Anglo-Saxons = English speaking world

(UK, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand)

BE - British English
AE - American English
- became recognised as a parallel version of English aprox. 20 years ago
- before it was considered to be a version of BE
America 1st settlers Colony
Australia settlers were convicts and criminals
Anglo-Saxons world is related to English people
Anglo-Saxons tribes = Anglo-Saxon & Jutes
Celtics Welsh, Irish & Scottish
Germanic tribes that came from Europe (today's Germany and Denmark) and brought their culture to Celts
ORIGIN of today's UK
Celts & Anglo-Saxons
Celts darker
Anglo-Saxons lighter
English
race, habits, culture same
ANGLIA one of the 1st names Romans gave the island
English or Anglo-Saxon
OTHERS
more romanic language, different features, language, culture
problems in Ireland
England became kingdom which subdued others
UK = Great Britain + Northern Ireland
ALWAYS WAS A MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY
Welsh & Scot Protestants, Presbyterians
English Anglican
Irish Catholics
English language Germanic (Romanic and French influence)
modern English without it
NORMANS didn't leave a big trace on the language
ENGLISH double names for food
e.g.
swine

pork
sheep

mutton
calf

beaf
cow

veal
germanic
french
14th century GEOFFRY CHRUICER
decided to purify English language from all foreign influences as much as possible
wrote ''CANTERBURRY TALES''
Canterburry a sit of archbishop
story from the 12th century king of England and his best friend, who later on became the archbishop because the King appointed him so they
could rule together, did everything together
best friend really became devoted to God and opposed / protested the King
he fled the France and later came back and was very much supported by the people
two people killed him (said to be ordered by the King, but later on he proclaimed him a saint) in Canterburry which became a pilgrimage
G.C. Collected people from all the classes (their language) and showed that all of them speak differently, but could understand one another if
they spoke the ''purified'' version of English
THE BEGGININGOF MODERN ENGLISH
(Shakespearean English is considerate to be modern English)
FOREIGN INVASION
1.
Celtics
2.
Romans
3.
Anlo-Saxons from Germany
4.
Vikings
1.
CELTICS
Celtics = DRUIDS people belonging to Celtic origin
considered as the privileged class (priests and important people)
STONEHENGE to follow changes in nature (seasons...)
2.
ROMANS
their empire was all over the world
came to England (South part)
most of the coastal part, but they never went far too north
stayed for 500 years
brought some food, spices..., but couldn't grow their original food because of the climate
didn't build much (some fortresses and a couple of spas)
HADRIAN'S WALL in Low Land Scotland
ment to protect the intrusion from the tribes in the North who wanted to
send them home

exploited Britain's mines of silver and left

Scotland Highlanders resisted the Anglo-Saxons
Lowlanders
3.
ANGLO-SAXONS
from Germany pagans
very powerful
enormous strength and will to stay there
conquered the core of the island
pushing the Celts to Wales, Scotland and Ireland (tried to resist, but couldn't)
organized, build towns, fortifications, imposed their culture and habits
4.
VIKINGS
from Scandinavians countries (Norway especially)
conquered London burned it organized their capital in YORK
English already had Christinity (sort of organized state and under one leader, one God)
pagans
suffered through plague
fought between each other
due to hardship of life, they went south
were also in Croatia, Italy...
those who stayed, incorporated and were called NORMANS
others went further down Normandy and France (accepted their ways of life)
WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR had his own state, was Duke of Normandy
king of England since 1066
England problem with deciding about the King
invited Duke of Normandy because one group didn't wanted a king proposed by the other one
THE BATTLE OF HASTINGS Duke of Normandy won and became the king of England
England got a bit of France with him, but he wasn't a stranger since Normans were once in England
brought cutlery and well manners (table manners), cuisine
were taught to fish and preserve the fish by the Romans
people who backed them up, in return got castles and nobility and who didn't 40-year-old war
theBRITISH EMPIRE
. BRITAIN
In 1920. it was at its largest and most powerful.
It was an empire on which the sun never sets.
16th century Americas and the far East explored by the Dutch and English.
''East India Companies''
Colonies started as trading centres, new life centres or penal colonies.
Newfoundland (Canada) in 15th century was its first foreign possession.
Canada was won in 18th century.
17th - 18th century Plymouth colony was founded by Pilgrims (Mayflower).
1770 American Revolution
West Indies (Jamaica, Barbados, Antigua) the wealthiest area at the beginning (sugar, tobacco) (before American South).
First slaves from Africa were working in the plantations.
The slave trade was abolished in the British Empire in 1807.
Britain had an organization to help the slaves
RNA Riffle National Organization (in America)
considered a main reason for high crime rate
president Charlton Heston
very powerful organization
America after 7 years of working for free - freedom
Pennsylvania by William Penn (a quacker no luxuries, highly educated, refused military and slavery, helped during the plague)
the Amish (from today Germany and Netherlands)
Huntington's Salem witches
2. INDIA
India first was controlled by the wealthy English East India Company.
Soon Britain expanded and governor-general was put in charge, civil cervantsand troops were sent to the region.
In 1858., following the Indian mutiny India was placed under the direct control under the Viceroy.
''Jewl in the Crown''
3. AUSTRALIA
Australia, discovered by James Cook.
Penal colony settled first in Botany Bay (synonym for criminals) 1788.
New Zeland became a colony in 1840.
4. HONG KONG
Hong Kong became a British colony in 1842. (taken from China, later handed to China, was last British possession).
Strategic and later business centre.
5. AFRICA
Africa Cape of Good Hope was sea route to India.
Bought from Boers in 1815., but problems made the Boers leave the place in 1836.
The Orange free state was founded later to join the Union of South Africa.
1870.-1900. Britain, Belgium, France, Italy and Germany took part in ''scramble for Africa'' explorer and missionaries (David Livingstone).

America was originally a country founded also by the Anglo-Saxon race (WASP)
America was organized by the English
Coast of North America was not '49-ers GOLD RUSH (California) mines of gold and silver
it was far from South America settled by the Spanish missionaries organized farming (LA, Santa Barbara, San Johe...) - they tried to preserve
Indian population purpose : convert them to Christianity
French folk conquered Louisiana
British defeated Great Spanish Armada and organized a navy crossed the ocean
1st colony = Virginia (after Queen Elizabeth),
Massachusetts and Jamestown Colony one of the 1st colonies
Jamestown 1620. Mayflower, Puritans
PURITANS
escaped the prosecution of king James
obey God by the exact word of God
no science (treating people)
were deprived
extremely modest, women wore no decorations
if husband presumed dead until proven, widow for the last of your life
sweet corn
Indians + Pilgrims = Thanksgiving Day (4th Thursday of November)
pochahontas, Sacawea, Sqanto
Sacawea
a young Indian woman
slave of another Indian tribe
French man caught her
French expedition (sponsored by president Jefferson to find short cuts to other parts of America)
she joined the expedition
Sqanto man who came with 1st contact with Pilgrims (no violence)
New Amsterdam = New York
AMERICA
DISCOVERY

South Columbus (1492.)

North Vikings (985 AD)

Indians mongoloid racial group

15th century Spain and Portugal conquer Americas

1557. Sir Francis Drake, Walter Raleigh founded the Virginia Colony

1558. Spanish Armada defeated

by the end of the 18th century the whole of the Eastern coast was colonized by the British

1773. Boston Tea Party

1776. George Washington American commander-in-chief

4th July 1776. Declaration of independence

1619. slaves brought to America

1861-1865 the Civil War, Abraham Lincon

segregation
RAMADAN AND ID-UL-FITR
Fall a few days earlier every year according to the western calendar, as the Muslims have a lunar calendar, Ramadan is the 9 th month of fasting. Most
Muslim people do not eat or drink between sunrise and sunset during Ramadan. This is to help them live as better Muslims.
Id-Ul-Fitr is the festival at the end of the month of Ramadan. On the last day of Ramadan, many people watch for the new moon, which marks the end
of the fast. Id-Ul-Fitr is a time for visiting friends and relatives, exchanging gifts and having a special meal.
The Muslim population in the UK is currently 580 000 (1999. figures).
CHINESE NEW YEAR
There is a big Chinese New Year festival in Chinatown in London every year. The Chinese New r is celebrated in January or February. It is the most
important festival in the Chinese year. The festivities traditionally include firecrackers and dragon dancers. Special foods such as dumplings and cakes
are eaten. Red is a lucky colour for the new year, and children are given lucky red envelopes filled with money.
BURNS NIGHT
Robert (or Robbie) Burns (1759-1796) is Scotlands national poet. He wrote many poems and songs in Scottish dialect. His birthday (25 th January)
is celebrated in Scotland as Burns Night. Customs include eating haggis (a traditional Scottish dish of minced meat) and drinking whiskey, playing the
bagpipes and reciting poems.
MAY DAY
The 1st day of May is traditionally the festival of the coming of spring. It is usually celebrated with May-pole dancing and Morris dancing. In some
towns a May Queen is elected. The May Queen is a beautiful girl who is crowned with a garland of flowers and then goes on a procession around the
town.
The 1st Monday in May is a bank holiday in the UK.
SPORTS DAY
Every school in the UK has a sports day in June or July, shortly before the summer holidays. The event usually takes up a whole day and parents
come to watch.
Traditional races for primary school children include egg and spoon race (running while holding an egg on a spoon), the three-legged race (in
which two people run with their adjacent legs tied together) and the obstacle race.
Secondary school pupils compete in athletic events, such as running race, the high jump and long jump and javelin throwing.
NOTTING HILL CARNIVAL
The Notting Hill Carnival is a big Caribbean festival which takes place every year in Notting Hill in London. Carnival is always on the August bank
holiday weekend (the last Sunday and Monday in August). The 1st Carnival took place in August 1964 and was organised by some Notting Hill
inhabitants from Trinidad. Since then, the Carnival has grown and now attracts nearly 2 million visitors a year. The Carnival procession includes

dancers and music. The traditional Carnival music is played by steel bands.
HIGHLAND GAMES
The Highland Games take place all over Scotland in late August and early September. The most famous event is tossing the caber in which men
throw a huge tree trunk as far as they can. Other events include hammer throwing, the hill race, the tug-of-war (in which two teams pull on either end
of a rope to try to pull the other team over a line marked on the ground), bagpipe-playing (competitions and Scottish dancing competitions). The
Highland Games end with a huge pillow fight in which everyone can take part.
SUMMER FTE
Many schools, churches and other organizations, such as the boy scouts and girl guides, hold a fund-raising summer fte in June or July. There are
stalls selling home-baked cakes, crafts and second-hand items. There are always games at the fte.
Popular games include: the tombola, in which people pick numbered tickets to try and win a prize; guess the weight of the cake, in which people
try to win the cake (variations include guess the name of the doll, guess how many coins in the jar, etc.); and hoopla (in which people try to
throw a hoop over the prize).
Food and drinks are also sold and nowadays there is often barbecue.
FATHERS DAY
Fathers Day is the 3rd Sunday in June. It is a new festival, introduced to provide fathers with a similar occasion to Mothers Day (Mothering Day).
Children give their fathers cards and presentsMOTHERING DAY
In Britain, Mothering Day is celebrated on the Sunday 3 weeks before Easter so it usually occurs in March. Mothering Day is the popular name for
Mothering Sunday, the day when Christians used to return to the mother church for the Sunday service. Later, when many young girls left home to
become servants and boys went to be apprentices, the festival became a holiday for young people to visit their mothers. It was the custom to take
flowers and gifts. Many young girls were given a simnel cake to take home to their mothers.
ROSH HASHANAH
Rosh Hashanah is the Jewish New Year. It is celebrated on the 1st day of the Jewish month Tishri, which occurs in September according to the western
calendar. It is time to ask Gods forgiveness for the wrongdoings of the past year. At the beginning of the Rosh Hashanah service a shofar (rams horn)
is blown to call the worshipers to prayer. Apples dipped in honey are eaten for a good and sweet new year.
CLOCK GO BACK
The clocks in the UK go back an hour at midnight on the last Saturday in October. This marks the end of the British Summer Time and a return to
Greenwich Mean Time. British Summer Time last from the end of March until the end of October. The clocks going back is not a festival; in fact most
people dread the darker nights and the cold weather to come after this date.
HARVEST FESTIVAL
Harvest Festival is a Christian festival of thanksgiving for all the good things we have. There is no set date for Harvest Festival but it usually takes
place in September or sometimes October. It is traditional to take gifts of food to elderly people after the church or school.
HOUSES IN BRITAIN AND THE USA
BRITAIN
1.
DETACHED
Largest and most expensive, the garden all round it
2.
SEMI DETACHED (SEMIS)
Comfortable, separate garden in front and the back
3.
TERRACHED HOUSES
Date from Victorian and Edwardian times (19th 20th century), built for working-class people, four or more houses joined together, no or little garden
Two up two down
4.
COTTAGES
Small, very old village houses with thatched roofs (with straw or moss), beams
5.
BUNGALOWS
One storey, popular with old people and found in villages or on housing estates (suburbs)
6.
HIGH-RISE BLOCK OR FLATS
Date in mid 20th century
VOCABULARY
Patio, loft (AE) (attic - BE) conversion, bedsit, estate agents, mortgage (loan)
USA
DETACHED
Most of the houses because of a plenty space
DUPLEXES
Similar to semis
RANCH-STYLE HOUSES
One floor only
MANSIONS
Rich people homes
Houses associated with certain parts of the country
a) New York : brownstones-tall, narrow buildings
b) New England : clapboard houses
c) Some cities : row houses
d) Midwest : wooden frame houses with pointed roofs
e) The South : large wooden antebellum (before the Civil war) style (plantation houses)
CITIES
Apartments in an apartment building, studio or loft (one room)
CONDOMINIUM OR CO-OP
Apartments are owned by the people who live in them
MOBILE HOMES; TRAILER PARKS
VOCABULARY
Master bedroom, closet, extra rooms, half bath (Br. Washbasin), porchWashington DC
Washington after the first president
DC District Columbus (Culumbia)
The town with the biggest black population
South from the 32nd parallel slavery was forbidden
Boston Tea Party War for Independence
EDUCATION VOCABLARY
Applicant, Campus,College,Grades,Orientation day,Safety school,SAT scores,Scholars,University

Acceptance rate/numerus clasus

Admission officers
Applicant
Dorms
Extracurricular activities
Freshman
Preppies
Senior
Sophomore
1.
2.
3.

4.
5.

upisna kvota
administracija
pristupnik
spavaonice, studentski domovi
izvankolske aktivnosti
prva godina studija
budui studenti
stariji student (npr. druga, trea godina)
druga godina studija
EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT

Interdependence
We cannot do without the others
Knowing others and respecting differences
Stereotypes and prejudice
Cross-cultural understanding
Social justice
What are human rights?
Martin Luther King Jr.: We have learned to fly like birds, to dive like fish, but we have not learned the art of living like
brothers.
Conflict and conflict resolution
How to solve conflicts
Change and the future
The future is in us