Research Methodology

Lecture No :15
(Sampling Design / Probability vs Non probility)

Recap
Sampling is the process of selecting the right
individuals
Sample is used to represent the whole data or
population
Sampling process include defining population,
sample frame, sampling design, sample size
and sampling process

Lecture Objectives

Differentiate between probability and non

probability sampling
Learn about the types of probability sampling, its
advantages and disadvantages
Learn about the types of non probability sampling,
its advantages and disadvantages
Issues relevant to sample design and collection

Probability Sampling
Unrestricted or simple random sampling
Technique which ensures that each element in
the population has an equal chance of being
selected for the sample.
The simple random sampling is the least bias and
offer the most generalizability.

Probability Sampling
The major advantage
sampling is its simplicity.

of

The
sampling
process
cumbersome and expensive.

simple

random

could

become

Example: Choosing raffle tickets from a drum,

computer-generated selections, random-digit
telephone dialing.

Simple random sampling

Probability Sampling
Restricted or complex probability sampling:
It is an alternate to simple random sampling
design, several complex probability sampling
designs can be used.
Efficiency is improved in that more information
can be obtained for a given sample size using the
complex probability sampling procedures.

Probability Sampling
The most common complex probability sampling
design
1.Systematic sampling
2.Stratified sampling
3.Cluster sampling
1.

Area sampling

4.Double sampling

Probability Sampling
Systematic Sampling:
Technique in which an initial starting point is
selected by a random process, after which every
nth number on the list is selected to constitute part
of the sample.

 Sampling interval (SI) = population list size (N)

divided by a pre-determined sample size (n)
How to draw:
1) calculate SI, say (200/20)=10
2) select a number between 1 and SI randomly, i.e. 1-10

3) go to this number as the starting point and the item on the list
here is the first in the sample, e.g 3
4) add SI to the position number of this item and the new
position will be the second sampled item, e.g 3+10=13
5) continue this process until desired sample size is reached.

 For systematic sampling to work best, the list

should be random in nature and not have some
underlying systematic pattern.
E.g: Office directory with the Senior Manager,
Middle manager .names are listed in each
department. This can create as systematic
problem

Probability Sampling
Stratified Sampling:
Technique in which simple random subsamples
are drawn from within different strata that share
some common characteristic. Within the group
they are homogenous and among the group they
are heterogeneous.

Probability Sampling
Stratified Sampling
Example: The student body of CIIT is divided into
two groups (management science, engineering)
and from each group, students are selected for a
sample using simple random sampling in each of
the two groups, whereby the size of the sample for
each group is determined by that groups overall
strength.

Probability Sampling
Cluster Sampling
Technique in which the target population is first
divided into clusters. Then, a random sample of
clusters is drawn and for each selected cluster
either all the elements or a sample of elements are
included in the sample.
Cluster samples offer more heterogeneity within
groups and more homogeneity among groups

Probability Sampling
Area sampling
Specific type of cluster sampling in which clusters
consist of geographic areas such as counties, city
blocks, or particular boundaries within a locality.
Area sampling is less expensive than most other
sampling designs and it is not dependent on
sampling frame.
Key motivation in cluster sampling is cost
reduction.

Probability Sampling
Area sampling
Example: A city map showing the blocks of the city
is adequate information to allow the researcher to
take a sample of the blocks and obtain data from
the resident therein.
Example: If you wanted to survey the residents of
the city, you would get a city map, take a sample
of city blocks and select respondents within each
city block.

Probability Sampling
Single stage and multistage cluster sampling
Single stage cluster sampling involves the division
of population into convenient clusters, randomly
choosing the required number of clusters as
sample subjects, and investigating all the elements
in each of the randomly chosen clusters
Cluster sampling can also be done in several
stages and is then known as multistage cluster
sampling.

Probability Sampling
Example: If we were to do a national survey of the
average monthly bank deposits, cluster sampling
would be used to select the urban, semi urban and
rural geographical location for study. At the next
stage particular areas in each of these locations
would be chosen. At the third stage, banks within
each area would be chosen.
Example:

Probability Sampling
Double sampling:
A sampling design where initially a sample is used
in a study to collect some preliminary information
of interest, and later a subsample of this primary
sample is use to examine the matter in more
detail.

Probability Sampling
Double sampling
Example: A structured interview might indicate that
a subgroup of respondents has more insight into
the problems of the organization. These
respondents might be interviewed again and again
and asked additional questions.

Non-Probability Sampling
Convenience Sampling:
Sampling technique which selects those sampling
units most conveniently available at a certain point
in, or over a period, of time.

Non-Probability Sampling
Convenience Sampling:
Major advantages of convenience sampling is that
is quick, convenient and economical; a major
disadvantage is that the sample may not be
representative.
Convenience sampling is best used for the
purpose
of
exploratory
research
and
supplemented subsequently with probability
sampling.

Non-Probability Sampling
Judgment (purposive) Sampling:
Sampling technique in which the business
researcher selects the sample based on judgment
about some appropriate characteristic of the
sample members.
Example: Selection of certain students who are
active in the university activities to inquire about
the sports and recreation facilities at the university.

Recap
Simple random sampling and restricted
sampling are two basic types of probability
sampling.
Probability ( Simple Random, Systematic,
Cluster,
Single
stage/multistage,
Double
sampling)
Non Probability (Convenience, judgment)

Research Methodology

Lecture No : 22
Introduction to SPSS

Recap
Questionnaire checking involves eliminating
unacceptable questionnaires.
Editing looks to correct illegible, incomplete,
inconsistent and ambiguous answers.
Coding typically assigns numeric codes to
answers that do not already have them so that
statistical techniques can be applied.
Some times we need to treat the missing
values.

Recap Cont.
Cleaning reviews data for consistencies.
Inconsistencies may arise from faulty logic, out
of range or extreme values.
Statistical adjustments applies to data that
requires weighting and scale transformations.

objective
How to use SPSS for Data entry
Defining variables
Assigning them values
Assigning sizes and constraints
Data entry using data from coded Questionnaires

How to generate simple descriptive

summaries

Job
Satisfaction

Intention to
Leave

Research Methodology

Lecture No :27
(Sample Research Project Using SPSS Part -A)

Recap
Hypothesis testing the
relationship/Association
Correlations
Regression

Objective
Develop a research project from the start
Problem definition
Importance of research
Gap
Research objective/ questions
Introduction and Literature review
Theoretical framework
Methodology

Apply SPSS for Data Analysis

Research Area and Problem

Knowledge
Projects Knowledge
Senior Project Manager do not share their
knowledge

Importance of the issue

Experienced project managers can pass on their
knowledge to their juniors which allow them to
become better project managers.
Training costs in millions and yet the area
focused is seldom achieved but with senior
project managers can deliver knowledge which is
very pertinent to your customer and your
organization.
Organization can gain efficiency and have higher
success rate , etc..

Gap
A number of researcher have conducted research
to find the antecedents to knowledge sharing (ref
ref ..ref..)
Among them some also have explored the
knowledge sharing from the cognitive level (ref
., ref ..)
But just one has studied knowledge sharing from
the project management aspect and
recommends that more research is needed (ref
.)

Introduction

What is knowledge
What is a project
Role of Project manager
Specifics of project experience
Behavior and Intentions
Intentions formation
Theory of Reasoned Action

Theory of Reasoned Action

Attitude towards sharing

PROJECT knowledge
Intention to share
PROJECT knowledge
Subjective Norm for
sharing PROJECT
knowledge
(Normative Belief &
Motivation to Comply)

 Intentions are influenced by attitude and

subjective norms
The subjective norms concept is
operationalized to have 2 sub dimensions
Norms Belief
Motivation to Comply

Literature Review
Knowledge sharing can be defined as a process of
conveying knowledge from a person to another and also to
collect shared knowledge through information and
technology (Hwie Seo et al., 2003)..
Riege (2005) lists three dozen of these barriers which need
to be addressed in order to implement a knowledge
management strategy. One way to understand the effect of
these barriers is through the Theory of Reasoned Action
(TRA). TRA helps us understand the cognitive process of
formation of intentions and it has been successfully used in
numerous studies to understand intentions and predict
behavior (Sheppard et al., 1998)
One study by tried to study the .knowledge sharing of
projects .. and recommended more to be conducted..

Objectives of Research/ Research

Questions
To develop a better understanding as to how knowledge
sharing behavior is formed IN THE PROJECT MANGERS.

Through the cognitive (mental)process of intentions formation

Through studying intention difference between different
demographic variables

To what extent does attitude influence intentions for

sharing of project knowledge ?
To what extent does subjective norms influence intentions
for sharing of project knowledge ?
Does attitude for project knowledge mediates the
relationship between subjective norm and intentions ?
Is there a difference between the intentions to share
project knowledge and the gender?

Theoretical Framework
The attitude towards a specific action will lead to formation
of intentions , which will lead to the behavior ..
Knowledge sharing is one such act , if you have attitude
towards sharing then you would also show intent to share.
The norms influences the behavior, individual get
influenced by the people around them specially the people
who they consider important. If the norms of the important
people is to share then and then individuals are influenced
by that but it also important that to note that individuals
motivation to comply with the norm is also important ins
determining the effect norms in an organization

 So we theorize that the attitude for sharing ones

knowledge on certain ( types )projects would lead to
formation intentions to share that knowledge and
ultimately it would lead to actual sharing.
So we theorize that the norms for sharing ones
knowledge on certain (types) projects in an
organization by the important people would lead to
formation of intentions to share provided the
individual also have motivation to comply to the
norms.
Norms have direct impact on intentions and also
indirect impact through attitude as well

Schematic Diagram
Attitude
towards
sharing
project
knowledge
Subjective
Norm for
sharing projects
knowledge

Normative Belief

Motivation to
Comply

position
Nature

Intention to
share project
knowledge

Hypotheses

H1: The higher the attitude towards projects knowledge sharing the
higher the intentions to share PROJECT knowledge.

H2: The higher the subjective norm of projects knowledge sharing the
higher the intentions to share projects knowledge.

H3: The higher the subjective norm the higher the attitude to share
projects knowledge

H4: The attitude mediates the relationship between subjective norm and
intentions
H5: The women have higher level of sharing their knowledge about
projects then men
H6: The project managers permanent /temporary positions at the
company would moderate the relationship between attitude and
intentions

Methods
Population : Senior I.T project managers in the 150
software house of Islamabad.
Sample: Randomly select 50 companies and approach
around 150 senior managers to be part of the study.
A 5-point Likert scale anchored by strongly disagree (1) to
strongly agree (5) is used. It is ensured that not more
than 3 responses per firms are obtained.
Data collection: Adapted Questionnaire from (ref )
personally administered or Mailed
Feel of data ( Descriptive Analysis- Mean, Percentage)
Goodness of Data (Reliability and Validity-Cron Bach,
Factor Analysis)
Group Difference ( Independent sample T test)
Inferential Statistics : Correlations and Regression Analysis

Instrument

Attitude Towards PROJECT Knowledge Sharing [Adapted from Bock et al(2005)]

To me, sharing PROJECT knowledge with my co-workers is harmful..
To me, sharing PROJECT knowledge with my co-workers is good...
To me, sharing PROJECT knowledge with my co-workers is pleasant.
To me, sharing PROJECT knowledge with my co-workers is worthless...
To me, sharing PROJECT knowledge with my co-workers is wise
Affect of Subjective Norm Towards PROJECT Knowledge sharing [Adapted from Bock et al(2005)]
My CEO/Head of organization thinks I should share PROJECT knowledge with my coworkers
My Boss thinks I should share PROJECT knowledge with my co-worker
My colleagues thinks I should share PROJECT knowledge with my co-workers.
Generally Speaking, I accept and carry out my CEOs policy and intentions
Generally Speaking, I accept and carry out my Boss decision even though it is different form mine .....................................
Generally Speaking, I respect and put in practice my colleagues decisions

Intentions to Share PROJECT Knowledge [Adapted from Bock et al (2005)]

If given opportunity, I would share PROJECT knowledge with my co-workers
If given opportunity, I would share my work experience with my coworkers..
If given opportunity, I would share know-how or ticks of the trade
with my co-workers.
If given opportunity, I would share expertise from education
Or training with my coworkers..
If given opportunity, I would share know-why knowledge from work with my
coworkers...

Demographic: Please provide some personal Information

1. Your gender: Male Female
2. Your age? ____ (in years)
3. Your level of your education? FA/FSc Diploma Bachelor Masters PhD
4-Nature of your Job : Software Development/Support Networking Other( Specify)____________
5- Your Name: ______________________(* optional)
6- Your Organization:__________________(*optional)
7- Your e-mail : ____________________ ( Interested in receiving the results of this study) Yes No
8- How long have you been working in Information Technology Industry?
less than 1 year 1-3 years
4-6 years over 6 years
9-. How long have you been working with this organization?
less than 1 year 1-3 years
4-6 years
over 6 years
10- Your Position at the company is permanent of contractual
Permanent Contractual

Research Methodology

Lecture No :30
(Research Output Discussions and Report Format)

Objectives
Findings and Discussion section of the research
Research Report Layout

 Two research articles and their findings would

be discussed.
These article have already been partially
covered
Now the focus is on the Results/Findings
section, conclusion and recommendation
sections.

Research Report Layout

Title
Introduction
A brief literature review
Research Questions
Theoretical Framework
Hypothesis
Method section
Study Design (cross sectional , )
Population and Sample

 Variables and measures

Their reliability and Validity
Data Collection

Data Analysis
Discussion of Results
Recommendations