Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Working Group
23.03
October 2002
RTE, France
Univ. Marrakech, Morroco
Univ. Lige, Belgium
Univ.
of
Erlangen-Nrnberg,
Germany
Univ. Karlsruhe, Germany
SEFAG , Switzerland
Siemens, Germany
FGH, Germany
Univ. of Patras, Greece
CONTENTS
1.
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 5
1.1.
1.2.
2.
2.1.
Introduction............................................................................................................................................. 10
3.
FLEXIBLE BUSBARS..................................................................................... 36
3.1.
Introduction............................................................................................................................................. 36
4.
4.1.
Introduction............................................................................................................................................. 69
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
Foundations ............................................................................................................................................. 70
Clearances................................................................................................................................................ 71
5.
CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................................................... 96
6.
D.C. CONFIGURATIONS................................................................................ 97
6.1.
Introduction............................................................................................................................................. 97
7.
8.
8.1. The Equivalent Static Load and equivalent static load factor .......................................................... 112
8.1.1.
Definition of ESL (Equivalent Static Load) and ESL factor........................................................... 112
8.1.2.
Concerned structures....................................................................................................................... 113
8.1.3.
Concerned loadings......................................................................................................................... 113
8.1.4.
How to use ESL in design together with simplified method of actual IEC 60865.......................... 113
8.1.5.
Validation of the method : How to evaluate ESL during tests or advanced simulations................. 113
8.1.6.
Examples......................................................................................................................................... 113
8.2. Clamped-free beam dynamic response to a top load identical to a short-circuit force. ESL value,
ESL factor for different structural data of the support................................................................................. 116
8.2.1.
The geometry .................................................................................................................................. 116
8.2.2.
Excitation ........................................................................................................................................ 116
8.2.3.
Examples......................................................................................................................................... 116
8.3. Comparison of Test Results and Calculation According to IEC Publication 60865-1 .................... 119
8.3.1.
Slack conductors on supporting insulators...................................................................................... 119
8.3.2.
Strained conductors......................................................................................................................... 120
8.3.3.
Bundle pinch effect ......................................................................................................................... 126
8.3.4.
Conclusions..................................................................................................................................... 127
8.4.
8.5.
8.6.
Flow Charts to the Standardised Method for rigid busbars ............................................................. 133
8.7.
1.
INTRODUCTION
1.1.
Figure 1.1
Figure 1.2
Figure 1.3
Figure 1.4
1.3.
SUBSTATIONS MECHANICAL
CHARACTERISTICS
Figure 1.5
1 Eigen frequency
2 Eigen frequency
3 Eigen frequency
Figure 1.6
1.3.2.
1.3.3.
Figure 1.7
Figure 1.8
a)
Figure 1.9
Post insulators
Height
m
1..1,7
2,1..2,5
Mass
kg
35..200
120..400
Cantilever
kN
4..16
8..16
strength
Stiffness
N/mm
300..2500
40..200
First natural Hz
20..60
7..14
frequency
Damping
%
2
2
log decr.
Supporting structures for flexible bus (gantries)
Height
m
5..6
8..10
Stiffness
N/mm
150..1300
500..800
First natural Hz
3..6
3..5
frequency
b)
550 kV current transformer
a) Eigenfrequency 1,840 Hz
b)Eigenfrequency 7,603 Hz
Table 1.1
3,15..4,5
250..650
8..16
40..140
4..12
2
12..15
600..3500
1..4
composite
porcelain
porcelain + support
x glass
measurement transformer
Height [mm]
Figure 1.12 Insulator support glass, porcelain or composite and measuring transformer from 63 to 765 kV (Courtesy RTE, Rosenthal,
Ceralep, Sediver, Groupe Schneider , Alstom (Balteau)
2.
RIGID BUSBARS
2.1.
INTRODUCTION
2.2.1.
Method
(2.1)
V =
-
This method stated in the standard determines the shortcircuit stresses and forces with the rules of statics and
the dynamic of the system is taken into account by
dynamic factors. The permission to restrict stresses not
only to elasticity of the material but also to allow plastic
deformations makes possible a better utilisation of the
material and therefore a more economical design.
10
Fm3 =
(2.10)
0 3 2 l
ip3
2 2
am
Fm2
(2.11)
2 l
= 0 ip2
2
am
Fs =
0
2
ip
(2.12)
ls
a
s
m = V Vr
s = Vs Vrs
Fm l
8Z m
2.2.2.
Fs ls
16Z s
tot = m + s qRp0,2
EJs
ms
f cs =
3,56 E J s
ms
ls2
s Rp0,2
(2.9)
fc = c
(2.7)
EJm
m
(2.5)
for a sub-conductor
and the peak value of the forces between subconductors during a three-phase or a line-to-line
short circuit
(2.4)
fc =
Fd = VF Vr Fm
11
L3. Section 2.2.3 describes that with HVarrangements with conductor frequency much lower
than the system frequency the stresses on conductors
L1, L3 are higher than L2, where as for MV- and
LV-arrangements with frequencies equal or greater
than system frequency the stress in L2 is decisive.
b) Comparison of the forces during line-to-line shortcircuit with those at the outer conductors L1, L3
during three-phase short-circuit:
The constant terms F0 are equal.
The maxima of all partial functions are
somewhat smaller in the case of a line-to-line
short-circuit.
The time histories of the resultant forces are very
similar. In the case of a line-to-line short-circuit,
the maxima are 7 % smaller.
The line-to-line short-circuit stress is somewhat
lower than three-phase short-circuit; Therefore the
line-to-line short-circuit needs no additional
investigation.
F (t ) = F0 + F2 (t ) + Fg (t ) + F (t )
14243 14
4244
3
(2.13)
steady state
decaying
2 l
0 3 2 l
ip3
= 0,866 0 ip3
2
2 2
am
am
Fm3,L1 = Fm3,L3 =
(2.15)
0 3 + 2 3 2 l
ip3
8
2
am
2 l
= 0,808 0 ip3
2
am
line-to-line short-circuit:
2
Fm2
(2.16)
l
2 l
3
= 0 ip2
= 0
ip3
2
a m 2 2
am
= 0,750
0 2 l
ip3
2
am
(2.17)
i
F1 = 0 L
2 n
1
1
1
+
+L+
ls
as,1n
as,12 as,13
i l
= 0 L s
2 n as
ls is the distance between two spacers and as,1i the
effective distance between conductors 1 and i. The term
in brackets can be summarised in the effective distance
as. The maximum value is equivalent to those of the
line-to-line short-circuit according to equation (2.16):
(2.18)
12
Fs = 0
2
ip l s
n a
s
m,stat =
M pl,max
Zm
(2.23)
Fm l
8Z m
Fm l
8Z m
M pl,max
Zs
= VsVr
(2.24)
Fs l
16Z s
M pl,max
M el,max, supported/supported
Fm l / 12 4
= = 1,33
Fm l / 16 3
(2.21)
M pl,max
M el,max
zul = 2Rp0,2
13
a)
0,2F
0,01
2
1
d /2
M el = ( x, y ) y d A =
0,01 0,2
c)
b)
d)
d /2
(2.25)
y
yb d y
d /2
d 2b
m = Z mm
6
Table 2.1:
are not fully stretched and are able to take part in the
weight-carrying. During partial plasticity the inner
moment becomes
Mpl,max
Mel,max
Fm l
8
1,0
A: fixed
B: supported
Fm l
11
Fm l
8
8
= 0,73
11
A: 0,625
B: 0,375
A and B:
fixed
Fm l
16
Fm l
12
8
= 0,5
16
A: 0,5
B: 0,5
two spans
Fm l
11
Fm l
8
8
= 0,73
11
A: 0375
B: 1,25
3 or
more spans
Fm l
11
Fm l
8
8
= 0,73
11
A: 0,4
B: 1,1
A and B:
supported
single span
beam
continuous
beam with
equidistant
supports
14
A: 0,5
B: 0,5
M el-pl
(2.26)
Table 2.2:
d /2
y
= 2 F yb d y + F yb d y
y
y
0
q = 1,5
d 2 y 2
b
= F
3
2
q = 1,83
(2.27)
M Tr = M el-pl
q = 1,19
q = 1,7
d 2b
y=0 =
0,2
4
q = 1,7
q = 1,5
1 (1 2 s / D )3
1 (1 2 s / D )4
1 (1 2 s / D )3
1 (1 2 s / D )4
m qRp0,2
resp.
tot qRp0,2
s Rp0,2
2.2.3.2 The factors V and Vs
15
16
2,5
L1 L2 L3
calculated
R/X = 0,07
=0
= 0,2
1,5
1
standardized curve
0,5
HV-arrangements
0
0,02
0,05
0,1
0,2
0,5
( f )
( 2f )
10
fc/f
Figure 2.2
Calculated factors V in the outer conductors L1 and L3 in the case of a three-phase short circuit as function of the related relevant
natural frequency fc/f of the conductor and the logarithmic damping , both ends fixed [Ref 8, Ref 9, Ref 19]. Also the standardised
curve is given
(2.31)
Fd = VF Vr Fm
17
Fd (hI + hc ) FI hI
Figure 2.4
Figure 2.3
calculated
measured by FGH
18
2,5
L1 L2 L3
R/X = 0,07
calculated
2
VF
=0
= 0,2
1,5
1
standardized curve
0,5
HV-arrangements
0
0,02
0,05
0,1
0,2
0,5
( f )
( 2f )
10
fc/ f
Figure 2.5
Calculated factors VF in the outer conductors L1 and L3 in the case of a three-phase short circuit as function of the related relevant
natural frequency fc/f of the conductor and the logarithmic damping , both ends fixed [Ref 8, Ref 9, Ref 19]. Also the standardised
curve is given.
(2.32) Vr =
2.2.3.4 Factor Vr
19
Figure 2.6
Calculated factors Vr in the outer conductors L1 and L3 in the case of a three-phase short circuit as function of the related relevant
natural frequency fc/f of the conductor, both ends fixed [Ref 8]. Dead time tu = 0,3 s.
1
conductor stress
2 forces on the supports
3 standardised curve
(2.34)
i
l
EJ m
m
f ci =
(2.33)
fc =
EJ m
m
20
2. eigenmode
3. eigenmode
4. eigenmode
5. eigenmode
Figure 2.7
(2.36)
f0 =
l2
(2.37)
EJ s
ms
c = c m cc
EJ s
ms
Figure 2.8
f c = cf 0 = c
(2.38)
2 =
cF
m
Frequency fc calculated according to equation (2.34) related to the actual frequency fc,n of a continuous beam with n spans,
and error fc = fc/ fc,n 1
21
Table 2.3:
1,57
A: fixed
B: supported
two spans
2,45
A and B:
fixed
3 or more spans
3,56
a)
b)
l
ls
ls 0,5l
k=1
ls
ls 0,33l
to 0,5l
k=2
ls
ls 0,25l
k=3
ls
ls 0,2l
k=4
Figure 2.9
a)
cF
2 =
ms + m
(2.39)
mz l
n
1 + m
mz
nms l
1 + m
mz
nms l
f =
=
2
b)
Direction of oscillation
cF
ms
02
(2.41)
in direction of surface
1
1 + m
mz
nms l
(2.42)
f 0 = cm f 0
where
22
R = 2 =
U max
E max
Table 2.4:
1 M b2 ( x )
dx
2 EJ s
l
U max =
0
l
(2.43)
E max =
1
2 ( x ) d m
2
w(x) and Mb(x) = EJsw(x) are the elastic line and line
of the bending moment during the oscillation. Inserting
the eigenmode, R becomes its minimum. Any elastic
line or bending moment leads to a sufficient
approximation of the basic frequency, e.g. as a result of
the dead load. This approximation is always higher than
the actual value. Other methods are finite elements or
transfer matrices.
Factors m and cc
ls/l
1,00
0,50
0,33
0,50
0,0
2,5
3,0
1,5
cc
1,00
1,00
1,48
1,75
ls/l
0,25
0,2
0,17
0,14
4,0
5,0
6,0
7,0
cc
1,75
2,15
2,46
2,77
f = cc f 0
(2.45)
f cs =
EJ s
ms
23
a)
fc =
(2.46)
clamp, cabel
flexible joint
mass of disconnector-contact
alternatively:
fc
max y Hz
1 cF
1 1 F
2 m 2 m max y
b)
5
max y
cm
gn
gn
1
F
1
=
=
2 mg n max y 2 max y
where cF is the spring coefficient, m the overall mass, F
the dead load due to m and gn = 9,81 m/s2 the
acceleration of gravity. From this the numerical
equation follows which is given in Figure 2.11.
B
sectional view AB:
displacements
a)
24
M =
(2.47)
Jm
dm 2
m = Z mm
(2.48) M m = 2 M = 2
O
Os
dm O
Mm
es
Ss
y
S
x m
Ss
Os
Os
Os
Mm
xs Ss
m
Sm
As
Mm
es
Ss
y
S
x m
Ss
Os
Os
Sm
J m = 2 J s + es2 As
(2.50)
Mm
Z m = nZ s
(2.49)
Ss
z
m = 2Z s m = Z m m
Mm
As
c)
Os
Sm
bm
b)
Os
y
Sm
x
dm 2
Am
Mm
Js
) (
J m = 2 J s + e12 As + 2 J s + e22 As + L
a) Single conductor
b) No connection of sub-conductors
c) Rigid connection of sub-conductors
(2.51)
25
+ 2 J s + en2 2 As = nJ s + 2 As
n2
ei2
i =1
a)
b)
b
b
b
b
O
d d d d
d d
Fm
Fm
(2.56)
b
b
b
c)
OT O
OT
d d d D d d d
b
OT
OT
i =1
n
n n2 1 2
d
+ 2 1 d =
6
2
If n is an odd number, the result is the same as the one
given by the equation (2.52). Hence for all n:
(2.53) J m = nJ s + 2 As
n n2 1 2
d = n 4n 2 3 J s
6
(2.57) M m = nM = n
Zm =
(2.54)
(2.58)
where
Js =
d 3b
12
Z m = nZ s
n 4n 2 3
Zs
=
2n 1
(2.55)
Js
m = nZ s m = Z m m
d 2
Jm
n 4n 2 3 J s
=
(2n 1) d 2
2n 1 d 2
26
52
Zs =
Zs
3
3
d
O
Fm
Z m = 2Z sT = 2
Zs =
d 2b
6
26
Os
Ms
Os
d 3b
12
Ss
Zs =
d 2b
6
As
y
Js =
Ss
Ms
Os
O
Os
Ss
Ms
z
Ss
xs
Ms
2.2.6.
The stresses 1 and 2 are perpendicular to the crosssectional area and are moved into the plane. In the
neutral fibre, 1 + 2 = 0 holds, e. g. in point A. The
maximum stress is in the points H + and H which have
maximum distance from the neutral fibre:
rectangular profile, Figure 2.16a:
(2.61)
(2.62)
max = (1 + 1 )
tot = m + s
27
a
connection
post insulator
r
M =M =
Bus support
z
r 2
r 2
M1 + M 2
ground
foundation block
2
max = 1max
+ 22max
(2.65)
(S )tube
2 tube
ui
2
+ ctube
uitube
4uitube
+ (EI )tube
= Fi y (t )
4
t
x
b)
y
Fi = 0
(2.66)
i =1..3
2.3.
SPECIAL CONFIGURATIONS
2.3.1.
(2.67)
F1y =
i
0
i1 . i2 + 3
2a
2
(2.68)
F2y =
0
i2 .(i3 i1 )
2a
(2.69)
F3y =
0
2a
i3 . i2 + 1
2
U tube = uitube
i
28
(2.71)
(S )tube
tube
+ ctube
tube
+ (EI )tube
tube
= Fi y = 0
i =1..3
(I )column
(2.79)
+ (GJ)column
(2.72)
M iz,k
i =1..3
i =1..3
G:
J:
=0
=0
length,
Coulomb or torsion modulus,
Polar inertia of straight section.
z
Mi = 0
Example :
i =1..3
(S )column
(2.76)
t 2
4ucolumn
j
(EI)column
z4
ucolumn
j
+ ccolumn
y
= fi, j z zo
y
Fi , j = 0
i =1..3
(2.78)
z
M i , jbase = 0
Conclusions :
y
fi = 0
2ucolumn
j
= Miz, j (z zo )
i =1..3
i =1..3
(2.75)
z 2
t 2
2 column
j
column
j
(2.80)
(2.73)
+ ccolumn
2 column
j
x
M i, j = 0
i =1..3
ICC+ PP
1.37 e8
7.5 e7
1.29 e8
1.71 e7
1.69 e8
Beamspacer
point 1
Column spacer
M om ents to x
Forces to x
4000
100
80
60
phase 1
40
Phase 2
20
Phase 3
Sum
M om ents to y
0,57
0,50
0,42
0,35
Forces to y
1500
1500
Phase 2
Phase 3
0
0,44
0,52
0,44
0,52
0,35
0,27
0,20
Sum
0,17
-500
1100
0,14
1200
phase 1
500
0,10
Phase 3
1000
0,07
1300
Phase 2
0,03
phase 1
0,00
1400
Newton
-1000
0,55
0,47
0,39
0,31
0,23
0,19
0,16
0,13
0,10
0,06
0,03
0,00
1000
-1500
tim e in s
tim e in s
M om ents to z
Forces to z
phase 1
1000
0,55
0,47
0,39
0,31
0,23
0,19
0,16
0,13
0,10
0,06
0,03
0,00
Sum
Newton
Phase 3
Phase 2
Phase 3
-4000
-1000
-1500
-4500
-2000
tim e in s
tim e in s
30
0,35
phase 1
Phase 2
500
0,27
0,20
0,14
0,10
0,07
0,00
1500
0,03
-3500
2000
0,17
Newton meter
0,27
tim e in s
tim e in s
Newton meter
0,21
-80
-4000
-500
0,18
0,15
-60
0,12
-40
-3000
0,09
-2000
0,06
-20
0,03
0
0,00
Sum
Newton
0,55
0,47
0,39
0,31
0,23
0,19
-1000
0,16
Phase 3
0,13
Phase 2
0,10
1000
0,06
Phase 1
0,03
2000
0,00
Newton meter
3000
2.3.2.
(2.83)
a) Introduction
3 R
X
)
F = Freference. Kxxbp
(2.86)
Freference
"
I k 1 2
= 0
d
2
0
.i2 .( .i1 + .i2 + .i3 )
2
= 1.02 + 0.98e
(2.85)
b) General considerations
(2.82) K = .a + + .a 2 = K .e j. where a = e
: factor for the calculation of the peak shortcircuit current [Ref 11].
The main steps which allow one to obtain this
relation are given in [Ref 99]. The solution to this
problem seemingly allows the main situations met
to be handled (separated phases and associated
phases . . .).
The amplification coefficient in this case is not
exact because this optimization is done on the force
not on the dynamic response of the system. All
components defined in paragraph 2.2 of Ref 1 are
taken into account same as in the IEC standard. The
dynamic behavior can differ likely like for the
central busbar for an associated-phase layout in a
three-phase fault in comparison with this
optimization [Ref 8].
If the reference situation is calculated with an
advanced method taking into account time constant
and fault clearance time, the amplification
coefficient is applied to the maximum Freference.
F=
)
2 K + Re(K )
F = 0 . Ik. 2. .
2
2
(2.84)
(2.81)
)
2
F = 0 . Ik. 2. . K .MAX cos2 , sin2
2
2
2
2
3
(2.87)
Freference
"
0 I k 2
=
2
d
3
4
31
Separate-phase layout
bI
b II
phase 1
phase 1
i1
i1
bI
b II
phase 2
phase 2
i2
i2
d
D
d
bI
b II
phase 3
phase 3
i3
i3
D
d
amplification coefficients
1,4
1,2
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,0
0,3
block diagram
analysed
singlephase fault
developing
through two
busbars
b1
p1
b2
p1
two-phase
fault
developing
through two
busbars
K 2p 1b
Amplification Coefficients
1,
1,3
1,5
1,7
1,9
K 3p 1b
K 1p 2b
K 2p 2b
K 3p 2b
Maximum
Asymmetry
Remarks
I
I
b1
p2
b2
p2
b1
p3
b2
p3
b1
p1
b2
p1
b1
p2
b2
p2
b1
p3
b2
p3
2b
1p
2b
2p
b1
p1
I1
b2
p1
I1
b1
p2
I2
b2
p2
I2
b1
p3
I3
b2
p3
I3
u = 0
=1
d
d
3
= 1 +
4 D d + D
u = 0
calculated
by IEC 60865
or
by advanced
method.
if
Imono = Itri
K + Re(K )
2
phase 1 busbar 2
=1
d
d
+
D D+d
d
d
=
+
2 D + d 2 D + 2d
K = + a 2 + a = K .e j
phase 2 busbar 1 or 2
d
d
=
D+d D
=1
d
d
+
D + d D + 2d
K = a + + a 2 = K .e j
Table 2.5
0,9
K 32pb =
three-phase
fault
developing
through two
busbars
0,7
RATIO d/D
i
i
0 i1
i i
.i2 .
1+ 2 3 + 3
2 D + d D d D + d D + 2d
Type of
fault
0,5
32
if
2
Imono = Itri
3 2
2
where is
integer
b II
phase 1 i1
phase 2 i2
phase 3 i3
phase 1 i1
phase 2 i2
phase 3 i3
d
d
1,60
1,50
d
d
1,40
1,30
1,20
1,10
1,00
0,30
Type of
fault
block diagram
analysed
phase to
phase fault
b1
p1
b1
p2
b1
p1
b1
p2
b1
p3
b2
p1
b2
p2
b2
p3
two-phase
fault
developing
through two
busbars
I
I
three-phase
fault
developing
through two
busbars
b1
p2
I2
b1
p3
I3
b2
p1
I1
b2
p2
I2
b2
p3
I3
K 3p 1b
K 2p 2 b
Maximum
Asymmetry
K12bp = 1
u = 0
d
d
d + D 2d + D
0,90
1,00
K 3p 2 b
d
=1+
d+D
d
=
D + 2d
d
= 1 +
D + 3d
u = 0
3 2
2
where is
integer
K = a + + a 2 = K .e j
phase 3 busbar 1
1 d
+
2 D
d
=1+
d+D
d
=
2d + D
K = a 2 + a + = K .e j
33
remarks
calculated by
IEC 60865
or by advanced
method.
4 K + Re(K )
3
2
Table 2.6
0,80
phase 2 busbar 1
I1
0,70
Amplification Coefficients
K 32pb =
p1
0,60
K 2p 1 b
K22 bp = 1 +
b1
0,50
RATIO d/D
i
0 i1 i3
i
i
.i2 . + 1 + 2 + 3
2 d d D + d D + 2d D + 3d
(2.89) F =
0,40
i
phase 1 1
phase 2 i2
phase 3 i3
b II
phase 1 i1
phase 2 i2
phase 3 i3
d
d
1,2
d
d
0,8
0,6
0,4
0
2
amplification coefficients
1,4
0,2
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
RATIO d/D
i
i
i
i i
.i2 . 1 3 + 3 + 2 + 1
2
3d
d
d
D
+
d
D
+
d
D
+
K 2p 1 b
K 3p 1b
K 1p 2 b
K 2p 2 b
K 3p 2 b
Type of
fault
block diagram
analyzed
phase to
phase fault
developing
through one
busbar
two-phase
fault
developing
through two
busbars
phase to
earth fault
developing
through two
busbars
Amplification Coefficients
b1
p1
b1
p2
b1
p3
b2
p3
b2
p2
b2
p1
b1
p1
b1
p2
b1
p3
b2
p3
b2
p2
b2
p1
b1
p1
b1
p2
b1
p3
b2
p3
b2
p2
b2
p1
1b
2p
u = 0
=1
K22 pb = 1
K12pb =
d
d
+
d + D 2d + D
d 4
D3
b1
p1
I1
b1
p2
I2
b1
p3
I3
b2
p3
I3
b2
p2
I2
b2
p1
I1
u = 0
u = 0
4 K + Re(K )
3
2
phase 2 busbar 1 or 2
d
3d + D
d
=
D + 2d
d
= 1 +
D+d
=1+
K = a + + a 2 = K .e j
Table 2.7
remarks
K 32pb =
three-phase
fault
developing
through two
busbars
Maximum
Asymmetry
34
2
3 2
2
where is
integer
calculated
by IEC 60865
or
by advanced
method.
K22 pb
<1
if
Imono = Itri
d)Methods used
IEC 60865 method :
- Calculation of amplification factor,
- IEC Calculation on the reference case and
application of amplification factor to :
* force on support of rigid conductors (Fd),
* resulting conductor stress (tot).
Figure 2.27 Separate-phase layout
Force on central bar during a three-phase fault on
two busbars.
Advanced method :
The amplification factor applies, for the
calculation, on the same bases ( and te) between
the reference case and the considered situation (
for example a three-phase fault on two busbars).
Designers have to determine the bar and the
phase for which the stress is maximum.
e) Examples
d (m)
D (m)
||K||
max
min
K
max
Aster
(4)
Kaster
(4)
%
Separate
phase (1)
8.8
4.8
-1.186
1
-0.254
-25.1
1.9
132.57
42.57
1.8102
Asymmetrical
phase (2)
2
2
1.5
1.5
0.333
180
1.167
60
-30
1.5556
Symmetrical
phase (3)
2
2
0.2
-0.750
-0.167
37.5
0.83
161.2
71.2
0.9921
132.6
60
165
1.78
1.5552
0.9477
1.67
0.02
4.47
Table 2.8
3
d
, the maximum response is obtained
<
D
2
for a three-phase fault on one busbar. For
for
3
d
, the phase to earth fault on two busbars
>
D
2
has the maximum response.
(4) : Results obtained by the Code ASTER.
Given a fault flowing on two busbars, the Code
ASTER of E.D.F. allows one to compute the
influence of the phase variation over the force
applied to the central bar. The results have been
noted on the Figure 2.27, Figure 2.28 and Figure
2.29.
35
3.
FLEXIBLE BUSBARS
3.1.
INTRODUCTION
36
9
kN
3
0
-3
9
kN
3
0
-3
3.2.1.
Below are typical oscillograms for the shortcircuit mechanical effects in the buses: forces in
the supporting structure of slack conductors and
tensile forces in strained conductors. A detailed
description of the test structures and further
informations are given in Volume two of this
brochure and Volume two of [Ref 1]2.
tk
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
Figure 3.1
Figure 3.2
Figure 3.3
Figure 3.4
(3.1)
2
l s as
sin
as d s
n
37
1,8
Figure 3.9
Figure 3.5
Figure 3.6
Figure 3.7
Figure 3.8
38
39
Experience has shown that, although the shortcircuit movements of stranded conductors seem
to be chaotic, the relevant effects of symmetric
arrangements and excitation are in fact also
symmetrical. The measuring points could,
therefore, be arranged to a half of the plane of
symmetry as shown in Figure 3.15 on crossarm,
tower and bottom end of tower, i.e. interface to
foundation.
40
41
3.3.
3.3.1.
Introduction
3.3.2.
Typical oscillograms
effects
effects
non
between
between
stretched
phases sub-conductors
single
bundle
stretched
42
43
Figure 3.25 Dropper stretch, current path B: force at the top of the
insulator (two times); case *6, Figure 6.9
44
a)
b)
c)
In the next example, three different current paths A, B
and C in Figure 3.22, using sets of three different shortcircuit currents, 20 kA, 28,3 kA and 40 kA were
measured and calculated for case 4. For each
combination of configuration and short-circuit current
two measurements at the transition between insulator
chain and traverse were conducted. This results in four
measurements per combination are registered for current
paths A, B and C. Figure 3.29 shows the time histories
of the forces and Figure 3.30 compares the maxima of
the swing-out force Ft and the drop force Ff for different
short-circuit currents.
45
50
a)
kN
40 kA
40
30
28,3 kA
Ft
20
20 kA
10
max. measured value
min. masured value
simulation
0
A
b)
Figure 3.32 Bending moments in the east and west column of north
pillar; case *4, Figures 4.8 and 4.9
50
kN
40
40 kA
30
Ff
28,3 kA
20
20 kA
10
max. measured value
min. measured value
simulation
0
A
3.3.4.
Simplified methods
46
2
[
H (bc0 bc )]2 + bct2 l dmax
cos max =
2 bct [H (bc0 bc )]
47
1,5
m
1,0
k
m
bc ,bc0
0,5
bct
1
0,0
-0,5
-1,0
-2,0
b)
-1,5
1,5
m
1,0
-1,0
-0,5
0,5
1,0
1,5 m 2,0
max
0,0
bc0
bc
0,5
0,0
bct
ldmax
-0,5
-1,0
-2,0
c)
1,5
m
1,0
-1,5
-1,0
-0,5
max
0,0
0,5
bc0
bc
ldmax
bct
0,0
1
-0,5
-1,5
1,5 m 2,0
0,5
-1,0
-2,0
1,0
-1,0
-0,5
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5 m 2,0
Figure 3.34 Movement of the main conductor and forces in the main conductor; case 4 [Ref 43, Ref 44]
Ik = 28,3 kA; tk = 0,3 s
a) without dropper: current path A
b) with dropper: current path B; dropper length 6,045m
c) with dropper: current path C; dropper length 6,045m
48
3
m m
2
1
bc0
30
bc
kN
20
bct
0
k
-1
-2
-4
10
-3
-2
-1
3 m 4
0 0,3
0 0,3
0 0,3
b)
30
kN
20
10
c)
3
m
2
bc0
bc
30
kN
bct
1 1
0
20
max
k
-1
-2
10
ldmax
-4
-3
-2
-1
3 m 4
Figure 3.35 Movement of the main conductor and forces in the main conductor [Ref 39]
Ik = 30 kA ; tk = 0,3 s
a)
without dropper : current path A
b) and c)
with dropper: current path B; dropper lengths 8,1 m and 9,1 m
max 1:
The load parameter is obtained as for a span
without dropper according to equation [(*32)]
(3.4)
3 1 + r 2 1
for Tk1 Tres / 4
=
3(r sin k + cos k 1 ) for Tk1 < Tres / 4
max < 1:
49
(3.5)
) for
k max
for k < max
C F C D bc sin 1
C F C D bc sin max
(3.8) bh =
(3.10)
F =
(I )2 lc 2 + ld 2
0
0,75 k3
2
a
l
)2 is to be replaced by (I k2
)2 .
0,75(I k3
(I )2 lc
0
0,75 k3
a
2
l
max 60 and m 70
C F C D bc sin 1
bh =
C F C D bc sin m
F =
(3.9)
(3.7)
for max 1
for m 1
for m < 1
max < m:
50
(3.11)
y ( x) =
(K / 2 )
x2 + + f
2
with:
f
maximum displacement
a
distance between the droppers
K distance between the fixing points,
K2 = h2 + b2
h
height of the dropper
b
width of the dropper
From equation (3.11), the dropper length ld can be
estimated:
(3.12)
2
2
ld 1 K
f
f
f
=
1 + 16 + ln 4 + 1 + 16
K 8 f
K
K
K
l
l K
f
l
m &y& =
0 (I k )2
2 a
with the conductor mass m' per unit length and the
initial symmetrical short-circuit current (r.m.s.) I k .
Assuming a constant acceleration until this element
reaches its maximum displacement at the time ta, f
becomes:
f =
(3.15)
1 2
&y& t a
2
ta =
2f
2
1 0 (I k )
m 2 a
d Wkin =
1 2
v m d x
2
Figure 3.36 Dropper in static position (right side) and at the moment
of maximum displacement (left side)
51
y (x )
(3.18)
a 1 2 1 v 2
= &y& t a =
ta
2 2
2 ta
v=2
(3.19)
y(x )
a
2
ta
y(x )
m d x v 2
m d x
2
dF =
=
2
y ( x ) a / 2 y (x ) a / 2
ta
(3.20)
m
a
4 y(x ) d x
t a
2
K
2
Fv = d F = 4
0
a
K 0 (I k )2
m
(
)
y
x
d
x
=
4
t a
2
6 2 a
0
3.4.1.
Introduction
2
ld ld
l l
K 0 (I k )
=4
2,5 d d
b K
b K
6 2 a
2
5 (I ) ld
= ld 0 k
3 2 a b
Fd = Fv 2,5
(3.22)
(3.21)
K
2
3.4.
52
53
Figure 3.39 Movement plan view at the center of the left dropper
(Figure 3.37) at the height approximately 7.5m above the
HV terminals.
Figure 3.40 Short-circuit force against time curve for the loads on the
disconnector right hand HV terminal.
M-Portal
54
Force 0.2
[103 kN]
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
0.0
0.4
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
time [s]
Force
[kN] 80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0
0.0
0.4
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
time [s]
The first sequence of figures - Figure 3.47 a, b and c gives a collection of the calculation results for the
respective tension forces at the dead end in terms of the
recorded maxima Fpi, Ft and Ff for the variants taken
55
1 spacer
3 spacers
100mm
200mm
400mm
100
84,6
90
83,1
88
90
83
86,4
83,5
80
80
Force / kN
116,7
110
100
70
70
55,2
55
60
50
117,6
117,2
110
54,7
58,8
60
58,1
58
50
40
39,8
39,6
40
30 26,3
40
30,3
26,4
26,3
29,7
30
29,6
20
20
10
10
0
0,1s
0,1s
0,3s
0,5s
short-circuit duration
0,3s
0,5s
short-circuit duration
1 spacer
3 spacers
60mm
110
110
100mm
200mm
100
400mm
100
90
90
80
Force / kN
80
70
70
55,9
60
50
40
30
50
42,9
41 40 3839,9
4140,841
20
10
0,3s
short-circuit duration
0,5s
0,1s
1 spacer
60mm
40,8
40
0,3s
short-circuit duration
0,5s
3 spacers
100mm
200mm
400mm
106,5
110
100
100
89
90
90
79,1
78
80
79
80
71
70
40
27
28 31
0,1s
50
32
30
10
60
41 40 3842,8
40
30,22731,8
Force / kN
50,6
20
110
62,9
60
56
47,2 46,8
56,9
54 54
60,5 60
56,3
70
70
57,5
60
55 54,7
60,6 58
50
40
35
30
30
20
20
40
34,8
10
10
0
0,1s
0,3s
short-circuit duration
0,5s
0,1s
0,3s
short-circuit duration
0,5s
Fpi
Ft
Ff
56
60mm
100mm
200mm
400mm
0
-100
1 spacer
3 spacers
short-circuit duration
0,1s
0,3s
0,5s
0,1s
short-circuit duration
0,3s
0,5s
-93,7
-94,3
-94,2
-237
-238
-200
-237
-200
Force / kN
-400
-300
-338
-338
-400
-336
-600
-612
-605
-608
-800
-500
-1000
-600
-616,2
-621,8
-626,2
-700
-985
1spacer
3spacers
short-circuitduration
0,1s
0,3s
0,5s
-51
-81
-128
-128-99
-131
-200 -141
-192 -132
-135
-300
-274
-286
-400
-100
-500
-500
-600
-600
Force / kN
-184,9
-132-132
-160
-133-132
-240
-300
-400
60mm
-700
-800
100mm
200mm
-800
-427,6
-511,6
-900
400mm
-1000
-1000
1spacer
0,1s
3spacers
short-circuitcurrent
0,3s
0,5s
0,1s
0
-100
short-circuitcurrent
0,3s
0,5s
-100 -87
-124
-200
-89
-175 -158
-244
-300
Force / kN
0,5s
-47-44
-74
-200
-700
-200
short-cicuitduration
0,3s
0,1s
-100
-900
-993
-997
-1200
-223
-221
-261
-400
-240
-267
-272
-378
-233
-237
-244
-300
-339
-400
-262
-273
-353
-413,8
-500
-500
-509
-600
-600
-700
60mm
-700
-800
100mm
200mm
-800
-900
400mm
-663
-745
-900
-1000
-1000
1 spacer
0,1s
0
-100
3 spacers
short-circuit duration
0,3s
0
-93,7
0,5s
0
-94,3
-94,2
-200
-300
Force / kN
0,5s
-100
-200
-400
0,1s
0
short-circuit duration
0,3s
0
0
-300
-338
-338
-336
-237
-237
-238
-400
-500
-500
-600
-600
-616,2
-700
-621,8
-626,2
-612
-605
-608
-700
60mm
-800
-900
-1000
100mm
200mm
-800
-900
400mm
-1000
-985
-997
-993
57
3.5.
3.5.1.
Introduction
Figure 3.50 ESL factor for typical dropper stretch, envelop curve.
Abscissa is the first eigenfrequency of apparatus or
bushing or insulator support. The abscissa are not at all
distributed linearly.
3.5.3.
58
1.6
ESL Factor
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
ESL Factor
0.2
0
0.01
1.6
F.Tp
0.1
1.4
10
1.2
Figure 3.51 Synthetic curve proposed for pinch effect ESL factor. In
abscissa, the product : frequency of the supporting
structure (Hz) x (contact time evaluated by the simple
formula expressed in s)
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
10
100
Figure 3.52 ESL factor for tensile load or drop force, to be applied
for portal structures. Abscissa is the first eigenfrequency
of supporting structure times the swing period (s). This is
an envelop curve for bus-bars with sags between 1 and 3
meters.
F.T
Abscissa is F.T
59
3.6.
Table 3.1
60
1 00 00
3.7.
SPECIAL PROBLEMS
50 00
3.7.1.
Auto-reclosing
Table 3.2
68
1
5740
68
2
5370
34
1
3579
34
2
3390
10040
8559
9919
7952
12824
11432
13694
9968
9203
10532
9045
6660
21870
22051
8181
9146
Span [m]
68
34
Table 3.3
4,25
4,08
3,91
3,4
3,74
3,57
3,23
3,06
2,89
2,72
2,55
2,38
2,21
1,7
2,04
1,87
1,53
4.25
4.08
3.91
3.4
3.74
3.57
3.23
3.06
2.89
2.72
2.55
2.38
2.21
1.7
2.04
0
1,36
5 0 0 0
1,19
1.87
1 0 0 0 0
1,02
1.53
d) Comparisons
1 5 0 0 0
0,85
1.36
2 0 0 0 0
0,68
1.19
2 5 0 0 0
0,51
1.02
0,34
0.85
b) Tests
0.68
Test results
0,17
0.51
Figure 3.56 Tensile force measurement (N) versus time (s) span 34
m phase 1.
0.34
a) Introduction
0.17
Figure 3.55 Tensile force measurement (N) versus time (s) phase
68 m phase 1.
61
With bundle
and
(3.24)
where :
2
(3.25)
T0 =
1
0,8.bc
g
2 M
Interphase-Spacer
64 90
4.
40.
Seilzugkraft
in kN
22.0 kN
20.7 kN
2.
20.
0.
.0
.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Zeit in s
f) Calculation approach
Without bundle
To calculate the maximum tensile force after an autorecloser, IEC 60865 standard can be used with a
clearance time equal Tk = Tk1 + Tk2. If the influence of
reclosing interval has to be studied, a simplified method
[Ref 100,] can be used in the more simple cases (Annex
8.4 & 8.5).
62
Ft
2.
1.
.0
0.
Seildurchhang
in m
-.1
1.12 m
-1.
-.2
-.3
Seildurchhang
in m
-2.
-1.5
-1.0
-.5
.0
.5
1.0
1.5
-.4
Seilauslenkung in m
-.5
-.6
-.5
Figure 3.59 Movement of the mid-point of the span in the y/z plane
without interphase-spacer
-.2
-.1
.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
-.3
Hor. Seilauslenkung in m
-.4
36 mm
1300 mm
34,000 N/mm
12.4 kg
63
Z
Y
TIME 0.15
a.)
Z
Y
TIME 0.40
30.
1.Auschwingmaximu
1.Fallmaximum
Seilzug 20.
-kraft
in kN
10.
a.)
0.
.0
b.)
.5
1.0
1.5
Zeit in s
2.0
2.5
3.0
.0
.5
1.0
1.5
Zeit in s
2.0
2.5
3.0
.0
.5
1.0
1.5
Zeit in s
2.0
2.5
3.0
.0
.5
1.0
1.5
Zeit in s
2.0
2.5
3.0
.5
Seilaus
lenkung
in m
b.)
.0
-.5
.0
Seil-.2
durchhang in
m
-.4
Z
X
c.)
-.6
TIME 0.62
.5
Seildurchhang in .0
m
-.5
d.)
-1.0
c.)
a)
b)
c)
d)
TIME 0.93
64
Z u g -/D ru c k-K ra ft
in k N
Z e it in s
150.
3.7.3.
100.
S p a n n u n g in
N /m m
50.
0.
.0
.5
1 .0
1 .5
Z e it in s
2 .0
2 .5
3 .0
3 .5
Figure 3.65 Time characteristic of the van Mises stress at the midpoint of the interphase-spacer
65
Y(x
)
x
lnc
Fpi
a
a
= s E or Fpi = s EA where as is the
ls
A
ls
Fc = Fpi . sin( ) x =0
Another way to express it is to use equilibrium equation
with electromagnetic load on the non-contact length
(here expressed for twin bundle) :
lnc
cos( ( x))
dx
y
x
2
(
)
0
Fc = 0,2.I 2 .
x a
a d x
y ( x) = s
. (a s d ). + s
2 lnc
lnc 2
and
cos( ) =
66
1
y
1+
x
s p a c e r c o m p r e s s io n
(m e a s u r e m e n t v s c a lc u la tio n )
20
+10%
18
16
-1 0 %
14
-2 5 %
12
10
8
6
n e w m e th o d
"M a n u z io "
4
2
0
0
10
15
20
m e a s u r e d v a lu e s (k N )
67
3.7.4.
Jumpers
r=
(3.26)
(3.27)
SP1, SP2 are the spring constants of the towers and SS1,
SS2 the spring constants of the springs.
During the short-circuit current flow, the springs reach
their end position and the resultant spring constant S
suddenly changes to a much higher value:
(3.28)
F
1,2nms g n
1
1
1
=
+
S S P1 S P2
a)
b)
3.7.5.
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
+
S S P1 S P2 S S1 S S1
b) Movement
SS2 SP2
S1
68
4.
4.1.
INTRODUCTION
69
FLEXIBLE CONDUCTORS
SUPPORTING STRUCTURES
FOUNDATIONS
70
4.6.
Fd = F Fk
(4.2)
Xk
M
(4.3)
(4.4)
4.6.1.
Xk
Dead weight
Installation load
Tensile load
Ice load
Wind load
Table 4.1.
Load case
1.35
1.0
Table 4.2.
Material
Safety factor
based on
steel structures
Rp0,2
1.1
1.1
tubular buses
Rp0,2
1.1
1.0
wooden poles
failure limits
3.0
concrete poles
failure limits
1.5
steel
reinforcement or
prestressing
tendons
failure limits
1.15
foundations
failure limits
1.1
Load
Load
case 1 Case 2
M
Substations
Switching forces
Short-circuit forces
Removal of a cable run
Seismic forces
1.85
longrod
insulators
2.3
minimum failing
load
routine test load
minimum failing
load
routine test load
1.0
1.85
2.3
1.38
insulator
and
conductor
accessories from
71
forged steel
- cast steel or
aluminium
minimum failing
load
routine test load
2.25
1.0
3.0
1.0
CLEARANCES
Material
steel
1.1
EC 3
concrete
1.5
EC 2
steel reinforcement or
prestressing tendons
1.15
EC 2
wood
3.0
EC 5
foundations
1.1
EC 7
Reference to
72
5.
PROBABILISTIC APPROACH TO
SHORT-CIRCUIT EFFECTS
5.1.
TECHNIQUES
FOR
DETERMINING
THE
MECHANICAL WITHSTAND OF STRUCTURES
OR COMPONENTS
Probabilistic sizing techniques have been developed
during the last decades for the analysis of energy
transmission structures. A number of probabilistic
methods are available. The most important are shown
in Figure 5.1, as well as the deterministic design.
...
S1
S2
Sn
Overall
Stress
Overall
Resistance
St
Rt
...
R1
Safety Factors
Si=STRESS PARAMETERS
K=
R2
Rn
Rj=RESISTANCE PARAMETERS
Rt
St
...
X1
X2
Xn
Overall
Stress
Overall
Resistance
St
Rt
...
Y1
Safety Factors
Xi=i+ki
K=
Y2
Yn
Yi=i-ki
Rt
St
3/ PROBABILITY METHOD
STRESS RESISTANCE
...
S1
S2
...
Sn
R1
R2
Rn
Failure Zone
4/ OPTMIZATION
TOTAL COST
COST OF FAILURES
PROBABILITY OF FAILURE
Figure 5.1
73
5.1.1.
5.1.3.
Deterministic Methods
(5.2)
(5.3)
R = G( L ) f 0 ( L) dL
0
74
(5.4)
Ls
LT
G
1
G(L)
f(L)
Lt
Ls
R =
G ( L ). f ( L ). d ( L )
Figure 5.2
Optimization
75
5.2.
SECOND
METHOD
LEVEL
5.2.1.
PROBABILISTIC
relationship
for
Figure 5.3
77
Figure 5.4
Design practice
Z = 1 p f
Fmax
(5.6)
pf =
p ( F ).V ( F ). dF
B
Fmin
78
Figure 5.6
Figure 5.7
5.2.1.5 Summary
In the described example of mechanical reliability of
110 kV post insulators, it was shown that if the stress
density function and the strength distribution function
are known, the reliability can be calculated. If the
percentage increase of stress and the percentage
decrease of strength as the same, the influences on the
reliability will be equal. A good co-ordination of
effects of increasing stress and decreasing strength of
the reliability results in the example considered. For
other devices as well, it should be assumed that the
reliability is influenced by increasing stress and
decreasing strength.
Table 5.1
Figure 5.5
79
Nominal voltage
110 kV
70 %
10 %
15 %
5%
100 %
220 kV
85 %
6%
5%
4%
100 %
400 kV
90 %
3%
4%
3%
100 %
500 kV
92 %
2%
3%
3%
100 %
5.2.2.
A global Approach
Negative
verification
Verification by
probabilistic
approach
Step 1
Positive
verification
Step 2
End of the
verification
Calculation of
the risk of
collapse
A Calculation Method
80
Short-Circuit Currents
81
60
Intensity A
50
Intensity B
Intensity C
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% I / I maximum
Figure 5.8
U = U0
2 sin( t + )
Figure 5.9
5.2.3.1.3.
Time Constant
Clearance Time
82
normal operating
rate: 0.988
220ms
700ms
1s
83
Reclosure
Other Parameters
5.2.3.1.7.
Proposed Approach
(5.9)
Rigid Busbars
BB121
SI10
SI111
BB131
s
SI121
BB141
s
SI131
SI141
z
O
Maximum
7.2.3.2.2.1
Expression of the equivalent force
at post insulator top
F=
M X2 + M Y2
h
(5.10)
x
F = F( I , , V , )
F = F( I , , , tk , V , )
84
M xdyn = I 2
M xdyn = I 2
1 + m cos 2 ( 0 )
and
min
x dyn
m=
(5.13)
min
M xmax
dyn M x dyn
M xmin
dyn
m
0.783
0.800
0.944
0.831
7.2.3.2.2.4.
M
t k t peak , then MAX
is constant
tk
M
MAX = MAX
1 cos
(5.15)
2t peak
700
600
500
400
t= tpeak
300
200
100
0
0,00
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,10
short-circuit duration (secondes)
0,12
( , t k )
1 + m( , t k )
700
600
Ne 500
wto
ns.
400
m
300
200
m=
1 e
tk
tk
0,14
(t k ) =
factor
800
introduces
1+ m
max
x dyn
Moment Mx (N.m)
(5.12)
H H =
1+ 2 2
85
100
0
0,00
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
time s
0,10
Reclosure
r
r FL (t ) during the short circuit
(5.16) L U = r
0
outside the short circuit
r r
r
r
U ( M ,0) = o M
(5.17)
r r
r r
r r
U ( M ,t) = U1 ( M , t) + U 2 ( M , t t R )
r r
r r
where U 1 ( M , t ) and U 2 ( M , t ) satisfy (7.16).
(5.18)
86
7.2.3.2.2.6.
Combined Loads
(5.19) F ( I , ,V , ) = . I 2 . 1 + m.cos ( 0 ) + '.V 2 .cos 2 ( ) + ' '.V 2 .cos( ) + ' '.V 2 .sin( ) +
1+ m
a) Transfer Situation
Furthermore, the risks linked to cases of current
parallelism need to be analyzed in the event of two
busbar faults (see paragraph. 2.3.2) occurring in a
transfer situation (a single line on a section of bars,
for which the protections may be shifted to the
coupling bay), as outlined in the flow chart below:
BAY 1
BAY 2
ATR 3
I8
LINE 5
I7
ATR 2
LINE 4
I6
LINE 3
I5
I4
I3
COUPLING 2
COUPLING 1
I8
I9
ATR 4
I1
LINE 6
I2
LINE 1
ATR 1
I3
LINE 2
ou
LINE
I 10
analysed
zone
This situation does not balance the power sources and
demand centers, and is therefore extremely rare.
c) Operating Situation
Cases of Ring Structures
In the event of operation with a single electric
node, the currents are distributed proportionally to
the impedances encountered and thus depend
essentially on the length of the circuits. The result is
generally a marked reduction in electrodynamic
stresses, which account for nearly a quarter of the
design loads. In this case, the resistance limits will
depend more on the resistance of the transverse
busbars or the apparatus.
BAY 3
one node
COUPLING
BAY
FAULTY BAY
b) Transfer Proximity
Of all the possible layouts, those close to the transfer
situation of a low input line should be avoided. In the
diagram below, based on a 400-kW network, lowinput line 6 (low I10) and autotransformer (ATR 4) are
connected to the same section of bars. Under such
conditions, I8 and I9 are at maximum and virtually
equal to the substation Icc. The loads may then be
very similar to those calculated for the transfer
situation.
87
node 2
Case of U-shaped Structures
Two-node operation comes down to the same case as
above. In the case of single electric node operation,
the power inputs (lines or transformers) and demand
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,0
5.2.3.2.3.
Flexible Busbars
90%
100%
110%
120%
130%
140%
ratio loads / Fo
Fo : design loads
The irregularities of these function are the result of
discretization. This type of function can nevertheless
be approached using an analytical method.
F ( I , , V , ) with an amplitude
( ) ( ) (
(5.20) F ( C ) =
arccos(
2(1 + m)
2
)
2 .C 1
m
m. . I
100
90
80
70
%
60
50
%
40
30
20
10
0
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Uniform Distribution
Beta Distribution
ratio Load / Fo
Figure 5.16
Loads / Fo
Figure 5.18
88
C.D.F. given by
2(1 + m)
2
.C 1 )
arccos(
2
m. . I
m
F (C) = o +
2
2,5%
2,0%
1,5%
1,0%
0,5%
0,0%
0,7
(C , I ) = g (V ). F (C , V , I ). dV
0
with
2(1 + m)
2
2
arccos(
)
2 .( C V ) 1
m
m. . I
F (C , V , I ) =
( C ) =
Im ax
Im in
0,9
1,1
1,2
0,8
g (V ). h( I ). F (C , V , I ). dV . dI
L
G =
FR
1 La 2
(
)
2
F ( S ) = F1 ( S ). pr ( phasetoearth) +
F2 ( S ). pr ( phasetophase) + F3 ( S ). pr (threephase)
with
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
1,1
1,2
1,E-03
Risk
1,E-02
1,E-04
1,E-05
1,E-06
1,E-07
89
follows.
Risk (
L L
Fo
) = G f 0 dL
FR
FR Fo
0
L
G = e
0
FR
1 La 2
(
)
2
LINE
o
. dL . We obtain Figure
F RG , a , in the
Ip-IL
Il(x)
Fo
F(x)
desired range.
90
Risk
Risk(x)
ZP =
Un
(I P I L )
Il( x ) =
Un
( Z P + x. Z )
F ( x ) = F ( Il ( x ), ,...)
Risk ( x ) = Risk ( F ( Il ( x )) / FR )
If the faults were evenly distributed and equally
probable, the line length i to be taken into account
would be expressed as:
li =
Risk ( x). dx
0
Risk ( F0 / FR )
(5.21)
li =
Risk (a
). a n
n=0
Risk ( F0 / FR )
l P = li
(5.22)
n=
5.2.3.7.1.
layout
For this type of arrangement (Figure 2.23), the stressgenerating fault is the three-phase fault on two
busbars. The diagram below shows the relative
variation in amplitudes of dynamic responses when
the phase is varied on the 6 bars of a switch bay.
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
Barre 1
0,2
Barre 2
Barre 3
(5.23)
Risk ( Fn / FR )
-0,2
Risk ( F0 / FR )
-0,6
n =1
-0,4
30
60
90
120
150
180
Barre 4
Barre 5
Barre 6
-0,8
91
-1
1,0
1,0
0,8
0,8
0,6
0,6
0,4
0,4
0,2
0,2
0,0
0,0
1
-0,2
-0,2
-0,4
-0,4
-0,6
-0,6
n (1)
n (2)
< 1,1
< 1,1
< 1,3
< 1,4
5.2.3.7.2.
layout
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
-0,2
-0,4
-0,6
-0,8
For this type of structure (Figure 2.25), the stressgenerating fault is the three-phase fault on a single
busbar. However,in view of the proximity of loads
for "phase to-phase" or "three-phase faults on the two
busbars, the following analysis is necessary. The table
below gives the distribution of electrodynamic loads
on the various phases and the number of post
insulators loaded in each case.
n (1)
n (2)
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,0
-0,2
-0,4
-0,6
-0,8
-1,0
<1,1
1
~1,8<2
0,9
92
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
Bar 1
0,2
Bar 2
Bar 3
0
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
Bar 4
Bar 5
-0,2
Bar 6
-0,4
-0,6
-0,8
-1
1,0
1,0
0,5
0,5
0,0
0,0
-0,5
-0,5
-1,0
-1,0
n (1)
n (2)
~1
0,5
~1
0,5
1
0,8
0,6
0,4
Bar 1
0,2
Bar 2
Bar 3
For this type of arrangement (Figure 2.21), the stressgenerating fault is the three-phase fault on two
busbars. The diagram below shows the relative
variation in amplitudes of dynamic responses when
the phase is varied on the 6 bars of a switch bay.
0
-0,2
30
60
90
120
150
180
Bar 4
Bar 5
Bar 6
-0,4
-0,6
-0,8
-1
93
1,0
1,0
0,8
0,8
0,6
0,6
0,4
0,4
0,2
0,2
0,0
-0,2
0,0
-0,2
-0,4
-0,4
-0,6
-0,6
-0,8
-0,8
-1,0
-1,0
n (1)
n (2)
~2
< 1,1
~2
< 1,1
94
5.2.3.7.7.
(5.25)
thus a probability of substation failure of around 7.6 10, corresponding to a recurrence time of more than
13000 years for a safety factor of 0.7.
For line fault in the event of failure
The previous analysis is also applicable in the event of
failure (circuit breakers or protection devices), though
the elimination times may be different and the resulting
loads increased. It is important to determine the
amplitude of loads amplification, in view of the remarks
made in section 5.2.3.1.4 on the effect of saturation
when the clearance time exceeds the mechanical
reaction time. In (5.25), Fo is replaced by F1 and the
failure rate: : (protection system and/or circuit breaker
failure rate) is taken into account.
The increase in risk is often low and the reduction in the
failure rate means that this term can be ignored.
/ FR )
n =1
Risk ( F0 / FR )
Fo
) = 10-5, there is
FR
n = 2 ou 3
Fo
)
FR
Example:
For =20x10-2 per km and per year, =30%, l=6km,
We define as:
Risk ( F
R PL = . .. l P . n . . N . Risk (
Influence of connectors
1
(5.24) =
n = 2 ou 3
Risk at a substation
Conclusions
the expression:
R PP = . . n . . N . Risk (
Fo
) with
FR
95
5.2.3.8.2.
R PL (
Fo
F
F
F
F
) = .. l P ( o ). n ( o ). ( o ). N . Risk ( o )
FR
FR
FR
FR
FR
The parameters lP ,
Fo
),
FR
Fo
) . On the basis of an
FR
Fo
L
imposed choice of risk R P (
) , it is thus possible to
FR
Fo
define (
) and hence the appropriate safety factor.
FR
by comparison with Risk (
CONCLUSIONS
96
6.
D.C. CONFIGURATIONS
6.1.
INTRODUCTION
Figure 6.1
6.2.
6.2.1.
97
Figure 6.2
1
2
3
transformer
three-phase bridge
smoothing inductivity
4
5
6
smoothing capacitor
d.c. transformer
lead-acid accumulator
98
7
8
9
ohmic load
power breaker
short-circuit SCR
10 d.c. motor
11 d.c. generator
12 load resistor
Figure 6.3
Figure 6.6
6.2.2.
Figure 6.4
Figure 6.7
Figure 6.5
99
Standardised approximation function for the shortcircuit characteristic i(t) and for the electromagnetic
force per unit length F'(t). Variables ts1, s2 and ts will
be required in section 6.3.2.
1 e t 1
1 e t1 1
for 0 t t1 = tp
and
(6.2)
i2 ( ) = ip (1 ) e
+ for 0 t2
where
(6.3)
Ik
ip
0 1
(1 e )
F (t ) = F
(1 e )
t1 1 2
and
(6.5)
F2 ( ) = Fp (1 ) e
where
(6.6)
6.3.1.
t 1 2
(6.4)
6.3.
linear momentum
Fp =
0 ip2
tk
(6.7)
2a
F (t ) d t = A = tR FR
0
100
(6.8)
F ( ) d = 0
(6.9)
(6.12)
F ( ) 2 d = J s =
tk = tl + t2 0, 5 Tme
1 3
t R FR
12
Figure 6.8
(6.11)
tR = 2 3
FR =
3
6
6.3.2.
Js
J
= 3,464 s
A
A
A3
A3
= 0,2887
Js
Js
101
t2
mJs 2 =
A1 = m1t1 Fp
(6.13)
A2 = m2t 2 Fp
(6.15)
m1 =
2
d A2 t s2
t 23
12
Fp
F2 ()
t2
F1(t ) d t
m 2 =
t1 F
F2 () d
0
t2 F
t s1 = ms1t1
t s 2 = ms 2 t 2
(6.17)
ms1 =
t2
F1(t )t d t
ms 2 =
t1 A1
F2 () d
0
t 2 A2
J s1 = ms1
Fpt13
J s 2 = ms 2
12
Fpt 23
12
(6.19)
mJs1 =
F1(t )t
2
d t A1t s1
Fp
t13
12
(6.20)
102
A = A1 + A2 = Fp (t1 m 1 + t 2 m 2 )
t 3
t3
= Fp 1 mJs1 + 2 mJs2 + m1t1 (ts ms1ts1 )2
12
12
+ Fp m2 t 2 (t1 + ms2 t 2 ts )2
where
ts =
(6.21)
(6.23)
t R1 = 2 3
=
FR1
3
6
J s1
mJs1
= t1
A1
m1
Figure 6.10 Coefficients ms1 and ms2 for the determination of the
position of the centroidal axes s1 and s2 in Figure 6.7.
m31
A13
= Fp
J s1
ms1
103
Figure 6.11 Coefficients mJs1 and mJs2 for the calculation of the
second moments of area relative to axes s1 and s2.
6.3.3.
Mechanical stress
104
6.3.4.
Thermal stress
I th1 = ip m1
I th = ip
I th2 = ip m 2
m1t1 + m2 t 2
t1 + t 2
CONCLUSION
105
7.
Ref 1.
REFERENCES
IEC TC 73/CIGR SC 23 WG 11: The
mechanical effects of short-circuit currents
in open air substations (Rigid and flexible
bus-bars), Vol. 105, Geneva: IEC, Paris:
CIGR, 1996
Ref 2.
Ref 3.
Ref 4.
Lehmann,
W.:
Elektrodynamische
Beanspruchung paralleler Leiter. ETZ-A
76 (1955), pp 481-488
Ref 12.
Ref 13.
Ref 14.
Ref 15.
Ref 16.
Ref 5.
Ref 6.
Ref 17.
Ref 7.
Ref 18.
Ref 19.
Ref 20.
Ref 8.
Ref 9.
Ref 10.
Ref 21.
Ref 22.
Issler, L.; Ruo, H.; Hfele, P.: Festigkeitslehre - Grundlagen. Berlin: Springer,
1995
Ref 11.
106
Ref 23.
Ref 24.
Ref 25.
Ref 26.
VDE 0101.6: Messung von LeiterEigenfrequenzen mit und ohne Zwischenstcke. Arbeitsbericht Nr. 166, 1960, DKE
Frankfurt am Main (unpublished)
Ref 28.
Ref 29.
Ref 31.
Ref 32.
Ref 33.
Ref 35.
Ref 36.
ADINA
Adina R&D, Inc
Ref 37.
ASTER
(developed
by
1 avenue du gnral de Gaulle
EDF)
Ref 30.
Stauch,
G.;
Bhme,
H.:
Schwingungsverhalten
von
Stromleiteranordnungen
in
Mittelspannungsschaltanlagen bei Kurzschlu Beeinflussung der Grundfrequenz. ELEKTRIE 37 (1983), pp 651-655
Ref 27.
Ref 34.
107
Ref 38.
Ref 39.
Ref 40.
Ref 41.
Zeitler,
E.:
Berechnung
der
Seilbewegungen
und
Krfte
bei
vorwiegend vertikalen Verbindungen in
Schaltanlagen. Thesis University of
Erlangen-Nrnberg, 1993.
Ref 42.
Ref 43.
Ref 44.
Ref 45.
Ref 48.
108
Ref 49.
Ref 50.
Ref 51.
Ref 52.
Ref 53.
Ref 54.
Ref 55.
Ref 56.
Ref 57.
Ref 58.
Ref 59.
Ref 60.
Ref 61.
Ref 62.
Ref 63.
Kunz, M.: Berechnung der Kurzschlustrme in Gleichstrom- und Steuerspannungsnetzen. Thesis University of
Erlangen-Nrnberg, 1999
Ref 64.
Ref 65.
Ref 66.
Ref 67.
Ref 68.
Ref 69.
109
Ref 70.
Ref 71.
Ref 72.
Ref 73.
Ref 74.
Ref 75.
Ref 76.
Klotter,
K.:
Technische
Schwingungslehre. Erster Band, Teil A:
Lineare
Schwingungen.
Berlin,
Heidelberg, New York: Springer, 1978
Ref 77.
Ref 78.
Ref 79.
Ref 80.
Ref 81.
Ref 82.
Ref 83.
Ref 84.
Ref 85.
Ref 86.
Ref 87.
110
Ref 88.
Ref 89.
Ref 90.
Ref 91.
Ref 92.
Ref 93.
Ref 94.
Hecht,
A.:
Elektrokezamik,
Berlin/Heidelbezg/New York, SpringerVerlag 1976
Ref 95.
Ref 96.
Miri,
A.M.,
Stein,
N.:
Kurzschlu beanspruchung und -festigkeit
von Hochspannungssttzisolatoren, etzArchiv, Bci.10(1988) H.3 S.89-96
Ref 97.
Ref 98.
Ref 99.
Ref 100.
Ref 101.
Ref 102.
111
8.
ANNEX
8.1.
8.1.1.
(8.1)
t
ESLfactor = 1 f ( ).e 11 (t ) . sin(1 (t )).d
0
Figure 8.1
taken from "Earthquake response of structures", R.W. Clough, Berkeley, chapter 12. Influence of the dynamic loading compared to
static loading. P(t) maximum is equal to P static.
112
For Ft, Ff, Fpi, the ESL factor must be applied on the
relative increase of the dynamic load, i.e. the static
tensile load has to be substracted first. For Fds the
ESL factor can be neglected in most of the cases.
Basically:
ESL is lower than the peak dynamic load if the
first eigenfrequency of the structure is lower than
the basic frequency of the load (typically, a 4 Hz
portal structure cannot be affected by the
influence of a 100 Hz dynamic load). ESL factor
<1
ESL is equal to the peak dynamic load if the first
eigenfrequency of the structure is larger than the
basic frequency of the load (typically a 55 Hz
insulator support will be affected by a 2 Hz
dynamic load as a quasi-static load). ESL factor
=1
ESL is larger than the peak dynamic load if we
are close to resonance (a frequency of the
structure fit with one frequency of the applied
dynamic load). In such case structural damping
plays a key role. ESL factor >1
8.1.4.
8.1.5.
Concerned structures
Concerned
structures
are
the
equipment
(transformers, isolators, surge arresters, supporting
insulators, bushings, wave trap) and their supporting
structures.
8.1.3.
8.1.2.
Concerned loadings
8.1.6.
Examples
a) On equipment
113
Figure 8.2
Figure 8.3
b) On support structures
114
Figure 8.4
East cable tension evolution and bending moment at the bottom of west pole of the gantry
Figure 8.5
West cable tension evolution and bending moment at the bottom of west pole of the gantry
115
Examples
The geometry
8.2.2.
Excitation
Figure 8.7
= 60 ms
= /2
= 50 Hz
A = 1000 N
116
Time/s
b) case number 2
The second eigenfrequency is at 100 Hz, which give a
first one at 16 Hz .
Which has been reproduced using following data : ( a
typical 245 kV insulator support)
:
height of the support 2.3 m,
bending stiffness of the support :
1.8e5 N/m.
- There is a 16 Hz oscillation of the beam during all
the time with very low damping.
- The maximum displacement at the top is around
120 mm at around 0,02 s.
- Bending moment is in phase with the top
displacement but has a clear presence of 100 Hz
component.
Time/s
Time/s
Figure 8.8
c) case number 3
The third eigenfrequency is at 50 Hz, which give a
first one at 4 Hz .
Which has been reproduced using following data : ( a
typical 400 kV insulator support)
:
height of the support 3.8 m
bending stiffness of the support :
0.9e5 N/m
117
Time/s
Time/s
Time/s
Figure 8.9
118
8.3.
8.3.1.
119
8.3.2.
a)
Strained conductors
b)
8
+25%
12
0%
+25
0%
10
-25%
-25%
F c/F st
F c/F st
4
2
2
0
0
0
4
F m/F st
120
4
6
F m/F st
10
12
a)
b)
18
+25%
16
0,8
0%
14
0%
+25%
m
0,6
-25%
-25%
12
0,5
10
0,4
F c/F st
6
b hc 0,3
0,2
ACSR 120/20; 15 m
ACSR 537/53; 15 m
ACSR 1055/45; 15 m
ACSR 1055/45; 4 m
4
2
ACSR 120/20; 15 m
0,1
ACSR 1055/45; 15 m
0,0
0
0
6
8
F m/F st
10
12
14
16
ACSR 537/53; 15 m
0,0
18
0,1
0,2
0,3 0,4
b hm
0,5
0,6
0,8
a)
b)
0,8
22
+25%
20
0%
+25%
18
0,6
16
-25%
14
b hc
2 x ACSR 537/53; 15 m
4 x ACSR 537/53; 15 m
2 x ASCR 1055/45; 15 m
4 x ACSR 1055/45; 15 m
2 x ACSR 537/53; 4 m
6
4
2
0
-25%
0,5
12
10
F c/F st
8
0%
0,4
0,3
0,2
2 x ACSR 537/53; 15 m
4 x ACSR 537/53; 15 m
2 x ACSR 1055/45; 15 m
4 x ACSR 1055/45, 15 m
0,1
0,0
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
F m/F st
0,0
121
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
b hm
0,5
0,6
m
0,7
0,8
c)
a)
5
0%
+25 %
0%
+25 %
4
-25 %
-25 %
3
F c/F st
2
F c/F st
2
2
F m/F st
b)
2
F m/F st
d)
1,5
0%
+25 %
0%
+25 %
m
4
-25 %
-25 %
1,0
3
F pi,c/F st
2
b hc
0,5
1
0,0
0
0
2
F pi,m/F st
0,0
0,5
b hm
1,0
1,5
a)
b)
c)
d)
122
a)
b)
6
+25 % 0 %
+25 % 0 %
3
-25%
-25%
4
3
F pi,c/F st
2
F t,c/F st
1
0
0
0
F t,m/F st
2
3
F pi,m/F st
+25 % 0 %
6
-25%
4
F c/F st
2
34 m
0
0
4
F m/F st
68 m
102 m
123
a)
b)
24
+25 %
kN
20
2,0
0%
+25 %
0%
1,5
-25 %
16
-25 %
1,0
12
Fc
b hc
0,5
West
West
East
East, dropper in midspan
East
East, dropper in midspan
0,0
0
0
Fm
12
0,0
20 kN 24
16
0,5
b hm
1,0
1,5
2,0
b)
3,0
m
20
kN
+25 %
0%
+25 %
2,5
16
-25 %
2,0
-25 %
0%
12
1,5
b hc
Fc 8
4
8
Fm
12
East
East, dropper in midspan
0,0
0
4
West
0,5
West
East
East, dropper in midspan
1,0
0,0
16 kN 20
a) Short-circuit force
b) Horizontal displacement bh
124
0,5
1,0
1,5
b hm
2,0
2,5 m 3,0
b)
60
2,0
+25 %
kN
50
0%
+25 % 0 %
m
1,6
1,4
-25 %
40
-25 %
1,2
1,0
30
b hc 0,8
Fc
20
0,6
0,4
10
current path:
A
B
10
20
Fm
30
0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 m 2,0
b hm
50 kN 60
40
0,0
0
0
current path:
0,2
a) Maximum of Ft and Ff
b) Horizontal displacement bh
a)
b)
1,2
m
50
kN
+25 %
40
0%
+25 % 0 %
1,0
-25 %
0,8
-25 %
30
0,6
b hc
F c 20
0,4
10
0,2
current path:
A
B
10
20
Fm
30
0,0
0
0
current path:
0,0
40 kN 50
125
0,2
0,4
0,6
b hm
0,8
1,0 m 1,2
8.3.3.
a)
b)
40
4,0
0%
0%
kN
35
+25 %
+25 %
3,0
30
-25 %
25
Fc
20
2,0
15
b c 1,5
10
1,0
0,5
current path:
A
B
10
15 20
Fm
25
kN
35
30
current path:
A
B
0,0
0
0
-25 %
2,5
0,0
40
0,5
1,0
1,5 2,0
bm
2,5
3,0
3,5
m
4,0
a) Maximum of Ft and Ff
b) Horizontal displacement bh
12
+25 %
+25 % 0 %
0%
10
5
-25%
8
6
F c/F st
2
F c/F st
4
6
F m/F st
10
-25%
12
2
3
F m/F st
126
8.3.4.
Conclusions
127
T2
= r2 cos ( ) sin ( )
4 2
1 + r 22
T2
2 i 2 = r2 .sin + cos r2 .sin i
8 2
cos i
8 2
= 2 1 + r 22 cos( 1,2 ) cos( 2 )
T
1 + r22
defined by r2 .sin i + .
Tu
+
0
T
0
Tu
Tu T . k
i = k cos 2 0 +
sin 2 0
2
T
T
2 m
and i parameter
cos( 2 ) =
with
i = m cos 2
To =
where
0.8bc
g
sin ( 1, 2 )
without dropping.
Tres 2 =
4
0.8b c
g
2
2
1 + r 1
64 90
2
2
64 90
Tres 2
= 1, 2 + 2 sin 2
1, 2 + ( i 1,2 ) cos 2
is the maximum
+ =
t
+
Tres 2
Tres 2 i
t
sin 2
2
Tres2
i =
2
Tu
Tu
k .sin 2 o + k . cos 2 o
o
T
T
T
0
T
Let us consider the time
for
t0 =
2
than to
m .
t0
k 2 = (Tk 2 )
m . If Tu is higher
R
G
m .
128
= 3 cos ( ) + 3 r2 sin ( ) 2 i
y = 3.cos + 3. r2 .sin 2 i
The consequence is : y i .
3 3 + 2 ( 2 + + * ) 2 + (1 + 2 + 2 * )
( 2 + ) + * = 0
. . E. s
*
with =
Fst
dy
= 3.sin + 3. r2 .cos = 0
d
= 1, 2
tg = r2
This
maximum
has
value
The drop force can change with the heating . The IEC
60865 does not take into account this influence. It is
also neglected here because this heating influence is
very low.
y M = 3. 1 + r 2 i
2
2
This
maximum
is
reached
for
T
t 1 = Min res 2 ( k. )
k 2
if
<0
then k = 0 else
>0
Ft to
Tk 2
+
Tres 2
Tres 2 i
T
sin 2 k 2
2
Tres 2
k =1
k22 =
y M = y M y o = 3. 1 + r 22 1 2. i If
8 2
[ r2 .sin k 2 + cos k 2 i ]
T2
Tk 2 t 1 then 2 = y M else
Tk 2 < t 1
2 = y
with
y = 3. ( cos k 2 + r2 .sin k 2 ) 2 i 1
2 = 2 2 [ cos + r2 .sin k 2 i ]
m 2 after
circuit is given by :
cos( m 2 ) = i r2 .sin k 2
= Mg 0.8 bc (1 cos( m ))
129
1 cos( m ) +
which
TL1+ 2 = Mg 0.8bc
r2 .(sin ( k 2 ) sin ( i ))
means: TL1+ 2 = Mg 0.8bc (1 cos( m 2 ))
F f 2 = 1.2 Fst 1 + 8
m2
130
1, 2
8.5.
EXAMPLE OF RECLOSURE
CALCULATION
i = r2 . sin i + =-0.005
Angle
= 90.1
2
1 + r2
2 = arccos
Tres2 =1.71s
Radial speed at the end of the second short-circuit :
k 2 =-9.1
Maximum fist time of the second short-circuit :
t 1,1 =
K =4.05;
=0.834;
m =41.9; =0.49;
Es =2.79e10 N/m; N =7.67e-8 N-1; =3.165;
artg( r2 ) =67
1, 2
Tres 2
arcsin i
=0.367s
2
2
Factors
circuit : 0.859
Stiffness norm
Stress factor
Swinging period :
Factor
T =2.286 s
1
1
+
=7.67e-8 N-1
Es Sa
= 3.165
i = -20.9
N=
i =69.8/s
Drop force
Ff2=22469N
131
at
the
second
short-circuit
IEC
865
13816
24235
Appendix
1
9676
22469
tests
11432
22051
132
8.6.
STOP 1:
The
sub-conductors
do
not
withstand. Either the distance between two
adjacent spacers is too large or the subconductors are too small.
STOP 2:
The main conductors do not
withstand. Either the distance between two
adjacent supports is too large or the main
conductors are too small.
STOP 3:
The
sub-conductors
do
not
withstand in the case of three-phase automatic
reclosing. Either the distance between two
adjacent spacers is too large or the subconductors are too small.
STOP 4:
The main conductors do not
withstand in the case of three-phase automatic
reclosing. Either the distance between two
adjacent supports is too large or the main
conductors are too small.
133
n=1
Y
Start
k=0
c=1
am
Fm
n=1
(16)
fc
(17)
fcs
(18)
N
as
Fs
b)
(5,6)
(2,3)
fc
Y
(7,8)
(4)
T3
T3
T3
T4
134
N
F7
e)
VFVr < 1
F4
N
Y
'
Vr = 1
(9)
'
n=1
N
Vs
N
'
F4
Fd
Vrs = 1
s
(15)
reclosing N
(10)
End 1
s Rp0,2
(14)
Y
tot
N
Stop 2
m qRp0,2
(11)
Y
Stop 1
(12)
tot qRp0,2
(13)
Y
N
Stop 2
135
F4
VFVr < 1
Vr
F5
(9)
N
Y
'
N
n=1
N
Vrs
F5
(10)
N
'
Fd
s Rp0,2
(14)
Y
tot
N
Stop 4
m qRp0,2
(11)
Y
(15)
N
Stop 3
(12)
tot qRp0,2
(13)
Y
'
N
Stop 4
End 2
136
VVr = 1 T2
m
(9)
Start
Y
am
Fm
(5,6)
(2,3)
n=1
n=1
VsVrs = 1 T2
s
N
as
Fs
(7,8)
(4)
(10)
s Rp0,2
(14)
Y
tot
b)
N
Stop 1
(12)
T3
Stop 2
T3
T4
137
m qRp0,2
(11)
Y
tot qRp0,2
(13)
Y
N
Stop 2
d)
'
N
= 1,8
'
'
T2
(9)
N
*
Fd
(15)
reclosing N
n=1
N
VsVrs = 1,8 T2
s
End 1
(10)
Y
s Rp0,2
(14)
Y
tot
N
Stop 4
138
m qRp0,2
(11)
Y
Stop 3
(12)
tot qRp0,2
(13)
Y
N
Stop 4
'
N
'
'
N
*
Fd
(15)
End 2
139
8.7.
140
141
September 2002
TABLE OF CONTENT
PREFACE
CASE 1
Tests performed at FGH (Germany) in 1972
cross section: Al 240 mm2 and ACSR 537/53 mm2 twin bundle (n = 2)
short-circuit current: 20 kA (52 kA peak) and 30 kA (78 kA peak)
span length: 15 m, 10 m and 7 m
11
CASE 2
cross section: ACSR 120/20 mm2, ACSR 537/53 mm2 and ACSR 1055/45 mm2, single conductor
12
CASE 3
cross section: ACSR 537/53 mm2 and ACSR 1055/45 mm2, two and four sub-conductors
18
27
28
CASE 4
31
CASE 5
42
47
CASE 6
Tests performed at sterreichische Elektrizittswirtschafts-AG (Austria) in 1963
cross section: ACSR 537/53 mm2 twin bundle (n = 2)
short-circuit current: 4 kA eff to 21,5 kA eff
span length: 12 m
49
CASE 7
Tests performed at Lehrstuhl fr Elektrische Energieversorgung (Germany) in 1985
cross section: ACSR 340/30 mm2 and ACSR 605/70 mm2 twin bundle (n = 2)
short-circuit current: 3,5 kA eff to 11 kA eff
span length: 7,6 m
52
CASE 8
Tests performed at VEIKI Laboratories (Hungary) in 1997
cross section: CONDOR 455, twin bundle (n = 2)
short-circuit current: 35 kA eff and 48 kA eff
span length: 60 m
56
PREFACE
Because of the very high complexity of the mechanical effects in substations caused by short-circuit currents, a great number of short-circuit tests have been conducted by many companies. The aim was
to learn about the physical phenomena,
to test installation hardware,
to verify the calculation with Finite-Element or Finite-Differences Programs,
to develop simplified methods for calculation of forces and stresses.
Test results are the only basis for the evaluation and the use of advanced calculation approaches as well
as simplified methods. On the other hand, calculation methods unhide the effects and relations between
different causes and define new test directions which need to be carried out. The importance of tests has
more weight due to the nonlinear character of the phenomena. Any extrapolation or generalisation of
previously obtained results needs further checking.
Evaluation of the structural response due to the short-circuit dynamic loading is one of the aims of studies. Nowadays there is no particular problem in the case of advanced methods but for simplified methods
due to the multifrequency character of the systems, the spectrum density techniques are the most suitable
for describing loadings, and transfer functions are the most compatible description for the response of the
structure. Tests results are the only option to obtain practical data to built up acceptable models of transfer functions for calculation approaches.
In Volume 2 of [1] a data base with reference tests is published. It consists of 18 different cases of arrangements with rigid busbars as well as flexible conductors done in international test laboratories. In this
brochure, the presentation of tests is continued. Results of tests with flexible conductors are described in
eight cases.
three cases concerning arrangements with single and bundled slack conductors,
two cases concerning strain conductors with droppers in midspan
and three cases where only conductor pinch effects are studied.
Tests have been performed in Forschungsgemeinschaft fr Elektrische Anlagen und Stromwirtschaft
FGH, Mannheim (Germany), sterreichische Elektrizittswirtschafts AG, Wien (Austria), Lehrstuhl fr
Elektrische Energieversorgung, Erlangen (Germany), VEIKI Laboratory, Budapest (Hungary).
All reference cases are divided in three parts:
bus-bar geometry
basic data
results
Reference:
[1] CIGRE SC 23-11/IEC TC 73: The mechanical effects of short-circuit currents in open air substations
(Rigid and flexible bus-bars). Volume 2: Data base of reference tests. Paris: CIGRE, 1996.
PART I
1.
CASE 1
l
6
ls
ik
a
4
as
Figure 1.1:
2
5
Test set-up
1
bundle conductor under test
2
post insulator
3
strain gage for measuring the forces at the bottom of the insulator
4
strain gage for measuring the forces on the top of the insulator
5
spacers (in the figure three)
6
flexible connection
l
ls
a
as
k
span length
centre-line distance between spacers
centre-line distance between main-conductors
centre-line distance between sub-conductors
number of spacers
Aim of the tests is to define conditions for as/ds and ls/as where the sub-conductors clash effectively and
the pinch force Fpi becomes not higher than 1,1 Ft; Ft is the swing-out maximum of a single conductor
with the same cross-section and material properties as both sub-conductors.
Basic data
Conductors:
Al 240
ACSR 537/53
cross-section
diameter
mass per
unit length
Young's
modulus
temperature
coefficient
m'
mm2
mm
kg/m
N/mm2
10-6/K
242,5
0,670
20,3
55000
23,0
590
1,937
32
69000
19,8
l = 15 m:
l = 10 m and 7 m:
730 N/mm
630 N/mm
Results
Figure 1.2:
Oscillogram of short-circuit test with twin-bundle l = 15 m, ACSR 537/53,
as = 60 mm, k = 3
1, 6
2, 7
3, 5
8
4, 9
Time traces
Current: Ik = 30 kA; ip = 78,3 kA; tk = 0,6 s
Insulator stresses: in direction (3) of conductor 6,45 kN; at right angles (5) to conductor 1,45 kN; initial static tensile force 2,65 kN
Conductor tensile force: 9,5 kN after 0,1 s
Zero line for curve 3 and for curve 8
The recordings of the tests were stopped a few milliseconds after the end of the short-circuit current flow,
therefore no fall of span is recorded.
At the bottom of the insulator, the strain is measured and an equivalent static load is calculated which acts
on the top of the insulator and leads to the same dynamic stresses. This equivalent static load is given in
the diagrams below as function of the number of spacers. Parameters are the centre-line distance of the
sub-conductors, the short-circuit current and the initial static tensile force.
The tests show, that the tensile force due to pinch effect is not higher than 1,1 Ft if one of the conditions
as/ds 2,0 and ls/as 50
or
as/ds 2,5 and ls/as 70
is fulfilled. In this case, the conductors clash effectively and the pinch force Fpi can be ignored in contrast
to Ft. Ft is the swing-out maximum of an equivalent single conductor. With this, the tensile force at the
top of the insulators is not greater than 1,5 Ft. If the conductors do not clash effectively the forces on the
top can be higher; but its impulse length is short.
a) 10
kN
8
F 4
45 mm; 20 kA; 0,9 ... 1,1 kN
65 mm; 20 kA; 0,9 ... 1,0 kN
100 mm; 20 kA; 1,2 ... 1,3 kN
45 mm; 30 kA; 1,0 ... 1,2 kN
0
0
10
12
b) 10
k
8
4
0
c) 12
10
12
kN
10
8
F
6
4
0
10
12
Figure 1.3:
Short-circuit tensile force F as a function of number of spacers k with 15-m-span
a) Al 240
b) ACSR 537/53, medium static tensile force
c) ACSR 537/53, high static tensile force
a) 10
50 mm; 30 kA; 0,7 ... 0,8 kN
kN
0
0
b) 10
kN
8
4
50 mm; 30 kA; 1,2 ... 1,3 kN
0
0
c) 10
kN
8
4
50 mm; 30 kA; 1,7 ... 1,9 kN
2
0
0
Figure 1.4:
Short-circuit tensile force F as a function of number of spacers k with 10-m-span
with ACSR 537/53
a) Low static tensile force
b) Medium static tensile force
c) High static tensile force
9
10
50 mm; 30 kA; 0,7 ... 0,8 kN
kN
6
F 4
2
0
0
Figure 1.5:
Short-circuit tensile force F as a function of number of spacers k with 7-m-span
with ACSR 537/53
References:
[1] Mathejczyk, M.; Stein, N.: Kurzschluseilzge enggebndelter Doppelseile in Schaltanlagen. etz-a
97(1976), pp 323-328.
[2] Hosemann, G.; Mathejczyk, M.; Stein, N.: Short-circuit forces in single and bundled conductors.
Cigre 23-77 (WG 02) 2 IWD, April 1977.
10
2.
4000
4000
940
940
6
ik
2662
1997
l
a
span length
centre-line distance between main conductors
Basic Data
centre-line distance between main-conductors: a = 4 m
characteristics of the supports:
support 1
support 2
eigenfrequency
spring coefficient
eigenfrequency
spring coefficient
Hz
kN/mm
Hz
kN/mm
l = 15 m
30
2,5
30
2,0
l=4m
30
2,5
28
1,7
= 1,84
Tk = 0,3 s
l = 15 m:
l = 4 m:
( = 55 ms)
1,11 kN/mm
1,01 kN/mm
Reference:
[1] Stein, N.; Herrmann, B.: Kurzschluseilzge in Schaltanlagen. Elektrizittswirtschaft 78 (1979),
179-186.
11
3.
CASE 2
cross section: ACSR 120/20 mm2, ACSR 537/53 mm2 and ACSR 1055/45 mm2, single conductor
Basic data
Conductors:
cross-section
diameter
mass per
unit length
Young's
modulus
temperature
coefficient
m'
A
2
mm
mm
kg/m
N/mm
10-6/K
ACSR 120/20
141,4
20,3
0,670
77000
18,9
ACSR 537/53
590,0
32,0
1,937
69000
19,8
ACSR 1055/45
1100,9
43,18
3,290
60000
18,1
= 1,84
At the bottom of the insulator, the strain is measured and an equivalent static load is calculated for the
maxima which acts on the top of the insulator. This equivalent static load is given in the Figure 3.2 to
Figure 3.5 as function of the ratio :
0 I k2
F 2 a
r=
=
G
mg n
Parameter is the initial static tensile force Fst. The first maximum belongs to the swing out, the second to
the rotation or fall down.
In Figure 3.6, the short-circuit duration is varied. The equivalent static load as well as the short-circuit
tensile force acting on the top of the insulator are shown.
The first maximum of the short-circuit tensile force on the top of the insulator is not greater than 150 %
of the equivalent static load. The second maximum of the short-circuit tensile force is between 80 % and
100 %. In the case of the 4-m-span with ACSR 1055/45, the short-circuit tensile force is much greater
than the equivalent static force: up to 350 % for the first and up to 250 % for the second maximum.
In a lot of tests, the movement of the conductors is recorded with a high-speed camera. The maximum
horizontal displacement is taken from the films and given in the Figure 3.7 to Figure 3.9.
12
Figure 3.1:
13
7
kN
6
2
0,2 kN
0,4 kN
0,6 kN
0,8 kN
0
0
Figure 3.2:
20
kN
16
12
1,0 kN
1,5 kN
0
0
Figure 3.3:
2
r
14
20
kN
16
12
8
1,5 kN
2,0 kN
3,0 kN
4,8 kN
0
0,0
0,4
0,8
1,2
1,6
2,0
2,4
2,8
Figure 3.4:
8
kN
7
6
5
4
F
3
2
0,13 kN
0,45 kN
0,70 kN
1,00 kN
1
0
0,0
0,4
0,8
1,2
1,6
2,0
2,4
2,8
Figure 3.5:
15
12
kN
10
6
F
4
0
0,0
0,1
0,2
Tk
0,3
0,4
0,5
Figure 3.6:
Influence of the short-circuit duration: ACSR 1055/45, l = 15 m, Fst = 2 kN,
Ik = 25 kA
1. Maximum:
short-circuit tensile force
equivalent static load
2. Maximum:
short-circuit tensile force
equivalent static load
0,8
m
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
bh
0,3
0,2
0,2 kN
0,1
0,4 kN
0,6 kN
0,0
0
Figure 3.7:
16
0,8
m
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
b h 0,3
0,2
1,0 kN
1,5 kN
0,1
0,0
0
Figure 3.8:
0,8
m
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
b h 0,3
1,5 kN
0,2
2,0 kN
3,0 kN
0,1
4,8 kN
2,0 kN; 0,1 s
0,0
0,0
0,4
0,8
1,2
1,6
2,0
2,4
2,8
Figure 3.9:
17
4.
CASE 3
cross section: ACSR 537/53 mm2 and ACSR 1055/45 mm2, two and four sub-conductors
Basic data
Conductors:
cross-section
diameter
mass per
unit length
Young's
modulus
temperature
coefficient
m'
mm2
mm
kg/m
N/mm2
10-6/K
ACSR 537/53
590,0
32,0
1,937
69000
19,8
ACSR 1055/45
1100,9
43,18
3,290
60000
18,1
ACSR 537/53
n = 2:
n = 4:
n = 2:
n = 4:
n = 2:
Results
During the movement of the conductor, several maxima of the short-circuit force can be observed as
shown in Figure 4.1. The first maximum occurs a few milliseconds after the initiation of the short-circuit,
the second one at the end of the short-circuit current flow when the conductor swings out from its initial
static position. The third maximum is some hundred milliseconds after the end of the short circuit when
the conductor rotates or at the end of the fall down.
18
a)
scales:
Z1 = 4,7 kN/div;
Z2 = 5,7 kN/div;
scales:
Z1 = 12,3 kN/div;
Z2 = 6,1 kN/div;
b)
a)
b)
Figure 4.2:
The presentation of the results is done in two parts. In the first part, the forces during the movement of the
main conductor are shown, i. e. the second and third maxima in the time history, and afterwards the forces
due to pinch effect in the bundle, which are given by the first maxima.
4.1.
At the bottom of the insulator, the strain is measured and an equivalent static load is calculated for the
maxima which acts on the top of the insulator. This equivalent static load is given in the Figure 4.3 to 4.7
as function of the ratio
0 I k2
F 2 a
r=
=
G n mg n
Parameters are the bundle configuration, span length and the initial static tensile force Fst. The second
maximum (continuous lines) belongs to the swing out, the third (dotted lines) to the rotation or fall down.
The lines connect the test results for better reading.
Because these maxima are nearly independent of the number of spacers, the results are given for the tests
without spacers (k = 0).
The tests show that the equivalent static load Ff during rotation or fall of the span (third maximum) is
always higher than the load Ft during or at the end of the short-circuit current flow (second maximum), as
shown in Figure 4.3 to 4.6, except for the 4-m-span, Figure 4.7.
The second maximum of the short-circuit tensile force in the clamp at the top of the insulator is not
greater than
1,3 Ft in the case 2ACSR 537/53, l = 15 m;
1,1 Ft in all other cases with l = 15 m;
1,7 Ft in the case 2ACSR 537/53, l = 4 m.
The third maximum of the short-circuit tensile force on the top of the insulator is in the range of
0,9 Ff and 1,04 Ff in the case of l = 15 m;
0,95 Ff and 1,2 Ff in the case of l = 4 m and Ik up to 30 kA ; but 1,4 Ff for Ik = 40 kA.
20
In some tests, the movement of the conductors is recorded with a high-speed camera. The maximum horizontal displacement is taken from the films and given in Figure 4.8.
20
kN
16
12
1,3 kN
1,5 kN
2,0 kN
0
0,0
0,4
0,8
1,2
1,6
2,0
2,4
Figure 4.3:
20
kN
16
12
4,0 kN
5,8 kN
0
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
Figure 4.4:
ACSR 537/53, l = 15 m
Equivalent static load: 4
2. Maximum
3. Maximum
21
24
kN
20
16
12
F
8
3,0 kN
4,0 kN
0
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
Figure 4.5:
ACSR 1055/45, l = 15 m
Equivalent static load: 2
2. Maximum
3. Maximum
24
kN
20
16
12
F
8
4
5,8 kN
7,9 kN
0
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
Figure 4.6:
ACSR 1055/45, l = 15 m
Equivalent static load: 4
2. Maximum
3. Maximum
22
8
kN
6
4
F
2
0,5 kN
0
0,0
0,4
0,8
1,2
1,6
2,0
2,4
Figure 4.7:
ACSR 1055/45, l = 4 m
Equivalent static load: 2
2. Maximum
3. Maximum
0,8
m
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
b h 0,3
0,2
2 x 537/53; 2,0 kN
4 x 537/53; 4,0 kN
0,1
2 x 1055/45; 3,0 kN
4 x 1055/45; 7,8 kN
0,0
0,0
0,4
0,8
1,2
1,6
2,0
2,4
Figure 4.8:
4.2.
The equivalent static loads Fpi caused by pinch effects represented by the first maximum in the time scale
history are shown in Figure 4.9 to 4.12 as functions of the number of spacers k for the 15-m-span. Parameters are the bundle configuration, the short-circuit current and the static tensile force. The test results
are connected by continuous lines for better reading.
23
Because the equivalent static load Ft during swing out is lower than the load due to rotation or fall of
span, the latter one is also given in the figures, connected by dotted lines.
The figures point out:
The first maximum Fpi can exceed the third maximum Ff if r < 0,6; more spacers promote this.
If k = 0 or 1 and with the highest current Ik = 40 kA, Ff is always decisive.
This is also true for Ik = 30 kA. Except 2ACSR 1055/45 with low static tensile force and n = 0
where Fpi and Ff are almost equal.
Due to the 100-Hz-component in the time scale, Figure 4.1, the tensile forces in the clamp at the top of
the insulator during the first maximum can be
up to 3,8 Fpi with 2ACSR 537/53; up to 1,8 Fpi with 4ACSR 537/53;
up to 2,5 Fpi with 2ACSR 1055/45; up to 2,0 Fpi with 4ACSR 1055/45.
Compared to the equivalent static force caused by the third maximum in the time scale, the tensile forces
in the clamp at the top of the insulator during the first maximum can be
up to 1,6 Ff with 2ACSR 537/53; up to 1,5 Ff with 4ACSR 537/53;
up to 1,3 Ff with 2ACSR 1055/45; up to 1,9 Ff with 4ACSR 1055/45
for Ik = 30 kA, 40 kA and usually used n = 1, 2. As the impulse length of the first maximum is very short,
the rating of the clamp should not be based on this.
a)
b)
16
16
kN
kN
12
12
0
0
Figure 4.9:
ACSR 537/53, l = 15 m, as = 60 mm
Equivalent static load: 2
b) Fst = 2 kN
a) Fst = 1,5 kN
1. Maximum
3. Maximum
" 40 kA
! 20 kA
30 kA
24
a)
b)
24
24
kN
kN
20
20
16
16
12
12
F
F
8
0
0
ACSR 537/53, l = 15 m, as = 60 mm
Figure 4.10: Equivalent static load: 4
b) Fst = 6 kN
a) Fst = 4 kN
1. Maximum
3. Maximum
! 20 kA
30 kA
" 40 kA
a)
b)
20
20
kN
kN
16
16
12
12
F 8
F 8
0
0
1
k
1
k
ACSR 1055/45, l = 15 m, as = 80 mm
Figure 4.11: Equivalent static load: 2
b) Fst = 4 kN
a) Fst = 3 kN
1. Maximum
3. Maximum
! 20 kA
30 kA
" 40 kA
25
a)
b)
20
20
kN
kN
16
16
12
12
F 8
0
0
1
k
26
PART II
27
5.
b)
b)
28
Basic data
2
ACSR 537/53
cross-section
diameter
mass per
unit length
Young's
modulus
temperature
coefficient
m'
mm2
mm
kg/m
N/mm2
10-6/K
590
32
1,937
69000
19,8
case
height of
conductor anchoring
spring coefficient
support
eigenfrequency
crossarm
complete support
kN/mm
kN/mm
Hz
Hz
Hz
Hz
100 kV
8,22
1,551
1,229
9,0
8,3
4,6
3,5
400 kV
11,22
1,223
1,086
9,5
9,0
4,3
3,0
29
eigenfrequency
kN/mm
kN/mm
Hz
Hz
left
1,58
1,59
26,1
26,0
right
1,51
1,50
25,8
26,3
left
0,38
0,37
13,0
13,0
right
0,38
0,37
12,8
13,2
*) complete including measuring device and clamp, total mass of both: 26,7 kg
References:
[1] Stein, N.; Meyer, W.; Miri, A.M.: High Voltage Substation Stranded Conductor Buses with and
without Droppers Tests and Calculation of Short-Circuit Constraints and Behaviour. 8th International Symposium on Short-Circuit Currents in Power Systems, Brussels, Belgium, 8.-10. October
1998, Proceedings pp 115-121
[2]
Stein, N.; Miri, A.M.; Meyer, W.: 400 kV Substation Stranded Conductor Buses Tests and Calculations of ShortCircuit Constraints and Behaviour, 7th International Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment OPTIM 2000, Brasov (Romania), 11.12. May 2000;
Proceedings pp 251-257
[3]
Stein, N.; Meyer, W.; Miri, A.M.: Tests and Calculation of Short-Circuit Forces and Displacements
in High Voltage Substations with Strained Conductors and Droppers. ETEP 10 (2000) No. 3 , pp
131138
[4]
Stein, N.; Meyer, W.; Miri, A.M.: High Voltage Substations with Stranded Conductors and Droppers - Tests and Calculations of Short-Circuit Constraints and Behaviour. 9th International Symposium on Short-Circuit Currents in Power Systems, Cracow (Poland), 11.-13. October 2000, Proceedings pp 221-228
30
6.
CASE 4
Table 6.1:
Test parameters
test arrangement
span
40 m 1 x ACSR 537/53
droppers
1 x ACSR 537/53
without
4
3,2
dropper length / m
current path
A
20
0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5
Ik
t
28,3 k 0,1/ 0,2/ 0,3/ 0,5/ 1,0
kA
s
0,1/ 0,2/ 0,3/ 0,5/ 1,0
40
test arrangement
4
1,6
dropper length / m
current path
20
Ik
t
28,3 k
kA
s
40
5,045
C
0.1 / 0.3
0,1 / 0,3
0,3 / 0,5 / 1,0
3,2
4
3,2
6,045
C
0,1 / 0,3
0,1 / 0,3
0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5
40 m 1 x ACSR 537/53
droppers
4
1 x ACSR 537/53
6,045
B
0,1 / 0,3
0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5
0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5
span
a=2m
3,2
3,2
1,6
1,6
5,045
B
0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5
0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5
0,1 / 0,3
3,2
5,045 / 6,045
B
0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5
0,1 / 0,3
0,1 / 0,3
4
1,6
1,6
current path:
a=2m
1,6
5,045
C
0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5
0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5
0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5
Figure 6.1 & Figure 6.2 show oscillograms of the forces for variants 6 (current path B) and 5 (current
path C). For current path variants A, B and C, Figure 6.3 to 6.11 give the measured forces, minimum air
clearances and maximum horizontal displacements over the respective values of short-circuit duration.
The mean values are connected by straight lines only for better readability.
31
Results
1
Figure 6.1:
Figure 6.2:
33
Figure 6.3:
Short-circuit tensile force Ft and drop force Ff
a) Case A
b) Case B
c) Case C
34
Figure 6.4:
Minimum air clearance dmin
a) Cases A and B
b) Case C
Figure 6.5:
Maximum horizontal displacement bh
a) Cases A and B
b) Case C
35
a) 500
caused by:
swing out
drop
kN
400
300
40 kA
F T 200
28,3 kA
100
20 kA
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,3
0,4
0,5
b) 500
kN
400
300
40 kA
F T 200
28,3 kA
100
20 kA
0
0
c) 300
kN
200
40 kA
F T 100
28,3 kA
20 kA
0
0
0,1
0,2
tk
Figure 6.6:
Forces FT at the bottom of the support struture N (MAFU1 and MAFU2)
a) Case A
b) Case B
c) Case C
36
a) 8
kN
6
Fz
4
F ds
F xy
40 kA
2
F xy
28,3 kA
20 kA
0
0
Fz
0,1
F xy
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,3
0,4
0,5
b) 6
kN
F ds
40 kA
28,3 kA
F xy
F xy
20 kA
F xy F z
0
0,0
0,1
Fz
0,2
tk
Figure 6.7:
Forces Fds at the top of the supporting structure : Fxy horizontal, Fz vertical
a) Case B
b) Case C
37
a)
6
FS
kN
4
F Bs
40 kA
FI
FS
2
28,3 kA
20 kA
0
0
FI
FS
0,1
FI
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,3
0,4
0,5
b) 6
kN
FI
F Bs
40 kA
28,3 kA
20 kA
FS
FI
FS
FI
FS
0
0
0,1
0,2
Figure 6.8:
38
insulator, Fz
steel sup-
a) 30
kN
20
F dt
10
40 kA
28,3 kA
20 kA
0
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,3
0,4
0,5
b) 20
kN
10
40 kA
F dt
28,3 kA
20 kA
0
0,0
0,1
0,2
tk
Figure 6.9:
Forces Fdt in the clamp at the upper end of the dropper
a) Case B
b) Case C
39
a)
1,5
m
1,0
20 kA
28,3 kA
d dmin
0,5
40 kA
0,0
0,0
b)
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
1,5
m
1,0
d dmin
0,5
20 kA
28,3 kA
40 kA
0,0
0,0
tk
40
a)
2,0
m
40 kA
1,5
28,3 kA
1,0
b dh
20 kA
0,5
0,0
0,0
b)
0,1
0,2
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,3
0,4
0,5
2,0
m
1,5
40 kA
1,0
28,3 kA
20 kA
b dh
0,5
0,0
0,0
tk
41
7.
CASE 5
Table 7.1:
Test parameters
test arrangement
span
40 m 2 x ACSR 537/53
droppers
1 x ACSR 537/53
a = 3 m as = 60 mm
without
7
7
3.2
dropper length / m
current path
20
Ik
t
28,3 k
kA
s
40
7
3.2
A
0,5
0,1/ 0,3/ 0,5
0,1/ 0,3/ 0,5
9,145
B
1,0
0,3 / 0,5 / 1,0
0,3 / 0,5 / 1,0
11
12
test arrangement
span
10
40 m 2 x ACSR 537/53 a = 3 m as = 60 mm
droppers
1 x ACSR 537/53
7
3.2
3.2
9,145
C
0,3 / 1,0
0,3 / 0,5 / 1,0
0,1 / 0,3 / 0,5
current path:
A
B
7
7
5.6
7
5.6
7
5.6
5.6
dropper length / m
10,545
10,545
current path
B
C
20
0,1 / 0,2 / 0,3 / 0,5 / 1,0 0,1 / 0,2 / 0,3 / 0,5 / 1,0
Ik
t
28,3 k 0,1 / 0,2 / 0,3 / 0,5 / 1,0
0,1 / 0,2 / 0,3 / 0,5
kA
s
0,1 / 0,2 / 0,3 / 0,5
0,1 / 0,2 / 0,3 / 0,5
40
Figure 7.1 & Figure 7.2 show oscillograms of the forces for 9 variants (current path B) and 10 (current
path C). For current path variants A, B and C, Figure 7.3 to 7.5 give the measured forces, minimum air
clearances and maximum horizontal displacements over the respective values of short-circuit duration.
The mean values are connected by straight lines only for better readability.
42
Results
1
9
Figure 7.1:
1 short-circuit current
2 force at the anchoring point of the main conductor
3 force at the bottom of the steel support (MAFU2)
4 force in the clamp at the upper end of the dropper
5 horizontal force at the top of the supporting insulator
6
7
8
9
43
4
5
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Figure 7.2:
45
a) 50
kN
40 kA
40
Ff
Ft
30
Ff
Ff
Ft
Ft
28,3 kA
F 20
20 kA
10
0
b) 50
kN
40
40 kA
30
Ff
Ft
Ff
20 kA
F 20
Ff
Ft
Ft
28,3 kA
10
0
c) 40
kN
Ft
30
Ff
20 kA
20
F
40 kA
Ff
Ft
28,3 kA
10
0
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 s 1,0
tk
Figure 7.3:
Short-circuit tensile force Ft and drop force Ff
a) Case A
b) Case B
c) Case C
46
a) 3,0
m
2,5
20 kA A
28,3 kA
2,0
40 kA
1,5
d min 1,0
0,5
0,0
b) 3,0
m
2,5
20 kA
28,3 kA
40 kA
2,0
1,5
d min 1,0
0,5
0,0
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 s 1,0
tk
Figure 7.4:
Minimum air clearance dmin
a) Cases A and B
b) Case C
a)
1,00
A
m
0,75
40 kA
B
A
0,50
28,3 kA
bh
0,25
A
20 kA
B
0,00
b)
0,75
m
0,50
b h 0,25
40 kA
28,3 kA
20 kA
0,00
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 s 1,0
tk
Figure 7.5:
Maximum horizontal displacement bh
a) Case A and B
b) Case C
47
PART III
48
8.
CASE 6
Bus-Bar Geometry
2
3
i/2
P1
as
ls
P2
as
Figure 8.1:
1
2
3
4
5
l
ls
D
as
k
Test set-up
bundle conductor under test
wall
insulator
strain gage for measuring the forces
spacers
span length
centre-line distance between spacers
centre-line distance between return conductors
centre-line distance between subconductors
number of spacers
49
D = 2200 mm
(D = 3600 mm
if as = 800 mm)
as
as
i/2
Basic data
Conductors:
cross-section
ACSR 537/53
diameter
mass per
unit length
Young's
modulus
temperature
coefficient
m'
mm2
mm
kg/m
N/mm2
10-6/K
590
1,937
32
69000
19,8
Reference:
[1] Wagner, E.: Dauer- und Kurzschlubeanspruchung von Bndelleitern in Hochspannungsschaltanlagen. sterreichische Zeitschrift der Elektrotechnik 18(1965), 18-25.
50
Results
4
kN
kN
a s = 35 mm
8 kA
11,5 kA
15 kA
21,5 kA
1
0
0
a s = 45 mm
11,5 kA
15 kA
21,5 kA
1
0
0
10 m 12
10 m 12
ls
ls
6
a s = 60 mm
kN
5
a s = 85 mm
kN
5
3
F
2
4 kA
8 kA
11,5 kA
15 kA
21,5 kA
1
0
0
4 kA
8 kA
11,5 kA
15 kA
21,5 kA
1
0
0
10 m 12
10 m 12
ls
ls
6
a s = 200 mm
kN
5
a s = 800 mm
kN
5
3
F
2
8 kA
11,5 kA
15 kA
21,5 kA
1
0
0
15 kA
21,5 kA
0
0
10 m 12
10 m 12
ls
ls
Figure 8.2:
Short-circuit tensile force F in the bundle as a function of distance between spacers
ls for different sub-conductor distances as
51
9.
CASE 7
Figure 9.1:
a)
b)
b)
Test set-up
Total view
1
tower with bundle; steel frame for fixing the bundle, service frame, height: 10 m
2
house with transformer and a reactor as compensator
3
control center
Close twin bundle
ACSR 605/70 mm2; Fst = 2 kN; Ik = 10,6 kA; one spacer
The arrangement was built up for measuring only the pinch effect. The tested bundles are in vertical position to eliminate the influence of changes in sag. The short-circuit current flows through the bundle and
back through four conductors situated in the corners of a quadrate. With this the return current does not
induce electromagnetic field inside the quadrate and does not influence the movement of the bundle conductors.
The upper clamp is fixed on a steel frame. The tensile forces are measured at the lower clamp. The static
tensile force is adjusted using a turnbuckle.
52
Basic data
Conductors:
cross-section
diameter
mass per
unit length
Young's
modulus
temperature
coefficient
m'
mm2
mm
kg/m
N/mm2
10-6/K
ACSR 340/30
369
25
1,174
62000
20,5
ACSR 605/70
680
33
2,22
68000
19,4
stiffness:
frequency:
6 kN/mm
87 Hz
Figure 9.2:
Oscillograms. ACSR 605/70 mm2; sub-conductor distance as = 115 mm; Fst =1,15kN;
Ik=10,2kA; three spacers
a) current
b) tensile force
53
The measured maximum forces F are represented in the figures 3 and 4 related on the static tensile forces
F/Fst for the two types of conductors and different short-circuit currents and static tensile forces.
a)
b)
3
F
F st 2
3
F
F st 2
c)
0
0
12
11
10
9
8
7
F 6
F st
5
4
3
2
1
0
Figure 9.3:
0,6 kN
1,0 kN
5,2 kN
9,8 kN
54
2,1 kN
b)
a)
F
F st
3
F
F st 2
4
3
2
1
0
0
c)
7
6
5
F
F st
4
3
2
1
0
Figure 9.4:
10,1 kN
5,1 kN
References:
[1] Kieling, G.: Kurzschlukrfte bei Zweierbndeln Messungen und analytische Lsung mit dem
Parabelmodell. etzArchiv 10 (1988), 53-60.
[2] Kieling. G.: Die dynamische Kurzschlubeanspruchung von Seilanlagen Analytische und numerische Berechnungsverfahren. Dissertation Universitt Erlangen-Nrnberg, 1988.
55
10.
CASE 8
10.1. INTRODUCTION
IMPORTANT REMARK
10.2. CONFIGURATION
CHARACTERISTICS (TWIN HORIZONTAL BUNDLE)
Span length
60 m (subspan length
detailed case by case)
$ Sub conductor type ACSR CONDOR (455
mm, = 27.7 mm,1.52 kg/m, UTS 125 kN)
$ Spacing
0.457 m
$ Current
35 kA (90 kA peak) ,
Time constant 33 ms
48 kA (122 kA peak)
$ Duration
0.17 to 0.2 s, one case
1s.
$ Sagging tension
15, 25 or 35 kN
$ Tension is given for one subconductor
$ All cases one phase fault, return path on the
ground
30
25
Configuration
One subspan 60 m
Exact tension/subconductor:
13 kN
Short-circuit level: (rms/peak) 35/90 kA
Duration:
0.18 s
Tension (kN)
20
15
10
1000
500
0
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
time (s)
0
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
-500
-1000
19
17
-1500
15
Tension (kN)
time (s)
13
11
Configuration :
60
m
5
0
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
0,14
0,16
0,18
0,2
time (s)
3000
measurement
Sagging tension 15 kN - 35/90 kA
4000
2000
1000
3000
-1000
2000
-2000
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
time (s)
subspan length 60 m
1000
0
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
-1000
-2000
time (s)
subspan length 60 m
57
0,14
0,16
0,18
0,2
30
25
Configuration
One subspan 30 m
Exact tension/subconductor:
13 kN
Short-circuit level:
35/90 kA
Duration:
0.17s
Tension (kN)
20
15
10
500
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
Current (uncalibrated)
time (s)
0
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
-500
-1000
25
-1500
time (s)
20
Configuration :
Ten
sio
n
(kN
) 15
30 m
10
0
0
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
0,14
0,16
0,18
0,2
time (s)
measurement
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
2000
1000
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
-1000
0
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,2
1,4
-2000
-1000
time (s)
subspan length 60 m
-2000
-3000
time (s)
subspan length 30 m
58
0,14
0,16
0,18
0,2
33
31
Configuration
One subspan 60 m
Exact tension/subconductor:
25 kN
Short-circuit level:
35/90 kA
Duration:
0.16 s
29
Tension (kN)
27
25
23
21
1000
19
500
17
15
Current (uncalibrated)
0
0
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,2
1,4
time (s)
-500
-1000
33
31
-2000
time (s)
29
Configuration :
27
Tension (kN)
60
m
25
23
21
19
17
measurement
15
0
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
0,14
0,16
0,18
0,2
time (s)
6000
6000
4000
2000
4000
2000
0
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,2
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
1,4
-2000
-2000
-4000
-4000
time (s)
time(s)
subspan length 60 m
subspanlength60m
59
0,14
0,16
0,18
0,2
Saggingtension25kN- 35/90kA
38
36
Configuration
One subspan
30 m
Exact tension/subconductor:
25 kN
Short-circuit level:
35/90 kA
Duration:
0.16 s
34
Tension (kN)
32
Current (uncalibrated)
100
30
28
26
80
24
60
22
20
40
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,2
1,4
1,6
time(s)
20
0
0
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
0,14
0,16
0,18
0,2
-20
-40
8000
-60
time (s)
Configuration :
6000
30 m
4000
2000
0
0
measurement
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
-2000
-4000
time(s)
8000
subspanlength30m
6000
4000
2000
0
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,2
1,4
1,6
-2000
-4000
time (s)
subspan length 30 m
60
0,14
0,16
0,18
0,2
40
38
Tension (kN)
$
$
$
$
42
36
34
1000
32
500
Current (uncalibrated)
30
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,2
1,4
time (s)
0
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
0,14
0,16
0,18
0,2
-500
7000
6000
-1500
5000
time (s)
4000
Co
m
pr 3000
es
si
ve 2000
lo
ad
s 1000
(N
Configuration :
60
m
0
0
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
0,14
0,16
0,18
0,2
-1000
-2000
-3000
measurement
time(s)
subspan length 60 m
40
5000
38
3000
Tension (kN)
4000
2000
36
1000
34
0
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,2
1,4
-1000
32
-2000
-3000
30
time(s)
0
subspan length 60 m
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
time (s)
61
0,12
0,14
0,16
0,18
0,2
tion :
45
Configuration
One subspan
30 m
Exact tension/subconductor:
33 kN
Short-circuit level:
35/90 kA
Duration:
0.19 s
40
Tension (kN)
$
$
$
$
Saggingtension35kN-30/90kA
35
30
Current (uncalibrated)
500
25
0
0
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
0,14
0,16
0,18
0,2
20
-500
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,2
1,4
time(s)
-1000
Saggingtension35kN- 30/90kA
7000
-1500
time (s)
6000
Configuration :
5000
4000
Compressive loads (N)
30 m
3000
2000
1000
0
0
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
0,14
0,16
0,18
0,2
0,16
0,18
0,2
-1000
measurement
-2000
-3000
time(s)
subspanlength30m
7000
45
6000
5000
3000
Tension (kN)
40
4000
2000
1000
35
30
0
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,2
1,4
-1000
25
-2000
-3000
20
time (s)
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
time (s)
subspan length 30 m
62
0,12
0,14
100
80
Configuration
One subspan
10 m
Exact tension/subconductor:
24 kN
Short-circuit level:
35/90 kA
Duration:
0.17 s
Current (uncalibrated)
60
40
20
Series1
0
0
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
0,14
0,16
0,18
0,2
-20
-40
-60
tiem (s)
Configuration :
10 m
measurement
Zoom on spacer compression and tension time
evolution :
50
5000
40
0
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
Tension (kN)
10000
1,2
30
-5000
20
-10000
10
time (s)
subspan length 10 m
0
0
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
0,14
0,16
0,18
0,2
0,16
0,18
time (s)
60
50
10000
Tension (kN)
40
30
20
5000
0
0
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
10
-5000
0
-0,2
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
-10000
time (s)
time (s)
subspan length 10 m
63
0,14
0,2
Configuration
One subspan 30 m
Exact tension/subconductor:
25 kN
Short-circuit level:
48/ 122 kA
Duration:
1. S
40
Tension (kN)
35
30
150
25
100
20
Current (calibrated)
-0,1
0,1
0,3
0,5
0,7
0,9
1,1
1,3
1,5
time (s)
50
Series1
0
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
-50
40
-100
time (s)
35
Tension (kN)
30
25
15000
20
10000
-0,1
-0,05
0,05
0,1
0,15
0,2
time (s)
Series1
5000
0
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,2
1,4
15000
-5000
-10000
time(s)
subspanlength 30 m
10000
5000
0
0
0,02
0,04
0,06
0,08
0,1
0,12
-5000
-10000
time(s)
subspanlength30m
Configuration :
30 m
30 m
measurement
64
0,14
0,16
0,18
0,2
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