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1.
2.
3.
4.
I RMS=
i21 +i 22 +i23 + +i 2n
n
Or
I RMS=
23.
State the relationship between line voltage & phase voltage and line current & phase
current of a 3 phase star connected system.
In star connection the phase voltage(V ph) is equal to 1 /
& Iph = IL
25.
Give the expressions for Wattmeter readings in terms of Voltage, Current and Power
factor angle in Two Wattmeter method.
W1 = VL IL cos (300+ ) & W2 = VL IL cos (300- )
Where VL is line voltage , IL is line current, is phase angle and W 1& W2 are
power measured by
wattmeters
26. Give the expressions for finding Power factor of the load for Wattmeter reading in
Two Wattmeter
method .
cos = cos {tan-1[
I1=I(R2/(R1+R2)
I2=I(R1/(R1+R2)
R1=4, R2=6 ,I1=6A, I2=4A
30. State the advantages of sinusoidal alternating quantity.(May 2014)
1) Mathematically, it is very easy to write the equations for purely sinusoidal waveform. 2)
Any other type of waveform can be resolved into a series of sine or cosine waves of
fundamental and higher frequencies, sum of all these waves gives the original waveform.
Hence, it is always better to have sinusoidal waveform as the standard waveform.
31.
d
dt
9. Draw the speed torque characteristics for shunt, series and compound motors.
10. Write the emf equation for a dc generator and torque equation for a dc motor
The emf equation of a dc generator is given by, E =
P NZ
60 A . The torque equation of a dc
P
motor is given by, T = 0.159 ZIa A Nm, where P - No of poles; Flux per pole; NSpeed; Z - No. of armature conductors; A- No. of parallel paths; Ia Armature current
11. Define critical speed and critical resistance of a dc generator.
It is the maximum value of field resistance above which the generator fails to build up
voltage is known as critical resistance. Critical speed of a dc generator is that speed for
which the field resistance is equal to the value of critical resistance
12. What is armature reaction in a dc machine?
When current flows in the armature conductors a flux surrounds these conductors. The
direction of this armature flux is such that it reduces the flux from the field poles, resulting
in reduction in net flux and there by reduction in induced emf. This is called armature
reaction.
13. Why should not dc series motor be started without load?
The speed of a dc series motor is given by the formula, N =
E60 A
r . p . m. i. e . N 1/
z P
( )
and If = Ia (for series motor). If the motor is started without load, the armature current
Ia will be very small and the speed becomes dangerously high, which damages the motor.
Hence, the DC series motor should never be started without some initial load.
14. Explain the function of Commutator in DC Generator and DC motor.
Commutator acts as a mechanical rectifier. In Generator, it converts AC (induced in
armature conductors) into DC (in the external load).In Motor, its function is to produce
unidirectional torque in the armature.
15. Explain the function of brushes in DC generator and DC motor.
The rotating armature and external circuit are connected through brushes. In DC
generators, Brushes are employed to collect current from the Commutator and deliver it to
the load. In a DC motor, brushes are employed to supply the current to the armature. The
brushes are made up of Graphite, because in addition to the above function the graphite
brushes act as lubricant.
16. What are the types of speed control used to control the speed of a dc shunt motor?
1) Flux control method, 2) Armature control method, 3) Voltage control method, 3.1)
Multiple voltage control, 3.2) Ward Leonard system
17. State the necessity of starter in a dc motor. (MAY 2014)
The current drawn by the motor armature is given by the relation, I a = (V- Eb)/Ra. When the
motor is at rest, there is no back emf developed in the armature. If now full supply voltage is
applied across the stationary armature, it will draw a very large current because armature
resistance is relatively small. This excessive current will blow out the fuses and prior to that
it will damage the commutator and brushes.
18. Explain the principle of operation of transformer.
A transformer is a static (or stationary) piece of apparatus by means of which electric
power in one circuit is transformed into electric power of the same frequency in another
circuit. It can raise or lower the voltage in a circuit but with a corresponding decrease or
increase in current. This is accomplished by electromagnetic induction between two electric
circuits which are electrically isolated and magnetically coupled through a path of low
reluctance.
19. What is statically induced emf?
The emf induced by changing the flux linking with the coil (or conductor), without moving
the coil or field system is called statically induced emf. The flux is changed by varying the
current in the field system. Eg. EMF induced in the transformer winding.
20. What are the types of transformers based on their construction?
1
1)Core type in which windings surround a considerable part of the core, 2) Shell type
in which core surrounds a considerable portion of the windings.
21. What is an ideal transformer?
An ideal transformer is one that has: - i) No winding resistance, ii) No leakage flux. i.e., the
same flux links both the windings, iii) No iron losses in the core.
22. Write the EMF equation of a transformer.
E1 = 4.44fN1 m & E2 = 4.44fN2 m Where, E1 emf induced in the primary winding
(volts), E2 emf induced in the secondary winding (volts), N 1 no. of turns in the primary
winding, N2 no. of turns in the secondary, f - supply frequency (Hz), m maximum flux
(Weber)
23. Define Voltage transformation ratio (K). (DEC 2012)(DEC2013)
It is the ratio of secondary voltage to primary voltage.
K = E2 / E1 = N2 / N1
24. Define Voltage Regulation of a transformer. (MAY 2014)
The voltage regulation of a transformer is the arithmetic difference between the no-load
secondary voltage and the secondary voltage on-load, expressed as percentage of no-load
voltage. % of Voltage Regulation = (No load secondary voltage Full load secondary
voltage)/ No load secondary voltage *100
25. List the various losses in a transformer and what are their effects?
1)Core or Iron or Constant losses = Hysteresis loss + Eddy current loss, 2)Copper or
Variable losses Note:- i)Hysteresis loss can be minimized by using steel of high silicon
content, 2)Eddy current loss can be reduced by core of thin laminations.
26. Define efficiency of a transformer and write the condition for maximum efficiency.
Efficiency = Output power/Input power = Output power/ (Output power + Losses). The
efficiency of a transformer will be maximum when copper losses are equal to core (or iron)
losses.
27. Why transformer rating is in kVA?
The copper loss depends on current and iron loss depends upon voltage. Hence the total
loss in a transformer depends upon volt-ampere (VA) only and not on the phase angle
between voltage and current. i.e., it is independent of load power factor. That is why the
transformer rating is in kVA and not in kW.
28. What is the function of breather in a transformer?
Good transformer oil should be absolutely free from alkalis, sulphur and particularly from
moisture. The presence of even an extremely small percentage of moisture in the oil
decreases the dielectric strength of the oil considerably. Hence, champers containing silica
gel is provided on the top of the transformer tank. This is called as breather. The atmospheric
moisture is entrapped in this breather and is not allowed to pass on to the oil as the
atmospheric air flows in or out the transformer tank while the transformer oil expand or
contract as its temperature increases or decreases.
29. Define All day efficiency of a single phase transformer.
As the load on a transformer is not constant, the efficiency of the transformer is measured
in terms of energy consumed in a day. All day efficiency = Output in KWh / Input in KWh
(for 24 hours)
30. What are the different connections made in a three phase transformer?
1) Star Star, 2) Star Delta, 3) Delta Star, 4) Delta Delta
31. Why a 1 induction motor is not self-starting?
When 1 supply is given to the 1 stator winding, it produces a magnetic field that
pulsates in strength in a sinusoidal manner. The field polarity reverses after each half cycle
but the field does not rotate. Consequently, the alternating flux cannot produce rotation in a
stationary squirrel-cage rotor. So a 1 induction motor is not self-starting.
32. How a 1 induction motor can be made to self-start?
To make a 1 IM self-starting, a revolving stator magnetic field should be produced. This
may be achieved by converting a 1 supply into 2 supply through the use of an additional
(starting) winding. When the motor attains sufficient speed, the starting winding may be
removed depending on the type of the motor.
33. List the different types of 1 induction motor based on the methods of making them
self-starting.
1) Split phase motors, 2) Capacitor motors, 2.1) Capacitor-start motors, 2.2) Capacitorstart capacitor-run motors, 3) Shaded pole motors.
34. What is the slip of a 50Hz, 1 , 4-pole induction motor running at 1440 rpm?
Given, f = 50Hz, P = 4, N = 1440 rpm,
Ns = 120f/P = 120 x 50/4 = 1500 rpm,
Slip,s = (Ns-N)/Ns = (1500-1440)/1500 = 0.04,
% s = 0.04 x 100 = 4%
35. An 8 pole, lap wound armature rotated at 350rpm is required to generate 260V. The
useful flux/pole is 0.05wb. If the armature has 120 slots, calculate the number of conductors
per slot. (June 2011)
E g=
z=
P NZ
60 A
z=
Eg60 A
260608
=
=890
P N
80.05350
Eg60 A
260608
=
=890
P N
80.05350
No.of conductors/slot = 890/120 = 7.14
Thus conductors / slot = 8
36. A single phase, 2200/250V, 50Hz transformer has a net core area of 36cm 2 and a
maximum flux density of 6 wb/m2. Calculate the number of turns of primary and secondary.
(June 2011)