Adverse Reactions To Furazolidone and Other Drugs. A Comparative Review

Adverse Reactions to Furazolidone and Other Drugs
A Comparative Review
A. ALTAMIRANO & A. BONDANI
Norwich Eaton S.A. de C.V., Mexico City, Mexico
Scand J Gastroenterol Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by McMaster University on 02/23/15

For personal use only.
Altamirano A, Bondani A. Adverse reactions to furazolidone and other drugs. A

comparative review. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989, 24(suppl 169), 70-80
Furazolidone is a synthetic nitrofuran with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial action
and has been widely used in the treatment of gastrointestinal infections. This article
reviews the adverse reactions to furazolidone reported in the world literature. Of
10,443 adults and children who were treated with the drug, approximately 8.3% (864)
experienced such reactions. Because some of these patients had more than 1 adverse
reaction, 1178 reactions were reported in these studies. Nausea with vomiting, the
commonest adverse reaction, was reported by 51% of the 864 patients who experienced adverse reactions. The authors compare the adverse reactions to furazolidone
with those reported for other antimicrobial and antiprotozoal drugs that are frequently
used to treat gastrointestinal infections.
Key words: Adverse reactions; ampicillin; furazolidone; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

A. Altamirano, M.D., Medellin 273 - 1" Piso, Col. Roma Sur, C . P . 06770, Mexico
D.F., Mexico
Furazolidone is a synthetic nitrofuran that is showed an extremely low level of resistance to

active against a broad spectrum of gram-negative furazolidone in comparison with other antiand gram-positive bacteria and some protozoa, microbial agents and that this pattern has not
including Giardia lamblia. The bactericidal changed significantly over the years. Furtheractivity of furazolidone is the result of its ability more, because furazolidone does not significantly
to inhibit various bacterial enzymes, especially alter normal bowel flora, its use does not result
in overgrowth or superinfection by other bacteria
those involved in the Krebs cycle.
For more than 30 years, furazolidone has been or fungi-a phenomenon that commonly occurs
used to treat gastrointestinal tract infections, during or after the use of antimicrobial drugs
including typhoid fever, shigellosis, salmonel- (1,2).
In 1986 Griffin & Weber (5) published a survey
losis, cholera, bacterial gastroenteritis, and giardiasis (1). Chamberlain (2) and Carlson et al. (3) of the systems used to report spontaneous adverse
reported that furazolidone was highly active in reactions in 16 countries, including Australia,
vitro against various enteropathogens, including Belgium, Italy, Japan, The Netherlands, New
Campylobacter jejuni, Enterobacter sp, Escher- Zealand, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom,
ichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella sp, and the United States. Two drugs that are widely
Vibrio cholerae, V . parahaemolyticus, and Yer- used to treat gastrointestinal infections-trisinia enterocolitica; some species of Bacteroides, methoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) and
most consistently in
Salmonella (including S. typhi), Staphylococcus, ampicillin-appeared
Streptococcus, and Proteus; Giardia lamblia; and national lists of the 10 drugs most often associated
with adverse reactions. Some countries listed
some species of Trichomonas.
Rabin & Lockerby (4) reported in 1984 that ampicillin as the most frequent cause of adverse
many surveys of bacterial resistance patterns reactions.
71

Adverse Reactions to Furazolidone
This article reviews the adverse reactions to

furazolidone that have been reported in the literature since 1955, when the drug was introduced.
Included in the review are 191 clinical studies,
case reports, letters to the editor, and anecdotal
reports in which the frequencies of adverse reactions to furazolidone were quantified (6-196).
Articles that did not report the frequencies of
these reactions were excluded.
For the purposes of data gathering, we assumed
that in the publications citing only the number of
reactions, that number was synonymous with the
number of patients who had the reactions.
Adverse reactions cited as symptoms of the same
syndrome (e.g., pulmonary reaction syndrome or
peripheral neuropathy) were counted individually.
When the review was completed, the frequency
of a specific reaction was computed as the percentage of the total number of patients treated
who experienced the reaction. The frequencies
of adverse reactions to furazolidone were then
compared with those cited in the literature for
other antimicrobial and antiprotozoal drugs used
to treat gastrointestinal infections. Because we
were aware that the frequencies of adverse reactions to furazolidone and the other drugs were,
in many instances, not comparable, our primary
goal was to call attention to the relative frequencies of common and uncommon adverse
reactions to the drugs, not to establish accurate
incidences of such reactions.
ADVERSE REACTIONS
T O FURAZOLIDONE AND
OTHER SELECTED DRUGS
Among 10,443 patients treated with furazolidone
who were cited in the 191 publications, 4760
(45.6%) were children ranging in age from a few
months to 15 years, and 1571 (15%) were adults.
The ages of the remaining 4112 patients (39.4%)
were not specified. Adverse reactions to the drug
were experienced by 8.3% (864) of the 10,443
patients. Some patients had more than 1 reaction;
the overall number of adverse reactions reported
was 1178.
Gastrointestinal reactions
By far the commonest adverse reactions to
furazolidone were gastrointestinal in nature-for
example, nausea and vomiting, nausea without
vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea (Table
I). As shown in the table, the overall frequency
of gastrointestinal reactions in the total sample
was 8%. Such reactions were reported for 842 of
the 864 patients who experienced adverse reactions. Some of these patients had received doses
that were higher than the therapeutic doses of 5
to 7 mg/kg/day, and most of them had infectious
gastrointestinal diseases in which symptoms of
the disease could be difficult to distinguish from
an adverse reaction. Gastrointestinal intolerance
diminished if the drug was given with food.
The frequencies of gastrointestinal reactions
to furazolidone found in our survey compared
favorably with those reported for other drugs used
to treat gastrointestinal infections. The commonest gastrointestinal adverse reactions that
have been reported with chloramphenicol are
nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, and
nausea without vomiting, with an overall occurrence of 10% (183,197). TMP-SMX has been
associated with nausea and vomiting, anorexia,
nausea without vomiting, abdominal pain, glossitis, stomatitis, and diarrhea at frequencies ranging from 3% to 26% (198-202). In two reports
the frequencies of adverse reactions to ampicillin,
including diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, ranged from 5% to 17%; pseudoTable I. Frequency of adverse gastrointestinalreactions
to furazolidone ( n = 10,443)'
Reaction
Nausea and vomiting
Nausea
Abdominal pain
Anorexia
Diarrhea
Heartburn
Regurgitation
Steatorrhea
No. of
reports
Frequency
443
165
126
56
35
13
2
1
1
842
4.24
1.58
1.21
0.54
0.34
0.12
0.02
0.01
0.01
8.06
(%I
=
number of patients treated with furszolidone in the literature reviewed.
72
A. Altamirano & A. Bondani

membranous colitis was an extermely rare

occurrence (203, 204). Adverse gastrointestinal
reactions associated with metronidazole-nausea
and vomiting, abdominal pain, nausea without
vomiting, diarrhea, metallic taste in the mouth,
stomatitis, and glossitis-were reported at frequencies of 7% to 20% (205,198). One study
reported that quinacrine caused nausea and
vomiting, abdominal pain, and nausea without
vomiting at an overall frequency of 23% (206).
Neurologic reactions
Among the 864 patients who experienced
adverse reactions to furazolidone, 140 experienced reactions involving the nervous system; the
frequency in the total sample was 1.34%. As
shown in Table 11, headache (0.72%), vertigo
(0.30%), and giddiness (0.23%) were the commonest complaints in this category. Other reactions such as insomnia, psychomotor agitation,
and neurotoxicity were rarely observed; together,
they accounted for less than 0.1% of all adverse
reactions.
Many antimicrobial and antiprotozoal agents
produce neurologic reactions. At doses of 4 to
8g/day (the recommended dose for adults is
50 mg/kg/day) chloramphenicol has been associated with mental disturbances similar to those
observed in hepatic encephalopathy, including
lethargy, asterixis, confusion, and memory dis-
Table 11. Frequency of adverse neurological reactions

to furazolidone ( n = 10,443)*
Reaction
Headache
Vertigo
Giddiness
Insomnia
Acute psychosis
Drowsiness
Neurotoxicosis
Paresthesia
Peripheral neuropathy
Psychomotor agitation
Trigeminus neuralgia
Total
No. of
reports
Frequency
75
31
24
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
140
0.72
0.30
0.23
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
1.34
(%I
* n = The number of patients treated with furazolidone in the literature reviewed.
turbances (207). TMP-SMX has been associated

with meningitis, headache, depression, confusion, hallucinations, paresthesias, polyneuropathy, and other neurologic reactions at a frequency of 1.7% (202, 208). The administration
of metronidazole has been related to dizziness,
vertigo, headache, paresthesias, and, in rare
cases, lack of coordination and ataxia (209).
In two studies, quinacrine was associated with
dizziness, headache, retinopathy, and toxic psychosis in adults at a frequency of 1.5% (210,211).
Tetracycline has been associated with benign
intracranial hypertension in children, and the sulfonamides have been associated with allergic
meningitis in rare instances (212).
Aminoglycosides have been associated with
ototoxicity resulting from vestibular and auditory
dysfunction. Although the incidence of ototoxicity associated with gentamicin was reported
to be 2% or 3% (213,214), more detailed
measurements of eighth-nerve function indicated
that audiologic damage may increase from 10%
to 20% (215,216). Our review produced one
report of deafness after the use of furazolidone
(59); the patient recovered completely after the
drug was withdrawn.
Systemic reactions
The systemic reactions to furazolidone reported
in the literature we reviewed are summarized in
Table 111. Fifty-nine of the 864 patients experienced such reactions. The frequency in the total
sample was 0.56%.
Among a range of reactions that included fever,
ischialgia-like pain, angioneurotic edema, and
impaired vision, fever was the one most commonly observed (35 patients complained of fever,
for an overall frequency of 0.34%). Fever can
occur as an isolated manifestation of drug allergy.
Other drugs cited in the literature as causing fever
were sulfonamides and ampicillin (217,218). In
1985 the Swedish Board of Health and Welfare
Committee on Side Effects of Pharmaceutical
Preparations reported that among 1234 patients
who experienced adverse reactions to TMPSMX, 264 (21.3%) developed fevers (208).
No reports of systemic anaphylaxis associated
with furazolidone were found in the literature we
Adverse Reactions to Furarolidone
Table 111. Frequency of adverse systemic reactions to

furazolidone (n = 10,443)*
Reaction
Fever
Malaise
Ischialgia-like pain

Arthralgia
Backache
Itching
Serum sickness
Blurring of vision
Burning feeling in body
Deafness
Hypertonia
Impairment of vision
Angioneurotic edema
Total
No. of
reports
Frequency
35
7
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
0.34
0.07
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.56
1
1
59
73
also has been observed during or after treatment

with sulfonamides, tetracycline, and ampicillin
(217,218).
("/.I
Dermatologic reactions
Dermatologic reactions are among the most
frequent adverse reactions associated with the
administration of drugs. Of these, exanthemas
(maculopapular, morbilliform, and erythematous
eruptions) are the commonest. However, their
frequency varies. One study reported that 2% to
3% of patients treated with any drug developed
such reactions (221); another reported that such
reactions occurred in 46% of 464 patients (222).
Because patients often receive several drugs
simultaneously, it can be difficult to attribute a
dermatologic reaction to a particular drug.
Adverse dermatologic reactions to furazolidone were observed in 56 of the 864 patients
who experienced adverse reactions-a frequency
of 0.54% in the total sample (Table IV). Skin
eruptions (40 reports) were commonest, followed
by pruritus (13 reports) and erythema multiforme
(3 reports).
In other studies the following frequencies were
reported for other drugs: TMP-SMX, 5.9%
(221,223); ampicillin, 5.2% (221,223); amoxicillin, 5.1% (224); gentamicin, 4.5% (224); sulfonamides, 1.7% (221); chloramphenicol, 0.6%
(221,223); and tetracycline, 0.4% (224). Metronidazole has also been associated with such reactions, but the frequency has not been determined
(212). One study found that quinacrine was
associated with yellow discoloration of the skin at
a frequency of 4% to 5% (210); two reports stated
that the drug was associated with exfoliative der-
reviewed. Cephalosporins and penicillins, including ampicillin, can cause anaphylaxis, and because
they are used extensively, they are responsible for
an incidence of reactions believed to be between
0.01% and 0.04% (219). Approximately 0.002%
of patients treated with these agents die of anaphylaxis (220). Sulfonamides and tetracycline
have also been associated with this adverse reaction (219). Although usually associated with parenteral administration of a drug, systemic
anaphylaxis also can occur after oral administration.
Serum sickness-a systemic allergic reaction
characterized by urticaria, angioedema, arthralgias with articular edema, fever, lymphadenopathy, and sometimes nephritis-is mediated by
IgG antibodies and usually appears a week or
more after treatment with the causative agent
has been discontinued (219). We found only two
reports of serum sickness after the use of fura- Table IV. Frequency of adverse dermatologic reactions
zolidone (184). The authors speculated that both to furazolidone (n = 10,443).
cases were related to tartrazine (yellow dye numNo. of
Frequency
ber 5 ) , formerly contained in tablets of the drug.
Reaction
reports
("/.I
Currently, furazolidone tablets manufactured in
Skin eruptions
40
0.38
the United States and in Latin America (under Pruritus
13
0.12
licensing of Norwich Eaton Pharmaceuticals, Erythema multiforme
3
0.03
56
0.54
Inc.) do not contain tartrazine. Both patients Total
were treated with corticosteroids, and neither
* n = The number of patients treated with furapatient had residual lesions. Serum sickness zolidone in the literature reviewed.
~~~~~~
~~~

74
A . Altamirano & A . Bondani
aplastic anemia, chloramphenicol is the most frequently reported one (226); indeed, the most
important adverse reactions to chloramphenicol
involve the bone marrow. The incidence of aplastic anemia is low (1 in 21,000 to 1in 36,000 courses
of therapy) (226), but the fatality rate can be as
high as 70% (227). Other hematologic adverse
reactions that have been associated with chloramphenicol are hypoplastic anemia, bone marrow
inhibition, thrombocytopenia, and agranulocytosis (228).
One in 50,000 courses of treatment with quinacrine has been associated with aplastic anemia.
The risk of developing this condition after
exposure to quinacrine is reportedly 10 times
greater than it is without exposure (228). Other
blood dyscrasias associated with quinacrine are
hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia (225).
The hematologic reactions reported for TMPSMX include various types of anemia (e.g., aplastic, hemolytic, and macrocytic), coagulation disorders, granulocytopenia, sulfhemoglobinemia,
eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia
(202,229,230). In one study the overall incidence
Hematologic reactions
In our review we found 38 reports of hema- of hematologic reactions to TMP-SMX was 15%
tologic abnormalities associated with furazo- (208). Adverse reactions to the sulfonamides are
lidone--0.36% of the total sample (Table V). similar to those observed with TMP-SMX (229).
Although no serious hematologic reactions
As Table V shows, leukopenia and changes in
hemoblobin were the two commonest reactions. have been recorded concerning metronidazole,
Most of the reactions listed were transient and significant neutropenia has been reported. Neuwithout clinical significance. No reports of bone trophil levels return to normal, however, when
marrow aplasia (aplastic anemia) were recorded. the course of treatment is completed (209). TetraOf all the drugs that may be responsible for cyclines have been associated with leukopenia,
hemolytic anemia, pancytopenia, and, in a few
cases, thrombocytopenia (225).
In our review we found four reports of hemoTable V. Frequency of adverse hematologic reactions
to furazolidone ( n = 10,443)*
lytic anemia associated with furazolidone in
deficient in glucose-6-phosphate
No. of
Frequency patients
dehydrogenase (69,127,134,153); the incidence
Reaction
reports
("/.I
of this reaction was 0.04%. Patients deficient in
Leukopenia
16
0.15
this enzyme who were treated with furazolidone
Changes in hemoglobin
9
0.09
did not always develop hemolytic anemia (or hepEosinophilia
6
0.06
Hemolytic anemia
4
0.04
atic abnormalities) (170,231, 232).
matitis, but the frequency was not reported

(210,212).
In the literature we reviewed, no cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (major erythema multiforme) were reported for furazolidone. This
syndrome has been associated with the use of
sulfonamides, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and metronidazole (160,217,225), but
the frequency has not been determined. Furazolidone also was not associated with toxic epidermal necrolysis or exfoliative dermatitis, reactions that have been associated with tetracycline,
sulfonamides, TMP-SMX, ampicillin, neomycin,
and quinacrine (160,217,218).
As was mentioned earlier, the literature contained three reports of erythema multiforme (160)
related to furazolidone. This reaction has also
been associated with ampicillin, chloramphenicol,
sulfonamides, tetracycline, and TMP-SMX and
with many other drugs that were not included in
the review (225), but the frequencies have not
been determined.
Anemia
Leukocytosis
Purpura
Total
1
1
1
38
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.36
Cardiovascular, pulmonary, and orallpharyngeal

reactions
Cardiovascular adverse reactions were reported for 12 of the 864 patients who reacted
Table VI. Frequencies of adverse cardiovascular, pulmonary, and oral/pharyngeal reactions to furazolidone
(n = 10,443)*
Reaction

Cardiovascular
Heart palpitations
Postural hypotension
Facial flushing
Tachycardia
Total
Pulmonary
Asthma
Acute pulmonary reaction
Total
Oral/pharyngeal
Coated or white,
fuzzy tongue
Dry mouth
Bitter taste in mouth
Cheiloses
Hyperemia, plus edema
of the tongue
Laryngitis
Total
No. of
reports
Frequency
4
4
0.04
0.04
0.02
2
12
0.02
0.11
0.06
0.05
0.11
11
2
2
1
1
1
1
8
(%)
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.08
adversely to furazolidone-an incidence of 0.11%

in the total sample (Table VI). Four of these
patients experienced postural hypotension, and
four had heart palpitations. The clinical significance of all 12 cardiovascular reactions was
nil. Sulfonamides and chlortetracycline, however,
can cause myocardial damage as a result of hypersensitivity reactions (225).
As shown in Table VI, 11 patients had adverse
pulmonary reactions to furazolidone, an overall
incidence of 0.11%. Six of these patients has
asthma-like symptoms (195). The others had
acute pulmonary reactions; these reactions were
characterized by dyspnea, pleuritic chest pain,
and diffuse pulmonary infiltrates (160,173,175).
The sulfonamides have been linked to pulmonary
infiltration with eosinophilia (233); gentamicin
has been linked to respiratory muscle paralysis
(233,234); TMP-SMX to pulmonary hypersensitivity and lung fibrosis (208); and tetracycline
to asthma (225).
75
Oral/pharyngeal reactions to furazolidone

were reported in eight patients, or fewer than
0.08% of the total sample (Table VI). Four of the
patients complained of dry mouth or a coated or
white, fuzzy tongue.
Hepatic and renal reactions
Hepatic adverse reactions associated with furazolidone were reported in six patients, representing 0.06% of the total sample (Table VII).
Five of the patients developed jaundice, and one
experienced hepatic dysfunction. We found no
reports of hepatomegaly or necrosis associated
with furazolidone.
Under certain circumstances many drugs used
to treat gastrointestinal infections can damage the
liver. Occasionally, hepatotoxic drugs may cause
hepatic manifestations, including jaundice, hepatomegaly, and necrosis. Among the antimicrobial
and antiprotozoal drugs reported to cause hepatic
reactions were chloramphenicol, tetracycline, the
sulfonamides, and TMP-SMX (217,225,235).
Renal adverse reactions also were reported
in six patients taking furazolidone (frequency,
0.06%) (Table VII). Five reports cited deterioration of analyses of the urine (168); the remaining
report cited oliguria/nephritis (162), which gradually improved without residual damage. Kidney
damage is a serious hazard of medication for
gastrointestinal infections. Tetracycline and sulfonamides also have been associated with nephrotoxicity (217). Although TMP-SMX is not
considered to be particularly nephrotoxic, it can
cause mild increases in serum creatinine (236),
and in patients with underlying renal disease the
drug can cause marked increases in serum creatinine and urea nitrogen, suggesting nephrotoxicity (237).
Other adverse reactions
Dkulfuran-like reaction to alcohol. It is known
that patients who consume alcohol while taking
furazolidone can develop a disulfuran-like reaction characterized by flushing, a slight fever,
dyspnea, and, in some instances, a sense of
constriction in the chest (1,238). The symptoms
disappear within 24 h after ingestion of alcohol
ceases. Disulfuran-like reactions have also been
76
Mortality
No deaths associated with adverse reactions
No. of
Frequency to furazolidone were reported in the literature
reviewed. This contrasted with reports about
Reaction
reports
(%I
other antimicrobial agents. For example, the
Hepatic
Committee on Safety of Medicines in Great Brit5
0.05
Jaundice
ain (247) stated that TMP-SMX was associated
Hepatic dysfunction
1
0.01
6
0.06
Total
with death in 85 patients, primarily after the
development of blood dyscrasias (50 reports) and
Renal
skin reactions (14 reports). Analysis of these
5
0.05
Abnormalities of urine
Oliguria or nephritis
1
0.01
reports showed that the death rate increased
Total
6
0.06
markedly with age. Ampicillin has been associ* n = The number of patients treated with fura- ated with death in 22 patients. Seven of the 22
zolidone in the literature reviewed.
reports involved colitis or pseudomembranous
colitis, and 4 involved skin reactions; the others
cited anaphylactic reactions, blood dyscrasias,
reported in connection with chloramphenicol, and superinfections (245,247).
Chloramphenicol has been associated with
quinacrine, and metronidazole (239,240).
Hypertensive episodes. Because furazolidone is deaths caused by aplastic anemia. The fatality
a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor in rate is higher when bone marrow aplasia is comhumans, it theoretically can precipitate a hyper- plete and those who recover have a high incitensive crisis if large doses of the drug are com- dence of acute leukemia (226,244). Several
bined with certain other M A 0 inhibitors or with authors (227,244) reported that neonates exposed
foods containing tyramine (241,242). If fura- to high doses of chloramphenicol may develop
zolidone is to be administered in larger-than- a severe reaction called 'gray syndrome', which
recommended doses or for longer than 5 days, results in the death of about 40% of affected
patients should be informed about the possibility patients. The aminoglycosides, including gentaof adverse reactions caused by MAO-inhibitor micin, have been associated with death resulting
drugs and certain foods.
from renal insufficiency and superinfections
Alteration of normal flora. According to the (244,245). Deaths secondary to sulfonamidearticles we reviewed (12,190,243), furazolidone induced skin eruptions (225) and to hepatic
does not alter normal flora. In contrast, ampicil- damage caused by tetracyclines (248) have also
lin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, metronidazole, been reported.
neomycin, the sulfonamides, tetracycline, and
TMP-SMX have been associated with superinfections secondary to their effect on normal
IMPLICATIONS
flora (204,244-246). Although the effects of antimicrobial and antiprotozoal drugs on the intes- As this review demonstrates, most of the adverse
tinal flora are not precisely characterized as reactions to furazolidone described in the 191
adverse reactions, these effects are of great publications were mild, and only in rare cases
importance because they can predispose the did they necessitate discontinuation of treatment.
microorganisms to develop resistance to anti- Because most of the frequencies reported for
microbials and to superinfection by resistant bac- other antimicrobials and antiprotozoal agents that
teria or fungi. Vaginal, oral, pharyngeal, and are often used to treat gastrointestinal infections
even systemic infections caused by opportunistic were obtained from published sources other than
organisms may follow the use of broad-spectrum the 191 dealing with furazolidone, it is difficult to
antimicrobials, mainly in individuals who already make direct comparisons. However, we believe
that the frequencies listed for the other drugs
have some predisposing condition.

Table VII. Frequencies of hepatic and renal adverse

reactions to furazolidone (n = 10,443).
are representative of the rates at which adverse

reactions occur.
The expanding body of literature on adverse
drug reactions in recent years provides evidence
that, in many cases, physicians d o not sufficiently
weigh the risks inherent in administering a drug
against the benefits of its use, A more thorough
understanding of the risks associated with various
drugs should serve as a deterrent t o the prescription of powerful agents for minor conditions.
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Adverse Reactions To Furazolidone and Other Drugs. A Comparative Review

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Adverse Reactions To Furazolidone and Other Drugs. A Comparative Review

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Adverse Reactions to Furazolidone and Other Drugs

Scand J Gastroenterol Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by McMaster University on 02/23/15

Altamirano A, Bondani A. Adverse reactions to furazolidone and other drugs. A

Key words: Adverse reactions; ampicillin; furazolidone; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

Furazolidone is a synthetic nitrofuran that is showed an extremely low level of resistance to

Scand J Gastroenterol Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by McMaster University on 02/23/15