is governed
by the minimum value of pseudo-acceleration [12]. Asymmetric
profiles by their design must have greater magnitudes of acceleration (positive and negative); therefore, asymmetric profiles require
larger base circles.

Conclusions

Presented in this paper is a versatile cam profile for singledwell applications that require clearance between the cam and
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follower during the dwell phase. The profile provides the following benefits of concern to high-speed cam designers:
1. Adjustable peak positive and negative acceleration as shown
in Fig. 3. These peaks are typically the ones that are adjusted
to get desirable performance in high-speed cams, particularly in automotive valve trains [5].
2. Asymmetric rise and fall is included to exploit asymmetric
phenomena associated with the cam and follower system.
3. Well-designed opening and closing ramps that provide control over the peak velocity when the clearance gap is closed.
4. Rounded interfaces between the constant acceleration
regions that have the beneficial effect of providing continuous jerk at these points. Also an option is given that provides
continuous jerk at the interface of the main event with the
opening and closing ramps.
5. Control over the amount of peak jerk in the cycle through
the jerk control parameter n.

References
[1] Shigley, J. E., and Uicker, J. J., Jr., 1980, Theory of Machines and Mechanisms,
McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 204207, Chap. 6.

Journal of Mechanical Design

[2] Norton, R. L., 2009, Cam Design and Manufacturing Handbook, 2nd ed.,
Industrial Press, New York, Chaps. 24, 9, and 10.
[3] Flocker, F. W., 2009, Addressing Cam Wear and Follower Jump in SingleDwell Cam-Follower Systems With an Adjustable Modified Trapezoidal Acceleration Cam Profile, J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, 131(3), p. 032804.
[4] Heywood, J. B., 1988, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGrawHill, New York, pp. 220231, Chap. 6.
[5] Mosier, R. G., Geist, B., and Resh, W. F., 2006, Method for Production of a
Constraint-Satisfied Cam Acceleration Profile, U.S. Patent No. 7,136,789.
[6] Mosier, R. G., 2009, Spline Functions Cam Design and Manufacturing
Handbook, 2nd ed., R. L. Norton, ed., Industrial Press, New York, pp. 69124,
Chap. 5.
[7] Huey, C. O., Jr., and Tsay, D., 2004, Cam Motion Synthesis Using Spine
Functions, Cam Design Handbook, H. A. Rothbart, ed., McGraw-Hill, New
York, pp. 107157, Chap. 5.
[8] Elgin, D., 2004, Automotive Camshaft Dynamics, Cam Design Handbook,
H. A. Rothbart, ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 529542, Chap. 16.
[9] Norton, R. L., 1988, Effect of Manufacturing Method on Dynamic Performance of CamsAn Experimental Study. Part IEccentric Cams, Mech.
Mach. Theory, 23(3), pp. 191208.
[10] Norton, R. L., Levasseur, D., Pettit, A., and Alamsyah, C., 1988, Analysis of
the Effect of Manufacturing Methods and Heat Treatment on the Performance
of Double Dwell Cams, Mech. Mach. Theory, 23(6), pp. 461473.
[11] Chen, F. Y., 1982, Mechanics and Design of Cam Mechanisms, Pergamon
Press, New York, pp. 8285, Chap. 5.
[12] Norton, R. L., 2004, Design of Machinery: An Introduction to the Synthesis and
Analysis of Mechanisms and Machines, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York,
Chap. 8.

AUGUST 2012, Vol. 134 / 084505-7

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