Remote Controlled Metal Detecting Robot with

Remote Image Transmission

Mini-project
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree
of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In

Electronics and Communication Engineering

By
D.SPARSHA

(07D21A0443)

G.VANDANA(07D21A0455)

Under the guidance of

Mr. S. Bhargav Kumar.
Assistant Professor

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

SRIDEVI WOMENS ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad)
V.N.PALLY, GANDIPET, R.R.DIST-500 075
June 2010

SRIDEVI WOMENS ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad)
V.N.PALLY, GANDIPET, R.R.DIST-500 075

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that the project Remote Controlled Robot with Remote Image Transmission is the
bonafide work of D.SPARSHA (07D21A0443) and G.VANDANA (07D21A0455), who carried out the
project under my supervision from May to June in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award
of B.Tech Electronics &Communication Engineering to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,
Hyderabad.
Certified further, that to the best of my knowledge the work reported here in does not form part
of any dissertation on basis of which a degree was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other
candidate.

Internal Guide

Head of the Department

Mr.S.Bhargav Kumar.

Dr.Y. RAJASREE

Assistant Professor

Professor & HOD

Department of ECE

Department of ECE

ii

DECLARATION

The project entitled REMOTE CONTROLLED METAL DETECTING ROBOT WITH

IMAGE TRANSMISSION is a record of the bonafide work undertaken by us towards partial
fulfillment of the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology. The results in this project work have not
been submitted to any other University or Institute for the award of any Degree or Diploma.

D.SPARSHA (07D21A0443)
G.VANDANA (07D21A0455)

iii

ABSTRACT

Path Finder was sent to Mars in 1998. This was achievement a great which detected the secrets
of Mars. This project deals with RF controlled robot. This robot prototype for the Path Finder.
This robot is controlled by a RF remote. This can be moved forward and reverse direction using
geared motors of 60RPM. Also this robot can take sharp turnings towards left and right directions. This
project uses AT89S52 MCU as its controller. A high sensitive induction type metal detector is designed
using colpitts oscillator principle and fixed to this robot. Also a wireless camera with voice is interfaced
to the kit.
When the robot is moving on a surface, the system produces a beep sound when metal is
detected. This beep sound will be transmitted to remote place. Simultaneously the images around the
robot will be transmitted to remote place. User can monitor the images and metal detection alarms on
Television.
The RF modules used here are STT-433 MHz Transmitter, STR-433 MHz Receiver, HT640 RF
Encoder an HT648 RF Decoder. he three switches are interfaced to the RF transmitter through RF
Encoder. The encoder continuously reads the status of the switches, passes the data to the RF transmitter
and the transmitter transmits the data.
This project uses 9V battery. This project is much useful for mines detection and surveillance
applications

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, our sincere thanks to Prof. P.SURESH BABU, Head of the
department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Mother Teresa Institute Of
Science And Technology, Sathupally, for providing this opportunity to carry out the
present project work and for her encouragement and advice during the course of this
work.
We indebted to our internal project guide Mr.CH.GOPALA KRISHNA, Assistant
Professor of Electronics and Communication Engineering, for his excellent guidance,
constant inspiration and encouragement in the completion of this dissertation.
We would like to express our thanks to all the Faculty members, Staff of
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, who have rendered valuable
help in making this project a successful one.

P.LAKSHMI
M.MANASA RAJ
N.MOHITHA
P.SARATH KUMAR

LIST OF TABLES

Table No

Name of the Table

Page No

3.1.

Pin Description of HT640L Encoder

10

3.2

Pin Description of HT648L Decoder

12

4.1.

Alternate Functions of port 3

15

5.1.

Operation of H-Bridge

17

vi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No

Name of the Figure

Page No

3.1

Regulated Power Supply

3.2

Full Wave Bridge Rectifier

3.3

Circuit Diagram and respective output

Waveforms of Capacitive Filter

3.4

RF Transmitter STT-433MHz

3.5

Transmitter circuit

3.6

HT640 Encoder

3.7

RF Receiver STR-433MHz

10

3.8

Pin Diagram of RF Receiver STR-433MHz

11

3.9

HT648L Decoder

12

4.1

Block Diagram of AT89C51

14

4.2

Pin Diagram of AT89C51

15

5.1

Graphical Representation of H-Bridge

16

6.1

Metal Detecting circuit

18

vii

7.1

Block Diagram of RF Transmitter (Remote)

20

7.2

Block Diagram of RF Receiver (Remote)

21

10.1

RF Receiver Section (Robot)

28

10.2

RF Transmitter Section (Remote)

28

INDEX
CHAPTER

TOPIC

PAGE NO

PROJECT OVERVIEW

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

2.1. Radio Frequency-its necessity

2.1.1. Brief Description of RF

2.1.2. Properties of Radio Frequency

REQUIREMENTS FOR RF COMMUNICATION

3.1

Power Supply

3.2

Regulated Power Supply

3.3

Diode Rectifier- Full wave bridge rectifiers

3.4

Capacitive Filter

3.5

RF Transmitter STT-433MHz

3.6

3.5.1. About the Transmitter

3.5.2. Features

3.5.3. Pin Description

Basic Application circuit of HT640 Encoder

3.7 RF Receiver STR-433MHz

10

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3.7.1. Pin Description

3.8 Basic Application circuit of HT648L Decoder
4

MICROCONTROLLER
4.1. General Description

11
12
13
13

4.1.1

Features of ATMEL 89C51 Microcontroller

13

4.1.2

Block Diagram ATMEL 89C51 Microcontroller

14

4.1.3

Pin Diagram ATMEL 89C51 Microcontroller

15

4.1.4

Pin Description of ATMEL 89C51 Microcontroller 15

H-BRIDGE

17

METAL DETECTOR

19

WIRELESS CAMERA FOR IMAGE TRANSMISSION

20

10

WORKING

7.1. RF Transmitter (Remote) Block Diagram

20

7.2. RF Receiver (Remote) Block Diagram

21

OF THE PROJECT

22

8.1. RF Transmitter (Remote)

22

8.2. RF Receiver (Robot)

23

PROGRAMMING THE FLASH (CODE)

25

9.1. Programming Algorithm

25

9.2. Project Code

26

RESULTS

28

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

29

LIMITATIONS

30

ix

APPLICATIONS

31

CONCLUSIONS

32

REFERENCES

33

CHAPTER 1
PROJECT OVERVIEW

The aim of this project is to control the operation of movement of a remote controlled robot to
detect metals and to view the images surrounding the robot.
The main objectives of this project are to use radio frequency bands.
The movement of robot is controlled by the transmission of signals through air.
The receiver senses these signals from the air..
This mini project makes use of the transmitter and receiver at 433MHz that is available at low
cost hence making it very complicated.
The Radio Frequency based control proves to be more advantageous compared to the Infrared
Red based control that limits the operating range to only a few meters of distance.
When the robot is moving on a surface, the system produces a beep sound when metal is
detected. This beep sound will be transmitted to remote place. Simultaneously the images around

the robot will be transmitted to remote place. User can monitor the images and metal detection
alarms on Television.

CHAPTER 2
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
Wireless communication, as the term implies, allows information to be exchanged between two
devices without the use of wire or cable. A wireless keyboard sends information to the computer without
the use of a keyboard cable; a cellular telephone sends information to another telephone without the use
of a telephone cable. Changing television channels, opening and closing a garage door, and transferring
a file from one computer to another can all be accomplished using wireless technology. In all such cases,
information is being transmitted and received using electromagnetic energy, also referred to as
electromagnetic radiation. One of the most familiar sources of electromagnetic radiation is the sun; other
common sources include TV and radio signals, light bulbs and microwaves.
2.1. Radio Frequency-its necessity
Radio frequency is a frequency or rate of oscillation within the range of about 3Hz to 300 GHz.
This range corresponds to frequency of alternating current electrical signals used to produce and detect
radio waves.Since most of this range is beyond the vibration rate the most mechanical systems can
respond to, RF usually refers to oscillations in electrical circuits. RF is widely used because it does not
require any line of sight, less distortions and no interference. Examples include, Cordless and cellular

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telephone, radio and television broadcast stations, satellite communications systems, and two-way radio
services all operate in the RF spectrum.
2.1.1. Brief Description of RF
Radio frequency (abbreviated RF) is a term that refers to alternating current (AC) having
characteristics such that, if the current is input to an antenna, an electromagnetic (EM) field is generated
suitable for wireless broadcasting and/or communications. These frequencies cover a significant portion
of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum, extending from nine kilohertz (9 kHz),the lowest allocated
wireless communications frequency (it's within the range of human hearing), to thousands of
gigahertz(GHz).
When an RF current is supplied to an antenna, it gives rise to an electromagnetic field that
propagates through space. This field is sometimes called an RF field; in less technical jargon it is a
"radio wave." Any RF field has a wavelength that is inversely proportional to the frequency.
As the frequency is increased beyond that of the RF spectrum, EM energy takes the form of
infrared (IR), visible, ultraviolet (UV), X rays, and gamma rays. ), X rays, and gamma rays. Many types
of wireless devices make use of RF fields.Some wireless devices operate at IR or visible-light
frequencies, whose electromagnetic wavelengths are shorter than those of RF fields.
2.1.2. Properties of Radio Frequency
Electrical currents that oscillate at RF have special properties not shared by direct current
signals:
1. One such property is the ease with which it can ionize air to create a conductive path

through

air. This property is exploited by 'high frequency' units.

2. Another special property is an electromagnetic force that drives the RF current to the surface of
conductors, known as the skin effect.

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CHAPTER 3
REQUIREMENTS FOR RF COMMUNICATION
RF communication is required for the transmission of radio waves from RF transmitter (remote)
to RF receiver (robot) to enable the movement of the robot in this project. The basic requirements for the
RF communication used in this project are as follows:

Power supply

RF Transmitter

RF Receiver

Encoder and Decoder

Microcontroller

3.1 Power Supply

The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input i.e., 230V from
the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a rectifier. The output obtained
from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to get a pure d.c voltage, the output voltage from

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the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c components present even after rectification. Now, this
voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltage.
3.2 Regulated Power Supply
A variable regulated power supply, also called a variable bench power supply, is one where you
can continuously adjust the output voltage to your requirements. Varying the output of the power supply
is the recommended way to test a project having doubled checked parts placement against0* circuit
drawings and the parts placement guide. Most digital logical circuits and processors need a 5 volt power
supply . to use these parts we need to build a regulated 5 volt source . Usually you start with an
unregulated power supply ranging from 9 volts to 24 volts DC. To make a 5 volt power supply, we use a
LM7805 voltage regulator IC (Integrated circuit) . the IC is shown below .

Figure 3.1: Regulated Power Supply

The LM7805 is simple to use. you simply connect the positive lead of your unregulated DC
power supply (anything from 9 VDC to 24 VDC ) to the Input pin , connect the negative lead to the
Common pin and then when you turn on the power , you get a 5 volt supply from the Output pin.
3.3 Diode rectifier- Full wave bridge rectifier
The need for a centre tapped power transformers is eliminated in the bridge rectifier .it contains
four diodes D1 , D2 , D3 and D4 connected to from bridge as shown below.

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Figure 3.2: Full wave bridge rectifier

The a. c. supply to be rectified is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge through
the transformer. Between other two ends of the bridge , the load resistance RL is connected .

3.4 Capacitor Filter

A capacitive filter helps in reducing the ripples. A capacitive filter is shown below.

Figure 3.3: Circuit Diagram and the respective output waveforms of Capacitive Filter

xv

3.5 RF Transmitter STT-433MHz

Figure 3.4: RF Transmitter STT-433MHz

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Figure 3.5: Transmitter circuit

3.5.1. About the Transmitter:

The STT-433 is ideal for remote control applications where low cost and longer range is
required.

The transmitter operates from a1.5-12V supply, making it ideal for battery-powered applications.

The transmitter employs a SAW-stabilized oscillator, ensuring accurate frequency control for
best range performance.

The manufacturing-friendly SIP style package and low-cost make the STT-433 suitable for high
volume applications.
3.5.2. Features:

433.92 MHz Frequency

Low Cost

1.5-12V operation
3.5.3Pin Description:

GND: Transmitter ground-Connect to ground plane.

DATA: Digital data input. This input is CMOS compatible and should be driven with CMOS
level inputs.

VCC: Operating voltage for the transmitter. VCC bypassed with should be a .01uF ceramic
capacitor and filtered with a 4.7uF tantalum capacitor. Noise on the power supply will degrade
transmitter noise performance.

xvii

ANT: 50ohm antenna output. The antenna port impedance affects output power and harmonic
emissions.

3.6 Basic Application circuit of HT640 Encoder

The encoder parallel bit data into serial bit data i.e, the antenna in the transmitter transmits the
signal to the receiver, which is of single bit through the medium of air.

Figure 3.6: HT640 Encoder

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Table 3.1: Pin description (HT640 Encoder)

3.7 RF Receiver

STR-433MHz

xix

Figure 3.7: RF Receiver STR-433MHz

The data is received by the RF receiver from the antenna pin and this data is available on the data
pins. Two Data pins are provided in the receiver module. Thus, this data can be used for further
applications.

Figure 3.8: Pin diagram of RF Receiver STR-433MHz

3.7.1. Pin Description:

ANT- Antenna input.

GND-Receiver Ground. Connect to ground plane.
VCC- VCC pins are electrically connected and provide operating voltage for the receiver. VCC
can be applied to either or both. VCC should be bypassed with a .1F ceramic capacitor. Noise
on the power supply will degrade receiver sensitivity.

DATA-Digital data output. This output is capable of driving one TTL or CMOS load. It is a
CMOS compatible output.
xx

3.8 Basic Application circuit of HT648L Decoder

Figure 3.9: HT648L Decoder

Similarly, as the transmitter requires an encoder, the receiver module requires a decoder. The
decoder used is HT648L from HOLTEK SEMICONDUCTOR INC

Table 3.2: Pin Description (HT648L Decoder)

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CHAPTER 4
MICROCONTROLLER
4.1. General Description
The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of
Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using
Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard
MCS-51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed
in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU
with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a
highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.
4.1.1. Features of ATMEL 89C51 Microcontroller

Compatible with MCS-51 Products

4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory

Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles

Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz

Three-level Program Memory Lock

128 x 8-bit Internal RAM

32 Programmable I/O Lines

Two 16-bit Timer/Counters

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Six Interrupt Sources

Programmable Serial Channel and Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

4.1.2. Block Diagram ATMEL 89C51 Microcontroller

Figure 4.1: Block Diagram of AT89C51 microcontroller

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4.1.3. Pin Diagram ATMEL 89C51 Microcontroller

Figure 4.2: Pin Diagram of AT8951 microcontroller

4.1.4

Pin Description of ATMEL 89C51 Microcontroller

VCC: Pin 40 provides supply voltage to the chip. The voltage source is +5V.

GND: Pin 20 is the ground.

xxiv

XTAL1 and XTAL2: XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting
amplifier that can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator. Either a quartz crystal or
ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2
should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven, as shown in the below figure. There are no
requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal
clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high
and low time specifications must be observed.

RESET: Pin9 is the reset pin. It is an input and is active high. Upon applying a high pulse to this
pin, the microcontroller will reset and terminate all the activities. This is often referred to as a
power-on reset.

EA (External access): Pin 31 is EA. It is an active low signal. It is an input pin and must be
connected to either Vcc or GND but it cannot be left unconnected.

PSEN (Program store enable): This is an output pin.

ALE (Address latch enable): This is an output pin and is active high.

Ports 0, 1, 2 and 3: The four ports P0, P1, P2 and P3 each use 8 pins, making them 8-bit ports.
All the ports upon RESET are configured as input, since P0-P3 have value FFH on them.
Table 3: Alternate Functions of port 3

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The assembly language program is written and this program has to be dumped into the microcontroller
for the hardware kit to function according to the software. The program dumped in the microcontroller is
stored in the Flash memory in the microcontroller.

CHAPTER 5
H-BRIDGE
An H-bridge is an electronic circuit which enables DC electric motors to be run forwards or
backwards. These circuits are often used in robotics. H-bridges are available as integrated circuits, or
can be built from discrete components.

Figure 5.1: Graphical representation of H-Bridge

An H-bridge is built with four switches (solid-state or mechanical). When the switches S1 and S4
(according to the first figure) are closed (and S2 and S3 are open) a positive voltage will be applied
across the motor. By opening S1 and S4 switches and closing S2 and S3 switches, this voltage is
reversed, allowing reverse operation of the motor

xxvi

The H-Bridge arrangement is generally used to reverse the polarity of the motor, but can also be
used to 'brake' the motor, where the motor comes to a sudden stop, as the motors terminals are shorted,
or to let the motor 'free run' to a stop, as the motor is effectively disconnected from the circuit.

The following table summarizes operation

Table 4: Operation of H-Bridge

xxvii

CHAPTER 6
METAL DETECTOR
The simplest form of a metal detector consists of an oscillator producing an alternating current that
passes through a coil producing an alternating magnetic field. If a piece of electrically conductive metal
is close to the coil, eddy currents will be induced in the metal, and this produces an alternating magnetic
field of its own. If another coil is used to measure the magnetic field (acting as a magnetometer), the
change in the magnetic field due to the metallic object can be detected.

xxviii

Figure 6.1: Metal Detecting circuit

CHAPTER 7
WIRELESS CAMERA WITH VOICE TRANSMISSION
The portable small-sized camera has the ball-point pen appearance, photographing a particular
location in secret is possible without exposure to others. The camera circuit part is connected to a
wireless transmission device for outputting a signal by a cable. A wireless receiving device at a remote
location from the wireless transmission device receives a signal of the wireless transmission device for
outputting or recording.
7.1. RF Transmitter (Remote) Block Diagram

SW1
RF
Encoder
SW2

SW3

HT640

RF
Transmitt
er
STT - 433

SW4
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Figure 7.1: Block Diagram of RF Transmitter (Remote)

7.2. RF Receiver (Remote) Block Diagram

Wireless Camera with voice

transmission

RF
Decoder
RF Receiver

HBridge

Geared
Motor - I

HBridge

Geared
Motor - II

89C51
MCU

Power On
RESET

Metal
Detector

xxx

Figure 7.2: Block Diagram of RF Receiver (Remote)

CHAPTER 8
WORKING OF THE PROJECT
This project (Remote Controlled Metal Detecting Robot with Image Transmission) consists of
two sections-Transmitter section (Remote) and Receiver section (Robot).
8.1. RF Transmitter (Remote)
In the transmitter section (remote), we have the following components:

Four switches

RF encoder (HT640L)

RF transmitter (STT-433MHz)
There are four switches for the movement of the robot in various directions like forward,

backward, left and right. These four switches are connected to the RF encoder . The RF encoder is then
connected to RF transmitter, which is thereby connected to the antenna for the transmission of the radio
waves.
Depending on the switch that is been pressed (left, right, forward, and backward), the digital data
from the switches is transferred to the RF encoder, which encodes this digital data into RF signals and
transmits to the RF transmitter. This transmitter transmits the RF waves to the receiver (robot) through
the antenna.

xxxi

8.2. RF Receiver (Robot)

The receiver section consists of the following components:

RF receiver (STR-433MHz)

RF decoder (HT648L)

Microcontroller (AT89C51)

H-Bridge

Geared motors of 60RPM

Metal detecting circuit

Wireless camera
In this receiver section, the RF receiver is connected to the RF decoder. This decoder is

connected to the microcontroller, which is, in turn, connected to the H-Bridge. This H-Bridge is
connected to the geared motors of the robot. Metal detecting circuit is also other separate sub-section on
the receiver part. The wireless camera is placed separately on the receiver section to view the
surroundings.
When the radio waves are transmitted from the transmitter (remote) to the receiver (robot), these
waves are received by the RF receiver through the receiver antenna. From the RF receiver the signals are
sent to RF decoder, which decodes these signals into digital data. This digital data is sent to the

xxxii

microcontroller, which, depending on the code written in it, enables either the upper H-Bridge or lower
H-Bridge. This H-Bridge correspondingly activates the specified geared motors (Geared Motors-I or
Geared motors-II). Power set reset button is used for activating the receiver section. Metal detecting
circuit is other sub-section on the receiver part.
As the robot moves in any specified direction and if a metal is been placed on the path of the
robot., the inducting coil present at the lower side of the receiver section, which acts as a metal
detecting coil, will detect the metal and activates the buzzer sound on the receiver section. The metal
detection processes goes on by induction of eddy currents in the metal due to the variation in the
magnetic fields of the two components-coils and metal.
The wireless camera is placed to view the images surrounding the robot to locate the position of
the metal being detected. The images can be viewed on a television at the user location. When the robot
moves the camera also moves as per the adjustment of the camera on the receiver section. This provides
the view of the location of the robot. Whenever the metal is detected, which we can be aware by the
sound of the buzzer on the receiver section, we view the location of the mine with the help of the
surrounding view provided by the camera through a television placed at our location. This feature makes
the project more specific in applications like for metal detecting and other applications

xxxiii

CHAPTER 9
PROGRAMMING THE FLASH (CODE)
The AT89C51 is normally shipped with the on-chip Flash memory array in the erased state (that
is, contents = FFH) and ready to be programmed. The programming interface accepts either a highvoltage (12-volt) or a low-voltage (VCC) program enable signal. The low-voltage programming mode
provides a convenient way to program the AT89C51 inside the users system, while the high-voltage
programming mode is compatible with conventional third party Flash or EPROM programmers. The
AT89C51 is shipped with either the high-voltage or low-voltage programming mode enabled.
9.1. Programming Algorithm:
Before programming the AT89C51, the address, data and control signals should be set up
according to the Flash programming mode table. To program the AT89C51, the following steps should
be considered:
1. Input the desired memory location on the address lines.
2.

Input the appropriate data byte on the data lines.

3. Activate the correct combination of control signals.

4. Raise EA/VPP to 12V for the high-voltage programming mode.

xxxiv

5. Pulse ALE/PROG once to program a byte in the Flash array or the lock bits. The byte-write cycle
is self-timed and typically takes no more than 1.5 ms.
6. Repeat steps 1 through 5, changing the address and data for the entire array or until the end of the
object file is reached.

9.2. Project Code:

#include<reg52.h>
#define rfdata P1
void stop(void);
void forward(void);
void left(void);
void right(void);
void backward(void);
void main()
{
rfdata=0xff;

P0=0;
P3=0;
while(1)
{

xxxv

if(rfdata==0x0f)
{

while(rfdata==0x0f)
{

stop();
}
}

if(rfdata==0x0e)
{

forward();
}
}
void forward(void)
{
P0=0xCA;
P3=0:
}

The present project is implemented on Keil Uvision. In order to program the device, proload tool
has been used to burn the program onto the microcontroller.

xxxvi

CHAPTER 10
RESULTS

Figure 10.1:

RF Receiver Section
(Robot)

xxxvii

Figure 10.2: RF Transmitter Section (Remote)

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Advantages:
1. No line of sight is needed.
2. Not blocked by common materials: It can penetrate most solids and pass through

walls.

3. Longer range.
4. It is not sensitive to the light;.
5. It is not much sensitive to the environmental changes and weather conditions.

Disadvantages:

1. Interference: communication devices using similar frequencies - wireless phones, scanners, wrist

radios and personal locators can interfere with transmission

2. Lack of security: easier to "eavesdrop" on transmissions since signals are spread out in space
rather than confined to a wire
3. Higher cost than infrared
4. Federal Communications Commission(FCC) licenses required for some products
5. Lower speed: data rate transmission is lower than wired and infrared transmission

xxxviii

LIMITATIONS
Limitations in this project are
1. While working on this project, we had a difficulty of adjusting the RF frequency for our project.
2. We had to tune the frequency in the RF range in such a way that the frequency used in our
project should not be used anywhere in the closer vicinity of the project.
3. Therefore we had to tune the frequency range between 340MHz to 415MHz.
4. Finally we had rectified the problem by setting the frequency at 384.9MHz.
5. High cost and high tech features are additional constraints in using robots for
demining.
6. The knowledge required to operate a machine may not match the skill level of the demines,
many of whom are drawn from the local public.
7. The main limitations of this robot are:
a. Not suitable for difficult terrain
b. Hard to navigate
c. Blast-resistant wheels are unsuited to very soft ground, and
d. The inability of the robot with its particular wheel configuration and available
power to have enough torque to get out of a hole after a mine blast.

xxxix

8. In addition, cost of maintenance, spare parts and its availability are critical parameters too. While
current technology may be slightly effective, it is far too limited to fully address the huge mine.
9. Here two main steps can be distinguished: first the presence of an object
must be detected, and secondly this object has to be identified as being a mine or other.
Critical to demining is the ability to distinguish fragments or stones from the target material.

APPLICATIONS
1. Mines detection
This remote controlled metal detecting robot with image transmission can be used for
detection of mines in remote and others places also with an image view through the television, to
know the location of the mine. Since whenever this robot passes through a mine, it detects the
mine and produces a buzzer sound and thereby the location of the mine can be traced out by the
television used.
2. Surveillance appliances.
With the help of microcontroller, remote and other intelligent control technologies
embedded in the project offer the end user to easily access greater control of their products. The
use of a camera helps to view the location under control. the projects various surveillance
appliances include the monitoring of the robot and thereby the view of the camera so as to
observe the location being detected.

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CONCLUSION
This project presents a metal detecting robot using RF communication with wireless audio and
video transmission and it is designed and implemented with Atmel 89C51 MCU in embedded system
domain.
The robot is moved in particular direction using switches and the images are captured along with
the audio and images are watched on the television .Experimental work has been carried out carefully.
The result shows that higher efficiency is indeed achieved using the embedded system. The proposed
method is verified to be highly beneficial for the security purpose and industrial purpose.
The mine sensor worked at a constant speed without any problem despite its extension, meeting
the specification required for the mine detection sensor. It contributed to the improvement of detection
rate, while enhancing the operability as evidenced by completion of all the detection work as scheduled.
The tests demonstrated that the robot would not pose any performance problem for installation of the
mine detection sensor. On the other hand, however, the tests also clearly indicated areas where
improvement, modification, specification change and additional features to the robot are required to
serve better for the intended purpose. Valuable data and hints were obtained in connection with such
issues as control method with the mine detection robot tilted, merits and drawbacks of mounting the
sensor, cost, handling the cable between the robot and support vehicle, maintainability, serviceability
and easiness of adjustments. These issues became identified as a result of our engineers conducting both

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the domestic tests and the overseas tests by themselves, and in this respect the findings were all the more
practical.

REFERENCES
Text Books:
[1]

Raj Kamal, Embedded Systems, Pearson Education Publications, 2007.

[2]

Mazzidi, 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems, Prentice Hall

Publications, 2nd

[3]

Edition, 2005.

Edwin S.Grosvenor and Morgan Wesson,Alexander Graham Bell: The Life and
Times of the Man Who Invented the Telephone , New York, Abrams, 1997.

Magazines:
[1]

Electronics for you

[2]

Electrikindia

[1]

www.howstuffworks.com.

[2]

http://www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod_documents/doc0265.pdf.

[3]

www.intechopen.com/download/pdf/pdfs_id/68.pdf.

Web portal:

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