IJSTE - International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering | Volume 1 | Issue 11 | May 2015

ISSN (online): 2349-784X

Application of Pultruded, Glass and Other Fibres

on Composite- An Experimental Research
Hitesh Mahera
M.E Student
Department of Textile Engineering
L.D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad

Prof. Parthiv R. Patel

Assistant Professor
Department of Textile Engineering
L.D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad

Prof. Parthiv R. Patel

M.E Student
Department of Textile Engineering
L.D. College of Engineering, Ahmedabad

Abstract
Composites are made by combining of two or more different materials, which are having different characteristics. Composites
materials are widely used today in various applications. Pultrusion process is used to manufacture composite material, in these
process different types of roving of glass, carbon, aramid fibres are used to make different pultruded material as per their
application. Pultruded product which are various types of shape like C-channel, I-beam, square pipe, circular pipe etc, Today
pultruded products are used in various applications like bridges, FRP ladders, communication tower, cooling tower, etcThere
are several products of pultrusion products used in different application, but we have to analyze different products uses for a
special application in terms of strength.
Keywords: Composite, Pultrusion, Glass Fiber, FRP
________________________________________________________________________________________________________

I. INTRODUCTION
Pultrusion is one of the oldest processes for the manufacture of long fibre reinforced thermosetting plastics, and it is also the
oldest continuous processing technique.
A. The Pultrusion Process:
The process known as pultrusion is an efficient method of manufacturing specified lengths of FRP composites. The process
requires very little labor and utilizes almost 100% of the raw material required. The first pultrusion machines were invented in
the 1950s as an efficient method of manufacturing fishing and kite rods, tool handles, sign posts, tent poles, and other solid rod
blanks. (Starr & Ketel, 2000) Today pultrusion is the preferred method for manufacturing everyday household items; ladders and
window sills, to structural components; wide-flanged beams, box columns, and floor grates. Figure1. illustrates the pultrusion
process.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

1) Raw Materials Is Used:
Glass fibre type- E, Roving count- 4800 tex, Weight- 4.8 gm/m
Total rovings used
1) C-channel= 118
2) I-beam= 148
Resin type- Polyester
Temperature
1) Zone 1- 90
2) Zone 2- 120
3) Zone 3- 150
2) Pultrusion Machine Specifications:
Model- Durapul2410
Profile envelope width- 24*10 in / 610*254 mm
Pull capacity- 24000lbs / 10900 kg
Gripper length- 18 in / 460 mm
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Application of Pultruded, Glass and Other Fibres on Composite- An Experimental Research

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Speed range- 120 ipm / 3 mpm

Heating system- 6 heater zone
Three types of test has been done:
Compressive strength (ASTM D795)
Flexural strength (ASTM D790)
Tensile strength (ASTM D638)
3) Machine- INSTRON 5900 (Electromechanical Tester)
B. Tensile Test:
1) Test Method- ASTM D638
2) Specimen size- 165*12.7 mm
1) Test procedure:
Specimens are placed in the grips of the Instron at a specified grip separation and pulled until failure. For ASTM D638 the test
speed is determined by the material specification. For ISO 527 the test speed is typically 5 or 50mm/min for measuring strength
and elongation and 1mm/min for measuring modulus. An extensometer is used to determine elongation and tensile modulus.
C. Compression Test:
1) Test method- ASTM D695
2) Specimen size- 10*80 mm
1) Test Procedure:
The specimen is placed between compressive plates parallel to the surface. Then it is compressed at a uniform rate. The
maximum load is recorded along with stress-strain data. An extensometer attached to the front of the fixture is used to determine
modulus.
D. Flexural Test:
1) Test Method ASTM D790
2) Specimen size- 6.2*12.7*125 mm
1) Test Procedure:
A thermal chamber is installed on the Instron universal test machine. The chamber is designed to allow the test mounts from the
base and crosshead of the Instron to pass through the top and bottom of the chamber. Standard test fixtures are installed inside
the chamber, and testing is conducted inside the controlled thermal environment the same as it would be at ambient temperature.
The chamber has internal electric heaters for elevated temperatures and uses external carbon dioxide gas as a coolant for reduced
temperatures.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

A. Tensile Test:
Method- ASTM D638
Specimen size- 165*12.7 mm
Sample is making like a I tensile bar and then testing will be done
Table 1
Beam Tensile Strength Testing Results
I-Beam

Thickness(mm)

Width(mm)

Maximum load(kN)

Tensile strength(Mpa)

Modulus(Gpa)

1
2
3
4
5
Mean
S.D.
C.V.%

6.33
6.37
6.25
6.26
6.34
6.31
0.05244
0.831069

12.11
12.09
13.64
12.36
11.6
12.36
0.766714
6.203186

33.092
26.023
32.589
25.903
28.139
29.1492
3.489604
11.97153

431.695
337.906
382.27
334.772
382.608
373.8502
39.72626
10.62625

27.357
25.673
27.071
26.915
25.281
26.4594
0.92119
3.481522

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Application of Pultruded, Glass and Other Fibres on Composite- An Experimental Research

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Table - 2
C-Channel Tensile Strength Testing Results
Table C-Channel Tensile strength testing results
C-Channel

Thickness(mm)

Width(mm)

Maximum load(kN)

Tensile strength(Mpa)

Modulus(Gpa)

6.35

11.84

26.788

356.293

28.47

6.27

13.22

29.585

356.918

24.95

6.21

14.04

32.303

370.501

26.659

6.3

12.71

30.769

384.262

27.226

6.31

13.48

33.17

389.967

25.406

Mean

6.288

13.058

30.523

371.5882

26.5422

S.D.

0.052154

0.832658

2.503278

15.40086

1.416306

C.V.%

0.829415

6.376615

8.201283

4.144603

5.336053

Fig. 1: Tensile Strength (Mpa)

From the results we can conclude that, I-Beam having a better tensile strength than C-Channel.
B. Compression Test:

Method- ASTM D695

Specimen size- 10*80 mm
Compressive strength= maximum compressive load divided to minimum cross sectional area
Table 3
C-Channel Compressive Strength Testing Results
Table C-Channel Compressive strength testing results
C-Channel

Thickness(mm)

Width(mm)

Maximum load(kN)

Compressive strength(Mpa)

Modulus(Gpa)

6.29

12.28

9.27

120.03

11.44

6.22

12.4

9.1

118.04

13.02

6.29

13.19

9.66

116.47

13.26

6.32

13.65

11

127.46

13.1

6.26

13.38

10.31

123.04

14.13

Mean

6.276

12.98

9.868

121.008

12.99

S.D.

0.037815

0.608153

0.785411

4.362232

0.973139

C.V.%

0.602539

4.685308

7.959168

3.604912

7.491449

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Application of Pultruded, Glass and Other Fibres on Composite- An Experimental Research

(IJSTE/ Volume 1 / Issue 11 / 036)

Table 4
I-Beam Compressive Strength Testing Results
Table I-Beam Compressive strength testing results
I-Beam

Thickness(mm)

Width(mm)

Maximum load(kN)

Compressive strength(Mpa)

Modulus(Gpa)

6.11

13.38

12.92

158.09

13.643

6.09

13.36

12.43

152.74

14.073

6.14

13.44

12.77

154.78

14.767

6.15

13.48

10.13

122.23

13.449

6.14

13.41

11.23

136.38

14.268

Mean

6.126

13.414

11.896

144.8442

14.04

S.D.

0.0251

0.047749

1.189529

15.16324

0.521654

C.V.%

0.409726

0.355966

9.999406

10.46866

3.715485

Fig. 2: Compressive Strength (Mpa)

From the results we can conclude that, I-Beam having a better compressive strength than C-Channel.
C. Flexural Test:
Method ASTM D790
Specimen size- 6.25*12.8*125 mm
Flexural strength measured when 5% deflection on the material and test will be stopped
Table - 5
I-Beam Flexural Strength Testing Results
Table I-Beam Flexural strength testing results
I-Beam

Thickness (mm)

Width(mm)

Support Span (mm)

Maximum load(kN)

Flexure strength(Mpa)

Modulus(Gpa)

6.25

13.11

100

684.05

200.36

12.46

6.25

12.49

100

568.3

174.72

12.86

6.27

12.35

100

577.16

178.31

12.49

6.22

12.97

100

592.15

177.01

12.77

6.23

13.14

100

590

173.53

12.43

Mean

6.244

12.812

602.332

180.786

12.602

S.D.

0.019494

0.366906

46.7049

11.10153

0.198167

C.V.%

0.312197

2.863768

7.754012

6.140704

1.572501

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Application of Pultruded, Glass and Other Fibres on Composite- An Experimental Research

(IJSTE/ Volume 1 / Issue 11 / 036)

Table 6
C-Channel Flexural Strength Testing Results
Table C-Channel Flexural strength testing results
CChannel

Thickness (mm)

Width(mm)

Support Span (mm)

Maximum load(kN)

Flexure strength(Mpa)

Modulus(Gpa)

6.27

12.89

100

534.24

158.14

12.03

6.23

12.93

100

585.94

175.13

12.69

6.26

12.71

100

585.23

176.25

12.33

6.26

12.07

100

581.63

184.45

12.21

6.24

13.19

100

564.52

164.88

12.04

Mean

6.252

12.758

570.312

171.77

12.26

S.D.

0.016432

0.421094

21.96369

10.31251

0.270924

C.V.%

0.262823

3.300626

3.851171

6.003673

2.209823

Fig. 3: Flexure Strength (Mpa)

From the results we can conclude that, C-Channel having a less Flexural strength than I-beam.

IV. CONCLUSION
Throughout these Pultrusion products, we are testing a mechanical properties of pultruded products, and from testing of these
various properties we obtain a different results. From these results we can conclude following things:
1) From the results we can conclude that, I-Beam having a better tensile strength than C-Channel.
2) In case of compressive strength, I-Beam having a better compressive strength than C-Channel.
3) And another mechanical property is flexural strength that is C-Channel having a less Flexural strength than I-beam.
4) In a various application of Pultrusion product we can used proper pultruded product like; i-beam. C-channel, square
pipe, circular pipe etc., in a particular form or place like; FRP ladder, pultruded bridge, hand rails etc

REFERENCES
Websites
[1] www.textilelearner.blogspot.com/glassfibre
[2] www.nptel.com/fibreglass
[3] www.afpfiberglass.com/pultrusions
[4] www.slideshare.net/glasssfibre
[5] www.composites.owenscorning.com
[6] www.creativepultrusions.com
[7] www.pultrex.com
[8] www.instron.com
Research Paper
[9] Development of pultrusion system of carbon fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites, Y.tanaka, N.shikamoto, A.ohtani
[10] Mechanical properties of thermoplastic pultrusion products with braiding technique Y.Takai, A.Nakai,
[11] Mechanical Property of Glass Fiber Reinforcement Epoxy Composites,
Patil Deogonda, Vijaykumar N Chalwa (international journal of scientific engineering and research)
[12] Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Glass-Polyester Composites Formed by Resin Transfer Moulding and Hand Lay-Up Technique M. Davallo, H.
Pasdar (international journal of chemtech research) Vol.1, No.3 , pp 470-475, July-Sept 2009

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