2012 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems

December16-19, 2012, Bengaluru, India

Power Balance Theory Based Control of Grid

Interfaced Solar Photovoltaic Power Generating
System with Improved Power Quality
Bhim Singh, Fellow IEEE

D. T. Shahani

Arun Kumar Verma, SM IEEE

Electrical Engineering Department

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
New Delhi, India
bhimsingh1956@gmail.com

IDD Centre
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
New Delhi, India
dt.shahani@gmail.com

IDD Centre
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
New Delhi, India
arunverma59@gmail.com

Abstract This paper proposes a grid interfaced solar

photovoltaic (SPV) power generating system consisting of a SPV,
DC-DC boost converter, voltage source converter (VSC),
interfacing inductors, ripple filter and a three phase grid feeding
variety of linear and nonlinear loads. The reference grid currents
are estimated by using power balance theory (PBT) to control the
three-leg voltage source converter (VSC). The proposed SPV
power generating system provides unity power factor, reactive
power compensation for voltage regulation in a three phase
distribution system. In this two stage SPV power generating
system, the DC link voltage of VSC is regulated through a DC
voltage PI (Proportional integral) controller and the maximum
power point tracking (MPPT) is achieved using a DC-DC boost
converter. The grid interfaced SPV power generating system is
modeled and simulated in the MATLAB using the Simulink and
the sim power system (SPS) toolboxes.
Keywords Solar photovoltaic (SPV), DC-DC boost
converter, Maximum power point tracking (MPPT), Voltage
source converter (VSC), Load balancing, Power Quality (PQ),
Power balance theory (PBT).

I.

INTRODUCTION

The energy from natural resources like sun and wind offers
alternate sources of energy which is in generally clean,
harmless to environment, sustainable and found in abundance.
However, there are a number of potential challenges in
integrating solar photovoltaic (SPV) to the grid due to its
unpredictable nature [1].There is a need for robust, sustainable
and climate friendly power generating systems that are
intelligent, reliable, and green. Many grid interfaced converter
topologies are available for integrating renewable energy to
the grid [2]. There are number of dominant problems being
faced while the grid is interfaced to SPV [2]. These are related
mainly with power quality like power factor correction,
reactive power compensation and voltage regulation. Any
integration of renewable energy source to the electric grid has
to fulfill standard power quality requirements. The grid
interfaced SPV system is reported earlier on the grid
interfaced SPV, but the handling of PQ problems has not been

978-1-4673-4508-8/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE

focused in detail and limited either to PFC or VAR

compensation [3, 4]. Many researchers have focused on power
factor correction (PFC) in single phase grid connected system
[5]. It is observed from the literature review that the double
stage configuration proposed earlier has not focused on the PQ
problems in the distribution system [6]. Other topologies of
SPV grid interfaced power generating systems have also been
limited up to power factor correction only [7, 8].
In this paper, a two stage SPV power generating system
using a three-leg VSC is proposed using PBT (Power Balance
Theory) [9, 10] based control to derive the reference grid
currents to achieve the power quality(PQ) improvement at AC
mains. The PBT is applied to control SPV power generating
system and in first part, the DC-DC boost converter is used for
MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking).The maximum
power is extracted using a MPPT algorithm [11, 12] and the
DC link voltage of the VSC is regulated using a DC link PI
(Proportional Integral) controller under varying SPV
generation and load conditions. Moreover, the three-phase
VSC compensates the harmonic currents and reactive power,
and balances the linear and nonlinear loads. The grid interfaced
SPV generating system is designed, modeled and its
performance is simulated using MATLAB software with its
Simulink and Sim-Power System (SPS) toolboxes for power
factor correction and voltage regulation along with harmonics
current elimination, and load balancing of linear as well as
nonlinear loads.
II.

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

Fig 1 shows the proposed configuration of grid interfaced

SPV generating system using three-phase VSC with improved
PQ of a three phase distribution system. The configuration
under consideration consists of a SPV panel, DC-DC boost
converter, a three leg VSC, consumer loads and interfaced AC
mains. The output power of PV array which is designed for 40
kW peak power capabilities fed to the DC-DC boost converter
in order to track MPP and boosts the output voltage of the PV
array to 750V. The DC link voltage of VSC is regulated
through a DC voltage PI controller to 750V. The 3-leg VSC
has six IGBTs (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors), three AC

inductors, and one DC capacitor. The VSC is designed to

compensate reactive power for voltage regulation (VR) and
power factor correction (PFC), to provide load balancing and
harmonics elimination along with PV power generation. The
data of the PV system and VSC considered in this work is
given in Appendices.
III.

DESIGN OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM

The proposed system is a three-phase grid interfaced 40 kW

SPV generating unit with a 3-leg VSC which consists of six
IGBTs, three AC inductors and one DC capacitor. The
selection of components like IGBTs, inductors, DC capacitor
and the ripple filter is made according to design requirements.

B. Design DC-DC Boost Converter

The DC-DC boost converter is shown in Fig.1. The maximum
voltage is tracked by P&O control algorithm [12] which is
474V and this voltage is boosted by using DC-DC boost
converter to 750V. The design parameters of the DC-DC boost
converter are given as.
Lb is the input inductor and its value is given as,
V pv D
(3)
Lb =
(2i1 f sh )
where D is Duty cycle (D) = 1-(Vin/Vb). This converter boosts
the voltage of SPV array from Vin= Vpv = 474 V to Vdc=750 V.
The calculated value of D is between 0.368 and Vin = Vpv is
output voltage from PV array. i1 is input current ripple and
for this converter design, the value of i1 is considered 10% of
input current I1 = (P/Vin) = 84.388A. The estimated value of
i1 is 8.438A. fsw is switching frequency and the value of fswb =
10 kHz. The value of inductance (Lb) from Eq. (3) is obtained
as 1.5 mH [15].
C. Selection of DC Capacitor Voltage
The minimum dc bus voltage of VSC should be greater than
twice the peak of the phase voltage of the system as [16 ],

Vdc = (2 2VLL ) ( 3m)

(4)

The dc bus voltage is calculated as where m is the modulation

index and is considered as 0.9, and VLL is the ac line output
voltage of VSC. Thus, Vdc is obtained from Eq. (4) as 752.89
V for VLL of 415 V and it is selected as 750 V.

Fig.1 Schematic Configuration of the Proposed SPV Power Generating

System

A. Design of the Solar Photovoltaic Array

The SPV power generating system is designed for a 40 kW
peak power capacity. According to design considerations one
solar module consists of 36 cells in series. Each cell has an
open circuit voltage of 0.5 V to 0.6 V [13] and short circuit
current (Isc) of 4A. Thus one module has open circuit voltage
(Voc) of 18-21V and short circuit current of 4A. The
generalized equation for an active power for SPV array is
given as,
(1)
PmaxM = VmppM * ImppM
Maximum power occurs generally Pmax = (85% of Voc * 85 %
of Isc ) thus ImppM is 3.3A and VmppM is 15.8V of each module.
The total calculated maximum power is given as,
(2)
Pmax = Vmpp * Impp = 40kW
It requires input maximum voltage (Vmpp) of 474V and
maximum current(Impp) of 84.39A corresponding to peak
power of 40kW, to achieve this voltage (474/15.8)and current
(84.39/3.3) 30 solar modules are connected in series and 27
are connected in parallel respectively [14].

D. Design and Selection of DC link Capacitor

There are three different criteria by which the value of DC link
capacitors has been calculated for the proposed research work.
1) DC link Capacitor based on Energy Conservation
Principle
The design of DC link capacitor (Cd) of VSC depends on the
instantaneous energy available to the VSC at the time of
transients. By using the principle of energy conservation the
value of DC capacitor is given as [16],

1
Cd V 2 dc V 2 dc1 = 3V It s
2

(5)

where Vdc is the reference DC voltage and Vdc1 is the minimum

voltage level of DC bus, is the overloading factor, Vp is the
phase voltage, I is the phase current, and t is the time by which
the DC bus voltage is to be recovered. Considering the
minimum voltage level of the DC bus, Vdc1 = 740 V, Vdc =
750V, V = 239.60 V, I = 55.64 A, t = 350 s, a = 1.2, the
calculated value of Cd is 2194 F and is selected as 2000 F.
2) DC Link Capacitor Based on DC-DC Boost Converter
Calculation
The output DC link capacitor Cd for a sample DC-DC boost
converter is given as [15],
I D
Cd = d
(6)
Vf sh
where Po is the output power of the DC-DC boost converter
and V output voltage ripple. The value of this V is taken 5%

of DC link voltage (Vdc) and value of output current (Io) is

calculated as 53.34 A. The value of output capacitor (Cb) from
Eqn. (4) is calculated as 800 F.
3) DC Link Capacitor Based on DC ripple Current
The value of DC link capacitor is given for load balancing
of the consumer loads by VSC as [17],

Id
Cd =
2* * vdcripple

(7)

where Id is the DC link current (Pdc/Vdc= 53.34A), the value of

DC link current when load on one phase is removed is (2/3)Id
= 35.56A and is angular frequency and vdcripple is 5% of Vdc.
From eq. (6), the calculated value of Cd corresponding to load
unbalancing of one phase is 1509 F.
The calculated value of DC link capacitor is maximum by
energy conservation criteria and thus it is selected for
considering load balancing grid connected mode of operation.
The selected value from design considerations is taken as
2000F.
E. Design of AC Inductor
The selection of the ac inductance (Labc) of VSC depends on
the current ripple i, switching frequency fs , dc bus voltage
(Vdc), and Lf is given as,

Lf =

3mVdc
12hf s i

(8)

where m is the modulation index and h is the overload factor.

Considering, i, = 5%, fs = 10 kHz, m = 0.9, Vdc = 750 V, h =
1.2, the Lf value is calculated to be 3.97 mH. A round-off value
of Lf of 4 mH is selected in this investigation.
CONTROL ALGORITHM

IV.

The power balance theory (PBT) based control algorithm is

used to generate the reference grid currents. The control
algorithm is shown in Fig.1. Its details are given in this section.
A. In Phase Component of Reference Grid Currents
The grid is responsible to feed an active power to connected
consumer loads at PCC. However, it supplemented by SPV
power generation through DC link voltage controller of VSC.
For estimating active power components of grid currents, its
two components (active power of consumer loads and output
of DC link voltage controller) have to be estimated. However,
the DC link voltage controller of VSC takes care an injection
of SPV power generation, whenever, it is available.
Following are the basic equations for estimating active power
components of grid currents.
Amplitude of the three phase voltages at the load terminals is
calculated as,

Vt =

{( 2 3) ( v

2
sa

+ vsb2 + vsc2 )

12

(9)

The unit vectors in phase with phase voltages are derived as,

usa =

vsa
v
v
, usb = sb , usc = sc
vt
vt
vt

(10)

The instantaneous active power of the consumer loads is

calculated as [9, 10],

pL = ( vsa iLa + vsb iLb + vsc iLc )

(11)

The instantaneous active and reactive powers of a consumer

loads consists of AC as well as DC component, so a LPF (low
pass filter is used in order to extract the DC component of the
fundamental active power of the consumer loads (PL).
The amplitude of the fundamental active power component of
the load current is derived as,

I Lactive = ( 2 3)( P L Vt )

(12)

The other component of active power of the grid is to regulate

DC link voltage of VSC. It is estimated as follows.
The error voltage in reference DC link voltage and sensed DC
link voltage at the nth sampling instant is given as,

Vdcer ( n ) = V *dc( n ) Vdc( n )

where V

dc ( n )

(13)

is the reference DC voltage and Vdc(n) is the

sensed DC link voltage of the VSC at nth instant.

The output of the PI controller to regulate the DC link
voltage of VSC at the nth sampling instant is expressed as,

Iloss( n) = Iloss( n1) + Kpd Vdcer( n) Vdcer( n1) + KidVdcer( n) (14)

where

I loss ( n ) is considered as another active power

component of grid currents. K pd and

Kid are the proportional

and integral gain constants of the DC link PI voltage

controller.
Therefore, total an active power component of the grid currents
(I*active) and is estimated by adding to the DC component
(ILactive) of the load currents and this output of DC link voltage
controller, I loss ( n ) as,

I *active = I Lactive + I loss

(15)

Therefore, in phase components or active power components of

reference instantaneous grid currents in phase of PCC voltages
are estimated as,

I *sad = I *active *usa , I *sbd = I *active *usb , I *scd = I *active *usc (16)
B. Quadrature Component of Reference Grid Currents
The quadrature or reactive power components of grid currents
either must be zero for power factor correction (PFC) to unity
at PCC or it must be responsible to take care voltage drop in
the grid (Source) impedance through small leading reactive
power currents flowing in to the grid. However, it may be
lagging in nature also if the loads are of leading power factor.
Therefore, VSC must feed a reactive power of the consumer

loads and small leading reactive power to the grid to take care
voltage drop in the grid impedance. For this purpose, a voltage
PI controller is used to regulate PCC voltage over the PCC
voltage. The output PI voltage controller is considered as a
fundamental reactive power component of currents provided
by VSC. Therefore, the reactive power components of grid
currents are estimated by the difference of an output of PI
voltage controller and the fundamental reactive power
components of the consumer load currents. These quadrature
or reactive power components of grid currents are estimated
through following basic equations.
The unit vectors in quadrature with vsa,vsb and vsc may be
derived using a quadrature transformation of the in-phase unit
vectors usa,usb and usc as,

wsa = usb

3 + usc

(17)

wsb = 3usa 2 + ( usb usc ) 2 3

(18)

wsc = 3usa 2 + ( usb usc ) 2 3

(19)

A PI voltage controller is used to regulate the PCC voltage.

The amplitude of terminal voltage (Vt) estimated in eqn. (9)
and its reference value (Vref) are fed to the PI voltage
controller. The voltage error is estimated as,

Ver ( t ) = V

*
tref ( t )

Vt ( t )

(20)

The output of PI voltage controller,

I *qr ( n ) for maintaining the

amplitude of the AC terminal voltage to a constant value at nth

instant is given as,

I *qr ( n ) = I *qr ( n 1) + K pa Ver ( n ) Ver ( n 1) + K iaVer ( n ) (21)

where Kpa and Kia are the gains of the proportional and integral
voltage controller. The instantaneous reactive power of the
consumer load is estimated as [9, 10].

qL = (1/ 3){(vsa vsb )iLa + (vsb vsc )iLb + (vsc vsa )iLc } (22)
This instantaneous load reactive power consists of DC as well
as AC components. To extract fundamental component of
reactive power of the consumer loads QL (which is DC
component) a LPF (Low Pass Filter) is used.
The amplitude of the fundamental reactive power of the load
current is given as,

I Lreactive = ( 2 3)( Q L Vt )

(23)

Thus the amplitude of reactive power component of grid

current is given as,

I *reactive = I *qr I Lreactive

(24)

C. Generation of Reference Grid Currents

The total reference grid currents are sum of their active power
and reactive power components of their currents. These are
estimated from eqns. (14) and (23) as,

i*sa = i*sad + i*saq , i*sb = i*sbd + i*sbq , i*sc = i*scd + i*scq

(26)

These reference grid currents along with sensed grid currents

are fed to the PWM current controller to generate gating
signals for IGBTs of VSC. For power factor correction to
unity, only active power components of grid currents are taken
as reference grid currents.
D. PWM Current Controller
These reference grid currents (i*sa, i*sb and i*sc) are compared
with the sensed grid currents (isa, isb and isc) in the PWM
current controller. After amplification of the current errors the
output current amplifiers are compared with fixed frequency
triangular carrier wave (10 kHz) to generate gating signals for
IGBTs of VSC.
V.

MATLAB BASED MODELING

The grid interfaced SPV power generating system is modeled

using Matlab / Simulink. Three-phase AC grid and the shuntconnected VSC along with SPV array are modeled as shown
in Fig. 1. The control algorithm for the VSC is also modeled
in MATLAB. Three-phase reference AC grid currents are
derived from the sensed PCC voltages (vsa, vsb, vsc), load
currents (iLa, iLb, iLc), and the DC link voltage of VSC (Vdc). A
PWM current controller is used over the reference (i*sa, i*sb,
i*sc) and sensed grid currents (isa,isb,isc) to generate the gating
signals for the IGBTs of the VSC. The simulation of the
proposed system is carried out on the MATLAB version
7.10.0 (2010a) using the sim power system (SPS) toolbox and
discrete step solver of 5e-6.
VI.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Simulated results of grid interfaced SPV power generating

system are discussed in this section as shown in Fig.2-8. The
grid interfaced 40 kW solar PV power generating system is
controlled using power PBT based control for different linear,
nonlinear, balanced and unbalanced consumer loads in an AC
distribution system. Performance of the proposed grid
interfaced SPV power generating system is depicted in terms of
grid voltage (Vs), DC bus voltage (Vdc), AC grid currents, (is),
load currents, (IL) the active power from /to grid (P), the
reactive power (Q), solar PV current (iPV), solar PV voltage
(vpv), solar PV power (Ppv ), VSC currents (Ic ), and terminal
voltage at PCC (Vt) in Figs.2-5. Following observations are
made from these simulation results.

The instantaneous quadrature component of the reference grid

currents are estimated as,

A. Performance SPV Power Generating System at Linear

Unbalanced Load for UPF and Load Balancing

i*saq = I*reactive *wsa , i*sbq = I*reactive *wsb , i*scq = I*reactive *wsc (25)

Performance of the proposed grid interfaced SPV power

generating system under unbalanced linear loads at lagging PF

Fig.2 Performance of Proposed System at Linear unbalanced Load for Unity Power Factor and Load Balancing

in a distribution system is illustrated in Fig. 2. Load

unbalancing occurs at 0.25 s by removing load on one phase.
Between 0.35 s to 0.4 s, all three phases loads are removed,
still grid currents are balanced. Up to 0.5s, the active power is
supplied from solar PV array. The voltages at PCC and AC
grid currents are in phase thus achieving the unity power factor
operation of the proposed configuration. The solar intensity is

reduced to zero at 0.5s as a result of it, the PV current becomes

zero and PV voltage is reduced. At this point of operation, the
required compensation is provided by the VSC.
B. Performance SPV Power Generating System at Nonlinear
Unbalanced Load for UPF and Load Balancing
Fig. 3 shows the performance of the proposed grid

Fig.3 Performance of Proposed System at Unbalanced Nonlinear Loads for Unity Power Factor and Load Balancing

Fig. 4 Performance of Proposed System at Unbalanced Linear Load for Load Balancing and Voltage Regulation

interfaced SPV power generating system under unbalanced

nonlinear loads. It can be observed that the grid currents are in
phase with PCC voltages demonstrating unity power factor at
AC mains. Due to the compensation provided by the VSC, the
AC grid currents are balanced and sinusoidal irrespective of the
nonlinear and unbalanced loads. At 0.5s, the solar intensity
becomes zero and now the compensation of the loads is
provided by the VSC. The DC voltage PI regulator controls the

DC link voltage to it reference value.

C. Performance SPV power generation system at Unbalanced
Linear Load for Load Balancing and ZVR
In Fig. 4, it has been observed that the grid currents are
balanced and sinusoidal. The unbalancing in consumer loads is
realized by removing the load on one phase at 0.25s and further
by removing load on one more phase at 0.3s, the load

Fig.5 Performances of Proposed System at unbalanced Nonlinear Load for Load Balancing and Voltage Regulation

balancing is retained at 0.4s and 0.45s respectively. The grid

currents are balanced in-spite of zero load current in one of the
phase. At 0.5s, the solar intensity is decreased and the reactive
power is supplied by VSC for voltage regulation at PCC. The
DC bus voltage of VSC is regulated close to the reference
value under unbalancing of the loads.
D. Performance of SPV power generation at Unbalanced
Nonlinear Loads for Load Balancing and ZVR
Fig. 5 shows the performance of the proposed grid interfaced
SPV power generating system for voltage regulation mode at
nonlinear loads. PCC voltage is regulated to rated value in spite
the change in consumer loads. The waveforms, harmonic
spectra and total harmonics distortion (THD) in the load
current, load voltage and AC grid current are shown in Figs. 68. The THD of the AC grid current is observed of the order of
1.35% and PCC voltage THD is found 0.04 %. The THD of
PCC voltage and AC grid current are well within the limit of
IEEE-519 standard even under nonlinear load having a load
current THD of 24.83% [18].

Fig.6 Wave form and harmonic spectrum of load current

Fig.7 Wave form and harmonic Spectrum for PCC voltage

Fig.8 wave form and harmonic Spectrum for PCC Current

VII.

CONCLUSIONS

The performance of proposed grid interfaced SPV power

generating system controlled by PBT control algorithm has
been found quite satisfactory for unity power factor, load
balancing, harmonic currents elimination and reactive power
compensation for voltage regulation under varying consumer
loads and PV power generation. The THD of voltage and
current of the grid in this system are well within the prescribed
limit of IEEE 519 standard.
VIII.

APPENDICES

A. Design Parameters of a 40 kW Solar Photovoltaic System

Voltage/temperature coefficient (Kv) = -80e-3 V/K,
Current/temperature coefficient (Ki) = .003 A/K.
B. Parameters for DC-DC Boost Converter
D=0.368, Ki= 0.6, KP=0.5, fsh = 10 kHz.
C. Parameters for VSC
DC bus voltage of VSC: 750 V, DC bus capacitance of VSC:
2000 F, AC inductor: La=Lb=Lc=4 mH, DC voltage PI
controller: Kpd = -2, Kid = -0.16, PCC voltage PI controller: Kpq

= 0.11, Kiq = 0.31, AC line voltage: 415 V, 50 Hz, PWM

switching frequency: 10 kHz, Line impedance: Rs = 0.002 , Ls
= 1.6 mH, Loads: 1) linear: 40 kVA, 0.80 pF lag,(2) Nonlinear:
Three phase bridge rectifier with R = 22 and L = 300 mH,
Ripple filter: Rf = 5 , Cf = 10 F.
REFERENCES
[1] S. K. Khadem, M. Basu, and M. F. Conlon, Power Quality in Grid
connected Renewable Energy Systems: Role of Custom Power Devices,
in Proc. for the International Conference on Renewable Energies and
Power Quality (ICREPQ10), 23 - 35 March, 2010, Granada, Spain.
[2] Remus Teodorescu, Marco Liserre and Pedro Rodrguez, Grid
Converters for photovoltaic and wind power system, John Wiley & Sons,
Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, United
Kingdom. 2011.
[3] P.G Barbosa, L.G Rolim, E.H Watanabe and R. Hamish, Control
Strategy for grid connected DC-AC Converter with load power factor
correction, IEE Proc.Gen. Trans. Distri. vol.145, no.5, Sept. 1998.
[4] A.O. Zue and A. Chandra, "Grid Connected Photovoltaic Interface with
VAR Compensation and Active Filtering Functions," in Proc. of
International Conference on Power Electronics, Drives and Energy
Systems, 2006. PEDES '06, vol., no., pp.1-6, 12-15 Dec. 2006.
[5] R.I. Bojoi, L.R. Limongi, D. Roiu and A.Tenconi, "Enhanced Power
Quality Control Strategy for Single-Phase Inverters in Distributed
Generation
Systems," , IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,
vol.26, no.3, pp.798-806, March 2011.
[6] Jia-Min Shen, Hurng-Liahng Jou, and Jinn-Chang Wu, Novel
transformer less grid-connected power converter with negative grounding
for photovoltaic generation system, IEEE Transactions on Power
Electronics, vol. 27, no. 4, pp.1818-1829, April 2012.
[7] C.J. Hatziadoniu, F.E. Chalkiadakis, and V.K. Feiste, A power
conditioner for a grid connected photovoltaic generator based on three 3Level inverter, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, vol. 14, no.4,
pp. 1605-1610, Dec. 1999.
[8] Ui Zhang, Hongwei Zhou, Jing Ren, Weizeng Liu, Shaohua Ruan, and
Yongjun Gao, "Three-phase grid-connected photovoltaic system with
SVPWM current controller," in Proc. of IEEE 6th International Power
Electronics and Motion Control Conference, 2009. IPEMC '09., vol., no.,
pp.2161-2164, 17-20 May 2009.
[9] B. Singh, K. Al-Haddad and A. Chandra, A New Control Approach to
Three-Phase Active Filter for harmonics and Reactive power
Compensation, IEEE Trans. Power Sys., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 133-138, Feb.
1998.
[10] B. N. Singh, B Singh, A Chandra and K Al-Haddad, Design and digital
implementation of active filter with power balance theory, IEE Proc.vol.
152, no. 5, pp. 1149 - 1160, Sep 2005.
[11] T. Esram and P.L Chapman, "Comparison of Photovoltaic Array
Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques," IEEE Transactions on,
Energy Conversion, vol.22, no.2, pp.439-449, June 2007.
[12] N. Femia, G.Petrone, G. Spagnuolo and M. Vitelli, "Optimization of
perturb and observe maximum power point tracking method, IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, vol.20, no.4, pp. 963- 973, July
2005.
[13] S. Reber, A. Hurrle, A. Eyer and G. Willeke, Crystalline silicon thin film
solar cell- Recent results at Fraunhofer ISE, Solar Energy, vol.77, pp
865-875, Aug. 2004.
[14] M.G Villava, J.R Gazoli and E.F Ruppert, Comprehensive Approach to
Modeling and Simulation of Photovoltaic Arrays, IEEE Trans. Power
Electronics, vol. 24, no.2, pp. 11981208, May. 2009.
[15] M.H Rashid, Power Electronics Circuits, Design and Applications,
Pearson Education, Third Edition, India, 2007.
[16] B. N. Singh, P. Rastgoufard, B. Singh, A. Chandra, and K. A. Haddad,
Design, simulation and implementation of three pole/four pole
topologies for active filters, Inst. Electr. Eng. Proc. Electr. Power Appl.,
vol. 151, no. 4, pp. 467476, Jul. 2004.
[17] Ned Mohan, Tore M. Undeland and William P. Robbins, Power
electronics converters, applications, and design, Wiley India Press (p.)
Ltd. Third Edition, Reprint 2009.
[18] IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonics Control
in Electric Power Systems, IEEE Standard 519, 1992.